Madeleine Leininger - Transcultural Nursing Theory - Nurseslabs

9/23/2020 Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural Nursing Theory - Nurseslabs
Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural

Nursing Theory
By Angelo Gonzalo, BSN, RN - Last Updated on September 11, 2019
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Madeleine Leininger is a nursing theorist who developed the Transcultural Nursing

Theory or Culture Care Nursing Theory. Get to know Madeleine Leininger’s biography,
theory application and its major concepts in this nursing theory study guide.
1. Biography of Madeleine Leininger

1.1. Early Life
1.2. Education
1.3. Career and Appointments of Madeleine Leininger
1.4. Transcultural Nursing Theory
1.5. Works
1.6. Awards and Honors
1.7. Death
https://nurseslabs.com/madeleine-leininger-transcultural-nursing-theory/ 1/17
2. Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Theory

2.1. Description
2.2. Major Concepts of the Transcultural Nursing Theory
2.2.1. Transcultural Nursing
2.2.2. Ethnonursing
2.2.3. Nursing
2.2.4. Professional Nursing Care (Caring)
2.2.5. Cultural Congruent (Nursing) Care
2.2.6. Health
2.2.7. Human Beings
2.2.8. Society and Environment
2.2.9. Worldview
2.2.10. Cultural and Social Structure Dimensions
2.2.11. Environmental Context
2.2.12. Culture
2.2.13. Culture Care
2.2.14. Culture Care Diversity
2.2.15. Culture Care Universality
2.3. Subconcepts
2.3.1. Generic (Folk or Lay) Care Systems
2.3.2. Emic
2.3.3. Professional Care Systems
2.3.4. Etic
2.3.5. Ethnohistory
2.3.6. Care
2.3.7. Care
2.3.8. Culture Shock
2.3.9. Cultural Imposition
2.4. Sunrise Model of Madeleine Leininger’s Theory
2.5. Three modes of nursing care decisions and actions
2.5.1. Cultural care preservation or Maintenance
2.5.2. Cultural care accommodation or Negotiation
2.5.3. Culture care repatterning or Restructuring
2.6. Assumptions
2.7. Analysis
2.8. Strengths
2.9. Weakness
2.10. Conclusion
3. See Also
4. References and Sources
5. External Links
6. Further Reading
Biography of Madeleine Leininger

Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August 10, 2012) was an internationally known
educator, author, theorist, administrator, researcher, consultant, public speaker and the
developer of the concept of transcultural nursing that has a great impact on how to deal
with patients of di erent culture and cultural background.
She is a Certi ed Transcultural Nurse, a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in Australia,
and a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing. Her theory is now a nursing discipline
that is an integral part of how nurses practice in the healthcare eld today.
Early Life
Madeleine Leininger was born on July 13, 1925 in Sutton, Nebraska. She lived in a farm
with her four brothers and sisters, and graduated from Sutton High School. After
graduation from Sutton High she was in the U.S. Army Nursing Corps while pursuing a
basic nursing program. It was due to her aunt who su ered from congenital heart disease
that led her to pursue a career in nursing.
Education
In 1945, Madeleine Leininger, together with her sister, entered the Cadet Nurse Corps
which is a federally-funded program to increase the numbers of nurses being trained to
meet anticipated needs during World War II.
She earned a nursing diploma from St. Anthony’s Hospital School of Nursing, followed by
undergraduate degrees at Mount St. Scholastica College and Creighton University.
Leininger opened a psychiatric nursing service and educational program at Creighton

University in Omaha, Nebraska. She earned the equivalent of a BSN through her studies in
biological sciences, nursing administration, teaching and curriculum during 1951-1954.
She received a Master of Science in Nursing at Catholic University of America in 1954.
And in 1965, Leininger embarked upon a doctoral program in Cultural and Social
Anthropology at the University of Washington in Seattle and became the rst professional
nurse to earn a PhD in anthropology.
Career and Appointments of Madeleine Leininger

