Nov.

02, 2022

Group Two

MADELEINE M.
LEININGER:
Transcultural Nursing Theory
 Introduction
Biography of
Madeleine
Leininger's life

Major Concepts of
the Transcultural
Nursing Theory

TOPICS Sunrise Model of

Madeleine Leininger’s
Theory
Three modes of
nursing care
decisions and actions

Assumptions
 TRANSCULTURAL
NURSING THEORY
Leininger developed her theory of culture care
diversity and universality based on the belief
that people of different cultures are capable of
guiding professionals to receive the kind of care
they desire or need from others.

The intent of the care is to fit with orhave

beneficial meaningand healthoutcomes for people
of different orsimilar culture backgrounds.

FOCUS
MAIN
 BIOGRAPHY OF MADELEINE
LEININGER'S LIFE
Madeleine Leininger was born on July 13, 1925, in Sutton, Nebraska. She
lived on a farm with her four brothers and sisters and graduated from Sutton
High School. After graduation from Sutton High, she was in the U.S. Army
Nursing Corps while pursuing a basic nursing program. Her aunt, who had
congenital heart disease, led her to pursue a career in nursing.

Madeleine M.
Leininger
 EDUCATION
In 1945, Madeleine Leininger and her sister,
entered the Cadet Nurse Corps, a federally-
funded program to increase the number of nurses
trained to meet anticipated needs during World
War II.
She earned a nursing diploma from St. Anthony's
Hospital School of Nursing, followed by
undergraduate degrees at Mount St. Scholastica
College and Creighton University.
Leininger opened a psychiatric nursing service
and educational program at Creighton University
in Omaha, Nebraska. She earned the equivalent of
a BSN through her studies in biological
sciences, nursing administration, teaching, and
curriculum during 1951-1954.
She received a Master of Science in Nursing from
the Catholic University of America in 1954.
And in 1965, Leininger embarked upon a doctoral
program in Cultural and Social Anthropology at
the University of Washington in Seattle and
became the first professional nurse to earn a
Ph.D. in anthropology.
 While working in a child guidance home during the
1950s, Madeleine Leininger experienced what she
CAREER described as a cultural shock when she realized that
childrens recurrent behavioral patterns appeared to
AND have a cultural basis. She identified a lack of
cultural and care knowledge as the missing link to

APPOINTMENTS nursing.
In 1954, she moved on to serve as Associate Professor
of Nursing and Director of the Graduate Program in
Psychiatric Nursing at the University of Cincinnati.
She also studied in this university, pursuing further
graduate studies in curriculum, social sciences, and
nursing.
She was the first in the 1960s to coin the concept of
culturally congruent care, which was the goal of the
Theory of Culture Care, and today the concept is being
used globally.
Leininger was appointed Professor of Nursing and
Anthropology at the University of Colorado - the first
joint appointment of a nursing professor and a second
discipline in the United States.
As for being a pioneer nurse anthropologist, Leininger
was appointed Dean of the University of Washington,
School of Nursing in 1969 and remained in that position
until 1974. In 1973, under her leadership, the
University of Washington was recognized as the
outstanding public institutional school of nursing in
the United States.

Her appointment followed a trip to New Guinea in the 1960s

that opened her eyes to the need for nurses to understand
their patients culture and background to provide care. She is CAREER
considered by some to be the Margaret Mead of nursing and is
recognized worldwide as the founder of transcultural nursing, AND
APPOINTMENTS
a program that she created at the School in 1974.
From 1974 to 1980, Leininger served as Dean, Professor of
Nursing, Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, and Director of
the Center for Nursing Research and the Doctoral and
Transcultural Nursing Programs at the University of Utah
College Nursing.
She was the first full-time President of the American

Association of Colleges of Nursing and one of the first

members of the American Academy of Nursing in 1975.
Leiningers professional career is recognized as an educator
and academic administrator from 1956 to 1995, a writer from
1961 to 1995, a lecturer from 1965 to 1995, a consultant from
1971 to 1992, and a leader in the field of transcultural
nursing from 1966 to 1995.
She was Professor Emeritus of Nursing at Wayne State
University and an adjunct faculty member at the University of
Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha and retired as the former in
1995.
Her official certifications read LL (Living Legend), Ph.D.
(Doctor of Philosophy), LHD (Doctor of Human Sciences), DS
(Doctor of Science), CTN (Doctor of Science), RN (Registered
Nurse), FAAN (Fellow American Academy of Nursing), and FRCNA
(Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in Australia).

