I - ENVIRONMENT THEORY

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
(12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910)
By establishing hygienic settings for patients, Florence Nightingale, a nurse renowned for her
Environmental Theory, revolutionized nursing practices. Known as "The Lady with the Lamp" during the
Crimean War, she is credited with founding modern nursing.
1.Biography of Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale, born in 1820 in Italy, was part of an elite British family. She was raised on
a family estate in Derbyshire, receiving a classical education. Despite her parents' objections, she pursued
a nursing career in 1844 at the Lutheran Hospital of Pastor Fliedner in Germany.
2. Influential Factor for her Theory
In order to progressively restore a patient's health, nurses set up their surroundings while taking
into account outside influences on development, physiologic processes, and life.
3. What is her theory all about
The main idea of the theory is to use the patient's surroundings to help him heal. According to
her, a nurse's job is to use the patient's surroundings to aid in their recovery. Nursing was described as
"the act of utilizing the patient's environment to assist him in his recovery" by Florence Nightingale's
Environmental Theory.
4. What are the major concept of her theory

 Nursing
Nightingale emphasized the need of nursing in providing fresh air, light, warmth,
cleanliness, serenity, and appropriate meal administration in order to minimize the patient's vital
power and make nursing a reparative process.
 Human Beings
Humans are defined by Nightingale not by any particular quality but by how they relate
to and are affected by their surroundings.
 Environment
Nightingale's works are a reflection of a community health paradigm that takes into
account every aspect of a person's environment when assessing their health.
 Health
Nursing as an art seeks to "unmake what God had made disease," with client health as the
ultimate goal of all nursing endeavors.
5. What are the factors in the environment that she based her theory
Five environmental elements were discovered by the study: direct sunlight, fresh air, clean water,
effective drainage, and cleanliness and sanitation. Environmental theory places a strong emphasis on
creating a calm, cozy, and noise-free atmosphere for patients as well as on determining and recording
their food requirements and analyzing how those needs affect their overall health.
6. State the weakness and strength of her theory
Strengths
• The potential for use in nursing practice
• Including initiatives that support preventative measures
Weaknesses
• Scant information on the psychosocial environment
• Application of her concepts in the twentieth century is in question.

II - Interactive theory by
A. Hildegard Peplau - Interpersonal Relations Theory
(September 1, 1909 – March 17, 1999)

Hildegard Elizabeth Peplau, the first published nursing theorist since Florence Nightingale,
revolutionized nurses' work with her Theory of Interpersonal Relations, earning her the title of
"Mother of Psychiatric Nursing" and "Nurse of the Century."
1. Biography of Hildegard Peplau
Hildegard Peplau, born in 1909, was a Pennsylvanian psychologist who studied at Pottstown
School of Nursing, Bennington College, and Columbia University. She published her Theory of
Interpersonal Relations in 1952, influenced by various theories.
2. What is her theory all about
The nurse-client relationship is the cornerstone of nursing practice, according to Hildegard
Peplau's interpersonal relations theory, which emphasizes the necessity for cooperation over passive
action and treatment.
3. What are the major concept of her theory

 Man
An organism that tries to ease the strain brought on by demands.
 Health
A representation of the progression of the psyche and continuing human activities.
 Environment/Society
Encourages nurses to take patients' customs and culture into account while making
normal hospital modifications.
 Nursing
An important therapeutic interpersonal process that occurs between nurses and ill
patients.
4. State the weakness and strength of her theory
Strengths
• Created therapeutic strategies based on the roles of dynamic clinical nurses.
• Phases facilitate adaptation and generalizability by streamlining the development of the nurse-patient
interaction.
Weaknesses
• A diminished focus on maintaining and promoting health.
• Patients who don't feel the need, such as withdrawn patients, cannot use this theory.
5. What are the four phases of the therapeutic

 Phase of Nurse Orientation

• Involves educating and involving the client in their treatment.
• Responds to inquiries.

 Phase of Identification
• Begins when the client and nurse collaborate independently.
• The client feels stronger and communicates feelings.

 Phase of Exploitation
• Customer makes full use of services.

 Phase of Resolution
• The client breaks free from dependency and no longer needs professional services.

