THEORISTS BACKGROUND
MARGARET NEWMAN  Margaret A. Newman was born on October 10, 1933.
 She received a doctorate from New York University in 1971.
 Newman is a fellow in the American Academy of Nursing.
 She has been honored as an outstanding alumna by both the
University of Tennessee and New York University.
 She received the Distinguished Scholar in Nursing Award from
New York University, the Founders Award for Excellence in Nursing
Research from Sigma Theta Tau International, and the E. Louise
Grant Award for Nursing Excellence from the University of
Minnesota
ROSEMARIE RIZZO  The Human Becoming Theory of Nursing, developed by
PARSE Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, addresses this very issue.
 Rosemarie Rizzo Parse graduated from Duquesne University in
Pittsburgh, and earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees from the
University of Pittsburgh.
 Parse is the founder and current editor of Nursing Science
Quarterly, and is president of Discovery International, Inc. She is also
an active Fellow in the American Academy of Nursing.
 Throughout her career, Parse has published nine books and more
than 100 articles and editorials about the nursing field.
 Then, in 2008, she received the New York Times Nurse Educator
of the Year Award.
PURPOSE OF THE THEORY
Health as Expanding Consciousness :
Theory of health as expanding consciousness
was developed to describe how consciousness
expands in all human experience. The theory
asserts that every person in every situation, no
matter how disordered and hopeless it may
seem, is part of a process of becoming more of
one's self.
Human Becoming Theory: enables nurses to
focus on quality of life as a goal of nursing. It
contrasts with most other nursing theories,
which are either bio-medical or bio-psycho-
social-spiritual. The Human Becoming Theory
states that a person is a unitary being in
constant interaction with their environment. It
has three main themes: meaning, rhythm, and
transcendence. A person's reality is given
meaning by the experiences he or she lives in
the environment, according to the meaning
theme. Rhythmicity explains that a person and
their environment cocreate rhythmical patterns
of relating to the universe. Human Becoming,
according to Transcendence, refers to
transcending one's own limitations. It explains
that a person is more than the sum of their
parts, that the environment and a person are
inseparable, and that nursing is a human
science and art that helps people. The theory
allows nurses to build stronger nurse-patient

MADELEINE  Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August 10, 2012) was an
LEININGER internationally known educator, author, theorist, administrator,
researcher, consultant, public speaker, and the developer of the
concept of transcultural nursing that has a great impact on how
to deal with patients of different culture and cultural background.
 She was the first in the 1960s to coin the concept of "culturally
congruent care," which was the goal of the Theory of Culture
Care, and today the concept is being used globally.
 Leininger was appointed Professor of Nursing and Anthropology
at the University of Colorado — the first joint appointment of a
nursing professor and a second discipline in the United States.
 As for being a pioneer nurse anthropologist, Leininger was
appointed Dean of the University of Washington, School of
Nursing in 1969 and remained in that position until 1974.
 She is considered by some to be the "Margaret Mead of nursing"
and is recognized worldwide as the founder of transcultural
nursing, a program that she created at the School in 1974.From
1974 to 1980, Leininger served as Dean, Professor of Nursing,
Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, and Director of the Center
for Nursing Research and the Doctoral and Transcultural
Nursing Programs at the University of Utah College Nursing.
ANNE BOYKIN AND  Born in 1944, Anne Boykin grew up in Wisconsin; the second
SAVINA eldest of six children. She began her career in nursing in
SCHOENHOFER 1966,graduating from Alverno College in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin. Today she enjoys the beauty of South Florida as the
dean and professor of the College of Nursing at FAU.
 Born in 1940, Savina Scheonhofer was born the 2nd child and
relationships by focusing on the patient as a
whole person experiencing life through his or
her environment.
Transcultural Nursing Theory: The
Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care
Theory by Madeleine Leininger involves
knowing and understanding different cultures
concerning nursing and health-illness caring
practices, beliefs, and values to provide
meaningful and efficacious nursing care
services to people's cultural values health-
illness context.
It focuses on the fact that different cultures
have different caring behaviors and different
health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns
of behaviors.
The cultural care worldview flows into
knowledge about individuals, families, groups,
communities, and institutions in diverse health
care systems.
The next focus is on the generic or folk system,
professional care system(s), and nursing care.
Information about these systems includes the
characteristics and the specific care features of
each.
The Nursing as Caring theory is a
comprehensive nursing theory that provides a
broad philosophical framework with practical
implications for practice transformation.
Nursing as Caring views nursing as a
discipline of knowledge and a professional
 oldest daughter in a family on nine and spent her formative years service with the objective of "nurturing
on the family cattle ranch in Kansas. Her initial nursing study persons living and growing in caring."
was completed at Wichita State University, where she earned
undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing, psychology, and • In their Theory of Caring as Nursing, Anne
counselling. Society has moved from an era of "standard Boykin and Sarvina Schoenhofer emphasize
families" to a society where social norms are being excused. the fundamental idea that all persons are
Mothers have now moved from home to the workforce, many caring; that being human entails being caring;
children are raised in single parent homes, and racially diverse and that being a person entails living in caring.
and same sex families now exist. It is becoming more acceptable Caring is inherent in an individual, and as they
and understood to move out of the realms of societies live their lives, they develop their capacity for
expectations for a typical family and branch off into what is caring.
acceptable to self. (National Academy of Sciences, 1997)
• The 1990s through 2013 became known as the constructed and
integrated knowledge stages in nursing theory. There was an
increased call to develop substance in theory and focus more on
concepts grounded in practice and research. More attention was
focused on middle range and practice theories rather than grand
theories, and evidence based practice was formally introduced in
1992 (McEwen & Wills 2014). In this era, the United States fought
many challenges including, destruction of the World. The 1990's
proved to be a profitable time for our country. It was a time of
economic growth and the unemployment rates stood lower than they
had in over 30 years. Moving into the beginning of the 21st century,
times began to change. Global economy, the housing collapse, and
increased national debt played an important role in the fall of the
economy in 2008. The country is still attempting to recover from this
fall. (U.S. Department of State, Suny Suffolk

