A Proposed Structure For A Website Content-Based System For Students' Research Paper of Mapúa University A Comprehensive Analysis

A Proposed Structure for a Website Content-Based
System for Students’ Research Paper of Mapúa

University: A Comprehensive Analysis
by
Azriel Matthew O. Ortega

Ma. Michelle A. Pantoja
Kenniniah A. Rit
Ramil Joshua D. Trabado
A Research Paper Submitted to the Mapúa Senior High School Department

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Research Project (RES04)
Mapúa University
April 2019
APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the practicum paper
prepared by Azriel Matthew O. Ortega, Ma. Michelle A. Pantoja, Kenniniah A. Rit, and
Ramil Joshua D. Trabado entitled A Proposed Structure for a Website Content-Based
System for Students’ Research Paper of Mapúa University: A Comprehensive Analysis
and that the said paper has been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination
Committee.
______________________________ ______________________________
Engr. Jelline Cuales Mr. Raymond Sedilla
Thesis Coordinator Thesis Adviser
As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined this
paper and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment of the research requirement
for the Senior High School – STEM.
______________________________ ______________________________
Engr. Irah Nathanne D. Tiburcio Engr. Maria Thea Rane D. Clarin
Panel Member Panel Member
______________________________
Engr. Lenolan L. Diamante
Committee Chair
This research paper is hereby approved and accepted by the Senior High School Department
as fulfillment of the research requirement for Senior High School – STEM.
______________________________
Dr. Lilibeth Doña Sabino
Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
This research paper would have not been possible without all of the loving support
and guidance of our family, friends, instructors and teachers. We would like to dedicate our
acknowledgement of gratitude to the following advisors and contributors:
First and foremost, we would like to thank God for His unconditional guidance and
strength as we make our research paper.
Second, we would like to thank our research professor, Engr. Jelline Cuales, and to
our research adviser, Mr. Raymond Sedilla, for their support, guidance, and encouragement
for giving us this research project. This gives us the experience on how to cooperate and to
work as a team.
Finally, we would like to thank our parents, family, and friends who provided advices
and financial support. The outcome of this research study could have not been possible
without all of them.
Azriel Matthew O. Ortega

Ma. Michelle A. Pantoja
Kenniniah A. Rit
Ramil Joshua D. Trabado
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iii
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL PAGE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF EQUATIONS vii
ABSTRACT viii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6
Digital Library 6
Website 8
Recommender System 9
Slovin’s Formula 12
Cluster Sampling 12
Likert’s Scale 13
Chapter 3: WEBSITE CONENT-BASED SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS’ RESEARCH

PAPERS OF MAPÚA UNIVERSITY: A COMPREHENSIBILITY
ANALYSIS
Abstract 14
Introduction 14
Methodology 19
Initiation 20
Web Construction 22
Evaluation 23
Results and Discussion 24
Conclusion 28
References 29
Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 31
Chapter 5: RECOMMENDATIONS 32
REFERENCES 33
iv
APPENDICES 39
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 3
v
FIGURE 1: AGILE METHODOLOGY 19
FIGURE 2: WEBSITE PROCESS 20
FIGURE 3: WEBSITE DESIGN 21
FIGURE 4: WEBSITE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 23
FIGURE 5: EASY TO USE AND EFFICIENT 24
FIGURE 6: WELL-CONSTRUCTED 25
FIGURE 7: OVERALL DATA FOR 1ST AND 2ND CHARACTERSTIC 26
FIGURE 8: BENEFICIAL TO RESEARCHERS 27
LIST OF EQUATIONS
vi
Chapter 2
Equation 1: Slovin’s Formula 12
vii
ABSTRACT
Websites play an important role in all kinds. It can be used as a marketing tool for
business companies, can serve as an advertisement for a product, or for educational purposes,
and such. The purpose of this study is to create a proposed website that contains research
titles, author/s, and abstracts of Mapúa University students. Also, the researchers aim to give
the website the following characteristics: well-constructed, easy to use and efficient, and
beneficial for future researchers. To determine whether the characteristics were attained or
not, the researchers conducted a comprehensibility analysis through survey questionnaires to
279 Grade 11 students out of 927 of its population. Likert Scale and percentage were used as
the statistical tool in interpreting the data collected. With the interpreted data, the website
proved to attain its characteristics of being easy to use and efficient, well-constructed, and
beneficial to future researchers since most of them responded positively.
Keywords: comprehensibility analysis, Likert scale, survey questionnaire, website
vii
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Websites or sites play an important role in businesses, commercials, technologies, and
such. It is known as the collection of web pages that make up the World Wide Web (World
Wide Web Foundation, 2009). According to Germonprez and Zigurs (2005), a website is the
central location of various web pages from which information is retrieved and distributed.
There are many different websites that are produced and developed up until today from
which contributes to businesses, commercials, and such. Some of these are Google,
Facebook, YouTube, and other popular websites. However, these websites would not be
developed and existing up until today without the invention of the World Wide Web by Tim
Berners-Lee in 1989. The World Wide Web (WWW) had the purpose to meet the demand in
sharing the information automatically between scientists in universities and institutes all
around the world. Hence, the first ever website created was dedicated to the World Wide
Web project itself, and on April 30, 1993, the World Wide Web software became available
for the public (CERN, 2018). Every website has its own source code and language/s used
and with the paper’s website, HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) will be the markup
language. HTML is used to structure a web, its content, and it also defines the content
structure. There are main parts of HTML’s element: an opening tag, closing tag, content, and
element. Using these elements can help to enclose, or wrap, different parts of the content
(HTML basics, 2014). On the other hand, MySQL (Structured Query Language) and PHP
(Hypertext Preprocessor) language will be used in making the database. MySQL is a
computer language used for the databases of some famous computer companies such as
Oracle and Microsoft. It is also free to use and fast database management which is why it is
viii
widely used for programming the database of a website (Nixon, 2012). PHP is simple and
very easy to use as a scripting language. It also has a built-in-links to the MySQL which
makes it very compatible with each other. Another thing that makes PHP widely used is the
fact that it is a flexible scripting language and also integrates greatly with HTML code
(Ibid.). With the structured web and database, CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and Bootstrap
will be used for the design of the website. CSS is a language that is used for presenting Web
pages, including font styles, layout, and colors. It can also adapt to different types of
devices, such as large to small screens, or printers (W3C, 2010). Bootstrap is a framework
which uses the combination of a programming language such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
in designing the website, Bootstrap helps in maintaining the website’s design as it is without
changing the properties when the offline website is opened in another computer browser
(Patel, 2018).
There are tons of definition when searching for a website or a recommender system,
such results to a different perception to it. In the research of Rakhmawati., Ferlyando,
Samopa, & Astuti, (2017) a website is defined as the heart of almost every institution and
university because it serves as the first option in terms of information gathering. While in the
research of Benedikt, et al., (2018), defined it as an important tool for self-promotion because
websites serve as the information and communication platform. In terms of the
recommendation system, the study conducted by Osadchiy, et al., (2018), defined
recommender system as an identifying tool which identifies consumer preferences and
suggests related items. The researchers also stated that these systems are also used in
different applications which includes tourism, entertainment, and online retail. On the other
hand, Karimi, Jannach, and Jugovac, (2018) identify recommender system as a valuable tool
ix
for users as it helps in preventing the users in experiencing information overload. The main
task of such systems is mainly for filtering information that corresponds to the user's
preference or to provide the users with other information that might pique their interests.
Furthermore, the type of recommender system that this study will use is the content-based
filtering system. In this system, it recommends items to a user based upon the user’s
interests, and the item’s content. Moreover, keywords or set of descriptors of terms are used
to represent the content of each item that is typically the words that occur in a document.
With the user profile, it is represented with the same terms; however, it is built up by
analyzing the content of items which have been seen by the user (Han, Kamber, & Pei,
2012). Content-based recommendation system has a large variety of domains, may this be of
recommending web pages, restaurants, news articles, journals, television programs, and items
for sale (Billsus & Pazzani, 2007).
As students use technology to search for empirical articles over than face-to-face
modalities, online instruction has a slight advantage in illustrating the student learning in the
study of Silk, et al.,, (2015). Their study showed that almost 10% of the students in the
online condition were able to find empirical articles for project related than those in-person
library modalities. More often than not, research projects are required by the Department of
Education for the students to comply (DepEd, 2017). The Research Project is one of the
subjects that every school must include on every strand they offer. The subject will have the
students to identify a scientific, technological, or mathematical problem, design and apply an
appropriate methodology, formulate a hypothesis, draw conclusions based on their
investigation, and defend their research to a panel (DepEd, 2013). In this vast range of
technology, the website could help the students in finding ideas and concepts in constructing
x
their research topic or title. It would be an easy way for them to find articles and papers in
online or offline instruction.
The main purpose of the study is to propose a structure for a website content-based
sysyem. Thus the proposed website is for storing students’ research paper of Mapúa
University that contains research’s title, author/s, and abstracts. From then on, the researchers
aim to give the website the following characteristics: well-constructed, easy to use and
efficient, and beneficial for future researchers. The researchers will then conduct a
comprehensibility analysis through survey-questionnaire on whether the website’s
characteristics were attained or not.
The information and data obtained from this study will contribute to the future
researchers of Mapúa University; thus, enables the researchers to have easier access on the
research papers depending on their needs, likes, or preferences on the topic and helps to
construct research titles with comfortability and accessibility. The future researchers could
also be involved in the study by sharing their finished research papers and contribute to the
number of papers included on the website. The alumnae and alumni of Mapúa University
could also benefit from this study if there by chance, make research papers at work. Lastly,
the university will be able to promote the product of this study locally or internationally if it
has made a huge impact to students considering its unique feature that segregates research
papers by its courses for easy use. This would not only be beneficial for students, but also
for the country’s seat of technological education excellence, Mapúa University.
The study is focused on the design and construction of a recommender system website
that aims to recommend students’ previous research papers that could be useful for their
current research paper. Information such as titles, author/s, and abstract of the paper will
xi
only be shown on the website and to the users. The programming language that will be used
in making a website is the HTML language while for the database, MySQL and PHP
language. Also, CSS and Bootstrap for the website’s design. The website’s characteristics
will be evaluated by conducting a comprehensibility analysis through survey-questionnaire.
The characteristics include the construction and performance of the website. Out of 927
Grade 11 Senior High School students of Mapúa University in Intramuros campus, only 279
students will have to answer the survey-questionnaire since it has a big population size.
Slovin’s formula will be used to determine the sample size, random cluster sampling as the
sampling method, and Likert scale and percentage for the statistical tool that will be used in
interpreting the data collected. However, the website’s accessibility will not be evaluated
because it will be an offline website and can only be accessed through a file that will be
given to the participants.
xii
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Digital Library
In today’s modern society, most of the students especially university students are
becoming more dependent on online library services as well as other online reference sites,
when searching for information needed to complete their task or conducting learning
activities such as research papers (Thornton-Vera, 2012; Scoyoc & Cason, 2006).
According to Hung and Chanlin (2015), rapid growth of internet technology pave a
way to library websites and became a gateway to knowledge. Also, it is the entrance for
online readers to access valuable resources and services. Virtual libraries have become
exceptional when it comes in the field of information and providing reference all over the
world when data and reference materials can be given to the users without going into any
physical library facility (Booth, Walton, Fraser, Urquhart, & Van Loo, 2002). Digital
devices such as computers, cellphones, etc., enables users to use the digital library and access
a variety of distributed information resources without worrying its physical capacity
(Cherukodan, Kumar, & Kabir, 2013). Online reference searches are starting to be viewed as
a more efficient and effective replacement or a potential threat to physical library collections
(Little, 2011; Odling-Smee, 2007). The web would extend the school librarian's reach to
unlimited students and encourage asynchronous learning through the innovation of traditional
functions such as reference and instructional support (Valenza, 2007, p. 207). The following
should be the function of the today’s digital library since it has changed, it no longer just a
xiii
collection of information, instead it should be a digital community for user’s communication,
e-learning, and e-research (Hu & Yan, 2014). A Research by Leorke, Wyatt, and McQuire
(2018), argues that the contemporary public library can be more useful and be understood by
situating it within the context of the technology-driven urban vision of the smart city. This
research is all about how libraries might best serve a range of rapidly changing and
compensating the needs of the public, and also how other libraries manage their way in this
new way of life using technologies. According to Xie and Matusiak (2016), digital libraries
are defined as the representation of unexpectedly and complex form of digital information in
an organization and design. It also presents a different kind of resources that are created in
the digital format including printed materials, images, videos and audios (Lesk, 2005; Miller,
2011).
Additionally, a study by Regan, Labrake, and Piekart-Primiano (2018), addresses to
create an online eLearning tool built to guide students experience the virtual library
environment where the students can learn effectively through obstacles. Tihomirov, (2012)
said that eLearning is a tool which provides students' with personal education. Hennebury
(2007) also mentions that eLearning encompasses a broad range of learning technologies,
tools, and strategies that can impact learner’s knowledge and skill development. Students are
exposed to obstacles such as clicking, hovering, exploring or dragging to further proceed at
the same time learn by reading, listening, and interacting with the content through scenario-
based activities. It is proven that digital tools have been found to have a positive effect on
increasing reading progress and attitudes (Laverick, 2014). In short, digital tools can be used
to fasten our learning and to have a deeper way of understanding things. This is where
technology could increase students’ motivation and engagement (Miselei & Liew, 2018). It
xiv
is also programmed and designed to support users to find their information needed (Heradio
& Fernández-Amorós 2012).
Website
The use of the internet as a source of information has grown exponentially in recent
years, especially when it comes to students. Since obtaining information on the internet
saves most of our time and it is one of the easiest (Stoeger, 2019). Websites have become an
unrivaled platform across the World Wide Web and for people to explore information and
obtain knowledge (Chen, 2018).
Websites success is based on its usability (Lee & Kozar, 2012). If the information is
easy to find, the more the website’s usability will increase, especially those who are not
familiar with the website (Walker & Reynolds, 2000). Simple elements make it easier for
users to search for information or use and interact with the website. The design of a website
is an important element that can influence users’ way of thinking to revisit a website and
people will most likely use a website if its design is simple (Nadkarni & Gupta, 2007).
Nielsen and Loranger (2006) argued that users are able to carry out their tasks on that given
site with ease and speed if it has a good design.
Website maintenance is a must since the design should be updated periodically to
compensate with users’ information needs (Chen, 2018). More users mean high usability
which requires the site’s design to focus on the user’s needs (Nielsen et al., 2006).
A research paper by Kabassi (2017) forms a state of the art on evaluating experiments
on museums. To be more precise, it focuses on the methods used and attempts to categorize
xv
experiments found in the literature. It explains the tools that are used for implementing an
evaluation experiment that uses a website. Most of the website needs a user to remain
functional obviously, it is necessary to take care of the website and update what the user’s
need.
A study by Tadele, Roberts, and Whiting, (2018) defined a website’s accessibility as
the quality of being easy to understand of information to a variety of users in a language most
understand. This study investigates factors that affect microfinance institution across 56
countries using a global dataset of 947 microfinance institutions’ website accessibility.
Websites offer convenient services that enable users to economize time, it was
reported in e-commerce website studies that saving travel time to a physical location and
providing access to information whenever and wherever that has internet are pronounced
benefit (Schaupp & Belanger, 2005). Just like online shopping environments differ from
physical ones, online shopping is way more convenient and efficient because it saves users a
significant amount of time and energy (Ladhari, 2009). Parasuraman., Zeithaml, and
Malhotra (2005) defined e-service quality as how a website provides an efficient and
effective services to its users. It means that the website must be efficient when it comes to
transactions and meet the necessary needs of the consumer to satisfy and for them to visit the
website again. Overall, websites’ quality is determined by the evaluation of users whether
the website meets the users’ needs or standard and reflect the overall quality of the website.
Recommender System
A recommender system is portrayed as a way of choosing options for users under
different and interconnected information conditions (Isinkaye, Folajimi, & Ojokoh, 2015). It
has the ability to anticipate the user’s interests based on the user’s profile. A recommender
xvi
system must accumulate data about the user in order to recommend an item to that particular
user (Qian, Zhang Ma, Yu, & Peng, 2018). The advantages of using the recommender
system for the people are the speed up searches, the accessibility of the user to choose any
content that is interested in, and the recommendations that have never seen before.
Recommender system can also be used as search engines since it provides the same
items to users according to their necessity. Both can provide the request of the user but are
somehow different from each other. It depends on how the user approach or use it that
differentiate them from one another. A search engine is for all users who have something
specific or particular in their mind and is expecting searched results. While recommender
system was designed to help users what seek for, discover something new, relevant, and
captivating items, most of the search engines do not often meet this kind of objective since its
only use is to search something specific. According to Meyer & Edmonds (2013), the most
critical difference between these two types of engine is that the user’s behavior is at the
center of a recommender system, but is an added dimension or feature for a search engine. In
simple terms, the recommender system is within the search engine.
A research by Sassi, Mellouli, and Yahia (2017), stated that the most urgent issues
that the study encountered before designing their context-aware recommender system were
the evaluation of the relevance of contextual information before collecting data from mobile
environment, therefore the researchers suggested the conducting of an in-depth user-based
studies in order to extract relevant contextual information. This research was all about how a
recommender system affects future researches and how to improve it more so that it can give
more information to mobile users.
xvii
Also in 2017, research conducted by Yuen (2017) stated that the study was conducted
because consumers who buy online may face the challenges to explore and compare the most
suitable product for them, the recommender system will act as a filter so that identifying the
suitable product for them will be much quicker and easier. The researcher recommended
future researchers to consider building a hybrid system using another machine language to
improve the efficiency of computation and accuracy of the recommended results.
A research by Mendoza, Garcia, Gonzales, Hernandez, and Zapeter, (2015), the
study’s objective was to recommend a movie theater considering its location, a movie that is
currently available and its showtime. Moreover, this study was tested on different Android-
based mobile devices, therefore an additional set of user trials was considered. This research
only talks about the recommendation of a movie based on time, movie theater based on the
crowd, if it is crowded or not, and its location whether it is near or far.
A research survey by Borràs, Moreno, and Valls (2014) stated that the problem in
their study is that the content-based system is focusing in recommending items which are
similar to that of the user’s profile which may cause overspecialized results, which makes
other items that might pique the interest of the user not appear in the recommendation, which
makes the researchers recommend the future researchers of the topic to focus on. The
research is more in analyzing the depths of recommender systems which lead them to
identify its functions and process.
Gavalas, Konstantopoulos, Mastakas, and Pantziou, (2013) showed that the
recommender system could also be used in tourism, the problems that have encountered in
their study are the recommendation of a tourist spot, the taking into account the weather
forecast which affects the tourists route, tourists who are commonly under a strict budget
xviii
restrictions when considering their meal, accommodations, means of transport or the entrance
fee for the tourist spot, and tourists’ preferences to stroll downtown rather than visiting
museums. Recommender systems are essentially information filtering systems aiming at
predicting the ‘rating’, as the preference, that a user would give to an information item, music
files, book or etc., or social elements, like people or groups, the user has not yet considered.
This research only talked about the scenario of what if the recommender system is applied to
tourism, and how it will affect the tourism of a country.
Slovin’s Formula
In this study, Slovin's formula will be one the statistical tool to find the sample size in
a big population of Grade 11 Senior High School students of Mapúa University in Intramuros
Campus. Slovin’s formula is used to calculate the number of samples when the population
size is too large to directly sample every respondent. The formula provides the sample size
which is (n) using the known population size (N) and the margin of error value (e). The
formula used is as follows:
N
n= 2
(1)
1+ N ( e)
The resulting value will be used as the sample size and is equal to the number of
samples required to evaluate the population (Santiago, 2016).
Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling is a sampling technique that is used for participants who represent
the population needed in a study is in a group or cluster. The process used in this sampling is
by randomly selecting a sample of the group or cluster to the study instead of randomly
selecting participants from the population. The researchers must identify all of the clusters of
xix
participants that are involved in the population, and then randomly selects from the cluster
from all the cluster within the population to include it in the study (Cengage Learning, 2016).
Likert Scale
The most fundamental and frequently used psychometric tools for educational and
social science researches is the Likert scale. The original Likert scale is a set of statements
(items) offered for a real or hypothetical situation under study. Participants are asked to
show their level of agreement (from strongly disagree to strongly agree) with the given
statement (items) on a metric scale (Joshi, Kale, Chandel, & Pal , 2015). The first school of
researchers considered Likert scale as an ordinal scale, a scale on which data is shown simply
in order of magnitude since there is no standard of measurement of differences. The other
school of researchers approached the dilemma from a different perspective. According to
these group of researchers, if the researchers’ aim is to combine all of the items to create a
score for an individual rather than a single item responded by all individuals, it can be
labeled as interval estimates (Ibid.).
xx
Chapter 3
WEBSITE CONENT-BASED SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS’ RESEARCH PAPERS OF

MAPÚA UNIVERSITY: A COMPREHENSIBILITY ANALYSIS
Abstract
Websites play an important role in all kinds. It can be used as a marketing tool for
business companies, can serve as an advertisement for a product, or for educational purposes,
and such. The purpose of this study is to create a website that contains research titles,
author/s, and abstracts of the Grade 12 Senior High School students of Mapúa University last
school year 2017-2018. Also, the researchers aim to give the website the following
characteristics: well-constructed, easy to use and efficient, and beneficial for future
researchers. To determine whether the characteristics were attained or not, the researchers
conducted a comprehensibility analysis through survey questionnaires to 279 Grade 11
students out of 927 of its population. Likert Scale and percentage were used as the statistical
tool in interpreting the data collected. With the interpreted data, the website proved to attain
its characteristics of being easy to use and efficient, well-constructed, and beneficial to future
researchers since most of them responded positively.
keywords: comprehensibility analysis, Likert scale, survey questionnaire, website
1. Introduction
Websites or sites play an important role in businesses, commercials, technologies, and
such. It is known as the collection of web pages that make up the World Wide Web (World
Wide Web Foundation, 2009). According to Germonprez and Zigurs (2005), a website is the
central location of various web pages from which information is retrieved and distributed.
There are many different websites that are produced and developed up until today from
xxi
which contributes to businesses, commercials, and such. Some of these are Google,
Facebook, YouTube, and other popular websites. However, these websites would not be
developed and existing up until today without the invention of the World Wide Web by Tim
Berners-Lee in 1989. The World Wide Web (WWW) had the purpose to meet the demand in
sharing the information automatically between scientists in universities and institutes all
around the world. Hence, the first ever website created was dedicated to the World Wide
Web project itself, and on April 30, 1993, the World Wide Web software became available
for the public (CERN, 2018). Every website has its own source code and language/s used
and with the paper’s website, HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) will be the markup
language. HTML is used to structure a web, its content, and it also defines the content
structure. There are main parts of HTML’s element: an opening tag, closing tag, content, and
element. Using these elements can help to enclose, or wrap, different parts of the content
(HTML basics, 2014). On the other hand, MySQL (Structured Query Language) and PHP
(Hypertext Preprocessor) language will be used in making the database. MySQL is a
computer language used for the databases of some famous computer companies such as
Oracle and Microsoft. It is also free to use and fast database management which is why it is
widely used for programming the database of a website (Nixon, 2012). PHP is simple and
very easy to use as a scripting language. It also has a built-in-links to the MySQL which
makes it very compatible with each other. Another thing that makes PHP widely used is the
fact that it is a flexible scripting language and also integrates greatly with HTML code
(Ibid.). With the structured web and database, CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and Bootstrap
will be used for the design of the website. CSS is a language that is used for presenting Web
pages, including font styles, layout, and colors. It can also adapt to different types of
xxii
devices, such as large to small screens, or printers (W3C, 2010). Bootstrap is a framework
which uses the combination of a programming language such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
in designing the website, Bootstrap helps in maintaining the website’s design as it is without
changing the properties when the offline website is opened in another computer browser
(Patel, 2018).
There are tons of definition when searching for a website or a recommender system,
such results to a different perception to it. In the research of Rakhmawati., Ferlyando,
Samopa, & Astuti, (2017) a website is defined as the heart of almost every institution and
university because it serves as the first option in terms of information gathering. While in the
research of Benedikt, et al., (2018), defined it as an important tool for self-promotion because
websites serve as the information and communication platform. In terms of the
recommendation system, the study conducted by Osadchiy, et al., (2018), defined
recommender system as an identifying tool which identifies consumer preferences and
suggests related items. The researchers also stated that these systems are also used in
different applications which includes tourism, entertainment, and online retail. On the other
hand, Karimi, Jannach, and Jugovac, (2018) identify recommender system as a valuable tool
for users as it helps in preventing the users in experiencing information overload. The main
task of such systems is mainly for filtering information that corresponds to the user's
preference or to provide the users with other information that might pique their interests.
Furthermore, the type of recommender system that this study will use is the content-based
filtering system. In this system, it recommends items to a user based upon the user’s
interests, and the item’s content. Moreover, keywords or set of descriptors of terms are used
to represent the content of each item that is typically the words that occur in a document.
xxiii
With the user profile, it is represented with the same terms; however, it is built up by
analyzing the content of items which have been seen by the user (Han, Kamber, & Pei,
2012). Content-based recommendation system has a large variety of domains, may this be of
recommending web pages, restaurants, news articles, journals, television programs, and items
for sale (Billsus & Pazzani, 2007).
As students use technology to search for empirical articles over than face-to-face
modalities, online instruction has a slight advantage in illustrating the student learning in the
study of Silk, et al.,, (2015). Their study showed that almost 10% of the students in the
online condition were able to find empirical articles for project related than those in-person
library modalities. More often than not, research projects are required by the Department of
Education for the students to comply (DepEd, 2017). The Research Project is one of the
subjects that every school must include on every strand they offer. The subject will have the
students to identify a scientific, technological, or mathematical problem, design and apply an
appropriate methodology, formulate a hypothesis, draw conclusions based on their
investigation, and defend their research to a panel (DepEd, 2013). In this vast range of
technology, the website could help the students in finding ideas and concepts in constructing
their research topic or title. It would be an easy way for them to find articles and papers in
online or offline instruction.
The main purpose of the study is to propose a structure for a website content-based
sysyem. Thus the proposed website is for storing students’ research paper of Mapúa
University that contains research’s title, author/s, and abstracts. From then on, the researchers
aim to give the website the following characteristics: well-constructed, easy to use and
efficient, and beneficial for future researchers. The researchers will then conduct a
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comprehensibility analysis through survey-questionnaire on whether the website’s
characteristics were attained or not.
The information and data obtained from this study will contribute to the future
researchers of Mapúa University; thus, enables the researchers to have easier access on the
research papers depending on their needs, likes, or preferences on the topic and helps to
construct research titles with comfortability and accessibility. The future researchers could
also be involved in the study by sharing their finished research papers and contribute to the
number of papers included on the website. The alumnae and alumni of Mapúa University
could also benefit from this study if there by chance, make research papers at work. Lastly,
the university will be able to promote the product of this study locally or internationally if it
has made a huge impact to students considering its unique feature that segregates research
papers by its courses for easy use. This would not only be beneficial for students, but also
for the country’s seat of technological education excellence, Mapúa University.
The study is focused on the design and construction of a recommender system website
that aims to recommend students’ previous research papers that could be useful for their
current research paper. Information such as titles, author/s, and abstract of the paper will
only be shown on the website and to the users. The programming language that will be used
in making a website is the HTML language while for the database, MySQL and PHP
language. Also, CSS and Bootstrap for the website’s design. The website’s characteristics
will be evaluated by conducting a comprehensibility analysis through survey-questionnaire.
The characteristics include the construction and performance of the website. Out of 927
Grade 11 Senior High School students of Mapúa University in Intramuros campus, only 279
students will have to answer the survey-questionnaire since it has a big population size.
xxv
Slovin’s formula will be used to determine the sample size, random cluster sampling as the
sampling method, and Likert scale and percentage for the statistical tool that will be used in
interpreting the data collected. However, the website’s accessibility will not be evaluated
because it will be an offline website and can only be accessed through a file that will be
given to the participants.
Methodology
The researchers have gathered all the necessary data needed such as research papers
of previous students and their background for the website. The researchers then programmed
the website through programming using HTML for the main structure of the website, CSS
and Bootstrap for the web design, and PHP and SQL for its database. After a few tests runs
on the website, the researchers allowed other users to try and critique how well it is made
through survey questionnaire. 279 respondents were gathered for the study for an accurate
result. The materials used for the study were laptop/personal computer, and basic knowledge
on web development and web design. In this study, the researchers used the agile method.
xxvi
Figure 1. Agile Methodology
Agile Methodology is the software development methodology used by every software
development organization. It always starts by defining the users which will be the customers
for the final product, then the statements about the possible problems, opportunities, and
values that might be encountered during the projects phase (Sacolick, 2018). In Figure 1,
there are three phases: Initiation, Web Construction, and Evaluation.
Initiation
In initiation, the researchers gathered the necessary data such as research papers of
the previous batch of Mapúa Grade 12 Senior High School students containing its research
titles, author/s, and its abstract from the Periodicals of Mapúa University. Shown in the
Figure 2 is the plan on how the researchers will be programming the website’s user interface.
xxvii
Figure 2. Website Process.
The website started with the home page which showed a brief introduction of the
website. It also showed a drop-down menu with a clickable Home, Courses, Search, and
About Us button function. Then when the Courses button is clicked, it shows different
courses for a research paper and when the user chooses one, the website shows the
corresponding research titles with only the author/s, and abstract of the paper. For the search
button, it will redirect the user to the search page of the website that can be used to search
specific keywords from the research titles that are in the database. Lastly, the About Us
xxviii
page, shows the researchers personal information and the researchers’ research professor and
research adviser. The images shown in Figure 3 were the ideal design for the website that the
researchers envisioned. The web design must attain the following characteristics: well-
constructed, easy to use and efficient, and beneficial for future researchers. A font style that
is easy to read on and a font color that will beautifully contrast to its background is one of the
minor details in web designing.