6. what are the four levels of anxiety

 Mild
Able to learn and solve problems due to high awareness and heightened senses.
 Moderate
Reduced field of vision, attention to current duties.
 Severe
Fear and terror that results in chest discomfort, diaphoresis, and tachycardia.
 Panic
Inability to think clearly, hallucinations, delusions, physical immobility, and muteness.
 B. Virginia Henderson (14) Basic Needs Theory
(November 30, 1897 – March 19, 1996)

Often referred to as "The First Lady of Nursing," "The Nightingale of Modern Nursing," or "The
20th Century Florence Nightingale," Virginia Avenel Henderson was a nurse and theorist who
defined nursing as helping people in activities leading to health or recovery.
1. Biography of Virginia Henderson
Virginia Henderson was a well-known figure in the nursing field and was born in 1897. She was
employed at the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service after earning her diploma in 1921. Even though she
had originally intended to change careers, she stayed committed to her work, advancing patient care and
creating the theoretical framework for nursing. Her work advanced nursing science and increased the
value of nurses to physicians.
2. What is her theory all about
By highlighting the fundamental human needs that nurses may fulfil, Virginia Henderson's
Nursing Need Theory highlights the need of boosting patient independence to hasten hospital
advancement.
3. What are the major concept of her theory
Individual

 Has basic health needs.

 Patients are biopsychosocial, interrelated parts.
 Requires nursing care.
Environment

 Supports private and public health sectors.

 Aims for a healthy society.
Health

 Defines health as balance in life.

 Includes independence and basic human needs.
 Nurses promote health, prevent illness, and cure.
Nursing

 Nurse assists individuals in health or recovery activities.

 Aims to make individuals complete, whole, or independent.
 Collaborates with physicians to fulfill 14 basic needs.
 Acts as consciousness for unconscious, love life for suicidal, leg for amputees, eyes for blind,
mouthpiece for weak or withdrawn individuals.
4. State the weakness and strength of her theory
Strengths
• Widely accepted in practice.
• Simple, logical theory with 14 components.
• Applicable to all ages.
Weaknesses
• Lack of interconnection of 14 concepts.
• Limited explanation on nurse's role in "peaceful death."
5. What are basic components of her theory

 Physiological Components
1. Breathe normally
2. Eat and drink adequately
3. Eliminate body wastes
4. Move and maintain desirable postures
5. Sleep and rest
6. Select suitable clothes – dress and undress
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment
8. Keep the body clean and well-groomed and protect the integument
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others

 Psychological Aspects of Communicating and Learning

10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the
available health facilities.

 Spiritual and Moral

11. Worship according to one’s faith

 Sociologically Oriented to Occupation and Recreation

12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment
13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation
 C. Joyce Travelbee - Human to Human Relationship
(1926–1973)

Joyce Travelbee, a psychiatric nurse, educator, and writer.

1. Biography of Joyce Travelbee
Travelbee, a psychiatric nursing instructor, earned her BSN and Master of Science degrees from
Louisiana State University and Yale University, before passing away at 47.
2. What is her theory all about
Psychiatric nurse Joyce Travelbee advocates for a "Humanistic Revolution" in nursing, seeing it
as a process based on human-to-human relationships that helps patients, families, and communities deal
with disease and suffering.
3. What are the major concept of her theory
The central idea of her theory, which she defines as follows: nursing is carried out through
human-to-human relationships that start with the first contact and go through phases of identity
development, empathy development, and ultimately compassion development.
4. State the weakness and strength of her theory
Strengths
• By streamlining the evolution of the nurse-patient contact, phases aid in adaptation and generalizability.
• Developed therapeutic approaches based on the responsibilities of effective clinical nurses.
Weaknesses
• This hypothesis is not applicable to individuals who do not feel the urge.
• A lessened emphasis on preserving and advancing health.
5. What are basic components of her theory

 Suffering
varying experience of unease, ranging from mild discomfort to extreme pain and torture.
 Meaning
reason as oneself attributes.
 Nursing
utilizes spiritual and ethical choices and influences perceptions of illness.
assist patients in maintaining faith, build trust in external world and encourage belief in others'
assistance.
 Communications
Importance of communication in nursing care.
 Using “self” therapeutically
Self-awareness, understanding of human behavior, and prediction of behavior.
 Targeted intellectual approach
 Systematic intellectual approach to patient's situation.

6. What are the 5 phases of her Interactional Theory

1. The inaugural meeting or original encounter
2. Visibility of personal identities/ emerging identities.
3. Empathy
4. Sympathy
5. Establishing mutual understanding and contact/ rapport