Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

Division of Zamboanga Sibugay

Mindanao State University - Buug Campus

Datu Panas, Buug, Zamboanga Sibugay

College of Arts and Sciences

Nursing Department

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THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING

(NSG 101)

Fifteen (15) Nursing Theorists and their Relevant Theories to Nursing Practice

___________________________________________________________________________

Turned in by: Francis Rex Matuod

Turned in to: Lavenne Baranda Ancero, RN Date: 11/16/202

 Florence Nightingale
Background of the Theorist
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), known as “The Lady With the Lamp,” was a
British nurse, social reformer and statistician best known as the founder of modern
nursing. Her experiences as a nurse during the Crimean War were foundational in
her views about sanitation. She established St. Thomas’s Hospital and the
Nightingale Training School for Nurses in 1860. Her efforts to reform healthcare
greatly influenced the quality of care in the 19 and 20 centuries.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 Viewed the essence of a person as a patient and envisioned as comprising physical, intellectual, emotional,
social & spiritual components.
 The one who is receiving the care; dynamic & complex being.

2. Health

 According to her. "Healthy is not only to be well but to be able to use well every power we have."
 She believed in prevention and health promotion in addition to nursing patients from illness to health.

3. Environment

 Anything that can be manipulated to place a patient in the best possible condition for nature to act.
 Those elements external to and affect the health of the sick and healthy person.

4. Nursing

 Considered nursing as very essential for everybody's well-being.

 She believed nursing to be a spiritual calling, and nurses were to assist nature to repair the patient.

About The Theory: Environmental Theory

Environmental Model in Nursing Nightingale viewed the manipulation of the physical environment as
a major component of nursing care. She believed that when one or more aspects of the environment
are out of balance, the client must use increased energy to counter the environmental stress. She
believed that when one or more aspects of the environment are out balance, the client must use
increased energy to counter the environmental stress, and these stresses that drains patients’ energy
needed for healing. She identified the 13 canons in her theory as major areas of the physical, social,
and psychological environment that the nurse could control: Ventilation and warmth, light,
cleanliness, health and houses, noise, bed and beddings, personal cleanliness, variety, chattering and
hopes, taking food, what food? , petty management, and observation of the sick.

The environmental theory has an impact on many aspects of current nursing practice,
including noise, good housekeeping practices, balanced diet administration to speed wound healing,
and surveillance of the ill, to mention a few.
 Hildegard Peplau
Background of the Theorist
Hildegard Elizabeth Peplau (September 1, 1909 – March 17, 1999) was an
American nurse who is the only one to serve the American Nurses Association
(ANA) as Executive Director and later as President. She became the first
published nursing theorist since Florence Nightingale. Peplau was well-known for
her Theory of Interpersonal Relations, which helped to revolutionize nurses’
scholarly work. Her achievements are valued by nurses worldwide and became
known to many as the “Mother of Psychiatric Nursing” and the “Nurse of the
Century.”

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 She defines a person as a man who is an organism that Jives in an unstable balance of a given system.

2. Health

 Health, according to her, is a word that symbolizes the movement of the personality and other on-going
human processes that directs the person towards creative, constructive, productive, and community living.
 She also gave importance to the belief that for one's health to be achieved and maintained, his needs must
be met, and these needs are physiological demands and interpersonal conditions.

3. Environment

 Environment for her are forces outside the organism and in the context of the socially-approved way of
living, from which vital human social processes are derived, such as norms, customs, and beliefs.
However, these given conditions that lead to health always include the interpersonal process.

4. Nursing

 She described nursing as a significant, therapeutic interpersonal process.

 It functions cooperatively with human processes that make health possible as a possible goal for
individuals in communities.
 Nursing for her is therapeutic because it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of
health care.

About The Theory: Interpersonal Relation Theory

Interpersonal Relations Theory Peplau described the nurse-patient relationship as a four-phase phenomenon. One
can view them as separate entities, but they could overlap with each other over the course of the nurse-patient
interaction. Each phase is unique and has distinguished contributions on the outcome of the nurse-patient
relationship. The four phases of nurse-patient relationship is the orientation, identification, exploitation, and
resolution. The interpersonal therapeutic process was based on the theory proposed by Peplau and particularly
useful in helping a psychiatric patient become receptive for therapy. She also advocates the roles of the nurse in the
nurse-patient interpersonal relationship which he or she needs to assume for him/her to be empowered and
equipped in meeting the patient needs.