While working in a child guidance home during the 1950’s, Madeleine Leininger
experienced what she describes as a cultural shock when she realized that recurrent
behavioral patterns in children appeared to have a cultural basis. She identi ed a lack of
cultural and care knowledge as the missing link to nursing.
In 1954, she moved on to serve as Associate Professor of Nursing and Director of the
Graduate Program in Psychiatric Nursing at the University of Cincinnati. She also studied in
this university, pursuing further graduate studies in curriculum, social sciences and
nursing.
Leininger together with a group of Gadsup children on a

return trip to Papua New Guinea probably in 1990.
She was the rst in the 1960s to coin the concept “culturally congruent care” which was the
goal of the Theory of Culture Care, and today the concept is being used globally.
Leininger was appointed Professor of Nursing and Anthropology at the University of

Colorado — the rst joint appointment of a professor of nursing and a second discipline in
the United States.
As for being a pioneer nurse anthropologist, Leininger was appointed Dean of the
University of Washington, School of Nursing in 1969, and remained in that position until
1974. In 1973, under her leadership, the University of Washington was recognized as the
outstanding public institutional school of nursing in the United States.
Her appointment followed a trip to New Guinea in the 1960’s that opened her eyes to the
need for nurses to understand their patients’ culture and background in order to provide
care. She is considered by some to be the “Margaret Mead of nursing” and is recognized
worldwide as the founder of transcultural nursing, a program that she created at the
School in 1974.
Leininger visited and studied more than a dozen cultures

worldwide.
From 1974 to 1980, Leininger served as Dean, Professor of Nursing, Adjunct Professor of
Anthropology, and Director of the Center for Nursing Research and of the Doctoral and
Transcultural Nursing Programs at the University of Utah College of Nursing.
She was the rst full-time President of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing and
one of the rst members of the American Academy of Nursing in 1975.
Leininger’s professional career is recognized as an educator and academic administrator

from 1956 to 1995, a writer from 1961 to 1995, a lecturer from 1965 to 1995, a consultant
from 1971 to 1992, and a leader in the eld of transcultural nursing from 1966 to 1995.
She was Professor Emeritus of Nursing at Wayne State University and an adjunct faculty
member at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha and retired as the former
in 1995.
Her o cial certi cations read: LL (Living Legend), PhD (Doctor of Philosophy), LHD (Doctor
of Human Sciences), DS (Doctor of Science), CTN (Doctor of Science), RN (Registered
Nurse), FAAN (Fellow American Academy of Nursing), and FRCNA (Fellow of the Royal
College of Nursing in Australia).
Transcultural Nursing Theory
Culture Care Diversity and

Universality: A Worldwide
Nursing Theory
Through her observations while working as a nurse, Madeleine Leininger identi ed a lack
of cultural and care knowledge as the missing component to a nurse’s understanding of
the many variations required in patient care to support compliance, healing, and wellness
which led her to develop the theory of Transcultural Nursing also known as Culture Care
Theory.
ADVERTISEMENTS
This theory attempts to provide culturally congruent nursing care through “cognitively
based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor-
made to t with individual, group’s, or institution’s cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways.”
The main focus of Leininger’s theory is for the nursing care to t with or have bene cial
meaning and health outcomes for people of di erent or similar cultural backgrounds. With
these, she has developed the Sunrise Model in a logical order to demonstrate the
interrelationships of the concepts in her theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality.
Transcultural Nursing Theory is discussed further below.
Culture Care Diversity &