Figure 3. Website Design
Web Construction
The Figure 4. shows the website construction process order. First thing that the
researchers did to create the database backed offline website was to create a web server that
will serve as the storage for the database. The researchers have input the data that was
collected to the web server in order for the HTML file could connect to the database. After
the web server, the HTML file comes next, the HTML codes will then make the main
structure and functions of the website, the common codes for the website to work are:
<html> and </html> which enables the notepad file be read as an html file, while the <body>
xxix
and </body> is where the content of the website will be typed. It is important that for every
opening tab used, closing tag will follow.
Designing the website proved to be difficult because designing a website is the most
crucial part in a website’s usability. Thus, CSS programming language and Bootstrap
framework were used to design the website’s interface and functions. When using the CSS
programming language, it will start with a brace ({}) for it will notify the html file to read the
codes as a CSS file. Connecting the HTML file to the database was the last part in creating
the website. This process used both MySQL and PHP programming language. MySQL is
responsible for the connection of the HTML to the web server while the PHP serves as the
main structure for properly displaying the database in the website. The code to be input in
the notepad will start with <?php which will end with a?> and every variable which is the
one that signify that the code is a php code will start with a dollar sign ($).
Figure 4. Website Construction Process
Evaluation
xxx
After the Web construction phase, the evaluation phase starts. The researchers had
279 participants who evaluated the website. The number of participants was obtained with
the use of Slovin's formula because the population size of Grade 11 Senior High School
students of Mapwas 927 which is huge number. With use of Slovin's formula, the sample
size becomes 279 participants with a 0.05% margin of error. The participants was able to
access the website by using the laptop which the researchers provided them. After using and
browsing the website, the researchers gave a survey-questionnaire to the users as shown in
the next page to know whether the website did attain its characteristics. The data gathered in
the survey-questionnaires used the Likert scale and percentage to determine how well the
website performed.
xxxi
2. Results and Discussion
Figure 5. Easy to Use and Efficient
Figure 5 Shows the data if the website obtained its first characteristic. The first
characteristic that the website must obtain is “Easy to Use and Efficient”. The respondents
strongly agreed (52%) that the words used on the website is appropriate for the intended
audience. The website used words that were easy to comprehend, at the same time accurate
xxxii
for better understanding. For the second criteria, the respondents agreed (57%) that the
information of the website is accurate. The website gave the users the information regarding
on their research topic; however, one of the section recommended that the “code” of the
hardcopy for the research paper should be shown so if future researchers want to access the
hard copy, they can go straight to the periodicals and enter the code rather than search for
keywords. For the last criteria from the first characteristic, “Easy to use and Adaptable”,
60.2% of the respondents strongly agreed that the website is user-friendly. Meaning that the
website is straightforward, easy to operate, and efficient to use.
Figure 6. Well-Constructed
Figure 6 shows the data of how well the website was constructed. This includes how
the information was presented and how well the website was designed. In the data above,
51.6% of the respondents agreed that the font style, size, and color of the text used for the
website can be easily read and is comfortable in the eyes. However, few of the respondents
were recommending that the researchers could use other colors and to combine dark and
lighter colors rather than light to light colors for better presentation. For the second criteria,
xxxiii
53.8% of the respondents agreed that the website is well designed. The website’s home page
showed the pictures of Mapua University, videos on how to make research papers, and an
introduction of the website. The researchers used the home page of the different websites of
Universities in the Philippines. For the third criteria 59.1% of the respondents agreed that the
website presented the information nicely. The design was simple but not grand to catch all of
the respondent’s attention to it. The information was presented with the outline Title -
Authors - Abstract, which is a basic outline to be presented in the website. For the last
criteria, majority of the respondents answered “Strongly Agreed” (46.9%) that the design of
website is consistent. The researchers just used simple designing techniques for the website.
Simplicity was their inspiration for the overall design of the website. Each page had a flow
so that the website will have a theme. Additionally, the website was well-planned with the
website’s design. Overall the website was not messy with the designs.
xxxiv
Figure 7. Overall Data for 1st and 2nd Characteristic
In Figure 7 shows the overall data gathered from the survey-questionnaire that was
handed out to 279 respondents. The first characteristic of the website was to create a website
that is Easy to use and Efficient. According to the respondents, 51.3% Strongly Agreed that
the website is easy to use and Efficient. The users did not had any trouble on using the
website, and was able to adapt quickly to its features. According to the respondents, 52.8%
agreed that the website is well-constructed. The researchers basis for the design of the
website is De La Salle University and Mapua’s Homepage. The design of the website
maintained consistent to retain from the theme from changing from one page to another. The
design of the website is approved to be good by the respondents; however, they recommend
to use a better style of design. This includes the use of color combinations, pictures, font
styles, colors and sizes.
xxxv
Figure 8. Beneficial to Researchers
The last characteristic the website should obtain if it will be helpful to researchers in
the future. 72.4% of the respondents Strongly Agreed that the website can be helpful for
future researchers. The idea of having the users access to previous research papers of Mapua
University via online can make their lives easier than before. The future researchers can now
have access to the information they will be needing, and if they will want the hard copy, they
can just go the Periodicals to access the research paper.
3. Conclusion
The results gathered from the survey questionnaire served as a tool whether the
website’s characteristics were attained. For the Figure 7., the overall data collected for the
1st characteristic got 98.4% proved that the website is easy to use and efficient. And for
xxxvi
the 2nd characteristic got 93.4% of the population says that the website is well constructed.
Lastly, for the last objective on the figure 8 whether it is beneficial to researchers got 98.9
proving that the website created is beneficial to researchers.
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xxxvii
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Chapter 4
CONCLUSION
xxxviii
Since this research project aims to propose a structure for a website content-based
system of Mapúa University to choose or construct a research title, the researchers then
created a proposed website that provided the users to access the research titles, author/s and
abstracts of the Grade 12 Senior High School students of Mapúa University last school year
2017-2018.
In making the website, the researchers had set three (3) characteristics of how the
website should look like and how it functions. The three (3) characteristics of the website are
easy to use and efficient, well-constructed, and beneficial for future researchers.
Furthermore, conducting a comprehensibility analysis though survey questionnaires were
done to know whether the website’s characteristics were attained or are in need of
improvements.
With the data gathered in the survey questionnaire, the website proved to meet the set
of characteristics as it shows in the results that 98% of the Grade 11 Senior High School
students of Mapúa University answered that the website is easy to use and efficient, 94% on
the other hand, resulted that the website is well-constructed and lastly, 99% agreed that the
website is beneficial to future researchers.
Chapter 5
xxxix
RECOMMENDATION
Inputting the whole research papers of the Grade 12 Senior High School students of
Mapúa University into the database is also recommended by the researchers to provide more
detailed information to the users.
One recommendation that the researchers would like to recommend is to make the
website more interactive and add some new subpages dedicated for guiding the future
researchers in conducting a research paper.
Also, extending the population from grade 11 up to college will greatly help in
providing a more detailed information about a research topic.
Accessibility is one of the main feature that the website should have thus the
reseaerchers recommend that to make the website also accessible by the mobile phone users.
Lastly, adding a feature of advance search to the website will result to a more
efficient website because the time used in searching the needed information will be much
faster.
xl
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accessibility: Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 50, 279-293. Retrieved from doi:
10.1016/j.pacfin.2016.10.003
Thornton-Vera, H., (2012). Reaching the wikipedia generation. Library Journal, 7, 137.
Retrieved from https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=reaching-the-wikipedia-
generation-lj-recently-gathered-publishers-aggregators-and-librarians-to-discuss-
trends-and-thorny-issues-in-reference
Tihomirov, V. (2012). eLearning in the developed and developing countries. Paper presented
at the Smart ELearning in Russia. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.484
Valenza (2007). “It'd be really dub not to use it”. Virtual libraries and high school students'
information seeking and use — A focus group investigation, 207-255. Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/78cf/8dfe0e761cf6bfc26b07a9b3959add4eedfa.pdf
W3C (2010). HTML & CSS. Retrieved from

https://www.w3.org/standards/webdesign/htmlcss
Walker, S., & Reynolds, L. (2000). Screen design for children's reading: Some key issues
Journal of Research in Reading, 23, 224-234. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.00116
World Wide Web Foundation (2009). Web’s advantages. Retrieved from
xlv
https://webfoundation.org/about/vision/why-the-web/
Xie, I. & Matusiak, K. (2016). Discover digital libraries:Theory and practice. Elsevier,
Amsterdam. Retrieved from
books.google.com.ph/books?hl=tl&lr=&id=XoekAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&ots
=AB0wgskwR2&sig=LltTOcdfZU2MFGv3W-DnJdQxsZo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage
&q&f=false
Yuen, K. F. (2017). The fuzzy cognitive pairwise comparisons for ranking and grade
clustering to build a recommender system: An application of smartphone
recommendation. Engineer Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 61, 136-151.
Retrieved from https://ezproxy.mapua.edu.ph:2620/10.1016/j.engappai.2017.02.001
xlvi
APPENDICES
xlvii
APPENDIX A
Home Page’s Codes
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-2" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.w3schools.com/w3css/4/w3.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="STYLE(1).css">
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather" rel="stylesheet">
<style type="text/css">
.border1{
border-width: 10px;
border-color: gold;
border-style: solid;
border-radius: 15px 15px 15px 15px;}
.mySlides {
display: none;
position: relative;
left: -525px;
top: 40px;
z-index: -1;
}
.vids {
position: relative;
left: 25px;
top: 50px;
}
.sticky {
position: fixed;
top: 0;
width: 100%;
}
.sticky + .content {
padding-top: 102px;
}
.centerImage {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: 3px;
margin-right: 100px;
z-index: +1;
}
.rectangle {
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position: relative;
left: 1190px;
top: 0px;
height: 55px;
width: 210px;
margin: 0px 0px 10px;
background-color: gold;
border-color: gold;
border-radius: 0px 0px 15px 15px;
border-width: thin;
text-align: center;
font-family: arial narrow;
font-size: 13pt;
color: #800000;
}
div.first {
/*setting alpha = 0.1*/
position: relative;
left: 200px;
top: 0px;
background: rgba(255,255,255, 0.7);
border-color: gold;
border-width: thick;
margin: -415px 250px 0px 150px;
width: auto;
height: 465px;
text-align: center;
letter-spacing: 1px;
font-family: 'Merriweather', serif;
-webkit-text-stroke: 0.5px black;
font-size:35;
font-weight: 200;
color: #800000;
}
#head{
font-size:70;
font-family: LemonMilk;
font-weight: bold;
text-align: center;
}
@font-face {
font-family: LemonMilk;
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src: url(LemonMilk.otf);
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="myHeader"><img src="Logo.png" class="centerImage" height="52.75"
width="70.75"></div>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="Home.php">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Courses</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chemical.php">Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering &
Sciences</a></li>
<li><a href="Architecture.php">Architecture and Planning, Industrial Design & Built
Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="Industrial.php">Industrial Engineering & Engineering
Management</a></li>
<li><a href="Electrical.php">Electrical, Electronics, & Computer
Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Civil.php">Civil, Environmental, & Geographical Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Mechanical.php">Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="School.php">School of Social Sciences and Education</a></li>
<li><a href="Information.php">Information Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Physics.php">Physics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="index.php">Search</a></li>
<li><a href="About.php">About Us</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<div class="w3-content w3-section" style="max-width:500px" >

<img class="mySlides" src="first.png" style="width: 1550px; height: 600px; padding: 0px
15px; float: left;">
<img class="mySlides" src="dontomas.jpg" style="width: 1550px; height: 600px; padding:
0px 15px; float: left;">
<img class="mySlides" src="mapua3edited.png" style="width: 1550px; height: 600px;
padding: 0px 15px; float: left;">
<img class="mySlides" src="lib.jpg" style="width: 1550px; height: 600px; padding: 0px
15px; float: left;">
</div>
l
<div class="vids"><video width="300" height="180" class="border1" controls>
<source src="vid1.mp4" type="video/mp4">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>
 
<video width="300" height="180" class="border1" controls>
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>
</div>
 
<div class="first">
MAPúA RESEARCH ARCHIVES
Finding Information is now easy with Mapúa Research Archives. Home of
Research Papers by previous students of Mapúa University. When your team needs
ideas for a new project or information regarding on an idea, search for research papers by
courses or by keywords for accurate results here.</div>
<div class="rectangle"><a href="addresearch.php">FEEL FREE TO ADD YOUR

RESEARCH PAPER!</a></div>
<script>
var myIndex = 0;
carousel();
function carousel() {
var i;
var x = document.getElementsByClassName("mySlides");
for (i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
x[i].style.display = "none";
}
myIndex++;
if (myIndex > x.length) {myIndex = 1}
x[myIndex-1].style.display = "block";
setTimeout(carousel, 2000); // Change image every 2 seconds
}
</script>
<script>
window.onscroll = function() {myFunction()};
var header = document.getElementById("myHeader");
var sticky = header.offsetTop;
function myFunction() {
if (window.pageYOffset > sticky) {
header.classList.add("sticky");
} else {
li
header.classList.remove("sticky");
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
lii
APPENDIX B
CSS Style Code
*{
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
nav {
width: 100%;
height: 60px;
background-color: #800000;
position: absolute;
left: 0px;
top: 0px;
}
nav ul {
float: left;
}
nav ul li {
float: left;
list-style: none;
position: relative;
}
nav ul li a {
display: block;
font-family: arial;
color: white;
font-size: 20px;
padding: 15px 0px 15px 100px;
text-decoration: none;
}
nav ul li ul {
display: none;
position: absolute;
background-color: #800000;
padding: 10px;
z-index: +1;
}
nav ul li:hover ul {
display: block;
}
nav ul li ul li {
width: 300px;
border-radius: 4px;
}
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nav ul li ul li a {
padding: 8px 14px;
}
nav ul li ul li a:hover {
background-color: #b40000;
}
APPENDIX C
liv
Index Page’s Codes
<html>
<head>

<link rel="stylesheet"
href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.0/css/bootstrap.min.css">

<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>

<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.0/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<style type="text/CSS">
.centerImage {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: 3px;
z-index: +1;}
.center {
position: relative;
top: 200px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<img src="Logo.png" class="centerImage" height="52.75" width="70.75">
<center><img src="Mapua.png" class="center" height="105.5" width="451.5"></center>
<nav>
Mapúa Research Archives
<ul>
<ul>
Sciences</a></li>
Management</a></li>
lv
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
 
<?php
include "db_connect.php";
// include "search_all_jokes.php";
?>
<form class="form-horizontal" action="search_keyword.php">
<fieldset>

<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-md-4 control-label" for="keyword">Search Input</label>
<div class="col-md-5">
<input name="keyword" class="form-control input-md" id="keyword" required=""
type="search" placeholder="e.g. Comparative ...">
Enter a word to search for in the research database
</div>
</div>

<label class="col-md-4 control-label" for="Submit"></label>
<button name="Submit" class="btn btn-primary" id="Submit">Search</button>
</div>
</div>
</fieldset>
</form>
<?php
// include "search_keyword.php";
$mysqli->close();
?>
</body>
</html>
APPENDIX D
lvi
About Us Page’s Codes
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
body{background-image: url(a.png);
background-size: fit;}
.margin{margin: 70px 70px 70px 200px;

background-color: gold;
height: 85px;
width: 1100px;}

.column {float: left;
width: 20%;
padding: 10px;
margin: 70px 70px 70px 250px;}

.row::after {
content: "";
clear: both;
display: table;}
.border{border-width: 30px;
border-color: #800000;
border-style: solid;}

.border1{border-width: 30px;
border-color: gold;
border-style: solid;}
.title{font-family:Arial;
font-size:50;
font-weight:bolder;
color:#800000;
text-align: center;}
#header{font-family:Calibri Light;
font-size:30;
color:black;

#header1{font-family:Impact;
font-size:65;
color:#800000;
lvii

#header2{font-family:Calibri Light;
font-size:25;
text-align: center;
color:black;
margin: 0px 0px 0px 60px}
#header3{font-family:Calibri Light;
font-size:20;
text-align: center;
color:black;
margin: -30px 0px 0px 60px}
#paragraph{border-style: solid;
border-width: thin;
border-color: silver;
background-color: rgb(245,245,245);
font-family:Arial;
font-size:20;
color:black;
margin: 10px;}
.item{
width:10px;
text-align:center;
display:block;
background-color: transparent;
border: 1px solid transparent;
margin-right: 10px;
margin-bottom: 1px;
float:left;
}
#index-gallery{
width: 0px;
}
.centerImage {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: 3px;
z-index: +1;}
div.first { /*setting alpha = 0.1*/
text-align: center;
font-family: arial;
font-size:50;
-webkit-text-stroke: 1px black;
-webkit-text-fill-color: black;}
</style>
lviii
</head>
<body>
<nav>
<ul>
<ul>
Sciences</a></li>
Management</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<div class="title" id="myHeader">This Research Project is conducted by:</div>
<div class="margin"><img style="float: left" src="matthew.jpg" width="250" height="313"

align="left" class="border"> Ortega, Azriel Matthew O. Grade 12-STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics) azrielortega14@gmail.com</div>
 
<div class="margin"><img src="michelle.jpg" width="250" height="313" align="left"
class="border"> Pantoja, Ma. Michelle A. 
 Grade 12-STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) 
mamichellepantoja@gmail.com</div> 
<div class="margin"><img src="ken.jpg" width="250" height="313" align="left"
class="border"> Rit, Kenniniah A. 
Grade 12-STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) 
ken.rit@gmail.com</div> 
<div class="margin"><img src="ramil.jpg" width="250" height="313" align="left"
class="border"> Trabado, Ramil Joshua D. 
lix
 Grade 12-STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) 
rjdtrabado@gmail.com</div>
 
<div class="title" id="myHeader">With the guidance of:</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="column">
<img src="mscuales.jpg" style="width:100%" class="border1">
Cuales, Jelline C. BS Chemical
Engineering/Research 04 Professor
</div>
<div class="column">
<img src="mrsedilla.jpg" style="width:100%" class="border1">
Sedilla, Raymond B. BS Computer
Science and MS Information Technology/Research Adviser
</div>
</div>
APPENDIX E
Add Research Page Designs's Codes
lx
<html>
<head>
.centerImage {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: 3px;
z-index: +1;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<nav>
<ul>
<ul>
Sciences</a></li>
Management</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
lxi
<?php
?>
<form class="form-horizontal" action="add_thesis.php">
<fieldset>


<label class="col-md-4 control-label" for="newtitle">Research Title</label>
<input name="newtitle" class="form-control input-md" id="newtitle" type="text"
placeholder="">
</div>
</div>

<label class="col-md-4 control-label" for="newauthor">Research Author/s</label>
<input name="newauthor" class="form-control input-md" id="newauthor" type="text"
placeholder="">
</div>
</div>

<label class="col-md-4 control-label" for="newabstract">Research Abstract</label>
<input name="newabstract" class="form-control input-md" id="newabstract" type="text"
placeholder="">
</div>
</div>

<label class="col-md-4 control-label" for="submit"></label>
<button name="submit" class="btn btn-primary" id="submit">Add research
paper</button>
</div>
</div>
</fieldset>
</form>
lxii
<div class="rectangle"></div>
<?php
$mysqli->close();
?>
</body>
</html>
APPENDIX F
Add Research Page Function's Code
<html>
lxiii
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="//code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.1/themes/base/jquery-ui.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/resources/demos/style.css">
.centerImage {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: 3px;
z-index: +1;}
</style>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.js"></script>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.js"></script>
<script>
$( function() {
$( "#accordion" ).accordion();
} );
</script>
</head>
<body>
<nav>
Mapua Research Archives
<ul>
<ul>
Sciences</a></li>
Management</a></li>
lxiv
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
 
<?php
?>
 
<fieldset>

</div>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</fieldset>
</form>
<?php
$mysqli->close();
?>
<?php
$new_thesis_title = $_GET["newtitle"];
lxv
$new_thesis_author = $_GET["newauthor"];
$new_thesis_abstract = $_GET["newabstract"];
$new_thesis_title = addslashes($new_thesis_title);
$new_thesis_author = addslashes($new_thesis_author);
$new_thesis_abstract = addslashes($new_thesis_abstract);
// Search the database for the word

echo "<h2>Trying to add a new thesis title: $new_thesis_title</h2>";
echo "<h2>Trying to add author/s for the thesis: $new_thesis_author</h2>";
echo "<h2>Trying to add the abstract of the new thesis: $new_thesis_abstract</h2>";
$sql = "INSERT INTO thesis_table (ThesisID, Thesis_title, Thesis_abstract) VALUES

('$new_thesis_author', '$new_thesis_title', '$new_thesis_abstract' )";
$result = $mysqli->query($sql) or die(mysqli_error($mysqli));
?>
 
</body>
</html>
APPENDIX G
Database Connection's Codes
<?php
lxvi
// four variables to connect to the database
$host = "localhost";
$username = "root";
$user_pass = "usbw";
$database_in_use = "test";
// create a database connection instance
$mysqli = new mysqli($host, $username, $user_pass, $database_in_use);
?>
APPENDIX H
Search Connection to Database's Codes
<?php
lxvii
// if there are any values in the table, display them one at a time
if ($mysqli->connect_errno) {
echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli-
>connect_error;
}
echo $mysqli->host_info . " ";
$sql = "SELECT ThesisID, Thesis_title, Thesis_abstract FROM thesis_table";
$result = $mysqli->query($sql);
if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
// output data of each row
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "" . $row["ThesisID"] . " Thesis Title: " . $row["Thesis_title"].
" " . $row["Thesis_abstract"]. " ";
}
} else {
echo "0 results";
}
?>
APPENDIX I
Search Results Display's Codes
<html>
<head>
lxviii
<link rel="stylesheet" href="//code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.1/themes/base/jquery-ui.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/resources/demos/style.css">
.centerImage {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: 3px;
z-index: +1;}
</style>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.js"></script>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.js"></script>
<script>
$( function() {
$( "#accordion" ).accordion();
} );
</script>
</head>
<body>
<nav>
<ul>
<ul>
Sciences</a></li>
Management</a></li>
lxix
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
 
<?php
?>
 
<fieldset>

</div>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</fieldset>
</form>
<?php
$mysqli->close();
?>
<?php
$keywordformform = $_GET["keyword"];
lxx
// Search the database for the word
$sql = "SELECT ThesisID, Thesis_title, Thesis_abstract FROM thesis_table WHERE
Thesis_title LIKE '%" . $keywordformform . "%'";
$result = $mysqli->query($sql);
?>
<div id="accordion">
<?php
if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
// output data of each row
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
// echo "" . $row["ThesisID"] . " Thesis Title: " . $row["Thesis_title"].
" " . $row["Thesis_abstract"]. " ";
echo "<h3>$row[Thesis_title]</h3>";
echo "<div>$row[ThesisID] $row[Thesis_abstract]</div>";
}
} else {
echo "0 results";
}
?>
</div>
 
</body>
</html>
APPENDIX J
Architecture Page's Code
<html>
<head>
lxxi
<title></title>
body{background-image: url(bgcategories.jpg);
background-size: fit;
border-color:Red Yellow;
border-style:groove;
border-width:8px;}
font-size:50;
font-weight:bolder;
color:#800000;
#header{font-family:Arial;
font-size:30;
color:gold;}
border-width: thin;
font-family:Arial;
font-size:20;
color:black;
margin: 10px;}
.centerImage {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: 3px;
z-index: +1;}
text-align: center;
font-family: arial;
font-size:50;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<nav>
lxxii
<ul>
<ul>
Sciences</a></li>
Management</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
 
<div class="title" id="myHeader">ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING, INDUSTRIAL
DESIGN & BUILT ENVIRONMENT</div>
 
A Visual Analysis of Bahay na Bato as a Basis for the Development of a
Philippine Architectural Style
Author/s: Allen JohnD. Alteza & John Gaius G.
Cajayon Contemporary architecture is becoming popular in the Philippines in the
expense of neglect upon the Philippine vernacular architecture, the Bahay na Bato. There is
also a lack of study on the relationship between architectural beauty and culture. This study
aims to develop a Philippine architectural style that is both contemporary and traditional and
create a treatise on architectural beauty to be added to the theory of architecture. The result of
this study shows that the contemporary architecture is more favorable, in comparison to other
sets, to architecture students. However, this study also showed that some architecture
students like the concept of structures inspired by traditional architecture. With these results,
the researchers established a relationship between architectural beauty and culture. 
Keywords: architectural style, architectural theory, culture, bahay na bato
 
Comparative Study between the Physical Environment and Amnesties of

the Rooms in West Building and North Building of Mapua University and how it affects
Students Academic enthusiasm
lxxiii
Author/s: Nicole Beatrize B. Gonzales, Emil Francis B. Camazuela,
Pamela MargaretteCelebre, Hans Bryant F. Valentino A classroom's physical
environment is an important variable that motivates students to perform better. According to
other studies, building conditions such as lighting. temperature, and student comfort and
classroom technology are positively related to students' outcome. This is a comparative study
that differentiates the physical environment as well as the amenities of the classrooms located
in the North and West Buildings of Mapúa University and how it affects the academic
interest of students. This study is only limited to the grade 12 senior high school students of
Mapúa University. The researchers identified the factors related and the specific
respondents appropriate for the study. They also identified the statistical requirement for the
respondents needed for the study and created a questionnaire. They performed the survey to
the Grade 12 students and analyzed the data collected. The physical environment and the
rooms in the North building of Mapúa University result to be a positive environment
conducive to student learning. The efficient lighting, comfortable and organized workspaces
with proper air conditioning all of these influence the student's enthusiasm and interest which
is vital to the learning process. It is recommended that similar elements and characteristics on
the physical environment in the North building be done with the West building of the
university in order to promote orderliness and foster an environment and atmosphere that
enhance learning. 
Keywords: academic enthusiasm, learning, physical environment, classroom
 
Design and Construction of a Vermilfiltration System with Coconut

Husks for Greywater Pre-treatment
Author/s: Christian John R. Castro, Renea Isabella M. Espiritu,
CholoYrrge P. Famucol, Maritza Roneen G. Lopez The Philippines has been
struggling with water pollution because of the improper disposal of greywater in our country.
In this study, an innovative and accessible vermifiltration system which utilizes coconut
husks as an added filter layer was constructed in order to be used as a pre-treatment for
greywater. The prototype filter contains layers such us the vermicompost, activated charcoal,
sand, pebbles, and gravels from top to bottom, respectively. Each layer serves different
filtering purposes. The researchers gathered greywater from Muntinlupa City and filtered
using the prototype. The product water was measured according to the water quality
parameters of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The results have
shown that the product water have passed the parameters except for biological oxygen
demand, dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, phosphate, temperature and ammonia. All of the
metallic parameters were reached. The study's 76% (19 out of 25 parameters reached)
turnover shows that with a few more work, vermifilters serve as another alternative method
for combatting water pollution in the country. 
Keywords: greywater, vermifilter, vermifiltration set-up, coconut husks, earthworms
 
Design Concepts for an Innovative Naturally Ventilated House

Author/s: Louie Lauren C. Apostol, Katherine Anne Ysobelle R. Del
Rosario, John Phillip E. Lamasan, Likas Z. Nibungco A naturally ventilated house
is one of the most important factors for designs sustainable structures, providing thermal
lxxiv
comfort and reducing its energy consumption. The structure of the house is built, for air can
circulate freely around the house. Pushing hot air through windows and vents and with roofs
built to push out air and continue the flow throughout the structure. The study proposes a
design that will utilize natural ventilation to overcome heat gain in houses. Methods will
include a 3D design of the structure and use of programs for simulating airflow and sun path
orientation. After conducting these simulations, the researchers will be able to find out what
is required for a sustainable house using natural ventilation. In this study, location for the
design as well as the size, and the materials used of the house will not be specified. This
study will focus more on improving airflow and making natural ventilation
attainable. 
Keywords: ventilated, sustainable, thermal, consumption, simulation
 
Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotor
with Brake System
Author/s: Joshua Philip A. Frederis, Precious Jade C. Golveo, Miguel
Gabriel L. Macalino, Mark Ryan P. Talavera As the advancement of technology
continues, the need for power is experienced now more than ever and the world is looking
forward to the development of technologies that can harness the renewable sources of energy.
In the wind turbine technology, two configurations exist, the horizontal and the vertical axis
wind turbines, however, only the horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) receives more focus
on research and development especially on its control system. The researchers decided to
design, fabricate, and test a vertical axis wind turbine with a brake system controlled
automatically by a centrifugal governor. The brake mechanism commonly used in bicycle
was used and is controlled by a Watt centrifugal governor which will automatically engage
when the rotational velocity of the shaft reached the limit and the airfoil design of the blade
is from National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 0018. Tachometer was used
to measure the speed of blade rotation and Anemometer to measure the wind speed. From the
results, the brake system was engaged at approximately 650 revolutions per minute (rpm)-the
set engaging point. To conclude, brake system on vertical axis wind turbine is possible in
controlling the rotor at high speed and that the use of this method is very effective. The
turbine is also determined to be functional in wind speed of above 6 meter per second) +1
and can reach up to winds of about 24 " +1 which is categorized to be a strong gale to storm
wind. The highest shaft rotation of 650 rpm is also capable of producing enough electricity
by just mounting an electricity generator with a multiplier attached, which is highly
recommended for other researchers to investigate. 
Keywords: Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine, Brake System, Anemometer, Tachometer,
Watt Centrifugal Governor
 
Developing Modified Traffic Signal Design for the Color

Blind
Author/s: Jhon Jasper D. Apan, Siegfried Jon B. Fortaleza, Vhance Neil
R. Perilla, Zandro Miguel G. Soberano Several studies have shown that
colorblindness has an impact on traffic, both on traffic flow and public safety. This study
addresses this issue by modifying the common traffic light design to improve the reaction
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time of the colorblind by using shapes as primary signals, whereas the colors served only as
supplementary signals. Using purposive sampling, colorblind and non-colorblind respondents
were sought. The Ishihara test was used to verify their color vision Using an online driving
simulator, their reaction times for the conventional and modified design were recorded and
compared. Based on the results, it was found out that there are significant positive differences
between the reaction time in conventional versus modified traffic signals. This means the
reaction time for the modified signal is less than that of the conventional signals. These
findings show that the use of shapes as signals is effective in reducing the reaction time of
both colorblind and non-colorblind people. 
Keywords: colorblindness, traffic lights, modified traffic lights, reaction time
 
Feasibility of Banana Leaf as Filter Media for Iron(II) Removal from
Synthetic Wastewater by Absorption
Author/s: Jonathan S. Ignacio Jr., Clark Ivan A. Manzanero. John
Wendell J. Maranan, Joseph A. Montilla This study mainly dealt with removal of
iron from synthetic water using banana leaf as filter media. In this process, acid burette was
used as filter tube with the length of 75 cm diameter 13mm in 3 trials which the adsorbent
material (banana leaf) placed between glass heads. The sample used for the filtration process
was synthetically prepared iron solution 100pm by dissolving 36.66 mg of Ferrous Sulfate in
1 L of distilled water. The filtration process was done at constant flow rate (0.30 mL/s) and at
different measurement of banana leaf and denoting the ratio of banana leaf. As a result, the
banana leaf is not suitable for filter media que to its high iron content found in effluent by
ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. 
Keywords: adsorption, banana leaf, ferrous sulfate, UV-Vis, wastewater treatment
 
Improving the Organoleptic Properties of Swine Slaughterhouse

Wastewater Using the Processes of Electrocoagulation and Photocatalysis
Author/s: Ven Andrei G. Lagdameo, Kathleen Joyce M. Landchico,
Darrren Angelo C. Rodriguez, Roman Kyle B. Sabando The effectiveness of
electrocoagulation as a pre-treatment and photocatalysis as a succeeding treatment in
improving the color and odor of wastewater was investigated. Aluminum anode and
aluminum cathodes were utilized in the process of electrocoagulation. Titanium dioxide in
anatase form served as the catalyst in the process of photocatalysis. The change in the
absorbance level of the samples was explored as part of determining the improvement of
color. The threshold odor number of samples form before treatment, after electrocoagulation
and after photocatalysis was determined to assess the improvement of odor. Results show
that there is significant improvement in the color and odor of samples after
electrocoagulation treatment. The photocatalysis as a succeeding treatment was significant in
further improving the odor and color of the samples. Overall, the combined treatment of
photocatalysis and electrocoagulation improved the specified organoleptic
properties. 
Keywords: slaughterhouse wastewater, photocatalysis, electrocoagulation
 
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Removal of Benzene in Simulated Waste-water Using Coconut Husk-
Based Activated Carbon Adsorbent
Author/s: Kyle Adrian A. Aponesto, Ernest John S. Arreza, Jan Paolo E.
Flores, Joseph Patrick I. Tulay Benzene is a volatile organic compound with a
molecular formula C6H6. It is a by-product of many industries including petroleum. Due to
its many uses benzene is usually secreted in waste-water by factories. However, benzene is
found to be a carcinogenic chemical. Furthermore, the boiling point of benzene is only 80.1
°C which allows it to easily mix with the air we breathe. Coconut husk in an
agricultural waste is abundant in the Philippines. The main goal of this study is to create an
activated carbon based on coconut husk and test its efficiency in adsorbing the VOC
Benzene. The study used coconut husk that was gathered locally as the raw material and
potassium hydroxide as the chemical agent for activation. Three conditions were prepared for
temperature of adsorption and KOH:char ratio, the three were tested to see which condition
provides more efficiency in adsorbing Benzene. ANOVA was chosen as the method of
statistical analysis for the study. After the experimentation, the researchers determined that
condition 1:1 for KOH: char ratio and 30 °C for temperature of adsorption provide the
highest efficiency for Benzene adsorption, however the statistical analysis states that the
difference in the results are insignificant, which means all the three conditions can be used in
Benzene adsorption. 
Keywords: Benzene, Adsorption, Coconut Husk, Activated Carbon
 
Removal of Pb (II) from Simulated Wastewater with Varying PH by

Contact Time Absorption using Mahogany Sawdust
Author/s: Philip Andre A. Rivero, Karlos Mayo D. Silva, Angelo Joseph
M. Suraza, Gilbert G. Yadao Sawdust is an organic material which is widely used as
an adsorbent to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions. In this research, Contact Time
Physical Adsorption of Pb (II) onto Philippine Mahogany sawdust in a batch system was
manipulated to treat Pb (II) from synthetic wastewater. The effect of pH in the process was
evaluated and the final concentrations of Pb (II) were determined by Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry (AAS). Result from ANOVA revealed that there is highly significant
difference between the remaining Pb (II) concentration and pH. Moreover, using Tukey test,
the significant difference between the paired pH levels from 2 to 6, and insignificant
difference from pH levels 6-10. Therefore, it was identified that the substantial Pb (II)
removal occurred at pH 6 with 83% removal. The highlight of this study is the discovery of
the logarithmic regression model in the form: ER=0.097+0.3661n (pH) which can be used to
predict the percent removal given the final concentration of Pb (II) at a set adsorbent
dosage. 
Keywords: lead, wastewater, adsorption, absorbance, logarithmic regression model,
pH, contact time adsorption, mahogany, absorbent
 
The Study on the Comparison of Underpass vis-à-vis Overpass in Terms

of Utilization and Design Within Manila
Author/s: Joshua B. Escoto, Syrell Mari G. Palisoc, Sean Kane F.
Pinlac According to the World Health Organization, pedestrian fatalities in the
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Philippines took up the second biggest percentage in their road traffic death estimate due to
human error and also the hardly avoidable vehicle to pedestrian relationship in the road. This
study aims to compare the structured facilities that have been classified to reduce pedestrian
related accidents in order to have a basis for construction purposes with regard to the welfare
of pedestrian for future reference and purposes. This study does not include the context of
pedestrian lanes in comparison to the selected facilities. The case context of the study was
collected within two locations that both have an underpass and an overpass, and the data
collected were mainly from observation, survey, and interview in order to have a valid basis
for data analysis. The findings of the study are based off the observed and surveyed
pedestrians' preference that has favored the construction of an overpass rather than an
underpass. Also, the costing based on construction and security favors overpass and the
structural integrity in terms of design is determined based on the physical attributes of the
structured facility. 
Keywords: pedestrian, overpass, underpass, construction, road safety
 
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APPENDIX K
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<div class="title" id="myHeader">CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND MATERIALS
ENGINEERING & SCIENCES</div>
 