The theory explains nursing’s purpose is to help others identify their felt difficulties and that nurses should apply
principles of human relations to the problems that arise at all levels of experience. The theory involves the
healthcare professional working to understand their own behaviour, as well as that of their clients.
 Imogene King
Background of the Theorist
Imogene King was born on January 30, 1923 in West Point, Iowa. She received
her nursing diploma from St. John’s Hospital School of Nursing in St. Louis,
Missouri, in 1945. In 1948, she earned her Bachelor of Science in Nursing from
St. Louis University, and went on to complete her Master’s of Science in
Nursing, also from St. Louis University in 1957. She also earned her doctoral
degree from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1961. She died on
December 24, 2007.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 A spiritual being and rational thinker. King believes that individuals have the ability to think, choose, feel,
set goals, perceive, make decisions and achieve goals.

2. Health

 Involves a patient’s life experiences and ongoing assessments of internal and external environment
stressors through the use of resources available for the patient to maximize their daily living potential.

3. Environment

 The atmosphere where human interaction takes place. a. Internal: patient’s inner coping skills to adjust with
the external environments conditions. b. External: patient’s surroundings such as the nurse.

4. Nursing

 Goal of nurse: ―To help individuals to maintain their health so they can function in their roles
 Domain of nurse: ―includes promoting, maintaining, and restoring health, and caring for the sick, injured
and dying.
 Function of professional nurse: ―To interpret information in nursing process to plan, implement and
evaluate nursing care.

About The Theory: Goal Attainment Theory

The Goal Attainment Theory is based on philosophy of human beings and a conceptual system . King’s theory
uses concepts of self, perception, communication, interaction, transaction, role, and decision making.
This theory is widely generalizable and relevant in different health care situations. The theory focuses on
attaining certain life goals. Theory describes a dynamic, interpersonal relationship in which a person grows and
develops to attain certain goal.

The theory helps nurses to easily facilitate the present problem. It facilitates proper and correct range for the
use of evaluation system. It has been applied to different professional practice setting such as in nursing
administration, theory-based practice in the emergency department, in tertiary hospital and in the community.

Nursing according to her is a process of action, reaction, and interaction whereby nurse and client share
information about their perceptions in nursing situations
 Virginia Henderson
Background of the Theorist
Virginia Henderson was born on November 30, 1897 in Kansas City, Missouri,
and was the fifth of eight children in her family. In 1921, Henderson graduated
from the Army School of Nursing at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C.
In 1932, she earned her Bachelor’s Degree and in 1934 earned her Master’s
Degree in Nursing Education, both from Teachers College at Columbia
University. Henderson died on March 19, 1996.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 Referred to a person as a patient.

 According to her, a person is an individual who requires assistance to achieve health and independence or,
in some cases, peaceful death.
 She introduced the concept of the mind and body of a person as inseparable. Meaning, for a person to
function to the utmost, he must be able to maintain physiological and emotional balance.

2. Health

 She viewed health as a quality of life and is very basic for a person to function fully.
 As a vital need, health requires independence and interdependence.
 Since health is a multi-factor phenomenon, it is influenced by both internal and external factors. which play
independent and interdependent roles in achieving health. Henderson also give emphasis on prioritizing
health promotion as more important than the care of the sick; prevention is better than cure.

3. Environment

 It is important for a healthy individual to control the environment, but as illness occurs, this ability is
diminished or affected.
 In caring for the sick, it is the responsibility of the nurse to help the patient manage his surroundings to
protect him from harm or any mechanical injury.

4. Nursing

 Henderson asserted that nurses function independently from a physician, but they must promote the
treatment plan prescribed by the physician.
 Another special role of the nurse is to help both the sick and the well individual.
 The care given by the nurse must empower the patient to gain independence as rapidly as possible.