Universality: A Theory of
Nursing
Works
Leininger has written and edited 27 books and founded the Journal of Transcultural
Nursing to support the research of the Transcultural Nursing Society, which she started in
1974. She published over 200 articles and book chapters, produced numerous audio and
video recordings, and developed a software program. She has also given over 850 keynote
and public lectures in US and around the world.
She also established the Journal of Transcultural Nursing and served as editor from 1989
to 1995. She also initiated and promoted worldwide certi cation of transcultural nurses
(CTN) for client safety and knowledgeable care for people of diverse cultures.
Transcultural Nursing:
Concepts, Theories,
Research and Practice
Her web pages now reside on a discussion board. Leininger has provided downloads and
answers to many common questions. Board users are encouraged to post questions to
her discussion board about transcultural nursing, her theory, and her research. During her
time, Leininger enjoys helping students and she responds to questions as her time
permits.
Awards and Honors

In 1960, Leininger was awarded a National League of Nursing Fellowship for eldwork in
the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea, where she studied the convergence and divergence
of human behavior in two Gadsup villages.
While at Wayne State, Leininger won numerous awards, including the prestigious
President’s Award for Excellence in Teaching, the Board of Governors Distinguished Faculty
Award, and the Gershenson’s Research Fellowship Award.
Qualitative Research
Methods in Nursing
In 1998, she was honored as a Living Legend by the American Academy of Nursing and
Distinguished Fellow, Royal College of Nursing in Australia.
The Leininger Transcultural Nursing Award was established in 1983 to recognize

outstanding and creative leaders in transcultural nursing. This prestigious award will
continue as the Leininger Transcultural Nursing Award under the auspices of the
Transcultural Nursing Society in Madeleine Leininger’s honor.
Death
On August 10th, 2012, Leininger passed away at her home in Omaha, Nebraska. She was
buried in Sutton’s Calvary Cemetery.
Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Theory

The Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care Theory by Madeleine Leininger
involves knowing and understanding di erent cultures with respect to nursing and health-
illness caring practices, beliefs and values with the goal to provide meaningful and
e cacious nursing care services to people according to their cultural values and health-
illness context.
It focuses on the fact that di erent cultures have di erent caring behaviors and di erent
health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.
The cultural care worldview ows into knowledge about individuals, families, groups,
communities, and institutions in diverse health care systems. This knowledge provides
culturally speci c meanings and expressions in relation to care and health. The next focus
is on the generic or folk system, professional care system(s), and nursing care. Information
about these systems includes the characteristics and the speci c care features of each.
This information allows for the identi cation of similarities and di erences or cultural care
universality and cultural care diversity.
Next are nursing care decisions and actions which involve cultural care
preservation/maintenance, cultural care accommodation/negotiation and cultural care re-
patterning or restructuring. It is here that nursing care is delivered.
Description
In 1995, Madeleine Leininger de ned transcultural nursing as “a substantive area of study
and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of
individuals or groups of similar or di erent cultures with the goal of providing culture-
speci c and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-being or to help
people to face unfavorable human conditions, illness, or death in culturally meaningful
ways.”
The Transcultural Nursing Theory rst appeared in Leininger’s Culture Care Diversity and
Universality, published in 1991, but it was developed in the 1950s. The theory was further
developed in her book Transcultural Nursing, which was published in 1995. In the third
edition of Transcultural Nursing, published in 2002, the theory-based research and the
application of the Transcultural theory are explained.
Major Concepts of the Transcultural Nursing

Theory
The following are the major concepts and their de nitions in Madeleine Leininger’s
Transcultural Nursing Theory.
Transcultural Nursing
Transcultural nursing is de ned as a learned sub eld or branch of nursing which focuses
upon the comparative study and analysis of cultures with respect to nursing and health-
illness caring practices, beliefs, and values with the goal to provide meaningful and
e cacious nursing care services to people according to their cultural values and health-
illness context.
Ethnonursing
This is the study of nursing care beliefs, values, and practices as cognitively perceived and
known by a designated culture through their direct experience, beliefs, and value system
(Leininger, 1979).
Nursing
Nursing is de ned as a learned humanistic and scienti c profession and discipline which is
focused on human care phenomena and activities in order to assist, support, facilitate, or
enable individuals or groups to maintain or regain their well-being (or health) in culturally
meaningful and bene cial ways, or to help people face handicaps or death.
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Professional Nursing Care (Caring)
Professional nursing care (caring) is de ned as formal and cognitively learned professional
care knowledge and practice skills obtained through educational institutions that are used
to provide assistive, supportive, enabling, or facilitative acts to or for another individual or
group in order to improve a human health condition (or well-being), disability, lifeway, or
to work with dying clients.
Cultural Congruent (Nursing) Care
Cultural congruent (nursing) care is de ned as those cognitively based assistive,

supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are tailor-made to t with
individual, group, or institutional cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways in order to provide or
support meaningful, bene cial, and satisfying health care, or well-being services.
Health
It is a state of well-being that is culturally de ned, valued, and practiced, and which re ects
the ability of individuals (or groups) to perform their daily role activities in culturally
expressed, bene cial, and patterned lifeways.
Human Beings
Such are believed to be caring and to be capable of being concerned about the needs,
well-being, and survival of others. Leininger also indicates that nursing as a caring science
should focus beyond traditional nurse-patient interactions and dyads to include families,
groups, communities, total cultures, and institutions.
Society and Environment
These terms are not de ned by Leininger; she speaks instead of worldview, social
structure, and environmental context.
Worldview
Worldview is the way in which people look at the world, or at the universe, and form a
“picture or value stance” about the world and their lives.
Cultural and Social Structure Dimensions
Cultural and social structure dimensions are de ned as involving the dynamic patterns and
features of interrelated structural and organizational factors of a particular culture
(subculture or society) which includes religious, kinship (social), political (and legal),
economic, educational, technological and cultural values, ethnohistorical factors, and how
these factors may be interrelated and function to in uence human behavior in di erent
environmental contexts.
Environmental Context
Environmental context is the totality of an event, situation, or particular experience that

gives meaning to human expressions, interpretations, and social interactions in particular
physical, ecological, sociopolitical and/or cultural settings.
Culture
Culture is the learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a
particular group that guides their thinking, decisions, and actions in patterned ways.
Culture Care
Culture care is de ned as the subjectively and objectively learned and transmitted values,
beliefs, and patterned lifeways that assist, support, facilitate, or enable another individual
or group to maintain their well-being, health, improve their human condition and lifeway,
or to deal with illness, handicaps or death.
Culture Care Diversity
Culture care diversity indicates the variabilities and/or di erences in meanings, patterns,

values, lifeways, or symbols of care within or between collectives that are related to
assistive, supportive, or enabling human care expressions.
Culture Care Universality
Culture care universality indicates the common, similar, or dominant uniform care
meanings, pattern, values, lifeways or symbols that are manifest among many cultures and
re ect assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling ways to help people. (Leininger, 1991)
Subconcepts
The following are the subconcepts of the Transcultural Nursing Theory of Madeleine
Leininger and their de nitions:
Generic (Folk or Lay) Care Systems
Generic (folk or lay) care systems are culturally learned and transmitted, indigenous (or
traditional), folk (home-based) knowledge and skills used to provide assistive, supportive,
enabling, or facilitative acts toward or for another individual, group, or institution with
evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve a human life way, health condition
(or well-being), or to deal with handicaps and death situations.
Emic
Knowledge gained from direct experience or directly from those who have experienced. It
is generic or folk knowledge.
Professional Care Systems
Professional care systems are de ned as formally taught, learned, and transmitted
professional care, health, illness, wellness, and related knowledge and practice skills that
prevail in professional institutions usually with multidisciplinary personnel to serve
consumers.
Etic
Knowledge which describes the professional perspective. It is professional care knowledge.
Ethnohistory
Ethnohistory includes those past facts, events, instances, experiences of individuals,