A Comparative Study of the Heating Values of Sapodilla Peels
(Manilkara Zapota L.) and Philippine Charcoal
Author/s: Mary Krstine D. Anticuando, Daniella V. Estioco, Stephen
Kyle B. Riano, Arielle Jean E. Sinnung Charcoal is a black material made from
wood by charring. It has been used since its production about four thousand years ago. This
research aims to compare the heating values of sapodilla peels and Philippine charcoal. By
analyzing the heating value of the two, the researchers can determine the potential of the
sapodilla peels as an alternative fuel source. A heating value test, using ASTM D5865-13 as
its standard procedure, is a combustion process where the samples are burned with oxygen to
produce carbon. A 1.89% increase in heating value is calculated as compared to wood coal.
Based on the statistical treatment, a left-tailed t-test for population means, there is no
significant difference between the heating values of carbonized sapodilla peels and
Philippine charcoal, but the sapodilla peels can still be an alternative for its heating value is
almost same with the Philippine charcoal. Compared to the conventional fuel source, the
sapodilla peels are beneficial more advantageous since it reduces agricultural wastes and
promotes an eco-friendly charcoal. 
Keywords: charcoal, heating value, sapodilla peels, Philippine charcoal, ASTM
D5865-13, 1-test
 
lxxx
A Comparative Analysis in the Phosphate Uptake between Marine
Plywood and Coco Lumber Activated Carbon in Simulated Wastewater
Author/s: Jhon Renan G. Abergas, Kylah Alexis Q. Atun, Sophia Ysbale
Cabalda, Diesel Y. Navarro Wastewater treatment has been a challenging task to
deal with in over a decade. Industrial wastes pose huge hazard risk regarding wastewater on
sewage systems. Wastewater can increase the phosphate levels in water which can lead to
eutrophication. To address this problem, the coco lumber and the marine plywood will be
used as a precursor material for activated carbon. The activated carbons were tested using a
phosphate testing kit to determine their effectiveness in adsorbing the phosphate using
simulated water. The approximate phosphate uptake of marine plywood was 9.5 mg/L while
coco lumber has 8.75 mg/L. The activated carbon plywood being more than effective than
the coco lumber due to its higher surface area. 
Keywords: Activated Carbon, Coco Lumber, Eutrophication, Marine Plywood,
Wastewater
 
A Comparative Analysis of the Calorific Value of Carbonized Jackfruit

Peels (Artocarpus heterophylius lam), Philippine, Charcoal and Mixed Carbonized
Jackfruit Peels and Philippine Charcoal
Author/s: Chevron Fjord M. Colinares, Mary Georgia E. Cruz, Dianor
Thea A. Dimia, Aira Joy C. Matel Not Available
 
A Comparative Analysis on the Feasibility of Malunggay (Moringa

Oleifera Lam.) Leaves and Banana (Musa sp.) Peels Extract as Ink 
Author/s: Sophia Lorraine U. Estabaya, Neil P. Natividad, Jeremiah S.
Namo, Jada Sofia D. Wallace Nowadays, inks are being used for different purposes,
mainly in markers, ballpoint pen or ball pens, and high-quality images. Ink’s components
such as pigments, and resins/polymers for pigment dispersion, has to be dissolved in the
solvent like alcohol, etc. The research was undertaken to determine the feasibility of
Malunggay and Banana Peels as ink for ballpoint pen. It was aimed to use plant as the main
source of our ink. The study was designed to compare the performance of the test’s inks. This
study was also aimed to test the absorbance and viscosity of the ink. Malunggay and Banana
were chosen because of their observed coloring qualities and also because of their abundance
in the Philippines. The preparation of the ink involved two processes. For the extraction of
the banana sap, mortar and pestle, knife and a cloth would be used to property extract the sap
in banana peels. For the extraction of method malunggay, they used the Maceration, involved
soaking plant materials (coarse or powdered) in a stopped container with a solvent. Acetone
was used as a carrier to extract the pigments from the natural plant samples. The gathered
data was then evaluated using t-test and Analysis of Variance or ANOVA. 
Keywords: Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lam) Extract, Banana (Musa
Sp.) Sap, Oswald Viscometer, Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy, Ballpoint Ink
 
lxxxi
 A Comparative Study between the Heating Values of Philippine
Charcoal and Coconut Shell (Cocus nucifera) Charcoal
Author/s: George D. Caperocho Jr., Aldren T. Cofreros, Mark Yukio G.
Gunji As advances in technology are made, the energy required to power these
machines also increase. A significant portion of that demand is provided by charcoal. This
study aims to compare the heating values of Philippine charcoal and Coconut shell charcoals
to see if the coco shell charcoals heating values are on par with that of the Philippine
charcoal. The coconut shells will undergo carbonization and then three setups are made 100
% Philippine charcoal, 50-50 mixture of Philippine charcoal and coco shell, and 100 % coco
shell. The calorific values of each setup is tested then compared. The results show that
though the calorific values of 100 % coco shell are close to that of Philippine charcoal, it still
is not enough to be considered on par when it comes to energy production. 
Keywords: Calorific value, Coconut shell, charcoal, Philippine charcoal
 
 A Comparative Study on the Power Output of Spider Plant

(Chlorophytum comosum), Portuca Flower (Potulaca oleracea) and Dumb
Canes (Dieffenbachia maculate) in a Plant – Microbial Fuel Cell 
Author/s: Maria Aira L. Calma, Kristine Ann D. Feliciano, Keith Jones
Paul D. Lariba Although renewable sources of energy including geothermal,
hydropower, wind, solar and biomass are utilized by the Philippines, coal-fired power plants
remain the main source of electrical energy consumed by Filipino households. Its main
component, coal, is a form of non-renewable source of energy, which emits harmful gases
that are destructive to the environment. The study tested the feasibility of Plant Microbial
Fuel Cell (PMFC), a recent discovery that can be an alternative source of electrical energy,
using inexpensive terrestrial houseplants prevalent in the in the Philippines. The three
terrestrial houseplants used were Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum). Portulaca
Flower (Portulaca oleracea), and Dumb Canes (Dieffenbachia amoena).
Simple prototypes were viable through the incorporation of graphite sticks, copper wire, and
alligator clips to each sample plant. The results of voltage, mV; current, *A; and electrical
power, *W were acquired from the readings of the multi-meter. C. comosum yielded the
highest power output of 8.94 *W, which is unexpected due to its defense against a particular
genus bacterium. All types of plants are proven to be feasible for power production although
outputs are too low to provide electrical energy to a typical household. 
Keywords: Chlorophytum comosum, Dieffenbachia maculate,
graphite electrocode, Plant Microbal Fuel Cell (PMFC), Portulaca oleracea
 
 A Comparative Study between the Larvicidal Effect of Kamias

(Averrhoa bilimbi) Leaf Crude Extract and Leaf Powder on Mosquito
Larvae
Author/s: Gabriel C. Alpuerto, Trisha S. Cabilan, Hannah Carmela C. De
Guzman, Edel Queen Monique B. Manaois Various insecticides are used to
eradicate insects. An insect vector is an organism that does not cause the sickness itself, but
rather it spreads disease by passing on pathogens starting with one host then onto the next.
Thereby, insecticides play a vital role in managing these vectors. Kamias (Averrhoa
lxxxii
Bilimbi) is a tree that belongs to the family Oxalidaceae. Averrhoa bilimbi is first
introduced and cultivated in the country of India which is also cultivated and adapted in the
country of Philippines. The main objective of this research is to determine the larvicidal
effect of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) leaf powder extracts. This study also aims to
determine the effectiveness of the Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) leaf powder extracts by
setting a timer to one hour to see how many larvae died (out of 10). The result of the
experiment, the 75% concentration of crude extract and powder extract are more effective
than the 50% concentration of crude extract and powder extract. 
Keywords: Mosquito larvae, Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi), powder extract,
crude extract
 
 A Feasibility Study on Banana (Musa sapientum Linn) Pseudo-

stem as a Source of Cellulose-based Paper
Author/s: Dave Angelo C. Cachapero, Jessica Rose D. Cascon, Regina
Beatrice D. Lachica, JhanRovy P. Palces Banana Musa (Sapientum Linn) is
the most important export from the Philippines because of its contribution to the country's
export revenue according to the Department of Agriculture Cagayan de Oro (2013). The
pseudo-stem of M. Sapientum Linn contains a large amount of holocellulose and low lignin
content useful for paper making. The dried pseudo-stem was soaked in 800 mL solution of
NaOH for 3 hours in order to extract the cellulose. The samples were tested through its
flexibility and endurance using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Afterwards, the
banana cellulose was used to create paper bags out of banana pseudo stem. The research
found, however that the product is not as durable as the commercial products in the tested
properties of paper. The study used 1-test for difference in population means. The statistical
analysis showed that there are significant differences with the results. Even if the paper
products are made of the organic fibers, the banana cellulose has a hollow cellulosic fiber
making it easier to break. 
Keywords: banana pseudo-stem, plastic, paper, paper bag
 
 A Feasibility Study on Microwave Extraction of Fiber from Corn Husk
Waste
Author/s: Allenz Jerome M. Malabanan, Keziah F. Meneses, Eric
Michale J. Montejo, Xavier Alex C. Salapantan This paper investigates the
possibility of corn husk fibers to become a substitute for traditional thread. Since corn husk
fibers are composed of 80-87% cellulose, it has a property that could be proposed for thread
production. The method of Microwave Assisted (MA) processing was adopted in the study to
loosen the cellulose property in the corn husk fiber. MA treatment for the corn husk fiber was
implied in a 100% power, for a period of 5 minutes, interminently. The process of this
experiment involves extraction of the sample wherein the desired substance is separate to its
matrix. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used to extract cornhusk fiber under the initiation of
120C under the 60 minutes with 10% w/w concentration of NaOH. Mechanical Property of
the study underwent through the use of Mini-Universal testing Machine. The researchers
primarily used thread as their control group while corn husks fibers as the material for their
lxxxiii
experimental group. As a result, different test conditions can cause variations on the
measurements of mechanical properties of the samples. 
Keywords: Corn Husk Fiber, Microwave Assisted, Extraction, Mini Universal
Testing Machine
 
 A Feasibility Study on the Fortification of Commercially Available

Apple using Ferrous Sulfate Monohydrate
Author/s: Randolph Jayson S. Casiano, Mark Bryan E. Cruz, Jerome
James Salvacion, Joseph Angelo E. San Gabriel The successful fortification to food
and beverages has been associated as an efficient and simple way to resolve health condition
especially with iron deficiency. Iron deficiency is one of the most common worldwide
nutritional deficiencies, yet it not taken seriously could be considered deadly. It is acquired
from the shortage of iron in the body system due to inadequate proper diet or deficiency of
micronutrients in the staple diet. This study aims to fortify commercially available apple
juice using ferrous sulfate monohydrate specifically 14.69 mg FeSO4H2Oadded in 1L per
sample of apple juice. The ferrous sulfate monohydrate that was absorbed was determined
using UV-IV in the wavelength of 292.20 nm. The use of ANOVA helped the researchers to
compare data of the absorption from fortified apple juice to standard apple juice. Therefore, it
shows a strong positive response that the apple juice did absorb iron (II). 
Keywords: apple juice, fortification, ferrous sulfate monohydrate, iron (II), iron
deficiency

 A Preliminary Study on the Power Density and Polarization Curves of
Sour Milk in Microbial Fuel Cell Assembly
Author/s: Randred C. Bance, Christine Joy E. Fabros, Jose Lean L.
Gaurana, Rey Adrian Vince D. Yao The Microbial Fuel Cell is a device which
utilizes bacteria that catalyze the oxidation of simple organic substance to generate current
from the substrate which can be form of renewable energy. Despite the numerous studies on
the development of the design and performance of the Microbial Fuel Cell, The MFC still
requires improvement in terms of design and a specific method to analyze its performance. In
this study, the researchers constructed an MCF prototype and utilized diluted sour milk as the
substrate. Then constructed polarization curves to assess and optimize the performance of
MFC depending on the resistance. The setup yielded to a maximum power density 0.39 mW/
when 3900 resistor was used. The maximum power produced was 1.319 mW while the
maximum current generated was 0.037 mA. The MFCs were stacked into series and parallel
connections, where the computed and actual yield have a significant difference in terms of
the current in series and the single cell. On the other hand, the actual and computed voltage
output of the single cell and parallel connection did not exhibit a significant difference. It is
therefore determined that stacking the MFC prototype will not significantly increase its
performance due to a possible mix up of chargers. It is therefore recommended to recalculate
the design parameters and if possible, apply a simple separator to segregate the
charges. 
Keywords: Microbial Fuel Cell, polarization, power density, sour milk, electricity
 
lxxxiv
Anthocyanin of Red Onion (Allium Cepa) as Accessory Pigment
for Porphyrin Dye in Dye – Sensitized Solar Cells
Author/s: Trixcia Ann R. Gallamos, Alexandra Jane R. Jerez, Sheila
Muriel M. Rodriguez, Kathryne Andrea M. Valenzuela Renewable sources of
energy are needed to cater to the increasing demand for energy. Since the Earth receives an
abundant amount of energy from the sun, solar energy sources could be a promising solution.
The Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) absorbs incident light photons and utilizes it to cause
an electron transfer reaction to produce electricity from the light energy. This study aims to
find out whether the use of anthocyanin as accessory pigment for porphyrin dye causes a
significant increase in the power output of the DSSC and whether the anthocyanin
concentration and temperature affects its power output. From the tests conducted in this
research, it was found out that porphyrin-anthocyanin based DSSC produced a higher power
output as compared to that with porphyrin dye alone. DSSCs with higher concentration of
anthocyanin also showed to produce a greater power output. It also showed that DSSCs that
were exposed to a higher temperature produced a larger power output. This leads to the
conclusion that the use of anthocyanin as accessory pigment caused a significant increase in
power output and the anthocyanin concentration and temperature are both directly correlated
with the power output of the solar cell. 
Keywords: Anthocyanin, Porphyrin, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell, Red Onion
(Allium cepa)
 
 Antibacterial Effect of Black Plum (Syzygium cumini) Leaf

Extracts on Staphylococcus Aurues and Escherichia Coli
Author/s: Lloyd Daniel P. Aldana, Patrik Joseph E. Gabrie;, Aimah
Lance O. Micarsos, Regina Pia Krizzia M. Tapiceria Nowadays, fruits are only
considered as a food product. These fruits have medicinal properties which in turn can be
beneficial to most people. The fruit Black Plum (Syzygium cumini) is also known as
a food product in the country and it can also serve as a medicinal agent through its several
medicinal properties. Escherichia coli is a type of bacteria that normally live in the intestines
of people and animals. On the other hand, Staphylococcus is a group of bacteria that can
cause a multitude of diseases. Staph infections may cause disease due to direct infection or
due to the production of toxins by the bacteria. The main objective of this research is to
determine the antibacterial effect of Black Plum (Syzygium cumini) leaf extracts on
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The researchers have found out that the Black
Plum Sizygium cumini) Leaf Extract showed more effectivity against the Staphylococcus
aureus and not against Escherichia coli. 
Keywords: Black Plum, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli
 
 Application of Electroculture in Garlic (Allium sativum)

Planting: A Preliminary Study
Author/s: Rose Danielle G. Hilahan , Harold Gian L.
Lucin Philippines is an archipelago that always experiences a yearly devastating
typhoon the natural calamities hinder its continuous agricultural crop production. Using an
lxxxv
out-horticulture technique of electroculture. supplied electric voltage can stimulate the plant
growth, improve the crop quality, and increase the crop yields as long as the con nous factors
are present: dormancy and essential nutrients. Using garlic (Allium sativum), three
setups were used: control, 6V and 12V electrocuted systems. Effects of the supplied voltage
in terms of plant height was visualized. Garlic's reaction to the application of voltage gave
unfavorable results of the following: the average height is relatively higher for the control
having 78.2 cm compared to the 6V and 12V setups of 55.7 cm and 57.1 cm, respectively.
However, from the data of the 12th, 17 th, 18th, 19 th 20th, 21 st 25th, and 26th day of the
period, the electricity applied somehow assisted the plant's growth. Drying and decreased
height was also visible during the 29th day of the experiment. Using the plant's height,
statistical treatment such as two tailed z-test was used to recognize whether the two-
population means are different from each other. Computed means resulted to accept the
negative alternative hypothesis wherein the height of the sample was relatively lower to the
height of the controlled. However, further experimentation and optimization can be done to
verify the claim of this paper. 
Keywords: Philippines, Electroculture, Dormancy, Allium sativum, Two
tailed t-test
 
 Aspirin as Preservative Solution on Vase Life and Postharvest

Characteristics of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum)
Author/s: Rex Jose O. Bagain, Louie James R. Fabrique Aspirin
was already proven to prolong the vase life of various flowers. Past researches only focused
on the biological effects of specifically the salicylic acid content of aspirin in the senescence
of cut flowers. This research study experimented on wide range aspirin concentrations as
preservative solution of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum) cut flowers. This
was to acquire a trend using a statistical treatment called the quadratic regression test. The
concentrations include from 0 mg/L to 3000 mg/L with 250 mg/L intervals. The researchers
recorded the vase life of all the setups and put it into a table. After the data were All the
obtained, it showed that the aspirin is indeed effective preservative solution. All the
chrysanthemum cut flowers stored with aspirin solutions had longer vase life than the
chrysanthemum cut flower stored with just water. The least effective concentration of aspirin,
based on the result, is approximately 1704.816 mg/L. If this concentration was used, the
approximate vase life of the flower was only 235.919 hours. The graph suggested that the
two variables had weak correlation. 
Keywords: aspirin, chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum), salicylic
acid, senescence
 
 Biosorbtion of Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) in surface water using
Philippine Mud Crab (Scylla serata) and Tahong (Perna viridis) Shells as
Biosorbent
Author/s: Shaina Kaye V. Cabantan, Ma. Julie Anne L. Gala, Mary Joyce
Nicole A. Limos, John Michael J. Tella-in Using mud crab (Scylla serrata)
and tahong (Perma viridis) shells, this study aims to prove their feasibility in treating
surface water through the removal of the following heavy metals: lead (Pb) and Chromium
lxxxvi
(Cr). Surface waters samples were collected at Pasig River at a point in Guadalupe, Makati
City. The surface water samples were then treated with varying amounts of mud crab and
tahong shells beforeanalyzing their lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) concentration. Based on
statistical tests, there was significant difference in the lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr)
concentrations between treated and untreated surface water, this means that both mud crabs
and tahong shell were effective in absorbing lead (Pb) while tahong shells proved to absorb
more chromium (Cr) content in surface water. 
Keywords: Mud Crab shells, Tahong Shells, biosorbent, surface water, heavy metal
 
Coco Nucifera, Magnesium Sulfate, and Glycerol as an

Electrolyte Solution in the Production of Super Capacitors
Author/s: Precious Louise D. De Silva, Jaasu GABRIEL L. Del Mundo,
Malcolm P. Martinez, Juan Carlos Miguel M. Medina One of the biggest
advantages of using a supercapacitor in its characteristics of storing energy electrostatically;
leading to a very high-powered density and can last millions of charge/discharge cycles
without losing efficiency. This study aimed to use Coco nucifera, Magnesium Sulfate, and
Glycerol as an electrolyte solution to produce a supercapacitor that has a high capacitance
when compared to normal supercapacitors. An activated charcoal solution 8:1:12 was created
using glycerol, Epsom Salt, and activated charcoal, respectively. The solution is then applied
to leaned 8x3.2 in PCB while another solution of glycerol and Epsom Salt (120:50) is used to
saturate a piece of paper. The supercapacitor was then layered and tested after giving it time
to set into equilibrium. Results show that when compared to a capacitor with paper as a
dielectric, there is a considerably large increase in capacitance and shows that using a higher
concentration of activated carbon allow a supercapacitor to become more efficient and
optimal. In conclusion, the produced electrolyte shows promise with its relatively high
capacitance when compared to basic supercapacitors and s right step in the direction of
supercapacitor production. 
Keywords: Capacitance, Electrolyte, Supercapacitor, dielectric, PCB
 
Comparative Analysis of a Closed and Open Environment on the

Disease of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Leaf
Author/s: Jacqueline Boctot II, Raemond John L. Espia, Jerome P.
Maglanque, Rica Portia S. Molina There is a new suggested alternative way of
growing Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and as well as isolating the plant from
tropical conditions wherein bacteria and fungi are likely to infect the plant during its growth
stage. Sensitivity of Solanum lycopersicum to diseases that can affect the production of
tomato-based products and homegrown tomato. Effectivity of relative humidity (RH) has a
great impact to tomato plant, especially if it is too much. Using plywood, pc fans, plastic
tubing, bottle, loam soil, and light bulb, the researchers created a closed container for the
tomato plant. 5 days of observation were conducted to observe if there are signs of disease
inside the closed environment. The close environment has a range of 45% to 67% RH while
open space environment has 48-76%. Mid average relative humidity reduces the disease
damage in tomato leaves. RH in closed environment shows that development of powdery
mildew but slows down its infection. RH was higher in an open weather conditions, thus,
lxxxvii
open spaced environment has a constant increase of disease affected leaves. The temperature
in open environment has a range of 27.4 C – 32.2 C. Temperature in open environment
exceeds in 29.5 C and that results to several diseases. The temperature in closed environment
has a ranged of 26.3 C – 30.1 C. Temperature below 85 C can cause minor damage on
tomato leaf but also considered as infected since diseases affects the leaf under that
temperature. There is a significant difference between the two variables (closed and open
space environment). 
Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum, relative humidity, closed and open space-
environment
 
 Comparative study Between Citronella and Oregano as a Repelling

Agent for Cockroaches
Author/s: Mark Sebastien C. Ebalo, Job B. Nocete, Emilio D. Saballa,
Josph Bryan B. Salazar Cockroaches are a global household problem. The tend to
infest households and spread different kind of diseases. There should be a way to drive out if
not eliminate these pests. Citronella and oregano plant are known repellent agents of some
insects. This study aims to compare the repelling properties of both citronella and oregano
extract. The experimentation process included a two-box set up, with one being the good
living condition containing the repellant, food, and water while one container being the bad
living condition for cockroaches. The researchers conducted three trials, each having a 30-
minute duration, to test the effectivity of the repellant. Based on the results gathered, both
repellants showed a capability of keeping cockroaches away. It was found out that citronella
oil is a better repelling agent against cockroaches dues to having more cockroaches
repelled. 
Keywords: Cockroaches, Oregano Oil, Citronella Oil, Insect Repellant
 
 Comparative Study Between Moringa Oleifera Leaf and

Mangifera Indica Leaf as an Additive in Pandesal
Author/s: Mae Anne A. Amas, Irish Mae S. Canlase, Kathleen Millene
A. Pelagio, Alliah Nery D. Rable This study compared the nutritional content of
malunggay leaf pandesal and mango leaf tea pandesal and determined which pandesal people
would prefer more. The study made use of malunggay leaves and mango leaf tea as an
additive for the pandesal. The researchers collected the leaves from Batangas and baked both
the pandesal at Caloocan City. The study used different types of nutrition testing, survey
questionnaires and interview to answer the objectives. They brought at least 500 grams of
malunggay leaf pandesal and at least 500 grams of mango leaf tea pandesal to SGS located at
Makati for testing. For the survey questionnaire, the researchers assembled 25 males and 25
females, with ages ranging from 10 to 60 years old, as the respondents of the study: their
nutritionist was also interviewed as a respondent. Survey results showed that people
preferred mango leaf tea pandesal in terms of overall acceptability, taste, aroma and texture.
It also showed that when testing the difference in proportions at a = 0.05. the null hypothesis
(Ho: Pmalunggay - Pmango = 0) was rejected since the computed p - value = 0.0134, which
was less than a = 0.05. Interviewees preferred mango leaf tea pandesal because of its high
lxxxviii
nutritional content, soft texture, and sweet aroma. It was therefore concluded that mango leaf
tea pandesal was preferred more by the respondents. 
Keywords: additives, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, nutrients, p
 
Comparative Study between the Calorific Value of Carbonized Ripe

Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels with Philippine Charcoal and Pure Asian
Charcoal
Author/s: Julienne Marie I. Capillan, Anne Beatriz C. Dalisay, Kenneth
D. PAez, Jerico Aron S. Retuya Charcoal is a scentless, dark, permeable solid, and
fine-grained black powder made up of carbon. It has many practical applications in fields
ranging from arts, medicine, and energy However, charcoal production poses many threats to
the environment specifically due to deforestation. The use of biomass for briquetting is a
growing trend for replacing conventional hardwood charcoal. The study aims to know if the
mixture of carbonized ripe mango (Mangifera indica) peels and conventional
Philippine charcoal, can be an alternative for charcoal making in terms of calorific value. The
carbonization and calorific value testing of the samples were done at the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST) Chemicals and Energy Division (CED). The study found
out that the lowest calorific value obtained from the hypothetical mixture is 24,360 kJ/kg
(100% M. indica peels). Aller applying dependent and independent t-Tests, it was concluded
that all the ratios from the hypothetical mixture contains greater calorific value than pure
Asian coal (Indonesian and Indian coal). It was also found that the calorific value obtained
met the standards for calorific value of a charcoal; therefore, making it a viable alternative
for charcoal production. 
Keywords: biomass, calorific value, carbonization, Mangifera indica, Philippine
wood charcoal
 
 Comparative Study between the Heating Value of Carbonized Dragon
Fruit (Hylocereus undatus) Peels with Philippine Charcoal
Author/s: RhickJenzer Y. Chua, Renz Joseph S. Domaloon, Carl Joseph
E. Padon, Ernswell John T. Racho Charcoal is used in for many years as a source of
heat. The study will determine the feasibility of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus undatus)
peel as an alternative charcoal by comparing its calorific value to Philippine charcoal. The
study will undergo different processes after the dragon fruit peel is carbonized and test the
heating values the of the different setup using the bomb calorimetry and these are the 100%
Philippine Charcoal, 50-50 of Philippine Charcoal and dragon fruit peels, and 100% pure
dragon fruit peels. Carbonized dragon fruit peel resulted to low heating fruit peel cannot be
used as an alternative charcoal. value that can be used to make heat in daily life compared to
Philippine charcoal, therefore dragon. 
Keywords: Dragon fruit peel, charcoal, bomb calorimeter, calorific value, Philippine
Charcoal
 
 Comparative Study of the Heating Values of Dry and Carbonated Saba
(Musa x paradisiacal L.) Peels and Philippine Conventional Character
lxxxix
Author/s: Benedick M. Andrade, Lean Victor Q. Lucas, Marjun Gil D.
Pinza, Edzel Marius A. Rolion Utilization of wastes is a current worldwide tre to
charcoal are given such importance. Banana, a fruit of the genus Musa, of the family
musacccae, is one of the abundant important fruit crops of the world. The banana peels are
the wastes needed to be recycled The obiective of this study is to find an alternative
conventional charcoal in the Philippines in terms of the calorific value of saba peels. The
banana peels were dried and carbonized and then tested for its calorific value.
Three trials were conducted for the dried saba peels and carbonized saba peels. The average
heating value of carbonized peels was 18.74. The average heating value of Philippine
charcoal was 28.03. The heating value of carbonized banana peels was relatively lower than
Philippine charcoal. The t-test results comparing the average heating values rejects the null
hypothesis therefore carbonized banana peels were not able to yield a higher calorific value.
The researchers conclude that Musa x paradisiaca L. is not a suitable material and additive
for Philippine charcoal briquettes due to its low yield in calorific value. 
Keywords: banana peels, biomass, calorific value. carbonization, charcoal
 
 Comparative Study of the Properties of Pre Treated Water Hyacinth
Stem Fibers from Agricultural Waste Product Fibers as Hygiene Paper
Author/s: Angela Eugene E. Amurao, Zriak N. Paroccha, Khing CARL
Euper C. Valencia, Richard Ivan S. Vergara Water Hyacinth (Eichornia
crassipes) is known as a fast spreading aquatic plant that lives up to fifteen years. As a
result of its quick reproduction, the plant occupies bodies of water and prevents indigenous
plants and aquatic animals from receiving sunlight. Since this has caused an alarm to the
environment, several methods of reducing the number of plants has been conducted. In this
study, the researchers made use of pre-treated water hyacinth stem fibers to produce hygiene
paper. Water hyacinth was compared to commercially used hygiene papers made of agri-
wastes banana trunk and rice straw, based on the three properties. The properties are density,
absorbency, and tensile strength. Fifteen hygiene paper per fiber type were made through the
process of pulping, forming and drying. After they were produced, three sets containing five
papers each underwent the three property tests. Data from the measurements and tests were
statistically treated using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey Test. Results
led to a conclusion that pre-treated water hyacinth stem fibers can be utilized into a standard
quality of hygiene paper. 
Keywords: water hyacinth, hygiene paper, density, absorbency, tensile strength
 
 Comparative Study on the Effects of Capsaicin-based Insecticide and

Rubefacient-Based Insecticide on Dubai Cockroaches (Blaptica dubia)
Author/s: Joshua Miguel L. Cruz, Ron Daniel C. Perez, Andrey Mary C.
Ranola, VirRence Gale Suaze One of the most prominent problems most
households are facing today are insect pests, specifically cockroaches. They are considered as
pests for they are filthy, promote unhealthy and unhygienic surroundings, and can carry
diseases. Usually, the pesticides and insecticides used to eradicate pests are made from
chemicals that are potent and effective at their job but also harmful to humans. Thus, the
researchers aim to produce an insecticide that is made of natural ingredients that can both
xc
effectively kill the pests and generally be harmless to humans and the environment. This
research focuses on comparing the potency, as well as the effects of Moringa oleifera and
Capsicuum amuum extracts on Blatica dubia. The extraction effects on both natural materials
include decoction, a method to obtain aqueous extracts from plant materials. The yielded
extract are then tested on the collected insects through topical application, with simultaneous
observation of its consequent effects. Data are gathered and treated with Independent
Samples t-Test Statistics, as the results obtained from the statistical analyses lead the
researchers to a conclusion that capsaicin from chili fruit has a higher mortality rate to the
experimental subjects compared to that of moringa extracts containing rubefacient when
being compared to a capsaicin-rubefacient mix insectide. 
Keywords: Blaptica dubia, Insecticed, Moringa oleifera, Capsicum
anuum
 
Comparative Study on the Efficiency of Oyster (Crastossa

iredalei) Shells-based Flocculants vis-a-vis Commercially-Available Flocculant
Author/s: Steven C. Valerio, Maria Carmela G. Diomampo, Kristina
Marie G. David, Jienne Chester M. Tolosa Due to the problematic surface water
system that has been very prominent and persistent in the country, the research was
conducted to determine if the difference between the flocculants Ca (OH)2 and FeSO4 would
be more effective, considering that Ca (OH)2 was derived from waste oyster shells. Tests
using the surface water from Pasig River were conducted to thoroughly determine which
flocculant would be more effective in terms of their turbidity. The use of FeCl3 was
administered to both flocculants as its flocculation aid. The tests showed that Ca (OH)2
exceeds FeSO4 in terms of turbidity removal with 71.95% of turbidity removed, while
FeSO4 showed a 43.95% turbidity removed, making the difference significant in accordance
to the hypotheses drawn from various studies (Kargi & Shuller. 1980: Zhang. 2014). From
these results obtained, it was concluded that both flocculants showed its own effectiveness in
tests conducted, making Ca (OH)2 excellent for removing turbidity. 
Keywords: Ferric Chloride (FeCl3), Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4), Flocculants, Oyster
(Crassostrea iredalei) Shells, Pasig River Surface Water
 
 Effectiveness of Lignin Extract from Oil Palm (Elaeis

guineensis) Empty furit Bunchasa Waterproofing Material for Hemp Textiles
Author/s: Datu Noah Ameer P. Mamasabuayan, Ian John M. Pol,
RishonRaef B. Recto, Timothy Jen R. Roxas Waterproofing Material for Hemp
Textiles
Lignin has been recognized as the second most abundant biopolymer, with cellulose taking
the first spot. The lignin was extracted from the biomass of oil palm (Elaeis
guineensis). Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is well-known for being a powerful
biofuel as well as a source of renewable materials. The lignin extracted will be applied to
hemp fabrics. Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is considered by the fashion industry as one of
the leading alternatives for raw materials that promote a sustainable environment and reduce
the carbon footprint of the community. The objective of this research is to determine the
effectiveness of lignin as a waterproofing material for hemp textiles. The researchers will test
xci
its effectiveness by using three methods: the AATCC Method 22, AATCC Method 42, and a
test for proportion. It was found that lignin is an effective waterproofing material in hemp
fabrics. The AATCC Method 22 rating was 90, which is within the standards wherein one
can consider the waterproofness of lignin effective. The AATCC Method 42 yielded a
difference in weight of 1.8, within the range that considers the treated fabric to be effective.
Using the z-test for proportion, the researchers were able to establish a standard which
dictates that when the waterproofing material reaches dip count of eighty-nine or above, it is
no longer effective.
 