About The Theory: 14 Basic Human Needs

Virginia Henderson's writing is not only still relevant today but is also widely applied in routine nursing. When she
discusses what the nurse should be for the patient, the writing style is almost poetic. She was clearly concerned for
the wellbeing of every patient, and that is why this system is so extensive, while also being understandable to a
layman. One may argue that her personality and method of providing healthcare are closely related to this
viewpoint. Independent practice of healthy behaviors was one of the key components of health as stated by
Henderson. Even though a person can be healed in a hospital, without independence they will once more require
care.This type of approach to healthcare is timeless, because a person has to be able to care for his health, no
matter the era. Because of this, the majority of contemporary nurses have put her beliefs into practice, making it
one of the most current theories in nursing.
 Faye Gleen Abdellah
Background of the Theorist
Faye Glenn Abdellah was born on March 13, 1919. Abdellah was the first
nurse officer to earn the ranking of a two-star rear admiral. She was the first
nurse and the first woman to serve as a Deputy Surgeon General. Her work
changed the focus of nursing from disease-centered to patient-centered, and
began to include the care of families and the elderly in nursing care. The
Patient Assessment of Care Evaluation developed by Abdellah is now the
standard used in the United States. Her publications include Better Nursing
Care Through Nursing Research and Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 Describes the recipients of nursing as individuals (and families, and thus, society), but does not delineate
her beliefs or assumptions about the nature of human beings.

2. Health

 Although Abdellah does not give a definition of health, she speaks to ―total health needs and ―a healthy
state of mind and body‖ in her description of nursing as a comprehensive service.

3. Environment

 Included in ―planning for optimum health on local, state, national, and international levels.
 She indicates that by providing service to individuals and families, society is served but does not discuss
society as a patient nor define society.

4. Nursing

 Abdellah considers nursing to be a comprehensive service that is based on an art and science and aims to
help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.
 Broadly grouped into the 21 problem areas to guide care and promote the use of nursing judgment.

About The Theory: Twenty-One Nursing Problem

Abdellah's theory states that nursing is the use of the problem-solving approach with key nursing problems
related to the health needs of people. The theory helped improve nursing practice. It transformed the focus to
patient centered to provide a better care.

Abdellah's Twenty-one Nursing Problems focus on the physical, biological, and socio- psychological needs of the
patient and attempt to provide a more meaningful basis for organization than the categories of the systems of
the body. The twenty-one nursing problems is classified into: basic to all patients, remedial care needs,
sustenance care needs, and restorative care needs.
 Dorothy Johnson
Background of the Theorist
Dorothy E. Johnson (August 21, 1919 – February 1999) was one of the
greatest nursing theorists who developed the “Behavioral System Model.”
Her theory of nursing defines nursing as “an external regulatory force
which acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patients’
behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the
behavior constitutes a threat to the physical or social health, or in which
illness is found.”

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 Johnson views human beings as having two major systems: the biological system and the behavioral
system.
 It is the role of medicine to focus on the biological system, whereas nursing’s focus is the behavioral
system.

2. Health

 It is an elusive state that is determined by psychological, social, biological, and physiological factors.
 Johnson’s behavioral model supports the idea that the individual is attempting to maintain some balance or
equilibrium.
 The individual’s goal is to maintain the entire behavioral system efficiently and effectively but with
enough flexibility to return to an acceptable balance if a malfunction disrupts the original balance.

3. Environment

 Refers to the environment in which an individual exists.

 According to Johnson, an individual’s behavior is influenced by all the events in the environment.
 Cultural influences on the individual’s behavior are viewed as profound; however, it is felt that there are
many paths, varying from culture to culture, that influence specific behaviors in a group of people, although
the outcome for all the groups or individuals is the same.

4. Nursing

 Nursing is ―an external regulatory force which acts to preserve under the organization and integration of
the patient’s behavior at an optimal level under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat
to physical or social health or in which illness is found.
 Nursing is viewed as part of the external environment that can assist the client to return to a state of
equilibrium or balance.
 Nursing is concerned with the organized and integrated whole, but that the major focus is on obtaining a
balance in the behavioral system when illness occurs in the individual.
 Johnson believes that nurses need to be well grounded in the physical and social sciences; particular
emphasis should be placed on knowledge from both the physical and social sciences that is found to
influence behavior.
 Nursing’s primary goal is to foster equilibrium within the individual, which allows for the practice of
nursing with individuals at any point in the health-illness continuum.
About The Theory: Behavioral System Model

Johnson believes each individual has patterned, purposeful, repetitive ways of acting that comprise a
behavioral system specific to that individual. These actions or behaviors form an ―organized and integrated
functional unit that determines and limits the interaction between the person and his environment and
establishes the relationship of the person to the objects, events, and situations in his environment.