groups, cultures, and instructions that are primarily people-centered (ethno) and which
describe, explain, and interpret human lifeways within particular cultural contexts and
over short or long periods of time.
Care
Care as a noun is de ned as those abstract and concrete phenomena related to assisting,
supporting, or enabling experiences or behaviors toward or for others with evident or
anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve a human condition or lifeway.
Care
Care as a verb is de ned as actions and activities directed toward assisting, supporting, or
enabling another individual or group with evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or
improve a human condition or lifeway or to face death.
Culture Shock
Culture shock may result when an outsider attempts to comprehend or adapt e ectively to
a di erent cultural group. The outsider is likely to experience feelings of discomfort and
helplessness and some degree of disorientation because of the di erences in cultural
values, beliefs, and practices. Culture shock may lead to anger and can be reduced by
seeking knowledge of the culture before encountering that culture.
Cultural Imposition
Cultural imposition refers to e orts of the outsider, both subtle and not so subtle, to
impose his or her own cultural values, beliefs, behaviors upon an individual, family, or
group from another culture. (Leininger, 1978)
Sunrise Model of Madeleine Leininger’s Theory
The Sunrise Model is relevant because it enables nurses to develop critical and complex
thoughts towards nursing practice. These thoughts should consider, and integrate, cultural
and social structure dimensions in each speci c context, besides the biological and
psychological aspects involved in nursing care.
Madeleine Leininger’s Sunrise Model. Click to enlarge.
The cultural care worldview ows into knowledge about individuals, families, groups,
communities, and institutions in diverse health care systems. This knowledge provides
culturally speci c meanings and expressions in relation to care and health. The next focus
is on the generic or folk system, professional care systems, and nursing care. Information
about these systems includes the characteristics and the speci c care features of each.
This information allows for the identi cation of similarities and di erences or cultural care
universality and cultural care diversity.
Next are nursing care decisions and actions which involve cultural care preservation or
maintenance, cultural care accommodation or negotiation and cultural care repatterning
or restructuring. It is here that nursing care is delivered.
Three modes of nursing care decisions and

actions
Cultural care preservation or Maintenance
Cultural care preservation is also known as maintenance and includes those assistive,
supporting, facilitative, or enabling professional actions and decisions that help people of a
particular culture to retain and/or preserve relevant care values so that they can maintain
their well-being, recover from illness, or face handicaps and/or death.
Cultural care accommodation or Negotiation
Cultural care accommodation also known as negotiation, includes those assistive,

supportive, facilitative, or enabling creative professional actions and decisions that help
people of a designated culture to adapt to or negotiate with others for a bene cial or
satisfying health outcome with professional care providers.
Culture care repatterning or Restructuring
Culture care repatterning or restructuring includes those assistive, supporting, facilitative,