Keywords: AATCC Method 22, AATCC Method 42, lignin, test for proportions,
waterproofing
 
 Effectiveness of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Bark Extract as

Blood Congulant
Author/s: Juan Kristofer P. Aramilla, Sophia Allison A. Dones, Nyxzel
S. Pizarra, Rovic M. Umandap Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) is known as a
Miracle Tree or Tree of life. It has been used as herbal medicine with high nutritional value
and has an active coagulating compound. This research paper aims to determine the
effectiveness of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) bark as blood coagulant. To test the
effectivity of Moringa oleifera bark, this study used an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera
bark to four types of human blood (A+, B+, 0+, and AB+). One-way Analysis of Variance
and t-test were utilized as statistical treatments to determine any significant difference
between the experimental and control groups, as well as the different blood types tested. The
results of the experiment conclude slower coagulation time of blood when treated with
Moringa oleifera bark extract. However, statistical computation further indicated the
treatment of Moringa oleifera bark extract to still be effective, with the exception of the
Blood Type O resulting otherwise. 
Keywords: aqueous extract, Bark, Blood coagulant, Malunggay, Moringa oleifera
 
Effectiveness of Specific Marination Times with the Use of Pineapple

Juice on Porkloin Tenderness
Author/s: Daniel Martin N. Mababangloob, Christian Jay E. Sesnorio,
Sofia Louise B. Galang, Geino Mari D. Zablan Tenderness of meat is essential to
maintain the quality of meat and also for consumer acceptance. This led the researchers to
look for methods that improve the tenderness of middle meats and enhance its quality
through the use of natural ingredients. Pineapple fruits were bought from a local market and
were blended to acquire pineapple pulp solutions. There was a total of 25 pork samples from
one whole pork loin. These were divided into live groups. One group for the control and the
next four groups for the meat samples soaked in pineapple solution at different time lengths.
Each of these groups was then weighed separately, before and after cooking. Each group was
then cooked separately in a stove oven with a temperature ranging from 149°C to 177°C to
an internal temperature of 77°C. After cooking, the meat samples were weighed, and half-
inch cores were taken from each pork sample to be tested on the Warner Bratzler machine.
From the results, the preeminent experimental group is the meat soaked in 6 hours marination
xcii
time due to it having lower shear force values than the control group. To conclude, 6 hours of
marination would be the best time for marinating pork loin meat with pineapple juice and
that the use of fruit enzymes to tenderize meat at that specific time length is very
effective. 
Keywords: Meat Tenderness, Pineapple Juice, Marination, Pork Loin, Shear Force
 
Effectiveness of Urea and Carabao Manure Fertilizers to

Eggplant
Author/s: Daniel V. calizar, Russel Benedict S. Go, Renszo F. Salom,
Arvin G. Santos This study aims to show what fertilizer is more effective when
growing an eggplant and to know what factors should be considered for plant growth. The
researchers conducted an experiment where they planted five eggplants with urea fertilizer
and five eggplants with carabao manure. The result of the experiment showed that the urea is
more effective for plants growth in its height than those of the carabao manure. The plants
that are fertilized by urea had a higher height than those fertilized with carabao manure.
However, the widening of the stalk of the plants are not affected by both of the fertilizers.
The findings of this study will be useful in the agricultural industry and will be helpful for
further studies. 
Keywords: urea, carabao manure, eggplant, fertilizer
 
Effectivity of Crude Peppermint (Mentha piperta) Oil in Varying

Concentrations as an Insecticide for Dubai Roaches (Blaptica dubai)
Author/s: John Wilmer O. Castillo, Alden B. Evangelista, Joshua
Roberto G. Gruta, Kristine Clarisse H. Mateo Insects are one of the household
problems of most people because of their unsafe effects on livelihood and the environment.
Insecticides contain chemicals that use to kill insects. Exposure to these chemicals may cause
cancer, skin, and eye irritation. Peppermint oil is known to have the ability to repel
cockroaches and not to kill cockroaches. Therefore, the researchers aimed to create a natural
insecticide using crude peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. Different concentrations of
crude peppermint oil were extracted and put in a 50-mL spray bottle and the Dubia roaches
were put in a glass jar with diameter of 3.25 inches and height of 3 inches. Small holes were
added to avoid suffocation. Its effectivity was determined by the number of dead Dubia
roaches after applying the spray eight (8) times. Based from the results of the study, it was
concluded that crude peppermint oil can kill Dubia roaches at certain concentrations. It was
also concluded that the concentration of the insecticide is directly proportional to the number
of dead Dubia roaches. 
Keywords: Dubia roaches, insecticide, Mentha piperita, peppermint oil
 
Effectivity of Squash (Cucurbita maxima) peels as an alternative

to Conventional Charcoal
Author/s: Evelyn A. Alamcha, Fraulynn P. Arana, Kathreen Denise P.
Crisostomo, Triciah Dale H. Manguera, Kathleen Glynn I. Suello Charcoal is a
commonly used material for heat production and fuel for house - The study shall determine
xciii
the effectivity of squash (Cucurbita maxima) peels as a ornate to conventional
charcoal by comparing its calorific values. The study followed a process of using a Labtech
furnace for the carbonization of the squash peels, followed by the usage of Parr bomb
calorimeter in determining the heating values of the different setups 0 1000 Philippine
charcoal, 50-50 of Philippine Charcoal and squash peels, and 100% of pure squash peels. The
process yielded a 31.04% difference from the heating values of carbonized squash peels and
charcoal, while there is a -15.52% increase in heating value for the setup that contained 50%
charcoal and 50% squash peels. The results, after using proper statistical treatments to
determine its intended interpretation, showed that Cucurbita maxima squash peels cannot be
used as an alternative to Philippine charcoal. 
Keywords: calorific value, charcoal, Cucurbita maxima, Parr bomb
calorimeter, squash peels
 
Effects of Aspirin Solution on Post-Harvest Preservation of Rose

(Rosa hybrida)
Author/s: Genevieve C. Arellano, Ainakyle P. Borras, Armen Kendrick
N. Chung, Joi Noelle G. Naval Cut roses are characterized as highly perishable
products due to the intense metabolism During postharvest, mainly the rise in respiratory
activity and fast senescence. This study evaluated the effects of aspirin solution in
maintaining the quality postharvest and the reservation of Rose (Rosa hybrida).
Aspirin, a natural plant hormone that has an important Pole in abiotic and biotic stress.
Aspirin has a potential to reduce pH of water and consequently, the proliferation of bacteria
was reduced in more natural way. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of
aspirin as components of the post-harvest vase solution on Rose (Rosa hybrida). The
vase life of cut rose flowers were defined as the time that flowers become wilted. The study
was done by determining the maximum amount of aspirin to preserve the post-harvest life of
Roses. The quality of cut flower with 250 mg of aspirin in water improved for 3 days in full
bloom, with freshness, fragrance and color. The result of this study concluded that the
decrease of pH from aspirin solution for cut flowers decreases the longevity of life span, the
flower quality, and freshness. 
Keywords: aspirin, pH, post-harvest, preservative solution, Rosa hybrida
 
 Effects of pH on the Removal of Lead from Aqueous Solution using
Coconut Coir Dust
Author/s: John Dominic L. Bagaforo, Jerwin Keith D. Dela Cruz, Louis
Marie F. Hernandez, Rovic R. Macabalo Coconut coir dust has already been proven
to be able to adsorb heavy metals, however past researches only used the coconut coir dust
when it is a carbon activated. This research study experimented on different pH levels using
lead as an adsorbate. This was to a trend with the use of the linear regression test. The pH
levels that were included in the study were 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. The researchers used a Graphite
Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to acquire the final concentration of lead in the
solution. After the data have been gathered and tested, it showed that the increase in pH
level, increases the capacity of the coconut coir's adsorption. The results of the linear
regression test showed that the two variables have a strong positive correlation. 
xciv
Keywords: absorption, coconut coir dust, lead, pH level
 
 Effects of Spent Ground Coffee Arabica on the Growth of Kangkong
(Ipomoea aquatic Torsk)
Author/s: John Marco P. Gonzales, Chelsea Louise D. Padilla, Mouriz
Gia Alliana C. Banadera, Alfie Jan L. Arillo II This study evaluates the effect of
coffee on the growth of Kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica Torsk), with varying
measurements of spent coffee grounds. Previous researchers have identified the negative
effects in it, like withering, and poor growth of plants, all of these are with high amounts of
coffee. The researchers of those researches suggest that there is a range of dose of coffee
which can actually benefit the growth of plants. The study used eighteen Ipomoea aquatica
Torsk plants planted in pots, it used five different doses of coffee grounds namely lg, 1.5g,
2g, 2.5g, 3g, and the control with each has three trials performed. The experiment lasted for
fifteen days, watered and checked for its length every day. 1 g up to 3 g affected the plant
beneficially because they all grew longer over control in terms of growth. It was found that
the 1.5g of coffee content had the most beneficial result as it grew longer than the control and
other doses. In conclusion, dose of 3g and below affects the plant's growth positively, while
the 1.5g dose was not only safe but also the most beneficial. 
Keywords: Ipomoea aquatica Torsk, arabica, spent, coffee
 
 Extracting Milk Curd from Expired Milk as Alternative to Commercial
Glue
Author/s: Jude Lorenz D. Alviz, Zymond Kiel D. Ipio, John Jubert E.
Onia, Jose III C. Toriaga Glue is an adhesive substance used for sticking objects or
materials togom can be extracted from milk and this contains casein that can be used to
produce glue. Casein glue, as indicated by archeological confirmations has adhesive
characters perceived by progress as right on time as that of the Egyptians. The aim of this
research is to produce curd glue out of expired milk and compare it to commercial glues. The
use of expired milk and recycling it was of great help to reduce waste. The outcome of the
experiment showed that the milk curd obtained from the expired milk could be used to
produce milk curd glue. A lap shear test was done to the different curd to water ratios to
produce the best curd glue to be compared. The best mixture was compared to the
commercially produced glues. It showed that the curd glue with a 225mL of water and 20
grams of curd concentration gave the most effective result. When compared to the
commercial glues, there was a significant difference between the three. It showed that the
commercial wood glue is better than the all-purpose glue and the all-purpose glue is better in
a small margin than the produced curd glue. 
Keywords: Casein, Curd Glue, Multi-purpose Glue, Skimmed Milk, Wood Glue
 
Feasibility Study of Vinegar and Brown Sugar as House Fly Trap

Author/s: Jaspher Yvonne A. Poblete, Christian Romar I. Teodosio,
Bryan Andrew M. Dimalaluan Insects, parasites, and flies are some of the fastest
xcv
growing animals. As of now, the Philippines has unwanted and unexpected total number of
flies that infest every day in public markets, houses, schools, even highways and public
roads. The purpose of this study is to tackle the effect of using both vinegar and sugar to
capture swarm of flies to use as bait in fly traps. The researchers used one 15-gallon glass
aquarium with the 3 improvised fly traps inside which are the vinegar fly trap, sugar fly trap,
and the mixture of vinegar and sugar fly trap for the experimentation of the research. Based
on the findings, the fly trap with the highest number of flies caught would be from the trap
with the mixture of vinegar and sugar. The bait with the highest number of flies caught
would be from the trap with the mixture of vinegar and sugar. The effectiveness of the
vinegar and sugar mixture might be because the combination itself has burst out an extremely
strong aroma that would attract the house fly, resulting in their capture. The findings showed
that there was a significant difference in the mean of each trial to each kind of fly trap, thus
rejecting the statistical analysis null hypothesis that all traps had equal effectiveness. The
researchers conclude that vinegar and brown sugar is a feasible house fly trap that is efficient
and helpful than aftermarket fly traps due to the usefulness of the trap for anyone and
everyone who is experiencing fly pest problems and especially for market vendors with food
products because the traps are nontoxic and cannot contaminate their products with deadly
chemicals and solvent that other aftermarket fly traps consist of. 
Keywords: flies, vinegar, improvised, flytrap, sugar.
 
Fortification of Iron (II) in Real Leaf Fruity Lemon Flavor

Author/s: Will AlenGozum, Karl Dave Nuevas, Earl McBryanSocias,
Julius Gulliver Vivas Not Available
 
In Vitro Bacteriostatic Activity of Ylang-Ylang (Cananga

odorata) Crude Extract against Escherichia coli using Kirby-Bauer Method
Author/s: Jewel D. Malapitan, Emir L. Medina, Caira B.
Sagum As Ylang-ylang flowers are proven to have antiseptic properties, this study
solely focuses on the effectivity of the flower as a bacteriostatic agent that inhibits the growth
of bacteria. Since Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacterium commonly found on living
organisms, the strain was chosen to be tested into an assay of Disk Diffusion Kirby-Bauer
Method. A negative control of distilled water, and positive control of hydrogen peroxide
were used in the method. The results found that Ylang-ylang was more consistent in the
inhibition of Escherichia coli than that of the positive control which yielded the greatest zone
of inhibition among the sample groups. In conclusion, through qualitative (zone of inhibition)
and quantitative (one-way ANOVA and Tukey test) measurements. Ylang-ylang crude
extract was able to inhibit the bacterial growth with comparison to a negative control
group. 
Keywords: Crude Extract, Ylang-ylang, Escherichia coli, Bacteriostatic, Kirby-
Bauer
 
Pandan (Pandanus armaryllifolius) Leaves Extract in Scented

Soy Wax Candle as Cockroach Repellent 
xcvi
Author/s: John Patrick J. Santos, John Paulo P. Gonzales, Vencent R.
Pascual, Kalvin Christian R. Borromeo Pandan is a monocot plant that is well-
known for its aromatic smell that is usually used in cooking food as aromatic additive or
flavor additive. It can also be used in medicine and also as a repellent for mosquitos.
Cockroaches have been around dating back the Late Silurian period 420 million years ago.
They have been known to be vectors of different deadly diseases and allergens like asthma
and bronchitis. In lieu, the study aims to create a cockroach repellent in the form of scented
soy wax candle. This study conducted a decoction extraction method in extracting the Pandan
essential oil that has been used as a main ingredient for the scented soy wax candle. After the
researchers created the candle, they tested the repellency of the scented candle against a
normal soy wax candle in an observatory case containing Dubia cockroaches, it is the test
subject since it is the safest kind of cockroach to use for the test and it has the same
characteristics like other cockroaches, that is used as a representation of the behavior of the
cockroaches against the repellent. Once the data needed were collected, the researchers
conducted a difference of two proportion hypothesis test; wherein, they yield to a result of
having a 10 out of 10 repellence ratios for the Pandan scented soy wax candle that is
significant at 0.05. In conclusion, the study claims that a level of significance of 0.05 the
Pandan scented soy wax candle exhibited a perfect 10 out of 10 cockroaches repelled after
the duration of the experiment. 
Keywords: Pandan essential oil, Dubia cockroaches, Cockroach repellent
 
Phytoremediation of Mercury (II) in Soil using Bahia Grass

(Paspalum notatum)
Author/s: ShaemeeClariece P. Cabatic, Luz Andrea P. CAndare, Ronaldo
C. Papa, Rge Nicole Rodriguez Phytoremediation is an environmental-friendly
process wherein it cleans up contaminated soil effectively, but it takes time before the plant
can fully uptake the heavy metal assigned (Sabin et al.,20 14). The main material that will be
used by the researchers are Bahia Grass (Paspalum notatum) and Mercury (Hg2+). In
this experiment, the mercury was consumed by a Bahia Grass (Paspalum notatum)
and was monitored weekly. The test medications were comprised of three levels of mercury
fixations in the soil (1, 5 and 10 ppm of He). The statistical test used are ANOVA and Tukey
test under a factorial of (3)2 with 9 trials. Based from the gathered result, the best result
given was from a plant with mercury concentration of I Oppm. It has the fastest period to
uptake mercury (Hg2+) and could give enough evidence on its capacity to absorb an amount
of mercury (Hg2±) which was deducted from its original concentration. Therefore, a
conclusion was made that the Bahia Grass (Paspalum notatum) has an ability to
absorb optimum concentration at l0 ppm for maximum uptake of Hg2+. 
Keywords: Bahia Grass, Paspalum notatum, Mercury, Phytoremediation,
Soil
 
 Preservative Solution on Vase Life and Post-Harvest Characteristics of

Tulip (Tulip asp L.) Cut Flower using Aspirin
Author/s: Bryan Carlos L. Fojas, Cairon John B. Frias, Miguel Troy G.
Octina, Renzo Luis L. Rubite Globalization of ornamental plants has been
xcvii
widespread for the past decade. Ornamental plants, or ornamental horticulture, are used in
different aspects such as celebrations, gardening, landscaping, decorations, and is mainly
using cut flowers. The plant used in this study was Tulipa sp L. The stem was cut of
the same height in an angle of 45 degrees and was left in solution of different amounts of
aspirin. The solution of aspirin was made to different concentrations ranging from 3 tablets to
37 tablets of aspirin with 250 intervals. The time of degradation was noted in hours and
showed that concentration with 3 tablets had the maximum post-harvest preservation. It was
compared to flower in water alone and to no water. It showed great significance and thus
concluding that aspirin could be used to preserve the post-harvest preservation of ornamental
plant, specifically, Tulips. 
Keywords: aspirin, degradation, ornamental plants, preservative solution, Tulipa
sp L.
 
 Preservative Solution on Vase Life and Post-Harvest Characteristics of

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) Cut Flower Using Aspirin
Author/s: Shannen L. Arreola, Patricia Angela R. Alborta, Jezelle Kim P.
De Juan, Jessica P. San Juan Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the
oldest and most popular cut flowers in the world. Cut flowers are used as ornamental plants
for their appearance. Prolonging the cut flowers has been a study, but the use of different
expensive solution has been a problem. Aspirin is a drug that is commonly sold in drugstores
and contains salicylic acid that was studied to prolong the post-harvest life of cut flowers.
The salicylic acid in the aspirin will help keep the water clean and free of flower-damaging
bacteria. The experiment consists of three trials involving 12 different concentrations within
the range of 250-3000 mg of aspirin tablet, with one sample in water and one without.
Results showed that the 250 mg of aspirin tablet is the maximum concentration that could
help in preserving post-harvest life of Carnation. An increase in the concentration can cause
the cut flower to degrade faster because the acidity level lowers. Aspirin shows promise as an
effective solution in the life preservation of a Dianthus caryophyllus cut flower. 
Keywords: aspirin, Carnation, cut flower, Dianthus caryophyllus, salicylic
acid
 
 Study on the Effectiveness of Oyster-based Flocculant in Polluted

Waters
Author/s: Dolph Marcus L. Alvares, Michael Bernabe B. Archeta, Justin
Jacob F. Co., Beatriz Faye D. Lanuzga The Philippines is full of water bodies,
which could be an asset, but the water quality is suddenly low through the past years. This
research aims to prove the effectiveness of oyster-based flocculant as control measure to
institute and to achieve cleaner water. Various parameters such as: turbidity test, pH test, and
phosphate removal analysis of water samples from Pasig River were tested and analyzed
through an experiment conducted at the laboratory of Mapúa University. Based from data
acquired and analyzed, oyster-based flocculant can improve the clarity, increase pH level,
and improve phosphate level of polluted water sample. Thus, researchers conclude that
oyster-based flocculant is an effective measure, for all the tested parameters resulted to
remarkable water quality improvement. 
xcviii
Keywords: flocculant, Pasig River, turbidity, phosphate, oyster shell
 
Synergistic Repellant Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and

Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum) Juice Mixture on Dubai Roaches (Blaptica
dubia)
Author/s: Zyre Jasper L. Abraham, Lance Joshua G. Gonzales, Llevie B.
Gonzales, Joshua Vince B. Lacson This paper, entitled Synergistic Repellant Effects
of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) Juice
Mixtures on Dubia Roaches (Blaptica Dubia), aimed to create a cockroach repellant
using common household items. Both ginger and sesame seed have its own insecticidal
properties. This paper aims to determine if synergy exists between ginger and sesame seed.
This paper will not determine the active compounds present in the mixtures. The method
used in gathering data is through experiment. The experiment consists of three trials and each
trial is composed of five categories, pure ginger mixture, pure sesame seed mixture, 25:75
mixture, 50:50 mixture, and 75:25 mixture in terms of ginger to sesame seed juice ratio. The
study found out that there exists a synergy between ginger and sesame seed and that 75:25
ratio of mixture was the most effective treatment among the groups. 
Keywords: synergy, cockroach repellant, ginger, sesame seed, effects
 
The Effectiveness of Beeswax Mixed with Turpentine Oil and Linseed
Oil as a Water Repellant in Fabrics
Author/s: Sophia Cassandra A. Adia, Therese Marie M. Mactal,
Emerlane Ged D. Mamales, Patricia May A. Solmila The effectiveness of beeswax
mixed with turpentine oil and linseed oil as a water repellant would be conducted to solve
some unexpected scenarios in our everyday lives. 100 study focused on resisting water and to
find alternative ways so that the so-called product could handle water paving way for a truly
and durable satin-free clothing. The goal of this study was to create something that can be
very useful to people and to be used by the next generation. The product would undergo from
gathering materials to the application of the beeswax water repellent coating. There would be
4 samples of the product with different percentages of the beeswax mixture. 25% remain soft
and sticky. The 50% produced beeswax was also soft and sticky, but it was a little harder and
has a courser texture. The 75% mixture was very noticeable when applied to the fabric while
the 100% produced beeswax was the all-natural and organic mixture out of all the 4 samples
and this was very hard to apply unless it's heated beforehand. The researchers succeeded to
differentiate the effectiveness of beeswax mixed with turpentine oil and linseed oil, and the
pure beeswax for different type of fabrics. The researchers recommend for the future
researchers to improve the odor or the smell of the product because the smell that it gives
might be toxic or hazardous. 
Keywords: Absorbency, Beeswax, Coating, Hydrophobic, Repellency
 
The Effectiveness of Converting Calcium Carbonate from Oyster Shells

to Calcium Hydroxide as Water Flocculant
xcix
Author/s: Mary Faith G. Balines, Pierce Denver Dayot Dan Joseph L.
Timmalog Converting calcium carbonate from oyster shells to calcium hydroxide
through a series of process would make a water flocculant. The product which is the
flocculant, had three trials. A turbidimeter was used in order to measure the cloudiness of the
canal water before the application of the flocculant and after the application of flocculant in
varying grams. The value of the cloudiness of the canal water measured in (NTU)
significantly dropped after applying the flocculant. It was determined in the statistical
analysis that there was a significant difference among the amount of flocculants. The overall
data concludes that the flocculant was effective in lowering the turbidity of water and
coagulating the particles. 
Keywords: Flocculent, oyster shells, turbidity, suspend

The Effectiveness of Soybean (Glycine max) Seed Oil as

Ripening Retardant for Bananas (Musa acuminata)
Author/s: Jose Marie H. Borbe, Cayla Janel V.Pascual, Jairah Mae A.
Rosos, Flora Mae A. Sibaya Philippines being an agricultural country considers
harvest to be their leading source of income. Soybean as a tropical plant abundant and widely
distributed around the country while the third most exported crops in the Philippines is
bananas. These make a major contribution to the economy. However, due to to the climate of
the Philippines, harvests are easily decayed. Due to this kind problem, this study aims to
know if soybean (Glycine max) seed oil can be an effective ripening retardant for
bananas which might be a solution to the worsening problem in agriculture. The researchers
have made five different samples each containing with different concentrations of soybean
seed oil diluted in ethanol. The samples were centrifugated at 2000 RPM using microtest
tube centrifuge and the absorbance of the supernatant liquid was determined at 663 and 645
nm in a UV-V is Spectrophotometer. The researchers have used ANOVA test to serve as the
statistical treatment of the study to test if there is a significant difference between the
chlorophyll content of the samples. Based on the results, the combined concentration of
soybean seed oil and ethanol has higher mean chlorophyll content as compared to pure
soybean seed oil or pure ethanol alone which indicates that soybean seed oil when diluted to
ethanol can indeed be an effective ripening retardant for bananas but is more effective when
diluted in a smaller amount. 
Keywords: banana, retardant, ripening retardant, spectrophotometer
 
The Feasibility of Combining Direct Photosynthesis Plant Microbial

Fuel Cell and Phytoremediation of Nickel using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia
Crassipes)
Author/s: Brian Lennmark S. Bartolo, Bianca Michaela M. Estefanio,
Aira Jamee S. Gonzales Not Available 
 The Insecticidal Effect of Coffee Ground-Infused Sodium Bicarbonate

(NaHCO3) Tablets on Turkestan Cockroaches (Blatta lateralis)
Author/s: Quenny E. Chan, Junna Len S. Fernandez, Pia Veronica A.
Perez, Xenn Mar G. Rivera Cockroach infestation contributes major disadvantages
c
on homes, commercial areas and businesses. Serious and harmful illnesses such as diarrhea,
dysentery, and cholera are carried by cockroaches, which can easily be contaminated
surfaces. Occasional excretion of contracted affecting ng people upon exposure to wastes or
droppings can also be a problem ruining foods, fabrics and book-bindings. The study aims to
investigate the feasibility of the coffee ground-infused sodium bicarbonate tab et in its
insecticidal effect towards cockroaches; and formulate a sodium bicarbonate tablet which
enable the researchers to observe if the cockroaches consumed the sodium bicarbonate tablet.
In order to reach these objectives, an experiment was carried out. Three sample trials were
used to investigate the effect of the tablet formulation. This study will redound to the benefit
of the society as to the elimination of common household cockroaches (Blatta
lateralis). The study will be associated with the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA)
in order to improve quality of life for all Filipinos through increased farm incomes,
productivity, and food production using safe and appropriate fertilizer and pesticide inputs.
The researchers will execute the process of formulating coffee ground-infused sodium
bicarbonate tablets as insecticide towards cockroaches (Blatta lateralis). The study
proceeded through careful observation on the response of the test subjects upon consumption
of the tablet. Initial investigation into the insecticidal capability of the tablets and the
behavior of the cockroaches were taken towards the acquisition of the aim. The experiment
was able to satisfy the generated problem and objective of the researcher regarding the
capability to investigate the feasibility of the coffee ground-infused sodium bicarbonate
tablet in its insecticidal effect towards cockroaches. The data shown in the results of the
experiment showed that the number of cockroaches is present within the acceptable value,
thus asserting the feasibility of the study. 
Keywords: Coffee grounds, insecticide, sodium bicarbonate, Turkestan cockroach
 
The Study on the Effectiveness of Lemon Juice- Hydrogen Peroxide

Mixture as an Eco-Friendly Alternative Green Algae-Digester
Author/s: Matt Linford B. Acol, Reinhardt A. Gaba, Carlson B. Naval,
John Isiah A. Torres Algae is a type of plant near fungi family, which grows on
large bodies of water where sunlight is present. Moreover, alga is a source of oxygen,
however, algal blooms cause toxic blooms, diseases, and unpleasant odor. Algal blooms can
be treated physically, chemically, and alternatively. However, this algaecide contains
chemical that can also harm the environment. Thus, the main goal of this research is to
determine the effectiveness of applying lemon and hydrogen peroxide mixture in digesting
algae. This study is focused only on the effectiveness of lemon, hydrogen peroxide, and its
mixture regarding in digesting green algae that may lead into algal blooms. The algae sample
were collected from an isolated pond. Furthermore, the study used dry weight method and
application of lemon, hydrogen peroxide, and its mixture to determine its effectiveness with
regard in digesting algae. In addition, the study used ANOVA and t-test for the data analysis
and its interpretation. The study found that lemon, hydrogen peroxide, and its mixture are not
an effective green algae digester. 
Keywords: algae, hydrogen peroxide, lemon, algal blooms
 
ci
 Utilizing Guava (Psidium guajava) Fruit Peels as an Alternative
to Conventional Charcoal
Author/s: Allyza Jhody O. Balagtas, Mary Joy F. Elizon, Mary Sophia
Trinnie M. Garcia, Gweneth Allona Mikaela B. Te Tan Nowadays, eating healthy
fruits gives medical advantages to people. Little do they know that the external parts of a
fruit can give benefits too. The fruit, Guava (Psidium guajava) is known as a little
therapeutic tree that is local to South America. It is prominently town as guava family
Myrtaceae) and has been utilized generally as a therapeutic plant all through the world for
various ailments like heart disease, common cold and flu, cough, vomiting, high blood
pressure, and even skin problems. Philippine charcoal is a permeable dark strong, comprising
of a shapeless type of carbon, acquired as a deposit when wood, bone, or other natural matter
heated without air used as a cooking substitute from gas stoves or electric stoves. The main
objective of this study is to simply know if the Guava (Psidium Guajava leaves can be a safe
and effective alternative or additive to be a safe and effective alternative or additive to
conventional Philippine wood charcoal. The carbonization and calorific testing of Psidium
guajava peels and conventional Philippine wood charcoal were done at the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST). The researchers found out that the leaves of a Guava
(Psidium Guajava) cannot be used as an alternative nor additive to conventional
Philippine wood charcoal due to its high moisture and water content. 
Keywords: Guava, Psidium guavaja, conventional Philippine wood charcoal,
carbonization, calorific value
 
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APPENDIX L
Civil Page's Code
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<div class="title" id="myHeader">CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL & GEOGRAPHICAL
ENGINEERING</div>
 
A Comparative Study of Compressive Strength of Ordinary Portland

Cement and Portland Pozzono Cement
Author/s: Krishah Ronacel D.J. Bilbao, Coleen Biatriz T. Dalo,
Jeruzhelle F. Salaver, Lance Timothy B. Tatco Cement is one of the ingredients
used for concrete. There are two types of cement: the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and
the Portland Pozzolana (PPC), OPC is widely used for heavy defense structures and roads
runways, bridges and flyovers while PPC is used for plaster and brickwork, marine and mass
concrete work. The researchers casted 4 x 6 inches PVC pipe concrete and dried it 24 hours.
The concrete was removed in the PVC pipe using saw and cured it for 3 days. The concrete
was test using the UTM and the result was automatically generated in laboratory. The
researchers used a cyclindircal shape concrete for both types of cement and evalueate the
compressive strength using the Universal Testing Machine. The study will determine which
type of cement between OPC and PPC has the best quality and higher strength in accordance
with their maximum force and maximum stress. Based from results, the researchers conclude
that PPC has higher compressive strength that the results to its average compressive strength
which is 10.32 MPa than the OPC that has an average compressive strength of 9.17
MPa. 
Keywords: universal testing machine, ordinary Portland cement, pozolanna Portland
cement, compressive strength
 
civ
A Comparative Study of Different Brands of Portland Type-1 Cement
according to its Quality
Author/s: Rose Marie S. Esteron, Joshua L. Montemayor, Bruce Martin
F. Pante, Lance Timothy B. Tatco Portland Type-1 cement is the type of cement
widely used in the construction of houses, roads buildings, and other structures. Today, there
are some construction project that used concrete for building foundations and structures
which collapse in the middle of the construction period that may be the effect of low-quality
kind of cement used for mixtures in concrete. The main objective of this study is to educate
our readers or consumers on which brand of Portland Type-1 cement have met the highest
standard of quality by conducting laboratory tests which include time of setting test and
compressive strength test on each brand of cement selected. The study was conducted by
doing compressive strength test and time stetting test on three brands namely Brand A, Brand
B and Brand C. The result shows that there is significant difference regarding their
compressive strength and setting time, and through Statistical Process Control test, it shows
that the overall products are in-control of its process. This information tells the consumer that
not all brands of cement sold to the public are the same with each other. Each cement brands
has its own physical properties which differ a lot compared to other brands. Overall, Holcim
cements stands out among the brands tested according to its compressive strength and setting
time. 
Keywords: Portland Type-1, Compressive Strength Test, Time Setting Test,
Statistical Quality Control, Cement
 
A Comparative Study of Modern Reinforced Concrete Block and

Traditional Concrete Hallow Block in Terms of their Strength in Different Curing
Period
Author/s: Aeron Miguela C. Arango, Yves B. Ceralde, Julius Adolf
Leano The reinforced concrete hollow blocks or RCB is a newly innovated block
that are made with two precast panels with embedded reinforcements and conjoined by a
4mm diameter steel, which is designed to resist tension. RCB is suggested to be a good
substitute for the traditional concrete hollow block or CHB due to its reliability in strength,
budget, and time-frame. The main purpose of the study is to support the claims of previous
studies that RCB is a more reliable material than the traditional CHB in wall construction.
Also, to popularize RCB in the market and maximize its potential that promotes speed and
budget-friendliness in projects. Both CHB and RCB were cured via water immersion and
evaluated their compressive strengths on certain curing periods: 7th, 14th, and 28th. The
RCB achieved the highest strength on the 28th day of curing with an average of 2317.69 psi,
while CHB averages only 370.51 psi on its 28th day. The huge difference in strengths is due
to the design of mixture of the two different concrete. The results shows that RCB is a
stronger material than CHB and has to be utilized for a stronger and faster construction in a
fast-paced generation. 
Keywords: Compressive Strength, Concrete Hollow Block, Curing, Reinforced
Concrete
Block
 
cv
Comparative Analysis of Fire Resistances of Concrete Hollow Blocks
with Coconut Fibers as an Additive
Author/s: John Vincent D. Adan, KervinOed K. Dizon, Franz Martin P.
Leachon, Nelvin T. Sumang Concrete is one of the most used materials in the
world due to its durability and impressive strength which came from its aggregates that fills
60-80% of the total mass of the mix. Coconut fiber is an abundant fiber in the Philippines. It
is a versatile and renewable fiber which can act as a thermal insulator. This study aims to
produce an economic concrete hollow block with the addition of coconut fiber and measure
its fire resistance test by burning the side of concrete and measuring opposite side
temperature after 20 minutes then the final temperatures of the concretes were compared. The
result shows that the concrete hollow blocks with coconut fiber has a lower final temperature
than the normal concrete which indicates that it is slower to heat up and has a greater fire
resistance and the manufacturing cost of the hollow blocks was reduced due to less sand was
used. The researchers concluded that fiber increases the concrete hollow block's fire
resistance, reduces its manufacturing cost, and lessens the waste disposal on the
environment. 
Keywords: Concrete hollow blocks, coconut fiber, fire resistance, insulation
property, waste disposal
 
Comparative Study of Coconut Shell, Waste Glass, and Waste Concrete
as Partial Substitute for Fine Aggregates in Concrete
Author/s: Elizabeth Alden F. Cruz, Hannah S. Emil, Angelika Julia C.
Penaga Improper waste disposal has always been a problem of today's generation.
Several waste products are considered irretrievable nowadays due to improper handling of
wastes. On the other hand, numerous waste products pose a potential in becoming a useful
recycled material that can eventually help in alleviating the continuously growing number of
pollutants in today's world. In this study, waste glass, concrete wastes and coconut shells are
utilized as a partial substitute for fine aggregate. The materials were fined using an abrasion
testing machine then each material was sieved into a mesh size of 30. A total of 12 samples
were observed, garnering 3 samples per material. Each sample was infused with 10% partial
substitute, with respect to the standard ratio for fine aggregates. The different recycled fine
aggregates were infused in concrete mixtures with three trials per material. Its compressive
strength was measured using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Each sample was then
compared to the standard concrete. The concrete with waste glass as fine aggregate showed
the best potential as it has the highest compressive strength among the three, and it has the
closest compressive strength in comparison with the standard concrete. 
Keywords: compressive strength, fine aggregate, fine coconut shell, fine waste
concrete, fine
waste glass
 