The theory helps nurses address patients at first and not their disease; the approach to a patient as a whole or
a behavioral system can improve nurse-patient interaction and reduce the number of possible
misunderstandings. The theory provides a comprehensive understanding of the interconnection between
nursing, environment, health, and patient behavior. It directly addresses issues that can lead to disequilibrium
and indicates how equilibrium can be restored. The theory can be applied in psychiatric nursing care, treatment
of children, infants, adolescents, pregnancy care, obesity, oncology, etc.

Johnson identifies seven subsystems within the Behavioral System Model.

 Madeleine Leininger
Background of the Theorist
Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August 10, 2012) was a nursing
theorist, nursing professor and developer of the concept of transcultural
nursing. First published in 1961, her contributions to nursing theory involve
the discussion of what it is to care.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. PERSON

 Humans are believed to be caring and to be capable of being

concerned about the needs, wellbeing and survival of others.
Human care is universal, that is, seen in all cultures. Humans are
universally caring beings who survive in a diversity of cultures
through their ability to provide the universality of care in a variety
of ways according to different culture, needs and settings.

2. ENVIRONMENT

 Being represented in culture, as a major theme in Leiningers’ theory. The totality of an event, situation or
experience.

3. HEALTH

 Health systems, health care practices, changing health patterns, health promotion and health maintenance.
Health is an important concept in transcultural nursing. Health is viewed as being universal across cultures
but defined within each culture in a manner that reflects the beliefs, values and practices of a particular
culture. Health is both universal and diverse.

4. NURSING

 Goal of nurse: ―To help individuals to maintain their health so they can function in their roles.
 Domain of nurse: ―includes promoting, maintaining, and restoring health, and caring for the sick, injured
and dying.
 Function of professional nurse: ―To interpret information in nursing process to plan, implement and
evaluate nursing care.

About The Theory: Transcultural Theory

Transcultural nursing theory plays a vital role in nurses on how deal with patients To start, it helps nurses to be
aware of how the patient's culture and faith system provide resources for their experiences with illness,
suffering and even death. It helps nurses understand and respect the diversity that is often present in a nurse's
patient load. It also helps strengthen a nurse's commitment to nursing based on nurse-patient relationships
and emphasizing the whole person rather than viewing the patient as simply a set of symptoms or illnesses.
Finally, using cultural knowledge to treat a patient also helps a nurse be open-minded to treatments that can
be considered non-traditional, such as spiritually-based therapies like meditation and anointing.

According to her, health is a state of well-being that is culturally defined, valued, and practiced. It reflects
individuals (or group's) ability to perform their daily role activities in culturally expressed, beneficial, and
patterned lifeways. Nursing is defined as a learned humanistic and scientific profession and discipline which is
focused on human care phenomena and activities to assist, support, facilitate, or enable individuals or groups
to maintain or regain their well-being (or health) in culturally meaningful and beneficial ways, or to help people
face handicaps or death.
 Betty Neuman
Background of the Theorist
Betty Neuman was born in Ohio, United States, on September 11,
1924. She lived in her hometown until graduating from high school in
1942, when she moved to Dayton. There he worked in an aircraft
industry that operated during the period of World War II in the United
States. It was in 1944 that she began her training as a nurse. She studied
in a training program for three years and obtained her official nursing
diploma in 1947. That same year she moved to Los Angeles, where she
began working at Los Angeles General Hospital as a member of the
nursing staff.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 The person is a layered multidimensional being. Each layer consists of five person variables or subsystems:
Physical/Physiological Psychological Socio-cultural Developmental Spiritual.
 Neuman sees a person as an open system that works together with other parts of its body as it interacts with
the environment
 An open system that interacts with both internal and external environmental forces and stressors. Open
system is characterized by the presence of an exchange of information and reaction with other factors
surrounding a person.
 The human being is in constant change, moving toward a dynamic state of system stability or toward illness
or varying degrees

2. Health

 “Health is a condition in which all parts and subparts (variables) are in harmony with the whole of the
client.”
 considers health as dynamic in nature in which the person’s health is at the level of health continuum—
wellness or illness.
 equated with wellness
 Wellness exists when all the part or system of person works harmoniously.
 the condition or degree of system stability and is viewed as a continuum from wellness to illness
 Neuman proposes a wellness-illness continuum, with the person's position on that continuum being
influenced by their interaction with the variables and the stressors they encounter. The client system moves
toward illness and death when more energy is needed than is available. The client system moves toward
wellness when more energyis available than is needed.