or enabling professional actions and decisions that help a clients reorder, change, or
greatly modify their lifeways for new, di erent, and bene cial health care pattern while
respecting the clients cultural values and beliefs and still providing a bene cial or healthier
lifeway than before the changes were coestablished with the clients. (Leininger, 1991)
Assumptions
The following are the assumptions of Madeleine Leininger’s theory:
ADVERTISEMENTS
Di erent cultures perceive, know, and practice care in di erent ways, yet there are
some commonalities about care among all cultures of the world.
Values, beliefs, and practices for culturally related care are shaped by, and often
embedded in, “the worldview, language, religious (or spiritual), kinship (social), political
(or legal), educational, economic, technological, ethnohistorical, and environmental
context of the culture.
While human care is universal across cultures, caring may be demonstrated through
diverse expressions, actions, patterns, lifestyles, and meanings.
Cultural care is the broadest holistic means to know, explain, interpret, and predict
nursing care phenomena to guide nursing care practices.
All cultures have generic or folk health care practices, that professional practices vary
across cultures, and that in any culture there will be cultural similarities and di erences
between the care-receivers (generic) and the professional caregivers.
Care is distinct, dominant, unifying and central focus of nursing, and, while curing and
healing cannot occur e ectively without care, care may occur without cure.
Care and caring are essential for the survival of humans, as well as for their growth,
health, well-being, healing, and ability to deal with handicaps and death.
Nursing, as a transcultural care discipline and profession, has a central purpose to serve
human beings in all areas of the world; that when culturally based nursing care is
bene cial and healthy it contributes to the well-being of the client(s) – whether
individuals, groups, families, communities, or institutions – as they function within the
context of their environments
Nursing care will be culturally congruent or bene cial only when the clients are known
by the nurse and the clients’ patterns, expressions, and cultural values are used in
appropriate and meaningful ways by the nurse with the clients.
If clients receive nursing care that is not at least reasonably culturally congruent (that is,
compatible with and respectful of the clients’ lifeways, belief, and values), the client will
demonstrate signs of stress, noncompliance, cultural con icts, and/or ethical or moral
concerns.
Analysis
It was stated that the nurse will help the client move towards amelioration or
improvement of their health practice or condition. This statement would be of great
di culty for the nurse because instilling new ideas in a di erent culture might present an
intrusive intent for the “insiders”. Culture is a strong set of practices developed over
generations which would make it di cult to penetrate.
The whole activity of immersing yourself within a di erent culture is time-consuming for
you to fully understand their beliefs and practices. Another is that it would be costly in the
part of the nurse.
Because of its nancial constraints and unclear ways of being nancially compensated, it
can be the reason why nurses do not engage much with this kind of nursing approach.
Because of the intrusive nature, resistance from the “insiders” might impose a risk to the
safety of the nurse especially for cultures with highly taboo practices.
It is highly commendable that Leininger was able to formulate a theory which is speci ed
to a multicultural aspect of care. On the other side, too much was given to the culture
concept per se that Leininger failed to comprehensively discuss the functions or roles of
nurses. It was not stated on how to assist, support or enable the client to attuning them to
an improved lifeway.
Strengths
Leininger has developed the Sunrise Model in a logical order to demonstrate the
interrelationships of the concepts in her theory of Culture Care Diversity and
Universality.
Leininger’s theory is essentially parsimonious in that the necessary concepts are

incorporated in such a manner that the theory and its model can be applied in many
di erent settings.
It is highly generalizable. The concepts and relationships that are presented are at a
level of abstraction which allows them to be applied in many di erent situations.
Though not simple in terms, it can be easily understood upon the rst contact.
Weakness
The theory and model are not simple in terms.
Conclusion
According to transcultural nursing, the goal of nursing care is to provide care congruent
with cultural values, beliefs, and practices.
Cultural knowledge plays a very important role for nurses on how to deal with the patients.
To start o , it helps nurses to be aware of the ways in which the patient’s culture and faith
system provide resources for their experiences with illness, su ering, and even death. It
helps nurses to be understanding and respectful of the diversity that is often very present
in a nurse’s patient load. It also helps strengthen a nurse’s commitment to nursing based
on nurse-patient relationships and emphasizing the whole person rather than viewing the
patient as simply a set of symptoms or illness. Finally, using cultural knowledge to treat a
patient also helps a nurse to be open-minded to treatments that can be considered non-
traditional, such as spiritually based therapies like meditation and anointing.
Nowadays, nurses are required to be sensitive to their patients’ cultural backgrounds

when creating a nursing plan. This is especially important since so many people’s culture is
so integral in who they are as individuals, and it is that culture that can greatly a ect their
health, as well as their reactions to treatments and care. With these, awareness of the
di erences allows the nurse to design culture-speci c nursing interventions.
Through the help of Leininger’s theory, nurses can actually observe on how a patient’s
cultural background is related to his or her health, and use that knowledge to create a
nursing plan that will help the patient get healthy quickly while still being sensitive to his or
her cultural background.
See Also
You may also like the following nursing theories study guides:
Nursing Theories and Theorists – The Ultimate Nursing Theories and Theorists Guide
for Nurses.
References and Sources

Transcultural Nursing Society. (n.d.). Transcultural Nursing Society. Retrieved August 1,
2014, from https://www.tcns.org/
Tributes to Dr. Madeleine Leininger. (n.d.). Tributes to Dr. Madeleine Leininger.