WORKS
Leininger wrote and edited 27 books and founded the
Journal of Transcultural Nursing to support the
Transcultural Nursing Societys research, which she
started in 1974. She published over 200 articles and
book chapters, produced numerous audio and video
recordings, and developed a software program. She has
also given over 850 keynote and public lectures in the
US and around the world.
She also established the Journal of Transcultural
Nursing and served as editor from 1989 to 1995. She
also initiated and promoted transcultural nurses
worldwide certification (CTN) for client safety and
knowledgeable care for people of diverse cultures.
Her web pages now reside on a discussion board.
Leininger has provided downloads and answers to many
common questions. Board users are encouraged to post
questions to her discussion board about transcultural
nursing, her theory, and her research. During her
time, Leininger enjoys helping students, and she
responds to questions as her time permits.
AWARDS AND HONORS
In 1960, Leininger was awarded a National League of
Nursing Fellowship for fieldwork in the Eastern
Highlands of New Guinea. She studied the
convergence and divergence of human behavior in two
Gadsup villages.
While at Wayne State, Leininger won numerous
awards, including the prestigious Presidents Award
for Excellence in Teaching, the Board of Governors
Distinguished Faculty Award, and the Gershenson
Research Fellowship Award.
In 1998, she was honored as a Living Legend by the
American Academy of Nursing and Distinguished
Fellow, Royal College of Nursing in Australia.
The Leininger Transcultural Nursing Award was
established in 1983 to recognize outstanding and
creative leaders in transcultural nursing. This
prestigious award will continue as the Leininger
Transcultural Nursing Award under the Transcultural
Nursing Societys auspices in Madeleine Leiningers
honor.
 DEATH
On August 10th,
2012, Leininger
passed away at her
home in Omaha,
Nebraska. She was
buried in Suttons
Calvary Cemetery.
TRANSCULTURAL
NURSING THEORY
Through her observations, while working as a nurse, Madeleine Leininger identified a lack of cultural and
care knowledge as the missing component to a nurses understanding of the many variations required in
patient care to support compliance, healing, and wellness, which led her to develop the theory of
Transcultural Nursing also known as Culture Care Theory.
This theory attempts to provide culturally congruent nursing care through cognitively based assistive,
supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor-made to fit with the
individual, groups, or institutions cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways.
Leininger's theory's main focus is for nursing care to fit with or have beneficial meaning and health
outcomes for people of different or similar cultural backgrounds. With these, she has developed the
Sunrise Model in a logical order to demonstrate the interrelationships of the concepts in her theory of
Culture Care Diversity and Universality.
PURPOSE OF THE GOAL OF THE
THEORY THEORY
to discover human care to provide culturally congruent
diversities and universalities care to people that is
in relation to worldview, beneficial and fits with the
cultural and social structure client, family, or culture group
dimensions, and ways to provide healthy lifeways.
culturally congruent care with
people of various cultures to
maintain or regain their well-
being or health, or face death
in a culturally appropriate way.
MAJOR
CONCEPTS
Care
refers to abstract and
manifest phenomena with
expressions of assistive,
supportive, enabling, and
facilitating ways toward or
about self or others.
Caring
vs refers to actions,
attitudes, or practices
to assist others toward
healing and well-being
TRANSCULTURAL CROSS-CULTURAL INTERNATIONAL
NURSING NURSING NURSING
a major area of nursing refers to nurses who use occurs when nurses travel
focused on comparative applied or medical to or have nursing
study and analysis of anthropological concepts. practice or service-
diverse cultures and learning experiences in
subcultures in the world other nations or
with respect to their countries.
caring values,
expressions, and health-
illness beliefs and
patterns of behavior.
TRANSCULTURAL
NURSE
Generalist (CTN-B)
a nurse prepared at the
baccalaureate level who is
able to apply transcultural
nursing concepts, principles,
and practices that are
generated by transcultural
nurse specialists
Specialist (CTN-A)
a nurse prepared in
graduate programs and
receives in-depth
preparation and
mentorship in
transcultural nursing
knowledge and practice
GENERIC CARE
Generic care refers to the learned
and transmitted lay, indigenous,
traditional or local folk (emic)
knowledge and practices.
PROFESSIONAL
CARE
Professional nursing care refers to
formal and explicit cognitively
learned professional care
knowledge and practices obtained
generally through educational
institutions.
EMIC
Emic refers to local, indigenous, or
the insider cultural knowledge and
views about specific phenomena.
ETIC
Etic refers to the outsider or
stranger (often health
professionals) views or institutional
or system knowledge and
interpreted values about cultural
phenomena.
CULTURE CARE THEORY
theory of culture care diversity and universality based on the belief that people of
different cultures are capable of guiding professionals to receive the kind of care they
desire or need from others.
directed toward nurses to discover and document the world of the client and to use
their emic (insider) viewpoints, knowledge, and practices with appropriate etic
(outsider) as the bases for making culturally congruent professional care actions and
decisions
inductive and deductive and derived from emic and etic knowledge
focused explicitly on discovering holistic and comprehensive culture care, and it can be
used across Western and non-Western cultures because it includes multiple holistic
factors universally found in cultures.
CULTURALLY CONGRUENT CARE