3. Environment

 The totality of the internal and external forces which surround a person and with which they interact at any
given time. These forces include the intrapersonal, interpersonal and extra personal stressors which can
affect the person's normal line of defense and so can affect the stability of the system.
 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT – exists within the system; all forces and interactive influences that are
solely within the boundaries of the client system
 EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT – exists outside the client system.
  CREATED ENVIRONMENT – developed unconsciously by the client and is symbolic of system
wholeness; it represents the open system exchange of energy with both the internal and external
environments.

4. Nursing

 A unique profession that is concerned with all of the variables which influence the response a person might
have to a stressor
 Neuman believes that nursing requires a holistic approach that considers all factors affecting a client's
health—physical, physiological, psychological, mental, social, cultural, developmental and spiritual well-
being.
 Actions which assist individuals, families and groups to maintain a maximum level of wellness, and the
primary aim is stability of the patient/client system, through nursing interventions to reduce stressors
 The primary concern of NURSING is to define the appropriate action in situations that are stress related or
in relation to possible reactions of the client or client systems to stressors.

About the Theory: The Neuman System Model

The Neuman Systems Model can guide to strengthen the management of stressors in the workplace for the
nurses. The willingness of a nurse to bounce back, respond to stress and adversity, and survive after becoming
especially active in stressful circumstances are considered to be optimistic, multidimensional resilience
adaptations affected by individual variables such as age, life experience, education, and spirituality. The use of
the model of Neuman systems provides the framework for understanding the idea of adversity by delineating
the relationship between parts and whole, the effects of circumstances, and the client's contact with his or her
environment.

The Neuman Systems Model views the person as an open system that responds to stressors in the
environment. The client variables are physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual.
Stressors are intra-, inter-, and extra personal in nature and arise from the internal, external, and created
environments. Nursing interventions occur through three prevention modalities. Primary prevention occurs
before the stressor invades the system; secondary prevention occurs after the system has reacted to an
invading stressor; tertiary prevention occurs after secondary prevention as reconstitution is being established.
 Patricia Benner
Background of the Theorist
Patricia Sawyer Benner (born August 31, 1942) is a nursing theorist,
academic and author. She is known for one of her books, From Novice to
Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice (1984).
Benner described the stages of learning and skill acquisition across the
careers of nurses, applying the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition to
nursing practice. Benner is a professor emerita at the University of
California, San Francisco UCSF School of Nursing.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 The person is a self-interpreting being, that is the person does

not come into the world predefined but gets defined in the course
of living a life.

2. Health

 Dr. Benner focuses on the lived experience of being healthy and being ill. Health is defined as what can be
assessed, whereas well-being is the human experience of health or wholeness. Wellbeing and being ill are
understood as distinct ways of being in the world.

3. Environment

 Benner uses situation rather than environment because situation conveys a social environment with social
definition and meaningfulness.
 ―To be situated implies that one has a past, present, and future and that all of these aspect influence the
current situation.

4. Nursing

 Nursing is described as a caring relationship, an ―enabling condition of connection and concern.

 ―Caring is primary because caring sets up the possibility of giving and receiving help.
 Nursing is viewed as a caring practice whose science is guided by the moral art and ethics of care and
responsibility.
 Benner understands that nursing practice as the care and study of the lived experience of health, illness, and
disease and the relationships among the three elements
About The Theory: Novice To Expert
Novice to Expert

By Patricia Benner

The theory covered how nurses develop their abilities and knowledge of patient care from the
moment they start working as nurses until they are fully qualified professionals who can handle complicated
cases. Nursing has made considerable use of Benner's Novice to Expert Nursing Theory to boost nurse
retention and give new nurse administrators and managers experience. The model explains how beginner
nurses move through a number of phases as they develop their abilities, knowledge, and experience to become
specialists.

5 levels of Capabilities according to Benner

 Novice – A person with no background experience of the situation in which he or she is

involved. Generally this level applies to nursing students.

 Advance Beginner – The advance beginner stage develops when the person can demonstrate
marginally acceptable performance having coped with enough real situations to note, or to
have pointed out by mentor, the recurring meaningful components of the situation.

 Competent - the most pivotal in clinical learning because the learner must begin to recognize
patterns and determine which elements of the situation warrant attention and which can be
ignored.