Retrieved August 1, 2014, from https://www.madeleine-leininger.com/
Leininger, M. (1978). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, and practices. In George,

J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for professional nursing practice. Norwalk,
Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.
Leininger, M. (1979). Transcultural nursing. In George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base
for professional nursing practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.
Leininger, M. M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing. In

George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for professional nursing practice. Norwalk,
Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.
External Links
Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theories, Research and Practice
Culture Care Diversity & Universality: A Worldwide Nursing Theory
Further Reading
Leininger Transcultural Nursing Award
With contributions by Wayne, G., Vera, M.
Originally published on August 24, 2014.
Angelo Gonzalo, BSN, RN

Angelo Gonzalo earned his Nursing degree in the year 2010 and continued his studies at St. Paul University
Manila taking up Masters of Arts in Nursing Major in Clinical Management. He worked as an intensive care nurse
for more than six years. He advocates for proper training and development of new nurses, quality assurance and
compassionate care. He has also been involved in community development for 10 years steering programs on
good governance, health, sports, and education. Angelo aims to build a good foundation for aspiring nurses. He
would like to impart the importance of understanding nursing theories that he hopes to be translated
successfully to practice.
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9/23/2020 Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural Nursing Theory - Nurseslabs

Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural

Madeleine Leininger is a nursing theorist who developed the Transcultural Nursing

1. Biography of Madeleine Leininger

2. Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Theory

Biography of Madeleine Leininger

Leininger opened a psychiatric nursing service and educational program at Creighton

She received a Master of Science in Nursing at Catholic University of America in 1954.

Career and Appointments of Madeleine Leininger

Leininger together with a group of Gadsup children on a

Leininger was appointed Professor of Nursing and Anthropology at the University of

Leininger visited and studied more than a dozen cultures

Transcultural Nursing Programs at the University of Utah College of Nursing.

Leininger’s professional career is recognized as an educator and academic administrator

Transcultural Nursing Theory

Culture Care Diversity and

Transcultural Nursing Theory is discussed further below.

Culture Care Diversity &

Awards and Honors

The Leininger Transcultural Nursing Award was established in 1983 to recognize

Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Theory

Major Concepts of the Transcultural Nursing

Professional Nursing Care (Caring)

Cultural Congruent (Nursing) Care

Cultural congruent (nursing) care is de ned as those cognitively based assistive,

Society and Environment

Cultural and Social Structure Dimensions

Environmental context is the totality of an event, situation, or particular experience that

Culture Care Diversity

Culture care diversity indicates the variabilities and/or di erences in meanings, patterns,

Culture Care Universality

Generic (Folk or Lay) Care Systems

Professional Care Systems

Knowledge which describes the professional perspective. It is professional care knowledge.

Ethnohistory includes those past facts, events, instances, experiences of individuals,

Sunrise Model of Madeleine Leininger’s Theory

Madeleine Leininger’s Sunrise Model. Click to enlarge.

Three modes of nursing care decisions and

Cultural care accommodation or Negotiation

Cultural care accommodation also known as negotiation, includes those assistive,

Culture care repatterning or Restructuring

Culture care repatterning or restructuring includes those assistive, supporting, facilitative,

Leininger’s theory is essentially parsimonious in that the necessary concepts are

Nowadays, nurses are required to be sensitive to their patients’ cultural backgrounds

References and Sources

Tributes to Dr. Madeleine Leininger. (n.d.). Tributes to Dr. Madeleine Leininger.

Leininger, M. (1978). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, and practices. In George,

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Culture Care Diversity & Universality: A Worldwide Nursing Theory

With contributions by Wayne, G., Vera, M.

Originally published on August 24, 2014.

Angelo Gonzalo, BSN, RN

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