is culturally based care knowledge, acts,

and decisions
used in sensitive, creative, and meaningful
ways to appropriately fit the cultural
values, beliefs, and lifeways of clients for
their health and wellbeing, or to prevent or
face illness, disabilities, or death
has been the major goal of the culture care
theory
Culture Care Culture Care
Diversity Universality
Culture care diversity refers to Culture care universality refers
the variabilities or differences in to commonly shared or similar
culture care beliefs, meanings, cultural care phenomena
patterns, values, symbols, features of human beings or
lifeways, symbols, and other groups with recurrent
features among human beings meanings, patterns, values,
related to providing beneficial symbols, or lifeways that serve
care for clients from a as a guide for caregivers to
designated culture. provide assistive, supportive
facilitative, or enabling people
care for healthy outcome.
 FOUR MAJOR THEORETICAL
ASSERTIONS OR TENETS
#3. Generic emic (folk) and etic
#1. Culture care expressions, meaning, (professional) health factors in different
patterns, and practices are diverse, and environmental contexts greatly
yet there are shared commonalities and influence health and illness outcomes.
some universal attributes.

#4. From an analysis of these

#2. The worldview, multiple social influencers, three major decision and
structure factors, ethnohistory, action modes (culture care
environmental context, language, and preservation or maintenance; culture
generic and professional care are care accommodation or negotiation;
critical influencers of culture care and culture care repatterning or
patterns to predict health, well-being, restructuring) were predicted to
illness, healing, and ways people face provide ways to give culturally
disabilities and death. congruent, safe, and meaningful health
care to cultures.
 CRITERIA TO EVALUATE
ETHNONURSING RESEARCH
Criteria to evaluate ethnonursing research findings are “used to challenge discovered universalities
and diversities in relation to the Culture Care Theory and the qualitative paradigm . . . and to
systematically examine and discover in-depth care and culture meanings and interpretive findings”.

Credibility confirmability meaning-in-context

saturation recurrent patterning transferability

 Additional Enablers to Assist
Nurse Researchers

1
Observation-Participation-Reflection Leininger’s Semi-Structured Inquiry
Enabler 4 Guide Enabler to Assess Culture Care
and Health

2 Stranger-to-Trusted Friend Enabler Acculturation Health Assessment

5
Enabler for Cultural Patterns in
Traditional or Nontraditional
Lifeways

3 Domain of Inquiry Enabler

 Nursing
Environment
Activities directed
Totality of a
toward assisting
situation that
with needs in ways
gives meaning to
that are congruent
human expressions,
with the cultural
and/or cultural
values, and beliefs
settings.
of the recipient
care.