 Proficient – Nurses at this level demonstrate a new ability to see changing relevance in a
situation including the recognition and the implementation of skilled responses to the
situation as it evolves.
 Lydia Hall
Background of the Theorist
Lydia E. Hall was born on September 21, 1906 in New York City. In
1927, she earned her nursing diploma and went on to complete a
Bachelor of Science in Public Health Nursing in 1937. She earned a
Master’s degree to teach natural sciences in 1942. Hall worked as the
first director of the Loeb Center for Nursing. Her nursing experience
was in clinical nursing, nursing education, research, and in a
supervisory role.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 The individual human who is 16 years of age or older and

past the acute stage of long-term illness is the focus of
nursing care in Hall’s work. The source of energy and motivation for healing is the individual care
recipient, not the health care provider. Hall emphasizes the importance of the individual as unique, capable
of growth and learning, and requiring a total person approach.

2. Health

 Health can be inferred to be a state of self-awareness with a conscious selection of behaviors that are
optimal for that individual. Hall stresses the need to help the person explore the meaning of his or her
behavior to identify and overcome problems through developing self-identity and maturity.

3. Environment

 The concept of society or environment is dealt with in relation to the individual. Hall is credited with
developing the concept of Loeb Center because she assumed that the hospital environment during treatment
of acute illness creates a difficult psychological experience for the ill individual. Loeb Center focuses on
providing an environment that is conducive to self-development. In such a setting, the focus of the action of
the nurses is the individual, so that any actions taken in relation to society or environment are for the
purpose of assisting the individual in attaining a personal goal.

4. Nursing

 Nursing is identified as consisting of participation in the care, core, and cure aspects of patient care.
About the Theory: Care, Core, Cure Model

Care, Core, Cure model

By Lydia Hall

Lydia Hall’s theory has three components which are represented by three independent but
interconnected circles. The three circles are: the core, the care, and the cure. The size of each circle constantly
varies and depends on the state of the patient.

A nurse functions in all three circles but to different degrees.

The care circle

The care circle defines the primary role of a professional nurse such as providing bodily care
for the patient and helping the patient complete such basic daily biological functions as eating, bathing,
elimination, and dressing. When providing this care, the nurse’s goal is the comfort of the patient.

The Core Circle

This area emphasizes the social, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual needs of the patient in relation to
family, institution, community and the world. This is able to help the patient verbally express feelings regarding
the disease process and its effects by the use of the reflective technique. Through such expression, the patient is
able to gain self-identity and further develop maturity.

The Cure Circle

These are the interventions or actions geared toward treating the patient for whatever illness or
disease he or she is suffering from. During this aspect of nursing care, the nurse is an active advocate of the
patient.
 Myra Estrin Levine
Background of the Theorist
Myra Estrine Levine was born in Chicago in 1920. In 1944, she
earned a diploma in nursing from the Cook County School of
Nursing, then went on to complete her Bachelor of Science in
Nursing from the University of Chicago in 1949. Her Master’s of
Science in Nursing was given to her from Wayne State University in
Detroit in 1962. She earned an honorary doctorate from Loyola
University in 1992.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 It refers to the unique individual in unity and integrity,

feeling, believing, thinking, and whole.

2. Environment

 Includes both the internal and external environment. Three Aspects of Environment Drawn upon Bates’
(1967) Classification:
 The operational environment consists of the undetected natural forces and that impinge on the individual.
 The perceptual environment consists of information that is recorded by the sensory organs.
 The conceptual environment is influenced by language, culture, ideas, and cognition.
3. Health

 Refers to the pattern of adaptive change of the whole being

4. Nursing

 The human interaction relying on communication, rooted in the organic dependency of the individual
human being in his relationships with other human beings.

About The Theory: The Conservation Method

According to Levine's conservation model, nursing intervention is a conservation action with four nursing
conservation principles at its core. It directs nurses to focus on what matters and how people respond at their
level. By preserving energy, structure, and moral character on a personal and social level, nurses achieve the
goal of the theory.

Every patient has a unique set of adaptive reactions that change depending on personal aspects including age,
gender, and sickness. Conservation is the central idea of Myra Estrin Levine's philosophy. An individual can
adapt to health issues with the least amount of effort while they are in a period of conservation. Levine's
Conservation Model's major goal is to enhance a person's physical and mental wellbeing by taking into account
the four conservation domains she identified. This nursing theory directs nurses in giving care that will help
sustain and improve the patient's health by addressing the conservation of energy, structure, and personal and
social integrity.