A Preliminary Study on the Compressive Strength of

Mycelium
Author/s: Justine Matthew T. Egea, John Ronnel A. Erese, Jan Estefano
E. Hernandez, Joshua Wilfrod T. Ortega Culturing mycelium is growing business
cvi
in the Philippines which is beneficial to both medical and economic fields. However, the
mechanical properties of the mycelium is understudied which made the researchers to
analyze if the mycelium can be an alternative material for concrete blocks. Three mycelium
blocks were tested in the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) at the Mapúa University
to measure its compressive strength. The experimental data from the mycelium block was
compared to the theoretical data of the type "AAA" concrete. The two tailed t-test
resulted to having the p-value of 0.1386 which means that there was no significant difference
between the sample means which explained that the mycelium can exert the same
compressive strength with the standard type "AAA" concrete. The study
concluded that the mycelium can be an alternative material for manufacturing concrete
blocks which increased the potential of the mechanical properties of the mycelium. 
Keywords: AAA concrete, concrete blocks, Mycelium, Oyster mushroom, Universal
Testing Machine
 
Comparative study on the perceived difference between box and circular
culvert in terms of maintenance
Author/s: Matt Rendel S. Cabalquinto, Joe Vincent P. De Leon, Gio
Rafael C. Uy The paper attempts to compare the box and circular culvert in terms
of maintenance. In which is easier to maintain, less time to maintain and which of the box
culvert and circular culvert is easier to maintain. Conducting a survey is one of the
researchers' option to make this research work. The researchers surveyed on different
companies and maintenance of culverts. The researchers investigated about which of the box
and circular culvert gives convenience. It was found that the circular culvert takes time to
clean but it is harder to maintain because of its circular sides. Based on the data gathered, the
culvert that gives convenience to the workers and the society is the circular culvert. 
Keywords: Box Culvert, Circular Culvert, Companies, Convenience, Maintenance
 
Compressive Strength of Concrete with Fine Aggregate Mud

Clam
Author/s: Kyle T. Capalar, Patrick Ronnie M. Garcia, Joshua Millard N.
Odicta, Kaye C. Rapadas Mud Clams or Mya arenaria are a species of edible
saltwater clam. Majority of the shells from these creatures are carelessly disposed in land fill
as solid waste causing an unpleasant smell and can potentially harm the environment in the
future which is a very ineffective way of managing resources and poor waste management.
Additionally, the construction industry is one of the fastest growing industries globally, and
as it grows, consumption of Natural River sand (a stressed natural resource) increases, which
in turn depletes our natural source of fine aggregate in the future. In this study, researchers
attempted to test compressive strength of concrete containing fine aggregate in standard
concrete with a ratio of 1:2:4 cement, sand and gravel under a condition of 2 weeks curing
period. The samples were cured for 2 weeks and tested on a universal testing machine. The
researchers found out that the concrete that has mud clam shells as fine aggregate has no
significant difference with compressive strength than standard concrete. Concrete that has
mud clam shells as fine aggregate can be compared against the standard concrete under the
certain condition. 
cvii
Keywords: Mud Clams, Mya Arenaria, Concrete, Construction, Environment,
Pollution
 
Development of Concrete using Polyvinyl 1 Chloride as a Partial

Replacement for Sand and Fly Ash for Cement
Author/s: Laureano Lorenz C. Aquino, Aldrin C. Baluyot, Juan Miguel
R. Gaddi, Sherwin-Raiden L. Rodriguez Fly ash if a fine material, that is made up
of lime (9CaO) that fills in as a waste residue created by thermal power plants wherein it
gives a self-hardening characteristic that results in having a good compressive strength. On
the other side, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) has very high density for a plastic, making it
extremely hard and strong. It is also readily available used and economical that has long
lasting characteristics than most plastics making it an easy choice for many industrial
applications like construction. This study centers around the impact on compressive strength
on replacing some weight percentage of cement and sand with fly ash and PVC separately in
making a successful design of concrete mix. The researchers made nine cylindrical shaped
solid samples with different rate varieties of these materials to replace sand and cement
having a scope of 5% - 10%. They acquired fundamental compressive strength values
through concrete samples at 7th, 14th and 28th day of the replaced weight. The outcomes of
the experiment demonstrated that the sample mix that has the weigh percentage replaced with
10% of fly ash and 10% of PVC earned the best compressive strength of 17.51 MPa, 22.98
MPa, and 23.41 MPa at 7th, 14th, and 28th day. The results of this examination demonstrated
that fly ash and PVC can successfully substitute cement and sand at a specific percentage
having an enough compressive strength that can be utilized to various structures and is most
fit to be used for non-bearing walls and slabs. 
Keywords: Fly ash, PVC, Concrete, Partial Replacement, Compressive Strength
 
Evaluation of the Compressive Strength of Experimental Concrete

having Hydrated Potassium-Calcium-Aluminum (PCA) Silicates as an Additive and
Seawater
Author/s: David Gabriel A. Belizario, John MIkko P. Ongkingco, Ivan
James Ross C. Ramos, JiaVernica S. Rodriguez Not Available 
 
Impact Strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene from Commercially

Produced Building blocks compared to High-Density Polyethylene from Recycled Plastic
Bottles in Relation to Fordable and Conventional Hard Hats
Author/s: Xyrill Erin R. Domilod, Patricia Amber L. Lamoca, Giselle R.
Ranchez Safety measures are important in the workplace; hard hats are widely used
in construction sites due to high chances of obtaining head injuries. Innovation has also
reached even the designs of protective equipment such as hard hats. The general objective of
this research is to compare the amount of impact strength of ABS plastic and HDPE based on
the amount of force it can absorb. Izod impact test was used in order to analyze what
materials can absorb less amount of force based on the results from the experiment.
Specimens for the Izod impact test were formed from melted commercially produced
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building blocks and recycled plastic bottles; the dimensions of the prepared specimens were
from the modified ASTM D256 method. Each was placed horizontally in the impact test
machine to be struck by a pendulum. The results were recorded for all six specimens; the
average for each material was noted. Statistical treatments were used to determine the
relationship of the two groups. This research found that the impact energy absorbed by ABS
which is 0.4682 ft-lb/inches is less than the impact energy absorbed by HDPE which is
0.7942 ft-lb/inches. In conclusion, HDPE is the more durable material compared to
ABS. 
Keywords: impact, specimen, polymer, ABS, HDPE
 
Pseudo Fibers of Lacatan (Musa acuminate colla) as an additive to

Improved Compressive Strength of Concrete 
Author/s: John Patrick E. Buena, Aliah Gianna B. Ramos Hans Joseph c.
De Los Santos, Jon Simon T. Mendoza Concrete is the most used material in
construction and its is known to have a brittle character and low tensile strength. The most
common reinforcement used is metal but the problem about metal is that it rusts over time
and is expensive. To improve its strength, reinforcement is used nowadays, including natural
fibers. Natural fibers are commonly extracted from plants like coconut and banana. In this
research banana fibers were used as an additive in a concrete mix. With its physical and
chemical properties, banana fibers are possible reinforcement in concretes. The researchers
made four sets of concretes, one strength of each concrete was measured using a Universal
Testing Machine. The increase of compressive strength was expected of the banana fibers. It
was computed using the One-way Analysis of Variance or ANOVA. The size, quantity, and
the distribution of fibers played a huge factor that may have affected the compressive
strength. Therefore, despite the excellent properties of banana fibers, it is still not considered
as an effective additive in a concrete. 
Keywords: Banana Fibers, Compressive Strength, Fiber Reinforced Concrete
 
Tensile Strength and Flexibility Characterization of Biodegradable

Plastic from Avocado (Persea Americana) Seed
Author/s: Elidad Rachel R. Martinez, Jun Angelo S. Padilla, Jerry S.
Parinas, Tracie Danice F. Robleza Plastics had generated a lot of problems,
particularly, waste disposal which made the researchers aim to develop a biodegradable
plastic through the use of fruit waste material, avocado seeds. From a total of 3 kilograms of
avocado seed, starch was extracted through the traditional starch extraction method. There
were three groups, all with the same ingredients but differs with its concentration, with this,
the relationship of the proportion of the ingredients and their respective differences from
each other was seen by the use of Linear regression and Post hoc test. The samples have
undergone tensile strength test through ASTM D882. From the results, the best experimental
group was the group with 40 grams of starch, 20 grams polyvinyl alcohol, and 10 grams of
used cooking oil; however, it is not comparable with biodegradable plastic bags that were
used as control group. In conclusion, it is possible to make a biodegradable plastic out of
Avocado seed starch that is biodegradable, water soluble, and non-toxic, however it may not
have the same functions as plastic bags made from biodegradable material. 
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Keywords: Avocado, Biodegradable plastic, Plasticizer, Plastic film, Starch
 
The Comparison of Regular Mixed Concrete to Concrete Mixed with

Crushed Glass as Alternative Aggregates
Author/s: Andrew Al C. Aquiro, Jerome A. Bernabe, Ervin James C.
Boado, Erin C. Miranda Glass is a recyclable material that can be used as a material
in construction with proper uses. The researcher is all about the partial replacement of
crushed glass in concrete comparing it to the original mix of concrete that is being widely
used in the whole construction industry. The proposed design aims to prove if the natural
aggregate sand that is currently used can be replace with at least 20% partial replacement to
fine aggregates with crushed glass aggregates. Tests were made to six concrete cylinders,
three made of regular mixed concrete while the other three are made up of the proposed mix.
The test showed that the proposed mix is not satisfactory for use because it ends up as a low
strength concrete, making the results significant in accordance to the hypotheses that was
formulated from a research (Zhang, 2013), then it was concluded that the proposed mix with
20% partial replacement of crushed glass as fine aggregates is only for low strength concrete
use, it is not suitable for normal class concrete. 
Keywords: concrete, glass, partial replacement, fine aggregates, compressive
strength
 
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<div class="title" id="myHeader">ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS & COMPUTER
ENGINEERING</div>
 
A Cost Analysis on the Illuminance and Estimated Longevity between
Compact Fluorescent and Light Emitting Diode Lamps on a Simulated Familial Residence
Circuitry
Author/s: Ethan James A. Reyes, Leo Justin C. Bayaoa, Aicras Ely C.
Sarcia,France D. Ponce Every residence has a source of illumination, the most
common are light bulbs, which are better known as lamps. This study aims to determine the
illuminance and cost per performance differences of LED lamps and CFLs subject to long-
term use through a makeshift circuit. Furthermore, researchers hope to know what kind of
lamp is most efficient and cost-saving for a family household in terms of the factors stated.
This research only tackles the illuminance and longevity differences of two types of lamps,
namely LED lamps and CFLs, on a standard parallel circuit in an indoor familial residence
room. The ideal lamp, in terms of this study's objectives, is as follows: it must show higher
average illuminance; it must have lower variance of daily lux; it must achieve a lower cost
per lux; and, it must possess lower cost per bulb, life cost per day, and longer lifespan. The
study, based on the data analysis, states that CFL's are less expensive when bought, more
stable on their output brightness, and less costly in terms of their output brightness, while
LED bulbs emit brighter light, are estimated to last longer, and are less costly in terms of
their lifespan. 
Keywords: CFL, LED, familial residence, illuminance, ideal lamp
 
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A Soil Moisture Measurement Prototype using Raspberry Pi for the
Study of Soil Moisture of Rice Crops
Author/s: Don Rich Well M. Delgado, Raphael Jericho P. Garcia, Jan
Kristof G. Lopez, Darrel Trsitan U. Virtusio Soil moisture is one of the crucial
factors with regards to the growth of the crop. Because of this, the researchers decided to
investigate on Soil Moisture of palay crops since rice is the staple food in the Philippines.
The researchers hypothesized that soil moisture is correlated with meteorological data. Data
gathering includes a palay crop on a pot, a prototype used for soil moisture measurement and
weather applications for meteorological data. Meteorological data were considered as factors
that may affect the soil moisture. The gathering of data lasted for 10 days. For the statistical
treatment of data, researchers used simple regression solve. The results show that there is a
strong negative correlation between temperature and soil moisture. In a similar case, there is
a strong positive correlation between the humidity and soil moisture. Based on the results, the
researchers conclude that meteorological factors such as temperature and humidity could
affect the soil moisture. 
Keywords: Soil Moisture, Meteorological Data Values, palay
 
A Study on the Effects of Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Signals on Plant
Growth of bok Choy Pechay (Brassica rapa)
Author/s: Jestine Anne P. Britanico & Bhea Marie A.
Ramboyong Not Available 
 
An Arduino-based Self Sustaining Buoy Prototype for a Non-contact

Infrared Sensor System Raw Crude Oil Detector
Author/s: Frances Mikaela L. Agasimo, Naizmith Gen P. Isada,
BuenaflorChiudel Ann M. Tolentino The oil detection buoy is based from the
previous study of researchers which used a non-contact infrared sensor oil detection buoy.
The researchers engaged minimal changes with the design of the buoy such as on its size and
the addition of solar cells to lengthen the life span of the prototype. The process of gathering
data in the current buoy utilized that of the previous researchers' methods by first testing the
prototype in a kiddie pool before launching it in the sea of San Juan, Mabini, Batangas. The
design of the buoy was inspired to provide an aid for unprivileged places in the country
where there is no access to electricity, the reason for the incorporation of solar panels as the
power source of the buoy. The study focused on the detection of crude oil in seawater,
determining the relationship between the light intensity reflected by the IR emitter with raw
crude oil thickness, and making the device rely on solar energy for its source of power for the
whole period of time it will be used. The resulting average voltage output detected to have a
presence of crude oil has a value of 1.37, thus it was identified as the reference point for the
voltage reading, causing the values below the reference point not considered to be detected
with crude oil. 
Keywords: Buoy, Non-contact Infrared Sensor, Solar Panel, Crude oil
 
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Application of Raspberry Pi in Refrigerator Door Alarm as
Microcontroller
Author/s: Justin A. Bautista, Cedric Arcel M. Cruz, Alexander S. Go,
Katrina Halley M. Zamora Refrigerator door alarm are usually applied to
convenient stores, groceries, and businesses that offer goods that require refrigeration, but it
is not in use here in the Philippines. The usual refrigerator door alarm does not send
messages nor notifications to the owner aside from the sound or beeps. In this research, using
a Raspberry Pi, a refrigerator alarm was created with an extra feature that uses the concept of
Internet of things (IoT) that sends email messages to notify the owner. The alarm was created
using a universal PCB. After testing the prototype, it was then treated with z-test for
proportion. With the data obtained through testing and doing the statistical analysis, the
researchers concluded that the alarm created was effective. 
Keywords: Refrigerator, Raspberry Pi, PCB, Alarm, Internet of Things (IoT)
 
Automatic Queue Management System using Raspberry Pi3 Model B

controlled by Infrared Sensor
Author/s: Marvin R. Asprec, Azel Elka M. Pornea, Jessica S. Sen, Kirk
Philip Joseph J. Verano People can easily get stress due to long queues that can be
found on supermarket, banks, hospital, and other places that provide services to other people.
With the help of technology, a system called Queue Management System was created to
lessen the problems in queues. The purpose of this research is to design and fabricate an
automatic queue management system using Raspberry Pi 3 Model B to improve the manual
counter system. To achieve the purpose of the research, Raspberry Pi 3 Model B and Python
Programming language was used to develop the prototype. Z test of proportion was used to
determine if the prototype is efficient. It was tested for 100 times per remote control and 100
times when pressed randomly and the result shows that the prototype is efficient. The
researchers successfully meet the objectives. The researchers were able to build an automatic
queue management system using Raspberry Pi Model 3 Model B that an call the customer
via LED display connected to a remote controller 
Keywords: Queue Management System, Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, Python
Programming language
 
Conversion of Sound Waves to Electrical Energy using Sound Pressure

Generator
Author/s: Micah Trisha S. Balares, Joseph Marie V. Clemete, Carlo I.
Libiran, Wilbert C. Ruiz One of the major problems in our society today is
electricity. Our world today depends on electricity to functions properly and efficiently. With
the emergence of the internet and complex machines, our need for electricity is even higher
than the previous centuries. Thus, the researchers aim to propose a new way to obtain
electricity. Sound is an energy usually ignored by most, especially in the city. Our cities are
full of noise pollution and thousands of energies not being put to use. The researchers made a
prototype that aims to convert sound into electricity. The study determines the optimal
frequency and intensity to produce the highest power attainable and highest voltage
attainable. The researchers simulated the different frequencies of sounds to be able to
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measure it with a multimeter and to know if there are any correlation of intensity and
frequency in generating electrical energy using a speaker connected properly to a sound
pressure generator which can power up LED. It ss comprised of the materials like
breadboard, circuit board, lithium battery, box, transistor, resistor, capacitor, IC, Speaker,
LED, soldering iron, soldering LED, mobile device and a signal generator. 
Keywords: Sound Waves, Electricity, Prototype, Sound Pressure Generator,
Voltage, Frequency
 
Design and Power Generation by a direct Photosynthesis Plant

Microbial Fuel Cell (DPPMFC) using Asian Rice (Oryza sativa), NSIC
Rc222
Author/s: Anna Mikaela T. Balignasay, Sophia Marie V. Delos Santos,
Jenina M. Logmao, George Steven D. Merano Philippines has been one of the top-
producers of rice plant worldwide. Considering the variety and large hectares of farmlands in
the country, the researchers had decided to make use of Oryza sativa in a direct
photosynthetic plant microbial fuel cell set-up in order to compare which among the two set-
ups could produce higher amount of electricity. The study was composed of two set-ups that
were placed in two different plywood containers-the single PMFC that has a six set of
individual bundles and the group PMFC which is composed of three set of bundles of three
stalks. The voltage and ampere produced by each bundle of rice stalks were measured thrice
a day using digital multimeter, in a span of 586 hours. Results have
at the highest reading for voltage of the single and the group PMFC set-ups are 0.6V and
0.24V, respectively, while for the current, the single PMFC has produced as high as 11.63 uA
and the group PMFC set-up with 4.25 uA. Furthermore, given that in a total span of 586
hours of data gathering, the individual set-up was able to produce 4.47 uW as the highest
computed power and 0.29 uW as the lowest. Comparing the amount of voltage and current
that were produced by each set-up, results have shown that the one which is composed of
individual bundle of three stalks generated higher amount of electricity than that of by group.
 
Keywords: rice plant, photosynthesis, rhizodeposition, Microbial Fuel Cell, voltage
 
Design and Power Generation by a direct Photosynthesis Plant

Microbial Fuel Cell Assembly using Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Dill
(Anethum graveolens)
Author/s: Kathrina Ellaine B. Bernado, Earyll Justin R. Nonato, Micaella
H. Panganiban, Paullo H. Raguindin The dependence on fossil fuels (oil and gas) is
unsustainable because of its limitations, depleting supplies, and impact on environment.
Energy is an important factor in the daily lives of living things. Energy is involved in every
aspect of the Earth. Energy comes in different kinds and forms and can be produced with the
use of different methods and processes. Although the abundance of energy might be
questionable during this period of time, researchers have been finding ways to discover
different kinds of sources of energy. The researchers conclude that the development of Direct
Photosynthetic Plant of a Microbial Fuel Cell (DPPMFC) will be beneficial to the
development of technology because it will focus on the understanding of the different
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sources of energy, processes and limitations of plants. This paper aimed to get the Design
and Power Generation of a DPPMFC Assembly using Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis) and Dill (Anethum graveolens). Maximum power densities of 18.88
and 103.05 for fertilized A. graveolens and fertilized R. officinalis were obtained,
respectively. 
Keywords: Direct Photosynthetic Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (DPPMFC), Microbial
Fuel
Cell, Microbiology, Energy Conversion, Shrub Plants
 
Design and Power Generation of stacked Photosynthesis Plant Microbial

Fuel Cell (DPPMFC) Assemblies growing Mung Bean (Vigna radiate), Water
Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and Chinese Kangkong (Ipomoea
aquatica)
Author/s: Jan Arvin A. Clomera, Keilah V. Garcia, Gfward R. Ravara,
Earl John G. Salamat Direct photosynthetic plant microbial fuel cells' potential into
being an alternative energy source has been limited by the minimal voltage and current it
produced. Hence, understanding if it can behave like a battery when put in parallel and series
arrangements could be a solution for this. The researchers used water lettuce, mung bean and
Chinese kangkong as the aquatic, terrestrial and hybrid plants which are the main materials
of this study. Using the voltage and current readings for each plant for 7 days, it was found
out that all 3 plants exhibited the same property as a battery when arranged in a parallel and
series arrangement. The power density recorded for 7 days show inconsistent trend since
environmental conditions, bacterial growth and photosynthesis are uncontrolled variables.
However, the power density for the hybrid plant showed the highest result because of its
significant difference in the current readings of other plant. Thus, realizing that the voltage
and current readings of each plant followed the law of voltage and current, the study proved
that the plants could be arranged in parallel and series circuits. Hence, the researchers suggest
that further studies into realizing the maximum number of plants that could be arranged into
parallel and series arrangements within a greater period of time must be investigated to
determine the maximum power output from DPPMFCs. 
Keywords: plant microbial fuel cell, series, parallel, power density
 
Design and Power Output of a Vermiculture-based Microbial Fuel-cell

using African Night Crawler (Eudrilus Eugeniae)
Author/s: Alessandra Mae A. Buan, Patricia Denise R. Carlos, Rod
Matthew P. Musni, Donnel B. Tayam The vermiculture-based microbial fuel cell
(VBMFC) is a kind of bioelectrochemical system that generates electricity by anaerobic
oxidation where it uses Eudrilus Eugeniae as a biological component that creates an
ideal environment for the electrogenic bacteria in the soil. However, this study will not focus
on the relationship between the Eudrilus Eugeniae and the electrogenic bacteria.
Instead, it will only focus on the performance of the VBMFC for thirty days. The researchers
were able to successfully create and design a VBMFC with a proton exchange membrane
using nafion 212 membrane. The VBMFC was able to generate 819 mV and 69.6 MA as the
highest voltage and current output collected respectively. This paper also discusses and
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analyzes the trend of the average power output of each day and the power density generated
by the VBMFC. 
Keywords: vermiculture, fuel cell, nafion 212 membrane, bioelectrochemical system
 
Development of an Arduino-based Locking System for Luggage

Bags
Author/s: Matthew Von Nathaniel E. Corcuera, Jericho P. Legaspi, Lee
Reuben T. Mesias, John B. Rivera Heinous crimes such as theft are spreading
rampantly across the globe. In today's modern times, it would be an understatement to say
that privacy and security are hard to get. This is why the development of new forms of
security is always welcome to the public. This paper introduces a locking system designed to
protect the contents of a luggage bag which is commonly used for travelling. An Arduino
Nano-based prototype was made in order to evaluate the idea of the locking system. The
evaluation had comprised a series of repeated tests to the core processes of the prototype
mainly the Bluetooth connection, locking and unlocking system, and the Android application.
The results showed that with a lot more of improvement, this locking system prototype can
be implemented in the market in the future to help the people who need them. 
Keywords: locking system, luggage, arduino nano, bluetooth, android application
 
Development of an Electric Generator using Human Footsteps as an

Energy Source
Author/s: Joseph William E. Doctor, Alexander R. Magnata, Martin G.
Villanueva Every day there are millions of people walking, and all of the energy
are wasted m e a great way to harness this is to create a platform which would convert this
energy me electricity. The study will look into other sources of energy, for this, the kinetic
energy specifically from footsteps. The platform would use a dynamo and piezoelectric
transducer to generate electricity. This study will only cover Mapúa University. The
study is conducted with the section G214. They will be stepping on the platform and the
potential difference produced will be measure. The study found that it is possible to generate
electricity through footsteps with the prototype. 
Keywords: dynamo, piezoelectric transducer, electricity, footsteps, volts
 
Electricity Generation of Water Hyacinth and Water Spinach in a Direct

Photosynthesis Plant Microbial Fuel Cell Assembly
Author/s: Monica P. Bastasa, Joshua C. Campos, Lanz Gabriel D.
Maneja, Deanne Beatrix L. Martin, Roy Oliver G. Santos Not Available 
 
Electrocoagulation with Baker's yeast for Phosphate Reduction in

Simulated Waste water
Author/s: Mark Raniel C. Cruz, Mac Kristan B. Isaac, Khaye G. Fajardo,
Meinard Daniel P. Pagatpatan Not Available 
 
cxvii
Evaluation of Local Binary Patterns Histogram Feature Extraction
Algorithm and the Open Cv Face Recognizer Predict Algorithm for a Face Recognition Lock
on a Storage Container
Author/s: Culaway, Rene Jotham C., Malang, Abigailo V., Maranan ,
Tedd Edward O., Vivero , Farla Gale G. Not Available 
 
Improvised Burglar Detection and Deterrent Device

Author/s: Niel Christian DC. Dinu, Jerahmeel Ezra E. Matalog, John
Henrez C. Pangan , Bernard Piolo M. Tolentino Household security system
increasingly becomes essential nowadays in preventing intrusion and invasion problems
whether or not the owner is at home and aware of this problem. Numerous types of
commercially sold units are available but are mostly expensive. The researchers developed
an improvised equally efficient yet low-cost anti-burglar system. The project comprises three
(3) modules. Module 1 (Detection & Deterrent System) is built with electrical circuit
connecting the motion sensor that triggers a halogen lamp. to auxiliary Hood lamps/eco
lamps, and a warning buzzer with indicator mini-light. Module 2 (Surveillance System) is
designed with external web-camera to capture moving images used in burglar identification,
connected to a computer powered by a digital video recorder. Module 3 (Audible Alarm
System) is an external audible alarm device (loud bell) that is manually and cautiously
switched only by the user, so to avoid unintentional triggers that may create public outrage.
The anti-burglar device is capable of detecting human motion during day or night, under
varied weather conditions, save for some circuit breach or failure. Therefore, in order to
achieve the most effective household security device, careful hardware assembly must be
employed, and occasional test-run is recommended to ensure long-term efficiency and safety
of the entire system. 
Keywords: Surveillance System, Motion Sensor LED Lamp, Audible Alarm, Web
Cam, Burglar Deterrent Device
 
10T-Based Dam Water Level notification system

Author/s: Jana Rafaela B. Eusebio, Giovani Jhopete C. Rambuyon,
Rarmunf Carlo F. Tanap Dams have many benefits, but most of the time, their
dangers are overlooked. Rising water levels can be a cause for overflow and floods, which
may put the lives of those in the vicinity of the dam in danger. This study aimed to create a
water level notification system available to everyone which detects the dam's water level and
uploads it to an internet channel through the use of Raspberry Pi. The system also sends a
notification to the target recipients via e-mail when the water level is high or critically high.
Using a digital process to detect the water level and upload it to the researchers' channel in
Thing Speak, the research was proven to be successful, with a calculated error rate of only
5% using proportion testing. The chi-square test for goodness of fit proved that the prototype
had an equal probability of success regardless of the dam water's current level, which is 95
percent per trial conducted. 
Keywords: dam, water level, notification system, Raspberry Pi, IoT
 
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Portable Smoke Detector using Raspberry Pi3 Model B
Author/s: Andrea Krystel P. Danao, Raira Nadine L. Dela Torre, Daniel
M. Epilepsia Jr., Loren Mae M. Manahan In the Philippines, fire is one of the most
common sources of disaster especially during summer season. With this reason, the
researchers decided to produce a portable smoke detector using Raspberry Pi 3 Model B. The
purpose of this research is to produce a compact smoke alarm system that can be used in
places where smoke alarm is not present, especially in rural areas in the Philippines. To
activate the product, the researchers used Python as the main language programming system
of the smoke alarm system. The researchers also used solar panel as the energy source of the
smoke alarm system as this can help conserve energy in the country. To construct the device,
the researchers also used MQ-2 sensor and Arduino Uno in detecting the smoke. The tests
were made using 900 thresholds in 10 inches to 55 inches area. The results showed that the
shorter the distance, the faster it can detect the smoke. The researchers successfully produced
a portable smoke alarm system that can detect smoke in certain vicinities. 
Keywords: Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, MQ-2 Sensor, Arduino Uno, Python
 
Power Generation of a Microbial Fuel Cell Assembly using Simulated

Dairy Wastewater
Author/s: Jealine Eleanor E. Gorre Sophia Catherine G. Reyes, Shaira M.
Tambis The Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is an emerging technology with a variety
of applications, such as bioelectricity production and wastewater treatment. Using simulated
wastewater from the yogurt industry, the researchers were able to generate electricity and
reduce the microbes found in the simulated wastewater as reflected in the increase of
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level in the setup. Results indicated that the maximum current and
voltage output can only reach up to 134 mV and 62 μA, respectively. A simultaneous
increase in DO concentration from every sample showed that the MFC wastewater treatment
process was effective. Fluctuations in energy production indicate that underlying factors
external to the DO concentration are possible causes of changes among the results and could
explain that power generation is not a direct translation form the DO concentration in the
effluent. 
Keywords: Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC), simulated wastewater, bioelectricity, DO
concentration
 
Power Generation of Mosquito Fern (Azolla) in a Plant

Microbial Fuel Cell Assembly
Author/s: Cyril John S. Crisologo, Shaira Ashley P. Gualberto, Koby
Bryan T. Nicodemus The use of Plant Microbial Fuel Cell for generating electricity
has been widespread in terms of biological and environment means. The study explains the
production of power using only Azolla or commonly known as mosquito fern through Plant
Microbial Fuel Cell for clean and renewable energy usage. The goal of this research is to
demonstrate the power production coming from Azolla using dechlorinated water and to
determine which day and data point is the most efficient on producing the highest amount of
power. The experiment was executed for one whole week. The experimentation was divided
cxix
into two parts: first is letting the PMFC equilibrate for two days, and next is the gathering of
data with three data point specifically during morning (9:00 AM), noon (12:00 NN), and
afternoon (3:00 PM) for three trials over 12 intervals per data point for five consecutive days.
Based on the results. There were fluctuations on the trends which lead to the inconsistency of
the obtained amount of power. The maximum power output obtained was at 1.4 x 10^-
4. 
Keywords: plant microbial fuel cell, bioelectrochemical system, Azolla
 
Power Output of a Saltwater Galvanic Cell in Different Electrolyte

Salinities and Temperatures
Author/s: Michaella Alyssa T. Aquino Derreck P. Botacion, Veronica
Therese M. Pagbilao, Raye Julian A. Siena A galvanic cell is a source of electricity
that uses chemical reactions to produce current. However, it is not determined if its voltage
and current can differ by altering factors such as the salinity and temperature of the
electrolyte. In this research, a simple galvanic cell capable of producing small amounts of
electricity is assembled, with 2 sets of electrodes: a Magnesium-Copper and an Aluminum-
Copper galvanic cell. The voltage and current were recorded, and its power density was
computed. These data were then treated with statistical tools to determine if there is a
significant difference between them when grouped accordingly. The highest voltage obtained
was 1.36778 V in the MgCu, and 0.57194 V for the AlCu. The lowest with the MgCu
galvanic cell was on 0.80361 V and 0.39139 V for AlCu. The highest Power Density
computed was 12.9422 W/m^3 and 1.9842 W/m^3 for the Magnesium-Copper cell and
Aluminum-Copper cells respectively; the lowest was 1.5447 W/m^3 for the MgCu cell and
0.3989 W/m^3 for the AlCu. There was also a significant difference between the means of
the Power density and current in both the cells when grouped according to salinity. Lastly,
there is also a difference on the means of the current in the Aluminum-Copper galvanic cell
when organized in terms of the temperature of the electrolyte. 
Keywords: Galvanic Cell, voltage, current, power density, electrodes
 
Study on Piezoelectric Ceramics as Step Detector Integrated on

Footwears
Author/s: Zachary M. Alguso, Leanne Joshua A. Dela Cruz, Esther Anne
S. Enrile, Ralph Peter T. Flores Piezoelectricity is the concept of converting
mechanical load or pressure into surrounding a technology could be harvested to be used for
other purposes. Many studies and projects had used the piezoelectricity concept in
constructing alternative generators. The pressure produced in walking has been the common
source of pressure electricity and has been the center of piezoelectric footwear projects. The
objective of this study is to improve concept or piezoelectricity integration on footwear by
constructing an energy harvester insole. The study also aimed to construct a piezoelectric
insole and measure its voltage output. The unit was also to power the small electronic device.
The group was able to construct an insole with a PCB base and five piezoelectric ceramic
components. Upon initial test, the unit was
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able to produce an average of 8.12 volts per step and can reach up to 10 volts with
continuous stepping. When connected to a 47uF 16V capacitor the unit can produce 5 volts
with continuous stepping. The unit was also able to power up a small LED unit.
 