JOYCE FITZPATRICK  Joyce Fitzpatrick is a nurse educator and advocate for  The Life Perspective Rhythm Model:
nursing, geriatrics, psychological care, and nursing theory. The Life Perspective Rhythm Model
 Born in 1944, she developed her interest in health care at an states the fact that human development
early age, and she had a great desire to learn and participate is centered along a variety of rhythms
 in nursing as an educator and leader to her peers. that allow humans to learn to
 She continued to obtain higher degrees in nursing, including communicate and interact with others.
serving a year as Fulbright scholar.  Nursing uses these rhythms to achieve
 She has become best known for her new theory of nursing maximum wellness for clients.
that involves lifetime health and care.  She believes that human development
 She then completed MBA from Case Western Reserve has rhythms that cover four major
University to thoroughly understand the business and areas:
fundraising opportunities in health care.  Person consists of individual
 Currently, she sits in the Elizabeth Brooks Ford Professor of biological, emotional, social,
Nursing Chair at the Frances Payne Bolton School of psychological, cultural, and spiritual
Nursing, Case Western Reserve University. attitudes.
 She is a multi-published author with 395 articles in  Health is a dynamic reaction between
professional journals and over 65 books, including nursing the individual and the environment
teaching texts. around him or her.
 Fitzpatrick was the dean of the Bolton School of Nursing at  Wellness-Illness is the promotion of
Case Western for 10 years. health by the nursing profession.
 During her tenure, the first chair for geriatric nursing in the  Metaparadigm is how all of these
nation was established. interact with each other.
 Her work on geriatric nursing theory has opened this field to  This is distinct in each individual and
supported research and training. changes throughout the life span.
 Other major research supported during her tenure included  It also involves all persons the
the first research in the care provided by African-American individual interacts with.
grandparents to children, a process to follow up coronary
bypass artery grafts at home using computerized data, new
resources to teach chronically ill adults, and research into the
problems of care-givers of the elderly.
 Fitzpatrick is also an adjunct professor in the Geriatric
Department at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
 She is the former head of the American Nursing Foundation,
now serving as Vice Chair.
 She remains an editor of three professional journals: Nursing
Education Perspectives, Applied Nursing Research and the
 Archives of Psychiatric Nursing.
 This nursing theorist is the founder and head of the Bolton’s
World Health Collaborating Center for Nursing.
 This center provides guidance to countries all over the world
on how to establish nursing education and care centers.
 This center also seeks funds to elevate the standard of
medical care in less privileged areas of the world.
 This includes all levels of care, from birth to senior care.
 She has published 13 books on her own, including 301
Careers in Nursing, Nursing Leadership: Views from the
Outside and Advancing Professional Nursing Practice.
 Some of these books are written with other health
professionals, and some are written on her own.
 This nursing professor has won the National Journal of
Nursing’s Book of the Year 18 times.