Myra Estrine Levine has a four principles of conservation;

1. The Conservation of energy of the individual

2. The Conservation of the structural energy of the individual.

3. The Conservation of the personal integrity of the individual.

 Ida Jean Orlando
Background of the Theorist
Ida Jean Orlando-Pelletier (August 12, 1926 – November 28, 2007)
was an internationally known psychiatric health nurse, theorist, and
researcher who developed the “Deliberative Nursing Process
Theory.” Her theory allows nurses to create an effective nursing care
plan that can also be easily adapted when and if any complications
arise with the patient.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 A developmental being with needs.

 Nursing clients are patients who are under medical care and who cannot deal with their needs or who
cannot carry out medical treatment.

2. Environment

 Not defined directly in Orlando's Theory but implicity in the immediate context for a patient.

3. Health

 A sense of adequacy or wellbeing.

 Fulfilled needs.
 Sense comfort.

4. Nursing

 A dynamic nurse-patient relationship.

 Responsive to individuals who suffer or anticipate a sense of helplessness.
 The goal of nursing is increased sense of wellbeing, increase in ability, adequacy in better care of self and
improvement in patient's behavior.
 Nursing therapeutics are composed of direct function indirect function, discipline and professional
activities and automatic activities.

About the Theory: Nursing Process Discipline

Talking with patients and explaining the plan of treatment is one of the most crucial things nurses perform.
Nevertheless, no matter how carefully thought out a patient's nursing care plan is, unforeseen issues with the
patient's recovery are always possible. It is the nurse's responsibility to be aware of these issues and know how
to handle them so the patient can continue to recover and regain his or her well-being. Ida Jean Orlando
created the Deliberative Nursing Process, which enables nurses to create a nursing care plan that is both
successful and easily adaptable when and if the patient's needs become more complex.

The reciprocal interaction between the patient and the nurse is emphasized in Ida Jean Orlando's nursing
theory. It stresses how crucially important patient involvement in the nursing process is. Orlando regarded
nursing as a separate vocation as well. He distinguished it from medicine, where mandates from doctors,
organizational requirements, and previous personal experiences were not the primary drivers of nurses'
actions. She had the opinion that nurses should not follow a doctor's directions .
 Dorothea E. Orem
Background of the Theorist
Dorothea Elizabeth Orem (July 15, 1914 – June 22, 2007) was one of
America’s foremost nursing theorists who developed the Self-Care
Deficit Nursing Theory, also known as the Orem Model of Nursing. Her
theory defined Nursing as “The act of assisting others in the provision
and management of self-care to maintain or improve human functioning
at the home level of effectiveness.” It focuses on each individual’s ability
to perform self-care, defined as “the practice of activities that individuals
initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and
well-being.”

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 Distinguished from other living things by their capacity to:

 Reflect upon themselves and their environment.
 Symbolize what they experience.
 Use symbolic creations (ideas, words) in thinking, in communicating, and in guiding efforts to do and to
make things that are beneficial for themselves or others.
 Integrated human functioning includes physical, psychological, interpersonal, and social aspects.
 Orem believes that individuals have the potential for learning and developing.
2. Environment

 An external source of influence in the internal interaction of a person’s different aspects.

3. Health

 Orem supports the WHO’s definition of health as ―a state of physical, mental, and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
 She states that ―the physical, psychological, interpersonal and social aspects of health are inseparable in
the individual‖.
 Orem also presents health based on the concept of preventive health care.
 Helping clients to establish or identify ways to perform self-care activities

4. Nursing

 Nursing actions are geared towards independence of the client. If the client is highly dependent, there is a
need for the nurse to assist and address the needs of the client. Nursing is a distinguished human service
since its focus is on persons with inabilities to maintain continuous provision of health care. Nursing is
based on values.
 About The Theory: Self-Care Deficit Theory
This theory emphasizes the significance for patients themselves of preserving autonomy over their self-care
processes, and it is essential in helping nurses decide what component of patient care they should focus on in a
specific setting. This theory focuses on each individual's ability to perform self-care, defined as the practice of
activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being.
This theory emphasizes the significance for patients themselves of preserving independence over their self-
care processes, and it is essential in helping nurses decide what component of patient care they should focus
on in a specific situation.
 Martha Rogers
Background of the Theorist
Martha Elizabeth Rogers (May 12, 1914 – March 13, 1994) was an
American nurse, researcher, theorist, and author widely known for
developing the Science of Unitary Human Beings and her
landmark book, An Introduction the Theoretical Basis of Nursing.
She believes that a patient can never be separated from their
environment when addressing health and treatment. Her
knowledge about the coexistence of the human and his or her
environment contributed a lot in changing toward better health.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 A person is defined as an indivisible, pan-dimensional

energy field identified by a pattern, and manifesting characteristics specific to the whole, and that can’t be
predicted from knowledge of the parts. A person is also a unified whole, having its own distinct
characteristics that can’t be viewed by looking at, describing, or summarizing the parts.