METAPARADIGM
Health Human beings
It is a state of Such are believed to
well-being that is be caring and
culturally defined, capable of being
valued, and concerned about
practiced. others’ needs, well-
being, and survival.
 REASON FOR STUDYING
CULTURE CARE THEORY
the nursing profession
to explicate and fully needs to systematically
understand cultural study care from a broad and
knowledge and the roles of holistic cultural
caregivers and care perspective to discover the
recipients in different expressions and meanings of
cultures to provide care, health, illness, and
culturally congruent care well-being

the construct of care knowledge is

care has been discovered and can be
critical to human used as essential to
growth, development, promote the healing and
and survival for well-being of clients, to
human beings from face death or disability,
the beginning of the or to ensure the survival
human species of human cultures over
time
SUNRISE
MODEL OF
MADELEINE
LEININGER’S
THEORY
SUNRISE MODEL OF MADELEINE
LEININGER’S THEORY
SUNRISE MODEL OF MADELEINE
LEININGER’S THEORY
 THREE MODES OF NURSING
CARE DECISIONS AND ACTIONS
1 Cultural care preservation or Maintenance

2 Cultural care accommodation or Negotiation

Cultural care preservation is also known as
maintenance. It includes those assistive,
supporting, facilitative, or enabling professional Cultural care accommodation, also known as
actions and decisions that help people of a negotiation, includes those assistive,
particular culture to retain and/or preserve supportive, facilitative, or enabling creative
relevant care values so that they can maintain their professional actions and decisions that help
well-being, recover from illness, or face handicaps people of a designated culture to adapt to or
and/or death. negotiate with others for a beneficial or
satisfying health outcome with professional care
Culture care repatterning or providers.
3 Restructuring

Culture care repatterning or restructuring includes

those assistive, supporting, facilitative, or
enabling professional actions and decisions that help
clients reorder, change, or greatly modify their
lifeways for new, different, and beneficial health
care pattern while respecting the clients cultural
values and beliefs and still providing a beneficial
or healthier lifeway than before the changes were
established with the clients.
ASSUMPTIONS

Different cultures perceive, know, and practice care differently, yet there are some
commonalities about care among all world cultures.
Values, beliefs, and practices for culturally related care are shaped by, and often
embedded in, the worldview, language, religious (or spiritual), kinship (social), political
(or legal), educational, economic, technological, ethnohistorical, and environmental
context of the culture.
While human care is universal across cultures, caring may be demonstrated through diverse
expressions, actions, patterns, lifestyles, and meanings.
Cultural care is the broadest holistic means to know, explain, interpret, and predict
nursing care phenomena to guide nursing care practices.
All cultures have generic or folk health care practices, that professional practices vary
across cultures, and that there will be cultural similarities and differences between the
care-receivers (generic) and the professional caregivers in any culture.
Care is the distinct, dominant, unifying, and central focus of nursing, and while curing
and healing cannot occur effectively without care, care may occur without a cure.
ASSUMPTIONS

Care and caring are essential for humans survival and their growth, health, well-being,
healing, and ability to deal with handicaps and death.
Nursing, as a transcultural care discipline and profession, has a central purpose of
serving human beings in all areas of the world; that when culturally based nursing care is
beneficial and healthy, it contributes to the well-being of the client(s) - whether
individuals, groups, families, communities, or institutions - as they function within the
context of their environments.
Nursing care will be culturally congruent or beneficial only when the nurse knows the
clients. The clients patterns, expressions, and cultural values are used in appropriate and
meaningful ways by the nurse with the clients.
If clients receive nursing care that is not at least reasonably culturally congruent (that
is, compatible with and respectful of the clients lifeways, beliefs, and values), the
client will demonstrate signs of stress, noncompliance, cultural conflicts, and/or ethical
or moral concerns.
 Back to introduction

REFERENCES
https://nurseslabs.com/made
leine-leininger-
transcultural-nursing-
theory/

Alligood, M. R. (2017).
Nursing theorists and their
work (9th ed.). Elsevier -
Health Sciences Division.