Keywords: electricity, energy harvesting, mechanical energy, piezoelectricity,
footwear
 
Summit Bottle Segregator using Arduino via Raspberry Pi3 Model
B
Author/s: Patricia Eleanor D. Bitar, Queenie S. Lacambra, Ezequiel
Roman P. Opulencia,, Joel F. Romeo Jr. Tremendous amount of plastic garbage is
being thrown everywhere without a proper disposal. Although there are many ways people
are disposing their waste, all these ways have an implication to the environment. Shredded
plastics have a better use for the society, but the plastic grinders are not accessible to the
public. Due to this reason, the researchers develop software with weight sensor that can
detect, and segregate garbage thrown in a trash bin. The researchers used Raspberry Pi 3
model B to run the mechanism and the Arduino Uno to process gathered data from the load
cell and command the servo motor. The tests were made by testing 100 PET bottles with 18
different types by weighing them. If the bottle weighs more than what the stored data in the
system, it will not accept the bottle. The result shows that regardless of the height of the PET
bottle, the system will still able to recognize if the weight does not exceed from the weight in
the stored data. 
Keywords: PET Bottle, Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, Arduino Uno, Load Cell, Servo
Motor
 
The Feasibility Study of Using Tomato Plant as an energy Source in a

Direct Photosynthetic Plant-Microbial Fuel Cell Assembly
Author/s: Binaca Joy R. Benedictos , Andrea Neschelle S. Diaz, Vince
Paolo F. Obille, Rave Vincent G. Puerto Microbial fuel cell (MFC) converts
complex organic carbon sources into electricity. Organic matters are employed as substrates
by microorganisms to generate electrical energy which is substantiated to be a potent means
of sustainable energy production. The objective of this research is to produce another source
of energy through the process of direct photosynthetic plant - microbial fuel cell (DPPMFC).
The study is only comprised of the development of direct photosynthetic plant - microbial
fuel cell. The experimental procedure was carried out in Cavite. The plants were put where
sunlight is present for the plant's growth and life throughout the experimentation. This
research would help in the development in the development of renewable energies. This is
another utility of the renewable energy microbial fuel cells that covers the use of plants,
particularly the fruit, bearing plants - direct photosynthetic plant microbial fuel cell. This
research ascertains that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant is a potent plant to
utilize in DPPMFC assembly. A meager resource of graphite rod was used in this experiment
thus, minimal power was supplied. It is exceptionally encouraged to use pure graphite rods in
this experiment in place of going pencil lead one and choose a time in each day that is
convenient for the researchers as well as a place. 
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Keywords: DPPMFC, microbial fuel cell, plant - microbial fuel cells, microbiology,
energy
 
Thermal and Smoke Sensor based firefighting robot using

Arduino
Author/s: Jermogenes Victor J. Alzate, Ashely C. Puyat, Celeste Mae T.
Tabanera, Kervin James M. Tapangco The use of robots in our daily lives is
increasing. As time passes by, the science of robotics continues to evolve. This study is all
about thermal and smoke sensor-based firefighting robot which is programmed to put out
small fires in a room to prevent it from becoming huge fire and to reduce injuries and
damage to properties. The researchers built a robot that has 3 sonar sensors for it to avoid the
obstacles in its way and has a thermal sensor for detecting if the fire is already in front of the
robot. When the fire is already in front of the robot, the tower pro servo motor will trigger
and pull the lever of the fire extinguisher and put out the fire. In the evaluation of the robot,
the researchers started a fire in a set up room with obstacles and allowed the robot to navigate
its ways to the fire to extinguish it. Based on the results of the evaluation, this thermal and
sensor-base firefighting robot is an effective instrument in preventing small fires from
becoming huge fire to avoid furthermore injuries and damage to properties. 
Keywords: robotics, smoke sensor, fire sensor, firefighting, insulator
 
Utilizing Mint (Mentha piperata), Basil (Ocilum

basilicum), and Oregano (Origanum vulgare) in a Direct Photosynthesis Plant
Microbial Fuel Cell
Author/s: Riggs Dominic A. Colocar, Sophia T. Javier, Christian Joshua
N. Lee, Michaella B. Villarta The major source of energy comes from fossil fuels
which energy systems use but despite this, it is polluting the planet with carbon dioxide and
waste. Production of these fossil fuels is expected to rise; thus, the world is confronted with
energy crisis on a global scale because of resource depletion. The response for new forms of
energy that is renewable and sustainable at the same time is essential to comply with such
demands. The plant microbial fuel cell is a sustainable and renewable way of electricity
production, all that is needed is light, carbon dioxide, and water. In the experiment, the
researchers used a Direct Photosynthetic Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (DPPMFC) assembly to
measure the generation of energy of Mint (Mentha piperita), Basil (Ocimum
basilicum) and Oregano (Origanum vulgare) and compare their power density of
the set-ups by recording and calculating their currents and voltages. It was concluded that
The DPPMFC could be an alternative way of generating sustainable energy, but the
experiment's assembly is not enough to generate electricity on a large scale which is not
developed yet. 
Keywords: Microbiology, PMFC, Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum
vulgare
 
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APPENDIX N
Industrial Page's Code
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border-width: thin;
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Sciences</a></li>
Management</a></li>
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<div class="title" id="myHeader">INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING & ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT</div>
 
A Comparative Assessment on the Customer Satisfaction on the Quality

and Service of McDonald's Lyceum by Alliance Concept Inc. and McDonald's
Golden Arches
Author/s: Abigail S. Balbuena Not Available
 
A Comparative Assessment on the Quality of Services Offered by SM

City Manila and Robinsons Place Manila
Author/s: Mercylina D. L. Abuan, Kristina Mary Mapanao, Cedric Philip
T. Quizon, Chelsy Mica P. Tuason Supermarket is a store wherein they offer
different varieties of foods and household products. It is different from a supermarket
because it has wider selection. Customer satisfaction is a measurement if the store achieves
the standard of the customer based on services produced. This study focuses about the
customer satisfaction on two supermarket chain which are SM supermarket and Robinsons
supermarket located only in Manila. The study aims to assess the level of customer
satisfaction on the quality service of the supermarket store in terms of quality of products,
variation of choices, accessibility and value for money, ambiance of the store and its
technology. The researchers used survey questionnaires to acquire the information needed in
the study. 25 respondents in each supermarket are needed to conduct which produced a
sample statistic. After gathering and computing of data, the conclusion is that the
supermarket of SM Manila is much better than the supermarket of Robinsons
Manila. 
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Keywords: Supermarket, Customer, SM Manila, Robinsons Place Manila
 
A Comparative Study between in the Morning and Afternoon Schedules
of Senior High School Students in Mapúa University
Author/s: Trisha Angeline C. Bernas, Cybil Raleigh P. DelaCruz, Francis
Marie B. Ebido, Bianca Louisse D. Echarri Organizations such as hospitals, schools,
and companies are continuously seeking for innovation on how to increase productivity
without increasing their inputs. On the field of education, there are several factors affecting
the performance of students which affect their outcomes. The aim of this study is to
determine whether there is a significant effect to the grades of senior high school students
based on their class schedules, morning and afternoon classes and be able to aid to the
formulation of new learning strategies. This study covers 145 11" graders of Mapúa
University - Senior High School of the academic year 2016-2017. The participants answered
a survey form and the results were analyzed using t-test for two independent samples. As a
result, those from the morning classes produced a greater general weighted average and that
there is a significant difference between the time slots and the performance of
students. 
Keywords: innovations, factors affecting the performance, significant effect, survey,
greater general weighted average
 
A Perception Study on Feasibility of Carpooling in Mapúa

University in Terms of Convenience in Time
Author/s: Aaron Joseph Michael O. Co, Lourgwlly-Ann Y. Clumna,
James Kirk D. Siega, Christian Rey T. Zerrudo One of the problems the Philippines
encounter is traffic congestion. Carpooling is also believed to be one of the ways to decrease
traffic congestion. Through the process of carpooling, cities are most likely to become
sustainable. Through the study, the researchers would be able to determine the perception of
carpooling within the selected areas to Mapúa University and vice versa. The purpose
of the study is to determine the perception of carpooling from specific remote locations
(Muntinlupa, Cavite, and Paranaque) to Mapúa University Intramuros Campus and
vice versa. The objectives of the study is to determine the perception whether or not the
respondents encounter difficulties when commuting which difficulties cause inconvenience
(in terms of time) to the respondent when commuting and to be able to identify the number of
potential participants in carpooling. Using the survey method, the researchers surveyed the
93 sample respondents who travel at early and late peak hours during weekdays from chosen
areas of study to Mapúa University and vice versa. The results of the survey showed
that majority if the respondents commute to and from school during weekdays. The results
also showed that majority of the respondents encounter more than one but not several indeed
more convenient. Lastly, to enhance the study, the researchers recommend building a
carpooling phone application and/or proposing a carpooling system to Mapúa
University to actually make carpooling between SHS Mapúan students
feasible. 
Keywords: Carpooling, Convenience, Perception
 
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Commuters Perception of Crowd Controlling at Light Rail Transit
1
Author/s: Juan Carlos A. Cirilos, Julz Alexander T. Gochuico, Reiner
Danlee M. Mauel, Patrick B. Pascasio The Light Rail Transit Line 1 is a system of
railway created by the Light Rail Transit Authority to ease the worsening traffic conditions
on the urban land of Metro Manila back in 1980. The LRTA introduced a scheme called
"Passenger Limit per Platform" at peak link areas of LRT station to ease congestion and
discomfort of passengers at the station. The researchers used case study as their research
design. Interview and observation were used as the researcher's means of data collection. The
results in the interview showed that those who are long-term LRT I passengers can only
appreciate the effectiveness of crowd control since they are experiencing this service every
day. The researchers also observed that the peak days of the passenger count at the Roosevelt
station are during Mondays. This is maybe caused by the number of people getting onto their
halfway homes at the beginning of the week. This research explores one of the efforts the
LRTA do in order to ease the daily commute for most of the passengers. Future researchers
can use this as an inspiration in order to start a new research about another way of the LRTA
to keep the service of LRT l at its best, the Skipping of Trains. 
Keywords: Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA); Light Rail Transit Line 1, Metro
Manila Passenger Limit per Platform; crowd control
 
Effects of the Time Management to the Academic Performance of

Senior High School Students in Mapúa University
Author/s: Reimen Sam Cabigao, Jenndredd H. Garay, Kate Abigail G.
Lumapag, Syvelle Angeli R. Santiago The main purpose of this study was to
determine the correlations among senior high school students' academic performance and
time management. This study also determines students' academic achievement in school
when grouped according to the selected variables such as year level, GWA. However, to
determine respondents' academic achievement in the track, GWA was used and this was
determined from the survey questionnaire. Students most often do not utilize their time
judiciously as expected to attain their goals. Hence, this paper examined the impact of time
management on Senior High Students' academic performance in Mapúa University.
Hypotheses were generated to identify the constraints of time management among students.
The results revealed that procrastination, prioritization and planning were strong indices that
affected the students' academic performance in relation to the time management. Moreover,
the results show that there are no significant differences in the academic performances of the
students with low, average and high time management skills. Lastly, the study revealed that
there is significant relationship between the time management skills and the academic
performance of the students. 
Keywords: Time management, academic performance, prioritization, procrastination
 
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APPENDIX O
Information Page's Code
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margin: 10px;}

.centerImage {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: 3px;
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text-align: center;
font-family: arial;
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Sciences</a></li>
Management</a></li>
</ul>
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<div class="title" id="myHeader">INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY</div>
 
A Comparative Study between the Effectiveness of Online - Based and
Paper - Based Examination Turnover the Academic Performance of the Grade 11 Students
Taking the Course Statistics and Probability in Mapúa University
Author/s: Cymon G. Aspa, Krystel Mae Antonette A. Chavez, Venice
Dianne Y. Gutierrez, Joy Lizette D. R. Perez With the advancements of technology
nowadays, the number of learning assessments that are administered online are growing like
Blackboard Learn, Cengage, and many more educational websites, and with that the
traditional paper - based exams are less used. Many studies propose to determine the effects
or comparison of online-based and paper-based examination, wherein it uses the grade as the
basis of the academic performance of students. A total of 100 grade 11 Senior High School
students (4 sections) from Mapúa University are the study's respondents. The
research is sequential-explanatory study, since it used assessment for groups of students and
interview. Furthermore, the result is also determined by using interview, which showed more
of the students' perspective of the examination. With that, the scores of the students
from the exam are used to determine the effectiveness of online-based and paper-based
exams. The researchers used t-test to compare the findings. The results of this study showed
that paper-based exams. The researchers used t-test to compare the findings. The result of
this study showed that paper-based examination is more effective than online-based
examination in administering exam. 
Keywords: academic performance, paper - based examination, online - based
examination
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A Map of Mapúa University Intramuros Campus in Accordance

to Cellular Signals between Globe and Smart
Author/s: Richard L. Agoot, Jannus Dylan O. Catapang, Luis Rafael V.
Laurena, Rozezellynda D. Regular In this study, the researchers focus on
identifying strength of two cellphone signals in the campus. The purpose of this study is to
locate the specific areas where the signal of the cellular networks Globe and Smart are strong
and weak within Mapúa University, Intramuros Campus and by illustrating a map to
easily identify the signal connections of Globe and Smart for each floor levels of
Mapúa University, Intramuros Campus. The researchers conducted the data gathering
or each floor with use of two different brand of smartphones: Asus Zenfone 3 and Samsung
Galaxy S7 Edge. The study includes the locations of North, North West, West, South West,
South and Admin/Main Building around the campus. The researchers went to four floors of
the building to evaluate the data. Data gathering was done in different time frames within a
week to observe changes in the signals. The researchers used t-test with paired difference as
their statistical treatment. There are changes for each data recorded that would result to the
average of these data to be recorded and be presented in eight tables, four tables for Asus and
another four for Samsung. These results indicate that the cellular network Globe is the
overall stronger network provider for the whole campus. 
Keywords: Cellular Signals, map, signals, network provider, network
 
Alternative Double Security Safe using RFID, Raspberry Pi Digital

Code Lock
Author/s: Christian Arron D. Cadag, Kayle Lester L. Marfil, Toffy Jojan
S. Masangkay The researchers made an Alternative Double Security Safe Using
RFID, Raspberry Pi Digital Code Lock. It is a safe box which is used to keep important
things inside. The safe will be used by Hoteliers, Students, or any in need of a safe. The
Prototype safe made by the researchers is activated after tapping the calibrated RFID card
and typing the given passcode to the matrix keypad. This research target audience is the
hoteliers who need a safe for their customers. The research aims to enforce a stricter security
system so that it may replace regular safes. 
Keywords: Alternative Double Security Safe Using RFID, Raspberry Pi Digital
Code Lock, passcode
 
An Assessment of the Usage of Clickers among Mapúa

University Senior High School Students in Pre- Calculus
Author/s: Ira M. Hisanan, Thaddeus Montefaik Alfredo O. Palana, Ken
Robert D. San Juan, Franz Justin Kyle S. Sy In the recent years, due to
advancement of educational technology, the use of Clickers in the classroom setting has
significantly increased, and researchers have developed a growing interest in their effect on
learning and student engagement. However, due to a variety of reason such as: lack of
support and funds to buy the technology, lack of exposure of both educators and students, or
tack of access from technology, Clickers are not yet fully evaluated in terms of its
cxxxi
relationship with the student' score. This provided the main purpose of this study,
which aimed to 1) assess the effectiveness of Clickers, 2) determine the difference of the
Clickers used with respect to the 4 indicators of the SRS Technologies (Functionally,
Reliability, Usability & Satisfaction), 3), determine the relationship of the assessment of
Clickers to the scores of the students. The respondents were three (3) sections of
Mapúa University Senior High School in the STEM Strand. The study focuses on a
specific subject, Pre-Calculus (MATH04), which is not sufficient to evaluate the overall
academic performance of students while using Clickers. Data gathering using survey was
done to attain necessary information. After treatment of data and interpretation of results, it
was found out 1) Clickers were effective in their Functionality and Satisfaction but were
found ineffective in Usability 2) There were significant differences between Reliability and
Satisfaction, 3) There was a negligible relation between the use of Clickers and the scores
obtained by using Clickers. 
 Keyword: education technology, SRS Technologies, Clickers, Classroom setting,
Indicators
 
An Assessment on Grade 12 STEM Students S.Y. 2017-2018 in

Mapúa University on their Familiarization on the Certain Categories in Online Quizzes
in Black Board Learn
Author/s: Alyssa Jean C. Alveyra, Joshua V. Bentulan, Alfred Christian
C. Ebcas, Edjan R. Remanente Digital age, also known as the information age and
the media age is when the world suddenly shifted from the industrial to an economy based on
the information computerization. During this age, many things have been developed this
includes the concept of Online Learning by using Digital Classroom. Blackboard Learn is
one of the applications that specializes in merging both education and the digital world. With
this application making a new way of teaching students, the researchers have made a study in
order to find out how familiar students are on the categories used in their online quizzes in
Blackboard Learn for Pre-Calculus. Using the descriptive survey research design, the
researchers carried out the study by conducting a survey by distributing it to the selected
respondents, After the survey was finished the researchers will now tally the data they have
gathered in order to get the result. After tallying the data, they see that many of the
respondents find that most of the students are familiar with the categories in Online quizzes
and the category Computation being the category their most familiar with. 
Keywords: Learning Digital Classroom, Online Quiz, Blackboard Learn, Pre-
Calculus, Online
 
An Assessment on the Use of E-books as Alternative for Traditional

Books in Selected Senior High School
Author/s: Princess Andrey R. Gapaz, Zmantha Ysabel B. Tupaz, Charles
Jomarie P. Yapo In these modern days, technologies are rushing to the store, and
materials are being improved and innovated. Students are fond of modern gadgets. People
love modernized tools than traditional ones. The main objective this study is to assess the use
of E-book as an alternative for traditional books in University of St. Tomas Senior High
School. Specifically, this study also aims to: first, ask the students of the said university who
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used E-books for some time for their opinions regarding E-books and whether they would
want to let others use it; second, to address the perception regarding E-books and traditional
books with its advantage, disadvantages and its impact. Third, is to determine if there is
significant difference on the assessment on the use of E-books as an alternative for traditional
books in UST senior high school and the corresponding profile variables and lastly, to test
which subjects are most suitable for E-books. The researchers used a survey questionnaire
that was distributed back in early December 2018. The researchers concluded that as of now,
Mapúa University's Senior High School and other school nationwide are not yet
prepared for the switch of E-books and traditional books due to the overpowering of the
disadvantages related to the said "switch". 
Keywords: E-books, traditional books, accessibility, technology, replacement
 
An Assessment on the Use of Khan Academy on Learning Concepts on

Statistics and Probability
Author/s: Zeinah P. Al-Saabay, Zteifany Anne B. Decena, Vince Amiel
M. Luis, John Gerard Q. Sarmiento Not Available 
 
Classroom VR: An explanatory Sequential Analysis on the Use of

Virtual Reality in Teaching Basic Geology
Author/s: Ryle Vincent P. Flores, Mark C. Irasusta, Ryan Christian
Mailem, Von Philippe S. Valera Virtual Reality is a relatively new kind of
technology which has been mainly used as a source of entertainment. However, there is a
significant lack of practical applications, This study sought to fill in that gap through the
creation of a virtual reality classroom environment using free and open source tools such as
the Unity Engine and Google VR. The scores on a ten (10) item standardized test of thirty
(30) Grade 12 Mapúa Senior High School Students were gathered. The respondents
were divided into two groups of fifteen (15) wherein one group, the control group, was
taught using the traditional method of teaching, whereas the other, the experimental group,
was taught using the virtual reality approach. Result show that there is no significant
difference between the learning outcomes of the two groups. Furthermore, a strong positive
correlation, as evidenced by Pearson's R (r=0.7073), was observed between the scores
of the respondents and the time of usage of Classroom VR. Thus, it can be concluded that the
virtual reality approach is as effective as the traditional approach in terms of learning
outcome gains, and that virtual reality positively influences the learning outcome gains of
students. 
Keywords: virtual reality, Google VR, learning outcome, traditional speech
 
Comparative Assessment and Analysis on Performance Between

Smartphones: Android and IOS
Author/s: Mc Clarence B. Aglibut, Isaiah T. Anasarias, Jarren Michael S.
Baylon, Adrian Dale M. Gomez A smartphone is a mobile phone that has highly
advanced features compared to a regular mobile phone. Android of Google, iOS of Apple,
Symbian of Nokia, Blackberry of OS of RM, Bada of Samsung, Windows Phone of
cxxxiii
Microsoft and webOS of Hewlett-Packard are just some examples of the operating systems in
the smartphones. Majority of the leading operating systems today re the Android and iOS.
This study is a quantitative research, using the experimental method to determine the better
performing smartphone in terms of its internet speed, boot up speed and multitasking speed.
Presently, the competition between Android and Apple keeps going. The researchers
conducted this study entitled "Comparative Assessment and Analysis on the
Performance between Smartphones: Android and iOS" to determine which operating
system has the better performance in terms of its specification. Results shows that Android
has the better performance both in internet speed and multitasking speed, while iOS has a
batter performance in the boot up speed. 
Keywords: Smartphone, Operating System, Android, iOS, Internet Speed, Boot up
Speed, Multitasking Speed
 
Comparative Study of the Conventional Smart Phone and Military

Grade Materials Based Charger Cord according to its Durability Property
Author/s: Mark Francis S.G. Balatay, Ralph Andre M. Candelina, Ernest
Michael Armadeus S. Dela Cruz In the technological industry our world is
experiencing today, due to the presence of numerous gadgets and smartphones, the search for
dependable accessories and components 1s a continuous process. Such is the gist of this
research paper. Despite the numerous smartphone accessories currently present, the
researchers' objective in this study is to create a smartphone charger that is more durable
compared to the conventional smartphone chargers. This can be done by applying industrial
materials presently used and convert them to military grade materials. The materials that
were used were rubber, fiber glass, all of industrial grade while the nylon and Kevlar are
those of military grade specifications. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, we
initially reversed engineering the charger cable. After which, we constructed the cable with
specific designs which was used for the prototype. After the production, both rubber
smartphone charger which is the conventional charger cord; and the improvised smartphone
charger cord has undergone numerous tests for durability. The researchers have successfully
obtained to meet the objectives of this research where the researchers were able to fabricate a
prototype of an improvised smartphone charger cord using military grade materials. 
Keywords: military grade materials, rubber, nylon, fiber glass cloth, Kevlar
 
Development of GSM Frequency Indicator : Authenticating Safety of a

Place Against Radio Frequency Levels
Author/s: Juvarist V. Paguyo, Diane Pamela E. Palmero, Rheniel Vincent
B. Sevilla, John Stephen A. Silangil IV The researchers developed a GSM
Frequency Indicator that detects GSM signals emitted from mobile phones through three (3)
radio frequency levels. This study aimed to determine the length of time before the prototype
detects signals and the maximum distance can the prototype detects signals. Also, to
determine the changes in the indications while texting and dialing and to be able to know if
the indication of the prototype is independent on the communication between two different
networks such as Smart and Globe. From the data gathered, the researchers found that the
average length of time is 1.141 seconds and concluded that there is significant evidence to
cxxxiv
their claim that the length of time is less than 1 second. They also determined that the range
of detection of the prototype is 20 inches. Ergo, the changes in the indication of mobile
phone activity in texting happened during the activity and the activity of dialing happened
before and after the activity. Lastly, it was found out the indication of the developed
prototype is dependent on the communication between Smart and Globe. 
Keywords: GSM frequency indicator, dialing, distance, signals, texting
 
Fingerprint Scanner for Classroom Attendance using Raspberry Pi and

Meralco using Multiple Linear Regression analysis
Author/s: Brian Paulo C. Eusebio, Mervin R. Cortes, John Patrick M.
Cervantes, Jules Yvan D. Toledo Not Available 
 
Mapúa University Senior High School Students Perspective in

Academic Learning through Blackboard Learn Online Course Sessions
Author/s: Fitzgerald S. Belen, RIzzabelle Theresa A. Cal Ortiz, Denisse
Jedd G. Quillop, Ralph Ryan M. Torres The use of technology has varied
throughout the years, this includes the use of e-learning, a tool that helps facilitate teaching
and learning has been used in institutions for the benefit of the which is a learning
management system used in Mapúa University that is accessed
the students. One example is the use of Blackboard & which includes such features like
online tests and homework's. The purpose of this study is to identify the students'
perspectives towards learning through the use of Blackboard Learn and to determine the
common factors behind them. The study is a narrative study research that was conducted
interviews of twenty Grade 12 Senior High School Students of Mapúa University. The
results have shown four identified categories, (1) Usage of Blackboard Learn, (2)
Encountered Problems, (3) Perspectives, and (4) Suggestion for Improvements. Overall, the
researchers have concluded that the Blackboard Learn is a convenient tool for students
Learning and school works. They do prefer using the system except for the feature of
Blackboard Collaborate, which allows online classes. 
Keywords: blackboard learn, encountered problems, perspectives, suggestion
improvements, e-learning
 
Medicine Dispenser using Wireless Transmission through Raspberry

Pi
Author/s: Carla Mae G. Alarcon, Sophia Jane V. Coyoca, BrycshellaPher
G. Cuevas, Louise Portia R. Rizare One of the main advantages of using the
medicine dispenser is its capability to store and dispense medicine at the set schedule of the
user, leading to an easier way of taking care of a patient with medication maintenance. The
study uses Raspberry Pi as a microcontroller and Python as its programming language to
produce a medicine dispenser that is user friendly and innovative compared to recent
medicine dispensers. The program was done using the MIT App Inventor and the servos
were programmed using the Raspberry Pi to control the schedule of the dispensing of the
medicines. Four containers were placed containing 10 medicines per container in the
cxxxv
prototype. The medicine dispenser was tested after creating the program and prototype. The
study aimed to attain not less than 90% at a = 0.10 to conclude that the notifications was
successfully sent to the user, the alarm concurrent to the notification, and the dispenser
releases the requested medicine accurately to the time set by the user. Results show that
notification and alarm successfully obtained its objective, while the response sensor failed to
meet the objective. 
Keyword: Raspberry Pi, AMD, Python, MIT App Inventor, Servos
 
Quiz Master K-12 STEM: Creation and evaluation of Educational

Mobile Application on the Academic Performance of Grade II STEM Mapúa Senior
High School Students
Author/s: Januz Jericho M. Enaje, Eric John M. Jabal Clifford Jhon D.
Sese Josef Lyle H. Solis Academic Performance of Grade 11 STEM Mapúa
Senior High School Students
Many Grade 11 Mapúa Senior High School students in the Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand have difficulty in achieving good grades in
most mathematics courses. To tackle the problem, the researchers decided to create an
educational mobile application targeted at helping the students in studying for the General
Mathematics course, particularly course outcome 4, increasing academic performance
through long quiz grades. Using "AppyPie", the educational application was created for
Android and included the lecture and take-a-quiz sections. The lecture section included
important points of the lesson while the take-a-quiz section gives the student a simulation of
a quiz for the lesson. The researchers then distributed it to one section of Grade 11 students
and gathered data about the effects of the application through survey questionnaire and
assessing the section and another section who did not use the application through mobile and
long quiz grades. Statistical analysis of mean, quadratic regression, and t-test were used to
identify the results. In terms of the application elements, the application has been agreed
upon by student users to be effective. Moreover, the usage of the Quiz Master K-12 STEM
mobile application improves the quiz results of students, supported by a weak positive
correlation. 
Keywords: K-12, Academic Performance, Mobile Application, Quiz Results,
Survey, Quadratic Regression, T-test
 
Using Blackboard Learn as a Medium for Online Activities of Grade II

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics students of Mapúa University
Course: An Assessment
Author/s: Albert S. Custodio, Kristel C. Laranang, Joshua Isiah P.
Navarro, Abigail Naeomi D. Ventucillo Technology has become abundant that has
led its development to rise in the ranger of internet tools for learning and research purposes -
as technology advances, education system advances well. For many reasons, integrating
technology like computer-based assessment in education system is increasing where online
class assessment through Blackboard (Bb) Learn plays a huge part in Mapúa
University. Though the use of computer-based exams is increasing, there is not enough
research about the perceptions of the students regarding the matter of online assessment in
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general and its system. With this research, detailed information about which parts of the
systems should be developed or revised will be given to achieve better results. The
researchers aim to investigate students' perceptions on the use of Bb Learn as a medium
for online activities in Mathematics course. For the data in this study, questionnaires were
distributed and collected. The results indicated positive attitudes from the students where it
was found that screen and interface design, system use, and effects on learning process were
appropriate and well-designed based on their perceptions but needed to improve. The effects
of using Bb Learn on the learning progress were sufficient but needed to develop as
well. 
Keywords: Blackboard Learn, computer-based assessment, computer-based exams,
online assessment
 
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APPENDIX P
Mechanical Page's Code
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<div class="title" id="myHeader">MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING
ENGINEERING</div>
 
A Cost Analysis between Class A and Ordinary Materials for Fire
Resistant Building
Author/s: Regina Mei M. Buenaventura, Immanuel T. Delos Reyes, Kurt
Vincent C. Sulit, Mary Zhsf J. Syjueco As world's population continues to
fluctuate, there is an increase of fire-related accidents that the citizen are facing right now.
Fire is determined as one of the most destructive man-made calamities that human
civilization has ever handled but through the great minds of our ancestor's fire retardant
materials were created. With the use of fire-retardant materials, we can give convenience to
everyone by giving protection against fire-related accidents. Unfortunately, it is necessary to
find other materials such as ordinary materials which cost much lesser amount but with a risk
being not fully protected against a more expensive Class A Material that give us assurance of
having well-protected infrastructures. This study aims to assess the cost preference of buying
and using different classes' fire resistant materials and to improve the Fire Code of the
Philippines. In this study, a survey will give the consumers knowledge on what type of
housing materials hardware store managers picked or suggested. Class A materials were
determined as the better material considering it will cost the consumer even more. Based on
the test that was conducted, people still chooses quality over the price of a material.
 