JOSEPHINE PATERSON  Paterson was born in Freeport, NY, on September 1, 1924.

AND LORETTA Lenox Hill Hospital and St. John's University nursing
ZDERAD graduates Her Doctor of Nursing Science (1969) is from
Boston University School of Nursing, Boston,
Massachusetts, where she specialized in Mental Health and
Psychiatric nursing. Dr. Paterson taught humanistic nursing
to graduate students, faculty, and staff. • She retired in 1985
as a clinical nurse specialist from the Northport Veterans
Administration Medical Center in Northport, New York.
 Zderad was born on June 7, 1925 in Chicago, Illinois. • She
is a St. Bernard's Hospital School of Nursing and Loyola
University graduate. She earned a Master of Science degree
from Catholic University in Washington, DC, and a Doctor
of Philosophy degree from Georgetown University in
Washington, DC, in 1968. • She has taught at several
 Humanistic nursing theories have a
foundation in the belief that patients can
grow in a healthy and creative way.
 The model was created by Josephine
Paterson and Loretta Zderad.
 This approach to nursing places an
emphasis on the nurse-patient
relationship, in which both people
influence the outcome of the nursing
interventions.
 The function of the nursing approach
shows that the relationship between the
nurse and patient has as much to do with
 universities and led groups on humanistic nursing. Dr.
Zderad also taught at the State University of New York at
Stonybrook. She retired in 1985 from the Northport Veterans
Administration Medical Center in Northport, New York, as
the Associate Chief for Nursing Education.
 They met in the 1950s while working at Catholic University
on a new program that would include Psychiatric and
Community Health components as part of the graduate
program. Friendship that has lasted for more than 35 years.
Shared experiences, ideas, and insights helped to shape a
concept that evolved into the Formal Theory of Humanistic
Nursing.
EXERCISE NO 1
the patient’s healing as medical
interventions.
 Humanistic nursing focuses closely on
how the relationship between the patient
and nurse develops in addition the
patient’s physical and mental health.
 The humanistic model of nursing looks at
the patient as an individual, and each
situation as unique.
 In this nursing approach, there is no
formulaic method or process in order to
care for patients.

REFERENCES:

https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Margaret-A-Newman.php

https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Rosemarie-Rizzo-Parse.php

https://www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Rosemary_Pars_Human_Becoming_Theory.html

https://nurseslabs.com/madeleine-leininger-transcultural-nursing-theory/

https://www.slideshare.net/kharang/anne-boykin-savina-schoenholer

https://www.slideshare.net/kharang/anne-boykin-savina-schoenholer

https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/the-theory-of-nursing-as-caring/

https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Dr-Joyce-Fitzgerald.php

https://www.slideshare.net/vaisakhgopakumar/humanistic-nursing-theory-ppt

https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/humanistic-model.php
https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/humanistic-nursing/

https://pmhealthnp.com/josephine-paterson-loretta-zderad-humanistic-nursing-theory/

 Madeleine Leininger was born on July 13, 1925 in Sutton, Nebraska.

 She earned several degrees, including a Doctor of Philosophy, a Doctor of Human Sciences, a Doctor of Science, and is a
Registered Nurse.
 She earned several degrees, including a Doctor of Philosophy, a Doctor of Human Sciences, a Doctor of Science, and is a
Registered Nurse.
 After graduation from Sutton High, she was in the U.S. Army Nursing Corps while pursuing a basic nursing program.
 And in 1965, Leininger embarked upon a doctoral program in Cultural and Social Anthropology at the University of Washington in
Seattle and became the first professional nurse to earn a Ph.D. in anthropology.