2. Health

 Rogers defines health as an expression of the life process. It is the characteristics and behavior coming
from the mutual, simultaneous interaction of the human and environmental fields, and health and illness are
part of the same continuum. The multiple events occurring during the life process show the extent to which
a person is achieving his or her maximum health potential. The events vary in their expressions from.

3. Nursing

 It is the study of unitary, irreducible, indivisible human and environmental fields: people and their world.
Rogers claims that nursing exists to serve people, and the safe practice of nursing depends on the nature
and amount of scientific nursing knowledge the nurse brings to his or her practice.
 Scope of Nursing: Nursing aims to assist people in achieving their maximum health potential. Maintenance
and promotion of health, prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis, intervention, and rehabilitation
encompass the scope of nursing’s goals.
 Nursing is concerned with people-all people-well and sick, rich and poor, young and old. The arenas of
nursing’s services extend into all areas where there are people: at home, at school, at work, at play; in
hospital, nursing home, and clinic; on this planet and now moving into outer space.

4. Environmental

 ―An irreducible, indivisible, pan dimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field.

 Energy Field - The energy field is the fundamental unit of both the living and the non-living. It provides a way to
view people and the environment as irreducible wholes. The energy fields continuously vary in intensity, density ,
About the Theory: Science of Unitary Human Beings

The work of Martha Rogers has been an important contribution to the nursing community both for its
reframing of the scope of the work being done and for its emphasis on scientific processes needed to address
the problems facing nursing.

It is a model that can be applied to nurses themselves and which dictates that nurses are inherently linked in
health to those around them. If the nurse is unhealthy, so too will be the patient.

Martha Rogers used her nursing theory of “Science of Unitary Human Beings” to promote the quality of
healthcare delivered to different patients.

The work of Martha Rogers has been an important contribution to the nursing community both for its
reframing of the scope of the work being done and for its emphasis on scientific processes needed to address
the problems facing nursing. It is a model that can be applied to nurses themselves and which dictates that
nurses are inherently linked in health to those around them. If the nurse is unhealthy, so too will be the
patient. You can apply these concepts and theories to successfully carry out  nursing practice. This theory will
help me give all of the patients a best "nursing services." This theory is significant since it offers the greatest
suggestions for improving nursing practice, something that every caregiver should take into account.
 Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Background of the Theorist
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse graduated from Duquesne University in
Pittsburgh, and earned her Master’s and Doctoral degrees from the
University of Pittsburgh. Parse served as a faculty member at the
University of Pittsburgh, as well as the Dean of the Duquesne University
School of Nursing. Between 1983 and 1993, she was a professor and
coordinator of the Center for Nursing Research at the City University of
New York’s Hunter College. Parse served as a faculty member at the
University of Pittsburgh, as well as the Dean of the Duquesne University
School of Nursing. Between 1983 and 1993, she was a professor and
coordinator of the Center for Nursing Research at the City University of
New York’s Hunter College.

Metaparadigm of Nursing
1. Person

 Open being is more than and different from the sum of its parts.

2. Environment

 Everything in the person and his experiences.

3. Health

 Open process of being and becoming. Involves synthesis of values.

4. Nursing

 A human science and art that uses an abstract body of knowledge to serve people.

About The Theory: Theory of Human Becoming

THEORY OF HUMAN BECOMING

Consists of three principles and nine concepts flowing from Parse’s assumptions about humans and becoming.
The Theory of Human Becoming was developed to move nursing's view of the person from a medical model to
a human science. In this theory the person is seen as a participant in situations and nursing's role is to facilitate
the patient making choices in their health experience based on their definitions of health and perceptions of
the situation. According to Parse's theory, the goal of nursing is to try to treat quality of life as each patient sees
it for him or herself. The Human Becoming Theory stands as a comprehensive outlook on human life with
practical applications in nursing and elsewhere in the human experience.