Keywords: fire, fire-retardant materials, Class A, cost preference, protection
 
cxxxix
An Assessment of Solar Energy Harnessed in Manila at Various Time
Period
Author/s: Julian B. Anda, Kayle Vincent FF. Cupiado, Christian Joseph
M. Payag, Joshua Lazarus R. Paragua Harnessing a renewable source of energy
such as solar energy can be of great importance, given that most of the places can be reached
by the sun's solar light, it is possible for people to gain electricity through the use of
solar panels, as solar energy can be converted into electricity and be used in a daily basis if
the presence of the sun is active. This study aimed to construct a portable solar charger that
would harness solar energy at various times of the day. This study also measured the
charging power of the solar portable charger as it was tested and proven working using the t-
test method. The statistical test used in the study was ANOVA to find if there is a significant
difference of energy yield at different time frames. Several trials were conducted, the
portable solar charger was able to generate as much as 107 mAH at the particular time period
of 12:00 to 2:00 pm. The time frame of 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm had the highest yield charged.
The major findings of the study showed that there is a significant difference of energy yield
at different time frames. 
Keywords: renewable energy, solar energy, solar panels, portable charger, sun
 
Biofuel Extraction from Pineapple (Anana comosus)

Peels
Author/s: Jerome Francis G. Cardona, Neal Paolo G. Dimapilis, Carlos
Michael A. Fornesa, Lordy B. Soro With the increasing demand of petroleum
products, the prices of petrol & diesel are also increasing worldwide. Hence, alternative
source of energy for running generators, automobiles, and etc. are being considered
worldwide. The Philippines has always experienced the rise of petroleum products, and
biofuel can be an innovation and at the same time can preserved the world's natural
resources. Pineapple peels were used in order to extract biofuel; three setups were prepared
having different ratio of the following: Set up A - 246 mL solution and 8.2 g of baker's
yeast; Set up B - 246 mL solution, 8.2 g of baker's yeast and 20.5 g table sugar. Set up
C - 246 mL solution, 8.2 g of baker's yeast and 41 g of table sugar and all setups were
fermented for a week. The resulting solution was then filtered and distilled before the
determination of its intensive properties. State color, odor, boiling point, flammability,
specific gravity and density were determined and calculated. Using one tailed t-test, it
resulted to rejection of the null hypothesis which indicates that the substance's
properties was equal to the properties of methanol and ethanol. Based from experimental and
statistical data, the extracted biofuel was mostly water. Further purification technique and
laboratory test must be performed in order to characterize the substance. 
Keywords: biofuel, baker's yeast, extraction, specific gravity, intensive
properties, one tailed t-test
 
Characterization of Low-Cost Solid Biodiesel Catalyst Derived from

Used Chalk Sticks
Author/s: Hanna Patricia K. Lictawa, Garielle Angelika M. Paz, Shannen
Nicole L. Santos, Jina Marie S. Angeles Biodiesel is one of the discoveries found
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that can replace the use of organic fuels created using waste oils and catalyzed by organic
materials to increase the rate of its production. This research aimed to discover a catalyst in
the form of calcium oxide (CaO) derived from used chalk sticks by comparing its
characteristics to egg and mussel shells which are proven effective catalysts. The researchers
gathered 500 grams of chalk dusts from Manila High School, sieved the sample with opening
of 63 pm to have uniform particle size distribution, and placed it inside the oven under
105°C for 2 hours to remove moisture. It was then situated inside the muffle furnace
for another 2 hours under 1.000°C for calcination. It was characterized using Fourier-
Transform Spectroscopy to determine the components of the sample. The peaks in the result
of the FTIR spectroscopy of the chalk sample showed a presence of carbon which states that
the calcination process did not eliminate the carbon compound in the sample. Moreover, the
failure to eliminate the carbon in chalk states that it is not mainly composed of calcium
carbonate but may have a presence of other elements such as gypsum, which cannot be
transformed to calcium oxide. In conclusion, chalk cannot be fully converted to calcium
characterization, it is not possible to be used in biodiesel catalysis. 
Keywords: chalk dust, calcium oxide, catalyst, biodiesel, characterization
 
Feasibility of Lemon Citrus Limon Juice as an ingredient for a

Homemade Fire Extinguisher
Author/s: Luis Antonio Z. Alvarez, Kent Jerome E. Demaulo, Mark
Gabriel E. Edano, Reiner Ace P. Mateo The fire extinguishers can be referred to be
the first line of defense against fire disaster. Even though the fire extinguishers are a great
help, there are still number of harms that it can inflict to the users such as skin irritation. To
solve the problem, the researchers came up with an idea to use the Citrus lemon as an
ingredient for a homemade fire extinguisher. The researchers used 8 x 8 inches plywoods
(Class A fire material) and 30 mL of gasoline (Class B fire material) for the experiments. The
researchers conducted experiments in order to determine the most effective solution of the
product and also to determine the effectiveness of the product against common defense of
fire such as a commercial fire extinguisher and water. After conducting experiments, the
researchers were able to determine the most effective solution, which is the 60% pure lemon
juice and 40% baking soda with a mean of 2.38 seconds. Also, the researchers were able to
determine the effectiveness of the product, the commercial fire extinguisher, and the water in
terms of extinguishing Class A and Class B fires, with the product having a mean of 1.64
seconds (Class A fire) and 1.40 seconds (Class B fire), the commercial fire extinguisher
having a mean of 2.53 seconds (Class A fire) and 2.34 seconds (Class B fire), and the water
having a mean of 2.41 seconds (Class A fire) and 5.05 seconds (Class B fire). After the
experiment, the researchers were able to conclude that the product is the most effective
against Class A and Class B fire. 
Keywords: baking soda, citrus limon, fire extinguisher, solution, water
 
Green Mussel Shells as a Fire Retardant Material 

Author/s: Angela Marielle N. Flores, Jane Rose D. Gestole, Anngelica C.
Sombillo, James Patrick S. Suba Green Mussel Shells or Perma virdis is a kind of
shell that is abundant here in the Philippines. It contains calcium carbonate which makes it a
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good candidate in increasing the fire retardancy of a material. When calcium carbonate which
reaches a certain temperature, it decomposes and turns into calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide. The presence of carbon dioxide prevents fire from having access to oxygen. The
purpose of this study is to lessen waste which caused by accumulated green mussels'
shells and utilize it as an ingredient in creating a concrete which is able to withstand longer.
This study will make use of the green mussel's shells in creating concrete that is more
fire retardant than the ones that is available in the market. The green mussel shells will be
crushed until becomes powder like. The powdered green mussel shells will be added in the
cement mixture which will be used in creating a concrete. Samples with green mussel shells
and without green mussel shells will be produced. The samples will be tested in terms of
their fire retardancy. Based on the test that was conducted the samples with green mussel
shells had a record of 171 minutes while sample without the shells lasted for 132 minutes.
The mentioned samples were the ones they got the longest recorded time. There is a 39-
minute time difference between the two higher time recorded samples. The performed test
showed that adding green mussel shells increase the fire retardancy of the concrete. 
Keywords: Concrete, Perna Virds, Fire retardant
 
Preparations and Characterization of Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Based-Fire

Retardant Modified by Chicken Eggshell as Bio-Filler and Assessment of its Flame-
Retardment Effects on 3ply Commercial Plywood
Author/s: Binca D. Fajutagana, Young Mee R. No. Coleen Margarette G.
Oandasan This study seeks to find a solution that will help lessen the hazards that
existing fire retardants emit when a plywood burns, using less toxic and synergistic
chemicals such as Phosphorus and Nitrogen, and chicken egg shells as its main bio filler.
This included various testing, trial and errors, and data gathering. Combustion test is used to
gather the data while ANOVA is used for the statistical treatment. Seven samples are tested,
each with two trials and sample seven (s7) being the control sample. The percent average of
each sample from sample one (s1) to sample 7 (S7) is: 31.394%, 54.1485%, 44.2315%,
76.3675%, 69.10385%, 55.4465%, and 58.415% respectively. Any percent average of the
given samples lower than the percent average of the control sample, is considered effective,
and is further tested using ANOVA. The paper discusses how the synthesis and
characterization of Nitrogen-Phosphorus based fire retardant modified by chicken egg shells
as bio fillers are eco-friendly and more effective unlike existing fire retardants, as well as its
assessment of its flame-retardant effect on plywood. 
Keywords: less toxic, chicken egg shells, synthesis, characterization, synergistic
 
Temperature Profiling and Mathematical Modeling of an Improvised

Solar Oven
Author/s: Glory Gift A. Aguas, Diane Angelu A. Bautista Lara Therese
C. Oreilla, Dorothea Joy T. Sioson Renewable energy comes from natural
resources including light and heat and solar energy is the technology that utilizes the
sun's energy. One of these technologies is the solar oven which utilizes the sun's
energy to produce electricity for industrial types, cook food, and pasteurize water. This study
is all about fabricating a solar oven for outdoor use in remote areas and/or emergency
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cooking. The research was conducted in 10 nonconsecutive days from 10:00 am to 2.00 pm
and was stationary. Five oven thermometers were used for measuring the temperature inside,
while a digital rod thermometer with a fixed probe, measured the outside temperature. A
program called Polymath formed a second order polynomial equation that allowed the
gathered data to form a parabolic curve that indicated an increasing and eventually
decreasing trend line per hour. The peaks per thermometer curve determined hottest area of
the oven. Two of the thermometers placed in the upper corners were considered the hottest
areas with thermometer 2 obtaining a temperature of 100°C. It can be inferred that
there are ideal times which the oven can be used, the outside temperature does not usually go
with the temperature on the inside and the positioning can greatly affect the temperature due
to factors including humidity, weather, and positioning. 
Keywords: renewable energy, solar oven, temperature profiling, mathematical
modelling
 
Testing the Effectivity of Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis)

and (Eucalyptus globules) Crude Extract Mixture for the Remediation of Penicillium
Contamination Using Commercially Available Bread as Growth Medium
Author/s: Althea Marie M. Dacanay, Marianne I. Banquerigo, Patricia
Claire C. Herlzfedt, Yhancie Mae R. Torres Bread is one of the staple foods in the
world. Mold contamination due to improper storage of bread may lead to various health
problems. Penicillium sp is the type of mold that is most common to indoor environments
with a wide range of habitats including white bread. The effectivity of the ratio of the
rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) to eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
extracted oil that is associated with the spoilage of bread were studied. Simple distillation
was used as the method for extracting the essential oils from the leaves of Rosemary and
Eucalyptus. Four spray samples of different concentrations of the essential oils were
produced. After the conduction of experiment, the optimum ratio found was 1:1 Eucalyptus
oil and Rosemary oil. Image was used to analyze the rate of inhibition using the analysis of
gray value. The rate of effectiveness in terms of gray value mean analysis based on the
amount of mold killed in every ten minutes after application were the greatest values
obtained. The area of the molds killed was 64%, the highest of all recorded values.
Effectiveness of eucalyptus and rosemary essential oils as a mixture was
confirmed. 
Keywords: bread, rosemary, eucalyptus, Penicillium sp., simple distillation
 
The Feasibility of the Exoskeleton of Shrimp (Panaeus

monodon) as a Non-Biodegradable Plastic
Author/s: Bryle Luiz L. Fojas, Aaron Hans G. Gutierrez, Matthew
Adrian V. Ona, Jeffrey V. Valera This study seeks to find a solution that will help
lessen the consumption of solid waste with the help of creating a non-biodegradable plastic.
This included various testing, trial and errors, and data gathering. Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) is used to gather data to compare the durability of both biopolymer and commercially
made plastic. The results of each sample from sample one (AT) to sample three (A3) is:
108.93 N, 109.84 N and 108.83 N, respectively. Any plastic samples that were able to
cxliii
withstand a high amount of force is considered as the most effective sample as compared to
commercially available plastic. From the experiment, the results showed that the shrimp
exoskeleton is feasible to create a non-biodegradable Plastic. The paper discusses how the
extracted chitin from the exoskeleton of the shrimp is feasible to create a non-biodegradable
plastic. 
Keywords: chitin, universal testing machine, withstand, non-biodegradable
 
Utilizing Husk of Durian (Durio zibethus murr) as a Natural

Noise Reduction Material
Author/s: Jenson Kyle P. Martinez, John Karl A. Nalog, Alexander Cris
P. Pacumbala, Vincent Dave E. Caputero Noise pollution caused by different
ambient noise very is common today. These noises can range from traffic and vehicle noise
to construction noise. Noise pollution can cause serious problems for many people so in
response soundproofing is implemented in construction which significantly reduces noise
from a certain source. One material that is emerging as a new soundproofing alternative are
natural fibers. This research aims to find out if fibers from the durian's husk is an
effective soundproofing material. Fiber extracted from the husks will be attached to the
center of a cylinder; it will serve as a barrier. Simulated sounds will be played at the entrance
of the cylinder. For sixty seconds, the intensity of two simulated sounds were recorded
twelve times. The results showed that the husk can reduce noise, but the noise level reduced
cannot be considered significant. Improving the husk using various methods and
modifications could help boost its properties for it to be applicable in a real setting. 
Keywords: durian, noise pollution, ambient noise, husk, fiber.
 
Utilizing Lignin Extract from Teak Wood (Tectona grandis) as a

Water Proofing Materials for Cotton Textile
Author/s: John David M. Andres, Vanessa J. De Leon, Patricia Ann A.
Magbitang, Heidi Ann Sofia D. Westernmann Waterproofness refers to
conformance to a governing specification and specific conditions of a laboratory test method.
Cotton is a common textile used clothing, home furnishing and industrial products. Teak
wood (Tectona grandis) is used in making furniture. Lignin is a hydrophobic
compound commonly found in wood and could be made into a waterproof material. The
usage of teak wood only extends to furniture making but its remains could be used as a
biomass source to extract lignin from for a waterproof material. The extraction of lignin from
teak wood was done using 85% organic acid with a ratio of 70:30 of formic acid and acetic
acid, respectively. It was purified, isolated, and was then applied to 100% cotton textile. The
results showed the highest success rate of 92% using z-test of proportion, 8,000 mmHg using
hydrostatic head test via ASTM D751-8b and was within range of a positive output. Lignin
was concluded to be a good waterproofing agent for cotton textile. 
Keywords: ASTM D751-8b, hydrostatic head test, teak wood, cotton, lignin,
waterproof, z-test of proportion
 
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APPENDIX Q
Physics Page's Code
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<div class="title" id="myHeader">PHYSICS</div>
 

A Systematic Comparison between the Compliance of Male and Female
Grade 12 Students of Mapúa University in Solid Waste Management Scheme
Author/s: Danielle F. Fajardo, JoelleneNikkie P. Galang, Charlotte D.
Minor, Thomas Martine A. Torrefranca In our modern days waste is one of the
major problems in our society. Commonly, wastes are found in public places (streets,
highways and waterways) due to human activities. The researchers aim to compare the
compliance of Male and Female Grade 12 Students of Mapúa University in Solid
Waste Management Scheme. The information gathered through the use of survey as the
primary procedure with 370 respondents which are composed of randomly picked Grade 12
students. 215 were males and 155 were females. In addition, the use of survey shows that the
students have knowledge concerning waste issues in the campus. In hypothesis, students are
strongly agreed that every single person has a responsibility to contribute for sustainable
development in the campus. 
Keywords: students, behavior, waste management, solid waste, awareness
 
Efficiency of Blackboard vs Traditional Teaching: A Comparative Study


Author/s: Rainiel M. Montinola, Anthony Jake M. Ramirez, Duque Del
Mar N. Raza, Troy C. Rivera Blackboard Learn is a virtual learning world and
course management system created by Blackboard Inc. It is a Web-based server software
which highlights course management, customizable layout and scalable design with the aim
of allowing integration with student data systems and authentication protocols. The purpose
of this study is to know what Mapúa Senior High School Students think about
Blackboard. Although Blackboard learn seems to be the next big thing for a next generation
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of learning and teachings, there are still uncertainties that arises from it. The study is
composed of data gathered concerning the preferences of Mapúa Senior High School
Students regarding on which learning method is more efficient in a student's academic
performance by the use of a survey questionnaire and a pre-test and post-test conducted
during the specific learning methods. After the researchers conducted both learning method
particularly the Blackboard method and the Traditional method, according to the survey
questionnaire answered by the respondents, the respondents prefer using Blackboard as a
learning method than the traditional learning method. Also, as for the results of the pre-test
and post-test, respondents under the Blackboard method attained higher scores than the
respondents who undergo Traditional learning method. Thus, Blackboard Collaborate is more
effective than traditional learning in terms of grades obtained by the students. Through the
statistical treatment using the z-test, there is enough evidence to accept the claim that
Blackboard learning method is more effective than traditional learning method. 
Keywords: Traditional learning method, Blackboard method, Pre-test, Post-test
 
Estimation and Analysis of Aircrafts Carbon Dioxide Emissions of

Philippine Civil Aviation Industry in Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 3 from
2013 through 2013
Author/s: Ledee Charmelie A. Serrano, Christopher Erasmus L.
Fredeluces, Jasmine P. Barrera, Grant Exequiel V. Evangelista This paper presents
an estimation of the carbon dioxide emission of NAIA Terminal 3 in the Philippines
presented year from 2013 to 2016 and projected its emission until 2030. The researchers
observed that the land vehicles are being blamed for the existing air pollution happening in
the country but neglects other possible sources like the aviation industry thus the start of the
paper. The researchers collected data from NAIA 3 about the most abundant aircraft models,
fuel, and frequency of flights. These are then used to calculate and estimate the carbon
dioxide emission of NAIA 3 as whole and create a formula that will calculate the CO2
emission for the succeeding years. The researchers identified the most abundant aircraft were
Airbus 320, Airbus 330, ATR 72-500, Boeing 737, and Boeing 700. They all use jet Al fuel
and the frequency of flights (appendix). The researchers found out that the CO2 emitted by
NAIA 3 annually is directly proportional with the frequency of flights time distance with and
of 0.9929 to its trend line. The annual carbon dioxide emission paired with the estimated total
distance travelled by all planes per year led to the projection of carbon dioxide emission
through 2030. 
Keywords: Aviation, Carbon Dioxide, Emission, Estimation, Projection
 
Evaluation of Cellophane Membrane Flux through Forward Osmosis

using Different Draw Solution s
Author/s: Shaine Alysson R. Cajayon, Bernon Sly J. Capacio, Glaizel
Stephanie R. Crisostomo, Juan Miguel D. Drueco Not Available 
 
Preliminary Study on Water Recycling Plant Box Applicable to Vertical

Farming
cxlviii
Author/s: Clifford Khyle M. Centino John Victor Carlo L. Gutierrez Ma-
Ann Jemille M. Navarro Carlo Martin C. Sengco Farming is very important work
as it is one of the processes that provides the people's daily needs. The farmers are
working hard to provide everyone's necessities. Nowadays, vertical farming is
becoming popular as it may solve one of the environmental crises in the world. The main
purpose of this study is to discover the most effective way of reusing water and it can be a
countermeasure when an unexpected accident occurs. The study will not cover the topics
about the other processes and factors of farming and the treatment of water. The researchers
designed and made a prototype that can help the Filipino farmers to reuse water. The
prototype was a metal box with an inclined bottom that leads to a drainage which can be used
in vertical farming. The researchers gathered data through putting the soil before and after it
is watered. The findings in the study showed that the mean of the water retained from the
prototype is 38.51% higher than the controlled prototype, which is a common plant box.
Based on the data presented, the water recycling plant box is effective to use for vertical
farming. 
Keywords: farming, moisture level, prototype, temperature, Vertical farming
 
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APPENDIX R
School of Science Page's Code
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<div class="title" id="myHeader">SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND
EDUCATION</div>
 
A Narrative Research in Christian and Secular Leadership and their
Subordinates' Perception
Author/s: Eliza G. Bautista, Justin Brian J. Lagman, Michael Faye L.
Larin The government has been in a vogue talk nowadays. Apparently, it is not
because the preferment of the country, but the politicians who pushes the nation along the
road of perdition. This research studies the citizens' perceptions and some of their instances
with regards to leadership in their certain occupations, it also analyzes a perspective of
whether Christian Leadership or Secular Leadership is the best for the effectiveness and
improvement of the Philippine Government. The purposes of this research are: (a) to identify
people's understanding about leadership; (b) to identify people's perception about Christian
Leadership and Secular Leadership; and (c) to identify whether Christian Leadership or
Secular Leadership is the most applicable for the Philippine Government. There will be no
name dropping of any of the government officials or any person thereof. This is a qualitative
study using a narrative research method with a semi-structured one-on-one interview that
took place in the different locations of Metro Manila. The respondents were cooperative and
have veraciously answered the researchers' interview questions, which leads to a well-
founded and justified results. The findings of this research would further an individual's
understanding about looking on a new perspective of being a leader. 
Keywords: leadership, government leadership, Christian leadership, secular
leadership
 
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A Narrative Research on the Characteristics of a Teenage Bully as
Perceived by the Bullied Victims
Author/s: Kathleen J. Belbis, Ela Mhae F. Estrellero, Josef Edward J.
Tafalla, Denise Roverta Ann C. Vergara The aim of this narrative research was to
determine the characteristics of a teenage perceived by bullying victims. To this end the
research question was as follows: What a common traits or characteristics of a teenage bully
as how they are perceived by buying victims? In this context. the purpose of this research
was to evaluate and expand on characteristics specifically as to how they are perceived by
bullying victims. Thus, this study used a qualitative way of pooling information from
different sources. Moreover, this narrative research would only redound on the characteristics
of a teenage bully as how they are perceived by bullying victims and would not be covering
other factors concerning the victims and bullies as such psychiatric problem and other health-
related problem. Hence, this study pooled their results from fifteen (15) students enrolled at
St. Scholastica's Academy Manila, St. Paul University - Manila, and Paco Catholic School.
Furthermore, the most important findings of this study were that bullying victims often ask
help from their friends and that a bully's appearance would most likely be someone who has
a big physical appearance. On this basis, recommended help from the Guidance and
Counseling Office of the said schools were made aware of the findings to further enhance
their programs intended for bullies. 
Keywords: perceived, pooling, redound, psychiatric, bully
 
A Phenomenological Study Towards the Victims of Sexual Harassment

in the City of Manila
Author/s: Nicole Mari E. Cangao, KatreanaTrecel L. Gamban, Tamsin
Eyen P. Garcia, Paulene Rose S.J Mirando This study was conducted to analyze the
problem of sexual harassment in the Manila. The aim of the study is to gain an understanding
on the nature of sexual harassment, to assess and evaluate the types/kinds/forms of sexual
harassment, to explore the perception of the person who experience sexual harassment, to
provide a general overview of the issue of sexual harassment in the city of Manila, to
contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of sexual harassment in the
city of Manila, and to the issue of sexual harassment in the city of Manila. Its objectives are:
to determine the level of sexual harassment awareness; to determine the types of sexual
harassment: and to identify type of actions normally taken by victims of sexual harassment.
The researchers used a qualitative research using a phenomenological approach whereby it
was randomly distributed to different women who are mostly students. Two types of sexual
harassment were identified i.e. physical and verbal sexual harassment. The types of actions
(if any) taken by the victims of sexual harassment consist of less serious forms such as
avoiding the harasser or ignoring the behavior of sexually exploitative manners to a more
serious form of action such as confronting the harasser or reporting it to the internal
authorities. Various recommendations and suggestions were also made to improve the
environment of the city of Manila. 
Keywords: sexual harassment, physical sexual harassment, verbal sexual
harassment, sexual harassment in Workplace, sexual harassment in public transportation.
 
clii
A Study on the Lived Experience of Out of School Youth
Author/s: Jaezel Mae V. Casalla, Raphael Forbes Cortez, Kyla Nicole S.
Dela Umbria, Adrian Rey B. Jacintos Not Available 
 
A Study on the Lived Experiences of Breast Cancer Survivors

Author/s: FeonaDelle A. De Leon, Louiesa Arlette O. Falcotelo,
KatjaJannika B. Lubbok, Charlene Samantha Quinlao This study explored and
understands the lived experience of cancer survival from the perspective of the people who
have experienced the phenomenon before, during, and after the survivor was diagnosed. This
qualitative study used the phenomenological inquiry through an in-depth interview with the
survivor to obtain the lived experiences of ten (10) female breast cancer survivors regardless
of the years diagnosed and age. The study was conducted in Philippine Cancer Society
(PCS), San Miguel, Manila. Interview guide was used to gather data for this research. The
results of the interview were divided into three parts: (1) Before Diagnosis of breast cancer,
(2) During Diagnosis of breast cancer and, (3) After Diagnosis of breast cancer. Emergent
themes highlight the importance of relationships between family and friends, awareness,
resources, and changes in perspectives. Gathered findings found out that 10 out of 10
survivors felt a lump on their breast, had a financial problem, strengthened their spiritual
relationship, and that family support and faith is the way to overcome their problems. This
study recommends promoting and strengthening awareness campaign for the breast cancer
survivors and patients. 
Keywords: phenomenon, breast cancer, lump
 
An Assessment of Mapúa University Grade 12 Students

Knowledge towards Sex
Author/s: Vince Andrei S. Hu, Juan Miguel I. Medina Sex
Education is given importance by including it in the curriculum of some schools here in the
Philippines by the Department of Health (DOH) to lower sexual issues the country is facing
right now. Teaching sex education needs an improvement and its implementation should be a
continuing process. Since students in the Philippines have insufficient background about sex,
the extent of knowledge of the students were tested with regards to the concept of sex
whether implementation of sex education has a factor to it and several factors as well as such
as their gender and the classification of school they previously attended (private or public).
Grade 12 students of Mapúa University were utilized as the sample population and
gathered a total of 172 respondents through use of stratified random sampling technique.
Respondents do have sexual backgrounds in answering the questionnaire with or without
sexual education. Based on the results, the common misconceptions of the respondents are on
defining what a sexual intercourse is and the diseases associated with it. 
Keywords: Sex, education, school, knowledge, gender
 
An Assessment of the Academic Performance in Relation to the

Duration of Playing League of Legends of Grade 12 STEM-SHS students of Mapúa
University-Intramuros
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Author/s: Kylie Michael J. Gauna, Marco Gabriel I. Gutierrez, Kirson
Maynard E. Nodado, Raven Denzel S. Razon Most of the newly-invented
technologies are made for the own benefit and development of human beings, but there are
also some things that commonly brings a downside to a lot of people especially when they
are being misused. This was one of the main things that have pushed this research study to
pursue the analysis and correlation of effects of the duration of playing computer game to
students' academic performance and grade. The Grade 12 Senior High Students of
Mapúa University - Intramuros under the STEM track were invited to participate in the
study. The surveying proper was done next whilst getting the grade of the said respondents.
Correlation and regression was done to give credible conclusions and information after all
the data are gathered. To give even sound results, interview proper was done in order to
obtain opinions from the respondents. Upon doing the proper methodology needed, it can be
inferred that League of Legends does not have that much effect on the academic performance
to certain individuals. This also shows that there are surely different individual factors that
might matter in the respondents academic grades besides their time duration of playing the
game. 
Keywords: academic performance, computer games, video games, MOBA games,
RTS games
 
An Assessment of the Different Factors Influencing the Academic

Performance in Mathematics of Grade 12 Mapúa Senior High School
Students
Author/s: Renee Hannah A. Niro, Ryan Mark R. Silvestre, Emmanuel Z.
Manibug, Filemon Cesar F. Sabornido Failure in Mathematics courses like General
Mathematics, Statistics, Pre-Calculus, and Basic Calculus can be detrimental to
students' overall academic performance and progress. Solution to effectively avoid
failing grades are needed but first, the factors that affect the students' failure must be
identified. This study investigates the effect of students' educational profile on
academic performance in Mathematics among Mapúa Senior High School (SHS)
Students in Intramuros, Manila. To carry out the research, a survey design was adopted and
standardized questionnaires were used. All 282 respondents are Grade 11 Mapúa SHS
students for SY 2016-2017. T-test for independent samples, analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Pearson's r and Spearman's rho correlation were used. It was found out that only
study habits and teacher factor affect the students' academic performance in
Mathematics. It was recommended that the teachers should continue to have a good
relationship with their students and maintain their effective teaching strategies to help
students attain good grades. Individual students should also try to practice good study
habits. 
Keywords: study habits, teacher factor, math achievement, senior high school
 
An Assessment of the relationship between Stress Level and Food
Choice of Grade 12 STEM Students of Mapúa University
Author/s: Jason Patrick J. De Ocampo, Mary Rachael Leigh M. Fabros ,
Lorenzo Miguel I. Gutierrez, Joshua L. Manalili Student nowadays are sometimes
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stressed because of their activities and schoolwork. And some of them eat different kind of
food when they are stressed. This study is about the relationship between stress level and
food choice. The objective of this study is to know the relationship between the food choice
of the GRADE 12 STEM Students to Mapúa University and their stress levels. There
were two questionnaires that were used in this study, one is for the stress level and then the
other one is for the food choice. The questionnaire were validated before conducting the
survey. After conducting the survey, the researchers did statistical tests in making the
analysis. Also the researchers conducted interview. As a result, the respondents got a
moderate food choice. It shows that even though they have extreme high stress level their
food choice is not that affected. The researchers concluded that stress is not a major factor in
changing students' choice of food. Despite the effects of stress can cause to a person,
the food choice of students was not greatly affected even if they are stressed. 
Keywords: Stress, Food Choice, Stress Eating, Calorie, Stress Level
 
An Assessment on Motivational Factors on the Work Performance of

Construction Workers of Arlkaye Builders
Author/s: Joshua Mikhael T. Prieto, Angelito Raphael A. Reyta, Jeehan
Kyra A. Rivero Worker's motivation has been proposed as one of the main
considerations that can animate the profitability in the development business. The researchers
aim to determine the possible factors that promote the motivational assessment construction
workers from Arlkaye Builders. The researchers used Quota Sampling Method that requires
30 respondents for the survey as suggested by the research adviser. The question in the
survey were based on Herzberg's Two Factor Theory that includes Hygiene Factors and
Motivators. The survey was conducted to the contruction workers in their working sites in
Nasugbu and Lian, Batangas. The Hygiene Factors (Dissastifiers) obtained a calculated
weighted mean of 4.22 while on the table 4. Motivators Factors (Satisfiers) obtained a
calculated weighted mean of 4.25. The researchers concluded that the calculated weighted
mean of Hygiene Factors and Motivators do not have significant difference. The researchers
believed that the construction workers are both included in Hygiene and Motivators Factors,
the researchers concluded that the workers are motivated due to their payroll and to their
goals and achievements. 
Keywords: construction workers, hygiene factors, motivators factors,
hertberg's factor theory
 
An Assessment on the Application of Different Genres of Music in

Enhancing the Reading Comprehension and Understanding of the Selected Grade 11
Mapúa University Senior High School Students 
Author/s: Ivan Victor J. Lau, Vincent Ralph M. Maniago, Wesley
Mikhail C. Tolentino This research looks upon the enhancing effects of music as a
form of enhancement without any form of dishonesty towards students. Four genres were
primarily used in executing the research which were Classical, EDM, RnB, and Rock.
Assessments were made in order to test the effects of the music towards students, students
that are from Mapúa University of section G121. The effects of the music were
similarly almost the same as the other genres which made the music irrelevant towards
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enhancing the students' reading comprehension and understanding except for the Classical
genre. The results as shown that Classical is the only genre that didn't really distracted the
participants of the study compared to the other genres. Even during this generation, Classical
genre is still the appropriate genre when it comes to reading comprehension and studying in
general as it doesn't distract the person listener Concluding that Classical music is the most
appropriate genre of music best for studying alike with the other studies used as reference for
this study. 
Keywords: Classical, Rock, RnB, EDM, genre
 
An Assessment on the Relationship of Parenting Style and Academic

Performance of Grade 12 Mapúa Senior High School Students
Author/s: Aaron Paul R. Abellon, Lourd Jericho T. Ibanez, Ronald Rygil
M. Luay, Jamica Joyce M. Ringor Education is one way of achieving a
student's aspiration and having excellent academic performance depends on how
parents discipline their children. Baumrind (1971) came up with the three parenting styles
which are Authoritative, Authoritarian and Permissive. From this, main objective of this
study is to assess the relationship of parenting style and academic performance of Grade 12
Mapúa Senior High School students. The researchers conducted a survey using the
Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991), then obtained the General Weighted Average
(GWA) that represents the academic performance of the 175 respondents. After that, the
Pearson Correlation Coefficient formula was used to get the level of significance of each
parenting style to the GWA of the students. It was found that all the three parenting styles
namely, authoritative, authoritarian and permissive got strong positive relationship with the
GWA that implies that this parenting style affect the academic performance of students.
However, through the use of the Cohen's d formula, the effect size of the parenting
style has been determined which was deemed to be small. In conclusion, it was found out that
parenting style affects the academic performance of students but only minimally. 
Keywords: parenting style, authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, academic
performance
 
An Ethnographic Study about the Life of a Christian Missionary


Author/s: Hans Nicole Buhain, Marie Theresa P. Fernandez,
SherinaLovelene L. Padillo, Gabriel C. Santiago This study is about how being a
church missionary affects everyday life and how to manage sharing faith despite of different
religions surrounding a particular country. This research study also discusses matters about a
missionary's way of accomplishing his mission and the advantages of being a missionary.
This research uses different orders as lay on musingly, meditative people and are assigned to
people with no religious affiliation. The Researchers by means of, "No religious affiliation",
are people who happens to have faith at anything or at someone and yet doesn't belong or
doesn't want to interconnect with a particular religious group or any kind of religion
including pagans and any else. The data collected through interview are in specific churches
located in Metro Manila. The researchers gathered information from 20 Christian
Missionaries, as they are respondents of this study. 
clvi
Keyword: Missionaries, Affiliations, Advantages, Missions
 
An Intensive Analysis on the Relationship of Twitter Usage and the
Pragmatics in Academic Writing of Grade 11 Students of Mapúa University
Author/s: DyannNickole B. Alba, Paul Harold N. Francia,
ReveccaAiyanna B. Gadia, Maurine Claire F. Kim Twitter is a social networking
and microblogging online service that allows users to send and receive text-based messages
or posts of up to 280 characters. study is to analyze and determine the relationship between
Twitter usage and the pragmatics in academic writing of grade 11 students in Mapúa
University, specifically, to ascertain the relationship of Twitter on students' grammar,
sentence organization, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling in academic work. The
information was gathered using a survey questionnaire and data was processed through
Purposive Sampling Technique, Chi-Square Test of Independence, and Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA). In these tests, the frequency of tweeting and the categories of the errors
committed in academic writing were compared. Upon examination of data, it was identified
there is a significant relationship between Twitter usage with the errors committed by the
students in composing their academic writing tasks. 
Keywords: Twitter, academic writing, pragmatics
 
Assessing Grade 12 Students Perception of Safety inside Mapúa

University
Author/s: Johan James M. Jusi, Joseph M. Mendoza, Ian Gabriel S.
Roda When students and instructors do not feel safe in the vicinity of their school,
it is possible that this will affect their performance in school. An educational institution can
be considered safe when both instructors and students can perform their tasks without the
fear of harm inside or outside of the vicinity of their school. Thus, every educational
institution was required to maintain safeness from their vicinity not only by intruders but also
safe from natural disasters and viruses. In the experiment, the researchers used mean and
standard deviation to obtain the correlation between the students' perception to safety. The
researchers used Cronbach's alpha to establish the internal consistency of the data's obtained.
With the data's gathered, the researchers will determine if the given data is reliable and can
be a valid tool for Filipino Learners. The data gathering instrument used in this study is a
questionnaire that the researchers adapted from a quantitative study entitled "Effects of
Students' Perceived Safety of Public Outdoor Environment on Academic Achievement at
University Campus" (Wonpil Kim, 2015). The questionnaire consists of Likert's scale that
determines the students' perception of safety inside Mapúa University. Based from the
randomly selected 100 senior high school students which is composed of Grade 12
students. 
Keywords: perception of safety, school climate, school environment
 
Assessment on the Experiences of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Teenagers

Who Underwent the Process of Coming Out to their Filipino Parents
clvii
Author/s: Ashley Jewel D. San Juan , Dominique Gabriel O. Raneses,
Elan Karsten H. Castanares, Kayle Angelique O. Rodriguez Not
Available 
 
Correlational Analysis of the Factors of Sleep Hours and Performance of

the Grade II Students of Mapúa University in their Quarter Assessment in Basic
Calculus
Author/s: Derrick James V. Aves, Kin Anthony S. Nocum, Benedict
Bens D. Ocampo Students of Mapúa University in their Quarter Assessment
in Basic Calculus
Sleep deprivation refers to sleep shorter than the average basal need of 7 to 8 hours per night.
The main goal of the study is to assess the relationship between senior high students' sleep
hours and their quarter assessment performance in math. The study's specific goal is to
distinguish the most affected factor among focus, memory, and metacognitive confidence
judgement in their performance when there is insufficient sleep. A survey using self-made
questionnaire was conducted in one section of grade 11 students A.Y. 2017-2018 with a
subject of Basic Calculus. Weighted mean and Pearson product-moment were the primal
statistical tool. The correlation of sleep hours and the quarter assessment in Basic Calculus of
the grade 11 has a weak positive correlation with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.15.
Memory was the most affected factor with an overall weighted mean of 2.51. It can be
concluded that the sleep hours and the quarter assessment has a direct variation relationship,
and memory has a crucial role in their performance. 
Keywords: sleep, sleep deprivation, focus, memory, metacognitive confidence
judgement
 
Dealing with the Behavioral Changes caused by Depression to Senior

High School Students
Author/s: William Jefferson C. Esto, Joyce Anne O. Obelos, Marie
Czelsie S. Sevilla, Ian Michael M. Tadena This study was taken up to identify the
dealing ways and strategies of students with the behavioral changes they experience caused
by depression. Depression is a serious personality disorder that is common to students
because its main causes we situations, interpersonal, and personal situations. Online surveys
and phone or face-to-face interview were conducted to gather the needed data for this study
having the identities of the respondents to be secured. The collected data were analyzed using
the thematic analysis and it showed that students with depressive symptoms usually
experience behavioral changes and by consulting a psychologist or a psychiatrist, it can help
lessen the feeling of being depressed Staying physically and socially active is also one of the
main strategies that a depressed students' needs to deal with the behavioral
changes. 
Keywords: depression, behavioral changes, thematic analysis, treatments, strategies
 
Descriptive Study on the Awareness of Mapúa University Grade

12 Students on Movie Piracy
clviii
Author/s: Raphael Joseph P. Bacal, Krystianne Raphael D. Labra, Eldrin
Migo R. Salvador, Mark Justin M. Sarangya People nowadays tend to buy pirated
movies, rather than buying the original one since it is less expensive, or, free and more
accessible. Because of this, many people have been choosing to buy pirated movies or to
downloading it online to save money. This research is about the awareness of Grade 12
Senior High School students of Mapúa University, and its main objective is to raise
awareness towards movie piracy. This study is only limited to one section from Grade 12
Senior High School of Mapúa University, and was conducted using a descriptive
survey questionnaire and gave it to the selected respondents, after getting the results, the
researchers tallied and concluded that the students most of the students are aware of the
ongoing movie piracy, but still use pirated goods, and that movie piracy does not affect their
studies. 
Keywords: Piracy, Streaming, Copyright, Movie, Films
 
Factors influencing secondary students in Choosing STEM strand in

Senior High School
Author/s: Sean Arvin M. Etabag, Pauleen Anne M. Opena, Ellaine C.
Ponelas, Remigio Gabriel III Ringor Not Available 
 
Impact of School Climate on the Academic Achievement of Grade 12

Mapúa University Senior High School Students
Author/s: Elijiah U. Pataroque School climate has long been a
field of interest for educational reformers. Several studies have been conducted to test its
various dimensions and effects on student life. This research focuses mainly on its correlation
to academic achievement and whether or not the students have a positive perception toward
its climate. Five domains were used under the climate mainly, student-teacher relationship,
student-peer relationship, administration, security and maintenance, and academic
orientation. The assessment, conducted to the sections G215 and G220, was used to test the
five domains and the results have shown that although the students have a positive perception
on the school climate, it has no direct relationship with academic achievement. The
researcher concludes that this may be because of the individual capabilities and motives that
drive and push each student. 
Keywords: school climate, academic achievement, domains of school climate
 
Implicit and Explicit Learning of Phonics: A Comparative

study
Author/s: Leiann Paolo L. Gonzales, Van Philip M. Panugan, Crisfield
Joyce D. Baldo, Ivan Patrick A. Tipan Not Available 
 
Motivational Factors Affecting the work Performance of the Non-

Teaching Staff of Mapúa University 
clix
Author/s: Aya Nicole G. Dris, Gracy Ann L. Rosios, Immanuel Christian
P. Tapalla, Dennis Timothy E. Yap Motivation plays an important role in any type
of company. In order for the employees to produce good outcome, one must be motivated.
Motivation can be the way to attain one's goal. However, managing a group of employees
that possesses different characteristics is never easy. According to McClelland's Human
Motivation theory (1987), each person possesses a main motivator. It can be the need of
power, affiliation, or achievement. If the certain employee has this certain dominant
motivator, then he or she contains a particular characteristic in how he or she can work
effectively for the institute. Previous studies only focus on the teaching employees and lack
studies that are about the non-teaching staff. This study used McClelland's motivation theory.
The respondents for this study will be the non-teaching staff of Mapúa University. The
researchers used a Likert scale for their survey. It has been concluded that there is no
significant difference between the demographic profile and motivation. The most dominant
motivation is intrinsic while the least dominant is extrinsic. The overall perception of the
respondents with regards to motivation is "Usually". The researchers recommended for future
study to compare other factors such as geographic location of the institution to know if there
are cultural differences regarding what motivated employees. 
Keywords: Motivation, Non-teaching, Likert Scale, Intrinsic, Extrinsic
 
Passenger Satisfaction in Bus Transport: A Study of Commuter's

Perception Metro Manila 
Author/s: Abigail M. Ibanez, Raquel M. Lipura , JayronCris J. Paras,
Vanessa Vera-May Q. Velasco As of the second quarter of 2017, Metro Manila's
population is over 100.98 million (PSA, 2017). In lieu with the growing population, the
demand for transportation increases with Bus as one of the main modes of transportation.
The current system of the Philippine Public Bus Transportation is managed and operated by
various organizations and a number of transit companies. The lack of the authorities' control
and the illegal loading/unloading of passenger contribute to the traffic congestion of Metro
Manila. The study presented by the researchers aimed particularly to identify the correlation
of the factors with regards to the overall satisfaction of the commuters, know the awareness
of commuters on route scheming, and lastly, analyze the satisfaction of commuters. The data
was gathered by a survey on commuters who use buses as means of public transportation
with 150 respondents as the sample size divided into 5 major bus stops and subsequently
were analyzed through Pearson's correlation coefficient "r" and Mean. The researchers found
in Pearson correlation coefficient that the factors ranged from (r=0.23) to (r=0.64) having bus
seat availability, comfort, cleanliness, security and driver's behavior with the strongest
correlation. Most of the commuters are aware of the route scheming and finally, the
passengers are unsure about the satisfaction in bus transportation system having an overall
average of 3.15. Further improvements on the set of questions are encouraged to the pursuant
of the study. 
Keywords: Bus, EDSA, Philippines, satisfaction, transportation
 
Perceived Problems and Solutions on the Use of the Social Media
among Senior High School Students in Mapúa University 2017-2018
clx
Author/s: Cruz, Julianne Denise, Gutierrez, Joseph, Sambog,
Elpidio In today's world, we rely on technology. This demand continues to
grow as the internet expands its platform and continues to connect people all around the
globe. Students are spending much time on social media and are considered the largest
category that uses such application. Many psychologists are worried about the identity crisis
that our present generation may face today. This study aimed to determine the perceived
problems and solutions of the use of social media among senior high school students of
Mapúa University towards the proposal of programs for responsible use of social
media. It specifically aims to answer the following problems: what are the perceived
problems associated with the use of social media in terms of a. psychological b. emotional c.
attitudinal and what are the perceived solutions associated with the use of social media in
terms of a. psychological b. emotional and c. attitudinal. Descriptive design was chosen by
the researches because it sought to discover facts on which professional judgement as well it
examined a situation as it exists. The researcher used questionnaire as the primary data
gathering instrument. The questionnaire is systematically prepared from document with a set
of questions deliberately designed to elicit responses from respondents or research
informants of the purpose of collecting data or information. The researcher employed the
used of frequency and percentage in regard to the profile of the respondents, Weighted mean
is used by the researcher because it is relatively easy to find and for studying populations.
This study concludes that the overall perceived problems and solutions of the use of social
media among adolescents rendered by the response teams, as per the perceptions of the
respondents, is very strongly agree and very highly perceived. This study provided proposed
solution to improve the problems of the use of social media among adolescents which is be
very careful about sharing your personal information online and your details by thinking
before click/ by having proper knowledge of the circumstances of your action. 
 
Personality Factors Affecting Career Choice using Exploratory Factors

Analysis
Author/s: Alexandra S. Catambing, Jochem Philippe C. Gonzales,
Airheen F. Manzanero, Mikka Rosella C. Villarica Personality is an important
aspect of any career path because certain jobs demand specific skill sets. The researchers aim
to determine the personality factors that can be related to ideal career choices. To accomplish
this, the researchers first devised a questionnaire with 50 questions that center on various
aspects of personality. This questionnaire went through multiple checking. They then
proceeded to collect data using simple random sampling and gathered information from over
277 respondents enrolled in 12th Grade in Mapúa University Senior High School
through written, printed and online means. This information was then statistically treated
using exploratory factor analysis to identify underlying factors. This test revealed fifteen
factors which included personalities such as competitive, confidence, sociable, ambitious,
justice, creative, leadership, altruistic, indulgent, methodical, logical, temperate, and virtuous.
They then relate this information with the existing career choices that suit these
traits. 
Keywords: personality, exploratory factor analysis, career, personality assessment,
factors
 
clxi
Preferences of Senior High School Students of Mapúa University
on the Top Selling Video Games
Author/s: Gabriel Edrick O. Acuna James Nathanael C. De Los Reyes
Gian Cris B. Domingo Video games are one the sources of entertainment
nowadays, and it is still fairly new. Video games have different genres or classification based
on how it is made or how it is played. People do not have the same genre preference. The aim
of this study is to determine the preferences of Senior High School students of Mapúa
University in Video Game genre. The research was conducted using a survey-questionnaire
in which the respondents would be the Senior High School students that play Video Games.
Further analysis of the survey implies that Mapúa University Senior High School
students tend to prefer online multiplayer games than single player and local multiplayer. It
concluded with the hypothesis about multiplayer games being correct. A recommendation
was to perform a test play of the video games first before the respondents answer the
survey. 
Keywords: genre, play, game design, mechanics
 
Relationship of Network Vulnerability and the level of Awareness of

Mapúa Senior High School Students about Cyber Security
Author/s: Andrei Joi S. Centeno, Meline Therese V. Pastrana, Dustin
Jireh L. Sunga, Kate Nicole M. Tayao Different software, games, personal data,
files and information are being stolen and copied because of hackers that are breaking-in
through a user's network. Vulnerabilities exist in all types of software (Holt, 2017). only few
companies or people are truly aware of the potential danger of security risk that is present to
many companies. The general objective of this study is to determine if the user's amount of
information about cyber security is relevant to the vulnerability on cyber-attacks. The
findings of this study will redound to the benefit of the society considering that a mass of
people has their computers vulnerable to security risks, that may gain your personal
information through emails, downloads, and other types of scams. The findings show that
there are more users without knowledge about cyber threats utilizing different programs,
while there are less users who have knowledge about cyber threats utilizing the said
programs. The researchers conclude that having enough knowledge and information
regarding cyber threats, cyber risks and cyber-attacks will help lessen the vulnerability of any
user's network. Users who has enough knowledge about network security will use programs
that are not highly vulnerable and would definitely try to avoid users that has the highest
vulnerability. 
Keywords: vulnerability, software, security risk, cyber security
 
Self-Evaluation of Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMMS) and

General Academic Strand (GAS) Students in terms of their Comprehension of the ICT
Course Offered in Mapúa University
Author/s: Kyla Mae R. Alfonso, Crystal Reine E. Gutierrez, Jeremieah
Millen N. Ines, Irvette Seigrid S. Mariano In this study, the researchers aim to
evaluate the ICT course offered in Mapúa University Senior High School in terms of
clxii
Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) and General Academic Strand (GAS) students'
comprehension. Specifically, this study also aims to determine the proficiency level of the
students in the topics of ICT course, to distinguish the topics the students are most proficient
and least proficient in, to identify the hindrances that affect the students learning in their ICT
course, and the alternative methods in which the students develop their skills in the said
course. The researchers collected data through a survey questionnaire from a sample size of
33 respondents. The survey questionnaire consisted of five subparts, each consisting of four
learning objectives per topic: Introduction to ICT, Productivity Tools, Imaging, Web
Development, and Multimedia. The data gathered showed that the students are most
proficient with Web Development with the highest overall weighted mean of 3.83. On the
other hand, the respondents are least proficient in Productivity Tools with an overall
weighted mean of 8.43. The results also showed that the greatest factors hindering the
students from learning are their friends and their lack of interest in the course which they
make up for with alternative ways on how they learn ICT, specifically through the help of
searching the internet. 
Keywords: Information Communications and Technologies, Evaluation of ICT,
Student experiences, Humanities and Social Sciences, General Academic Strand,
Introduction to ICT, Productivity Tools, Imaging, Web development, Multimedia
 
Stress Level and Performance of Grade 11 Senior High School Students
of Mapúa University in General Mathematics: Examining the Effects of Gender and
Academic Strand 
Author/s: Chell Ellysa R. Galvez, Lance Gabriel N. Ong, Ariane May R.
Rosales, Zackary Damian M. Ruiz There are little to no existing researches
regarding the correlation of stress level and cognitive performance of Grade 11 senior high
students. Given the core subjects of senior high school in the Philippines and the extreme
stress perceived by the students, this study sought to prove that stress level and cognitive
performance have significant relationship with each other and that there are moderating
effects of gender and academic strand. This was examined with a sample of 97 Grade 11
senior high school students from the four academic strands in Mapúa University. They
were given a cognitive examination in General Mathematics and a stress level questionnaire.
Using the Pearson's r correlation and Cohen's d, it was found out that stress level
and cognitive performance has a weak correlation and that gender and academic strand has a
very small effect to the perceived stress of the students. 
Keywords: stress level, cognitive performance, academic strand, gender, general,
mathematics
 
The Effect of Social Media to the Academic Performance of

Mapúa Senior High School Students
Author/s: Mark Olsen B. Lozano, Kyle Daniel A. Moneva, Paulo Luis B.
Reyes, Jan David C. Reyes In this study, it is conducted to determine if the use of
social media by the Mapúa Senior High School Students has a positive effect to their
academic performances or negative effect wherein it lowers their academic performance.
Using survey questionnaires, the have gathered 95 respondents to answer the questions
clxiii
regarding the problems of this study. Two hypothesis testing were applied and categorized
the respondents into the purpose of use and time of usage to identify whether the claim will
be accepted or rejected. As the result of the study, the two hypotheses were accepted since, in
the purpose of use, it was claimed that the grades of students using social media for academic
purposes are greater than the grade of students that uses social media for non-academic
purposes. Then for the time of usage, it was claimed that the students' grades who used social
media non-excessively or less than 21 hours per week are greater than who used social media
excessively. 
Keywords: Social media, Academic performance, Positive effect, Negative effect,
Purpose of use, Time of usage
 
The effects of Computer Games to the Academic Performance of Grade

12 STEM Students of Mapúa University
Author/s: Harvee F. Domondon, Roland M. Gadon Clint T. Garcia,
Darwin D.F. Villanueva Computer games is a computer-controlled game where
players interact with objects displayed on a screen for the sake of entertainment. Video and
computer-based games have assumed a prominent role in the culture of American children
and adolescents, Given the pervasiveness of their influence, it is likely that these games may
affect the health and well-being of children. Hence, this paper examined the effects of
computer games to the academic performance of grade 12 students of Mapúa
University. Data were collected through online survey and analyzed using selected statistical
test appropriate for the study. Based on the results, the usage of computer does affect the
academic performance of a student. The academic performance depends slightly on the
number of hours spent playing the computer games. The researchers observed that the
maximum number of hours students should dwell on computer should not be more than 6
hours to maintain a passing grade. Moreover, students with excessive usage of computer
games tend to get a lower grade than those with non-excessive usage of computer
games. 
Keywords: computer, computer games, studies, academic performance, excessive
 
The Impact of MOBA Games on the Academic Performance of SHS

Games of Mapúa University
Author/s: Clarissa N. Cortez, Alexandra Nicole T. Pichay, Andrei
Matthew A. Seno, Nicole M. Taneza As Multiplayer Online Battle Arena become a
main part of everyday life of a student gamer, that leads to how it affects their academic
performance in the university. The research "A Study on How Playing MOBA Games
Affects the Academic Performance of Senior High School Student Gamers of Mapúa
University 2017-2018" has shown that student gamers affect their performance by many
factors. The use of MOBA games shares negative aspects and has been shown to lead to
result such as failing grades. The researchers conducted a study on how playing MOBA
games affect the academic performance of senior high school student gamers of Mapúa
University. Using, a survey-questionnaire, the researchers found out that playing MOBA
game does not affect the academic performance of students. 
clxiv
Keywords: academic performance, MOBA games, senior high school, gamers,
general weighted average
 
The Influence of Living Away from Parents to the Sense of Academic
Responsibility as Perceived by Selected Senior High School Students of Mapúa
University
Author/s: Eduardo Jose P. Del Rosario, Roi Christian P. Advincula,
Enrico Joaquin N. Garcia, Jonas T. Gomez, Julian Anthony S. Gonzales One of the
hardest decisions a person, especially an adolescent, could make is to live away from their
parents. Doing so has the consequences of being independent and responsible for their own
actions including fulfilling their responsibilities as a student. This is why the study aims to
determine if living away from parents influences the sense of academic responsibility of
selected senior high school students of Mapúa University. The result of this study will
benefit not only future researchers, but most importantly, it would be a big help to the
students and their parents in discussing whether it would be beneficial for the student to live
away from them. The data gathering instrument used in this study is a questionnaire that the
researchers adapted from a quantitative study entitled “Effects of Living Away from
Home to the Academic Performance of Undergraduate Students“ (Glory et. al 2014).
The questionnaire consisted of a Likert scale that aims to determine how living away from
their parents influence the sense of responsibility of the selected students. Based from the
purposively selected 150 senior high school students which is composed of Grade 11 & 12, it
was evident that answers of the respondents fell down to undecided. It can be either agree or
disagree. Lastly, there is no significant difference between the type of residency and gender,
still students are able to show the sense of academic responsibility by studying without being
told to do so and get high grades. In conclusion, living away from parents does have a
positive influence on the sense of academic responsibility of senior high school students of
Mapúa University. 
Keywords: academic responsibility, independence, liberation, living away from
parents, senior high school
 
The Influence of Parent's Attention on the Interaction of

Adolescents with their Peers in School
Author/s: Christienne Jireh J. Posadas, Eunice Mitchel L. Renosa,
Jefferson R. Talan Communication is very vital for us humans, not only to survive
but also to associate with others: The objective of this study is to determine if parental bond
has effect on how the adolescent interact with their peers in school. This study also wishes to
determine on how the adolescent form bonds with his or her peers. The participants of the
research are from ages 17-18. Five male and five female participants have their parents
present in their daily lives. This study conducted an interview to obtain the data. Afterwards
the data gathered is then processed using thematic analysis. The interview yielded a higher
frequency for the category entitled, Enhancing Values under the theme Interpersonal. This
indicates that the values instilled by the parents greatly affect the way the teen interacts with
their peers. This means that there is an effect on the parents' attention and how an adolescent
interacts with their peers. 
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Keywords: Adolescent, Parents, Peers, Attention, Interaction
 
The Influence of Using Social Networking Sites to the Academic

Performances and Social Interaction of Millennial Students in Mapúa University for
SY 2017-2018
Author/s: Daniel Roni B. Dancel, Leonard Rarsell S. Manlapaz, Haydee
A. Ortiz, Jeremiah Pablo, Mixhael Keith S. Posadas This study is focused on
evaluating which of the effects of an individual's behavior towards social networking sites
influences his academic performance. The study includes the negative effects that affect
behavior through the use of social media such as cybercrimes and sleep deprivation. One of
the objectives of this research is to determine the impact of social networking site usage on
teenagers' offline and online interpersonal relationships. It also uses a survey questionnaire
data gathering method that is distributed to 190 millennial respondents using a purposive
sampling technique. The study concludes that the usage of social networking sites helps the
respondents develop a strong interpersonal relationship with their peers and therefore
contributes a significant positive influence towards their academic performances. 
Keywords: Social Media Sites, Academic Performance, Advanced Technology,
Social Influence, Millennial
 
The Perception on Romantic Relationship among Grade 11 and 12

students of Mapúa University Senior High School on their Academic Performance
during the First Semester of AY 2017-2018
Author/s: Jeunise A. Regencia, Irish Mae M. Santiago Faith Shanrae A.
Torres, Alicia Venice B. Ytern, Mark Christian Dhrey R. Piamonte This study aims
to determine the perception on romantic relationships among grade 11 and 12 students of
Mapúa University Senior High School on their academic performance. The research
focused on the link between the students' academic performances and relationship status
which measured by administering a 4-item questionnaire to chosen grade 11 and 12 students.
The questionnaire was based on the following problem statements: the profile of the
respondents, the performance of the respondents with relation to their relationship status;
and, the effect of their significant other and the relationship as a whole on their academic
performance. By doing this study, the researchers aim to help students be more aware of the
perception on romantic relationships on their academic performances. Consequently, the
researchers also aim to help the students in romantic relationships balance their love life and
their school activities. The researchers conducted a survey to identify and answer the
problem. The study concluded that students having a romantic relationship have positive
effects when it comes to their studies. Students in romantic relationships are likely to be
motivated and inspired to study, to do projects, and to finish their school works on time when
shown affection. Also, they expect that their partners would help them with school works and
personal problems. Likewise, students in romantic relationship tend to be happier as they
enjoy the company of their significant other when studying and as they strive to get higher
grades together. 
Keywords: Senior High School, Academic Performance, Romantic Relationship's,
Education
clxvi
 
The Perspective of Health Professionals in the Legalization of Medical

Marijuana for Therapeutic Purposes in the Philippines
Author/s: Marvin Patrick M. Dilag, Eugene Vep S. Pamintuan.
Emmanuel S. Ribon, King Rommel I.D. Santos Cannabis or Marijuana has been
globally debated for centuries for its medicinal capabilities and also its possible side effects
inside its two main cannabinoids, namely CBD and THC. But by the start of the 21' century,
countries are slowly implementing Cannabis as an alternative medicine, this is due to its ease
of availability and its capabilities on alleviating neural disorders, symptoms of glaucoma, and
STD and HIV and the likes. This provided the main purpose of this research study in which
aims to obtain the perspective of health professionals about legalizing medical Marijuana
here in the Philippines and assess if there is a relation between their decision making and
their respective profiles. The respondents are the registered medical doctors here in Metro
Manila only. For the gathering of data, an interview was done to attain the necessary data.
After treating it and interpreting it, it is concluded that despite its known benefits, the
medical doctors are against the legalization of medical Marijuana here in the Philippines.
And it was revealed that four principal factors were used in criticizing this particular topic.
 
Keywords: cannabis, cannabis as medicine, cannabinoid, THC, cannabidiol
 
The Quality of Life of a Filipino Elderly in Blessed Family Home Care
Facility
Author/s: Monica Sofia P. Almero Janica Fiona T. Balagtas, Gian
Wulmaro R. Malabanan Jr., Patricia Anne B. Nino In response to the increase
population of elderly, 87 different institutional homes are situated to cater elders who are
widowed, bedridden, poor, and those who have family conflict. The objective of this study is
to define and identify the quality of life inside the Blessed Family Home Care Facility
through which the quality of life itself was examined by the context of the subject's daily
activities, social relationship, emotional status, well-being, level of independence and other
experiences. The researchers used and simple narrative approach that was conducted to 21
elders inside the institution through observation and face-to-face interview as data gathering
instruments. For that matter, the researchers conclude two major factors that help shape the
quality of life, the assistance given by the institution to the elders and environment and
personal experiences. 
Keywords: Elders, Quality of Life, Institution
 
The Relationship Between Peer Pressure and Alcohol Drinking of Grade
12 Mapúa Senior High Students
Author/s: Llewellyn Ann N. Aspa, Glennmar P. Otilla, Belle Mark Aaron
S. Solis Bryan B. Wiedenmann Peer pressure is known for its impact on the
adolescents especially on their habits or addiction like drinking of alcohol. The purpose of
this research is to state the relationship between peer pressure and alcohol drinking of the
grade 12 students as no significant relationship. The relationship was obtained by measuring
clxvii
the level of pressure perceived from peers and the alcohol drinking of the students. The study
was conducted with the use of PPI (Peer Pressure Index) and RAPI (Rutgers Alcohol
Problem Index). With these instruments, the relationship between the two variables was
obtained by solving the Pearson r. It was revealed that the level of pressure that the students
perceived from peers is little positive pressure with a level of 3.5668 and the alcohol drinking
of the respondents was determined to be high with a mean of 2.1819. There was also no
relationship between peer pressure and alcohol drinking. This shows that peer pressure has
nothing to do with the high level in drinking alcohol of the students. Thus, the hypothesis
was not rejected. To be specific in the results, there was a relationship between the two
variables but since the relationship is very weak, the p-value which is 0.5178 was considered
as no relationship. 
Keywords: Peer Pressure, Alcohol Drinking, Social Life
 
The Relationship Between Sleep Deprivation and Academic

Performance on Grade 12 Senior High School Students from Mapúa University

Author/s: John Allan Kurt M. Bantegui, Joshua Jose Q. Caranto, Darwin
A. De La Luna, Neil Darell M. Isip Sleep deprivation is one of the problems that a
student encounter. Most of the time, sleep deprivation occurs to students who is forced to
wake up early to attend schools and universities. Sleep deprivation also affects the health of
the person, mentally and physically. Studies show that sleep deprivation can affect a
person's cognitive performance. This research paper investigates the reasons of sleep
deprivation and its effect on the performance of Grade 12 Senior High School in
Mapúa University. The aim of the study is to confirm that afternoon schedule is better
for the students because this will give them enough time to sleep, thus preventing the
destruction of sleep cycle. This could help determine the efficiency of Mapúa students
in terms of academics and help to create a new system that would increase the efficiency of
Mapúa students. The researchers surveyed 102 Grade 12 Senior High School students
in Mapúa University. The gathered respondents consist of 51 students with morning
schedule and 51 students with afternoon schedule. After analyzing the gathered data, the
result shows that most students feel sleep deprived because they do school work and they
study at night. This study also explores what the schedule is best suited for the Grade 12
students. The researchers recommend that afternoon schedule should be chosen because it is
much healthier for the students. 
Keywords: sleep deprivation, performance cognitive
 
The Relationship Time Management and Academic Performance of

Grade 12 Senior High School Student from Mapúa University 
Author/s: Decerie Mae C. Dizon, Junell A. Recio Marcus Keanu O.
Romero, Angel Marie Joe V. Salamania, Recy Lyn A. Valenzuela This study is
about the relationship between time management and academic performance. The variables
of time management include procrastination, prioritization, and socialization; which were
tested if they exhibit relationship with academic performance. The researchers believe that
time management is important because it can help improve student's academic
clxviii
performance. The general objective of this study is to analyze the role of time management
and its variable which are procrastination, prioritization, and socialization in student's
life. It employed quantitative methods using a structured survey questionnaire. In quantitative
phase, the researchers used Guttman Scale a questionnaire that has choices strongly agree,
agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree which the respondents were selected from
Mapúa University. The participants of this research were Grade 12 Senior High School
Students who are in random strands in Senior High School. The researchers primarily used
survey questionnaires to gather the information. Based on the data gathered time
management is related to student's academic performance. The findings of this study
indicate that the relationship of time management and academic performance is significant
and time management has a big help in every student's life to improve their academic
performance. 
Keywords: time management, academic performances, procrastination,
prioritization, socialization
 
Time Management, Perceived Stress and General Weighted Average

(GWA); Comparative Study of Student Athlete and Regular Student
Author/s: Amadorino A. Dela Cruz., Jaylan F. Navelgas, Jandec Peter A.
Rapadas, Ma. Romina M. Santos Student requires a huge effort in managing their
time to lessen stress in doing academic activities. A regular student and student athletes have
a different life inside the campus that makes them differ on how they manage their time and
how stress impacts their academic performance. The main objective of this study first is to
determine if time management and perceived stress really affects the General Weighted
Average (GWA) of both student athletes and regular students. Also, to determine if there is a
difference on both parties regarding on their academic performance. of participating on
sports activity affects the general weighted average (GWA) of students. The researchers used
the Cross-sectional type of survey that matched the research questions because it involved
the analysis of data gathered from population at one specific point in time. Survey
questionnaires were distributed to 25 student athletes and another 25 for regular students. The
statistical treatment that is used in the study is anova. There is a significant difference on how
student athlete and regular student manage their time. The researchers have concluded that
stress does not really affect student athlete's academic performance. 
Keywords: time management, perceived stress, general weighted average (GWA),
anova, t-test
 
Understanding the Effects of distractions to the Learning Capabilities of

Grade 11 Senior High School Students of Mapúa University
Author/s: Guian Carlo D. Lumabi In modern age, it requires a
huge amount of effort to be able to graduate may it be grade school, high school, college or
graduate school. Attention is focusing on something with the presence of consciousness;
therefore, attention is constant and always changing. There are two sources of distractions,
External and Internal sources of distractions. The purpose of this study it to determine the
perceived effects of Internal Distractions (Boredom, dissatisfaction of the subject, stress in
the subject, reverie, the level of complexity of the subject, fatigue) and External Distractions
clxix
(Learning environment, background noise, visual distractions, furniture/objects, brightness
and temperature of the environment, and electronic devices) to the attention span and
motivation to learn of grade 11 students. Based on the results, there is a significant
relationship and effects between distractions and motivation to learn and attention span of
grade 11 students. 
Keywords: Attention Span, Distractions, Motivation
 
<center><a href="School.php">[ Back to top ]</a></center>
</body>
</html>
APPENDIX S
Website Screenshots
clxx
clxxi
clxxii
APPENDIX T
Survey-
Questionnaire
Name:
__________________________________________
Section: ______ Date: ____________
WEBSITE CONTENT-BASED SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS’ RESEARCH PAPERS: A
COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS
INSTRUCTIONS: Check (✔️) the circle of your preferred answer
1. The words used on the website is o Agree

appropriate for the intended audience o Strongly Agree
o Strongly Disagree
o Disagree
clxxiii
2. The font style, size and color of the text o Strongly Disagree
is clear, easy to read and comfortable in o Disagree
the eyes. o Agree
o Strongly Disagree o Strongly Agree
o Disagree 6. The website is user-friendly.
o Agree o Strongly Disagree
o Strongly Agree o Disagree
3. The website is well designed. o Agree
o Strongly Disagree o Strongly Agree
o Disagree 7. The website’s design is consistent.
4. The information of the website is o Agree
accurate. o Strongly Agree
o Strongly Disagree 8. The website can be helpful for future
o Disagree researchers.
5. The website has well-formatted o Agree
information architecture. o Strongly Agree
THANK YOU FOR ANSWERING!
clxxiv

A Proposed Structure For A Website Content-Based System For Students' Research Paper of Mapúa University A Comprehensive Analysis

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A Proposed Structure For A Website Content-Based System For Students' Research Paper of Mapúa University A Comprehensive Analysis

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A Proposed Structure for a Website Content-Based

System for Students’ Research Paper of Mapúa

Azriel Matthew O. Ortega

A Research Paper Submitted to the Mapúa Senior High School Department

Research Project (RES04)

acknowledgement of gratitude to the following advisors and contributors:

strength as we make our research paper.

without all of them.

Azriel Matthew O. Ortega

LIST OF EQUATIONS vii

Chapter 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6

Chapter 3: WEBSITE CONENT-BASED SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS’ RESEARCH

Results and Discussion 24

Keywords: comprehensibility analysis, Likert scale, survey questionnaire, website

Websites or sites play an important role in businesses, commercials, technologies, and

(Hypertext Preprocessor) language will be used in making the database. MySQL is a

websites serve as the information and communication platform. In terms of the

recommendation system, the study conducted by Osadchiy, et al., (2018), defined

recommender system as an identifying tool which identifies consumer preferences and

for sale (Billsus & Pazzani, 2007).

students to identify a scientific, technological, or mathematical problem, design and apply an

appropriate methodology, formulate a hypothesis, draw conclusions based on their

online or offline instruction.

comprehensibility analysis through survey-questionnaire on whether the website’s

characteristics were attained or not.

for the country’s seat of technological education excellence, Mapúa University.

will be evaluated by conducting a comprehensibility analysis through survey-questionnaire.

given to the participants.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

a variety of distributed information resources without worrying its physical capacity

Additionally, a study by Regan, Labrake, and Piekart-Primiano (2018), addresses to

exposed to obstacles such as clicking, hovering, exploring or dragging to further proceed at

& Fernández-Amorós 2012).

obtain knowledge (Chen, 2018).

site with ease and speed if it has a good design.

Website maintenance is a must since the design should be updated periodically to

A study by Tadele, Roberts, and Whiting, (2018) defined a website’s accessibility as

countries using a global dataset of 947 microfinance institutions’ website accessibility.

A recommender system is portrayed as a way of choosing options for users under

simple terms, the recommender system is within the search engine.

environment, therefore the researchers suggested the conducting of an in-depth user-based

more information to mobile users.

improve the efficiency of computation and accuracy of the recommended results.

A research by Mendoza, Garcia, Gonzales, Hernandez, and Zapeter, (2015), the

crowd, if it is crowded or not, and its location whether it is near or far.

identify its functions and process.

Gavalas, Konstantopoulos, Mastakas, and Pantziou, (2013) showed that the

museums. Recommender systems are essentially information filtering systems aiming at

tourism, and how it will affect the tourism of a country.

formula used is as follows:

samples required to evaluate the population (Santiago, 2016).

in order of magnitude since there is no standard of measurement of differences. The other

school of researchers approached the dilemma from a different perspective. According to

labeled as interval estimates (Ibid.).

WEBSITE CONENT-BASED SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS’ RESEARCH PAPERS OF

keywords: comprehensibility analysis, Likert scale, survey questionnaire, website

Websites or sites play an important role in businesses, commercials, technologies, and

(Hypertext Preprocessor) language will be used in making the database. MySQL is a

websites serve as the information and communication platform. In terms of the

recommendation system, the study conducted by Osadchiy, et al., (2018), defined

recommender system as an identifying tool which identifies consumer preferences and

for sale (Billsus & Pazzani, 2007).

students to identify a scientific, technological, or mathematical problem, design and apply an