Programme 24 Frames 1 to 50

Multiple integrals
Learning outcomes
When you have completed this Programme you will be able to:
Determine the area of a rectangle using a double integral
Evaluate double integrals over general areas
Evaluate triple integrals over general volumes
Apply double integrals to find areas and second moments of area
Apply triple integrals to find volumes

943
944 Programme 24

Summation in two directions

1 Let us consider the rectangle bounded by the straight lines, x ¼ r, x ¼ s, y ¼ k and

y ¼ m, as shown:
y
P
m

δy
δa
y
k
Q
0 r s x
x δx

Then the area of the shaded element,

a ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 a ¼ y:x

If we add together all the elements of area, like a, to form the vertical strip PQ , then
A, the area of the strip, can be expressed as
A ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 y¼m
X
A ¼ y:x
y¼k

Did you remember to include the limits?

Note that during this summation in the y-direction, x is constant.
If we now sum all the strips across y
the figure from x ¼ r to x ¼ s, we P
m
shall obtain the total area of the
rectangle, A. δA

k
Q
0 r x=s s x
x¼s
X
;A¼ (all vertical strips like PQ)
x¼r
8 9
x¼s <y¼m
X X =
¼ y:x
x¼r
: y¼k ;

Removing the brackets, this becomes:

x¼s y¼m
X X
A¼ y:x
x¼r y¼k

If now y ! 0 and x ! 0, the finite summations become integrals, so the expression

becomes
A ¼ ............
Multiple integrals 945

A¼
ð x¼s ð y¼m
dy:dx
4
x¼r y¼k

To evaluate this expression, we start from the inside and work outwards.
ð x¼s ð y¼m
A¼ dy dx
x¼r y¼k
ð x¼s  y¼m
¼ y dx
x¼r y¼k
ð x¼s
¼ ðm  kÞdx
x¼r

and since m and k are constants, this gives A ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . .

A ¼ ðm  kÞ:ðs  rÞ 5
Because
 x¼s
A ¼ ðm  kÞx
x¼r
 x¼s
¼ ðm  kÞ x
x¼r

A ¼ ðm  kÞ:ðs  rÞ
which we know is correct, for it is merely A ¼ length  breadth.
That may seem a tedious way to find the area of a rectangle, but we have done it to
introduce the method we are going to use.
First we define an element of area y:x.
Then we sum in the y-direction to obtain the area of a . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finally, we sum the result in the x-direction to obtain the area of the . . . . . . . . . . . .

vertical strip; whole figure 6

We could have worked slightly differently:

y As before a ¼ x:y. If we sum

m the elements in the x-direction
δy this time, we get the area A1 of
C D the horizontal strip, CD.
δa
y
k ; A1 ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 r s x
x δx
946 Programme 24

7 A1 ¼
x¼s
X
x:y
x¼r

y Now sum the strips vertically

m and we obtain once again the
δA1
area of the whole rectangle.
C D

k
0 x

y¼m y¼m
( )
X X x¼s
X
A1 ¼ (all horizontal strips like CD) ¼ x:y
y¼k y¼k x¼r

As before, if we now remove the brackets and consider what this becomes when
x ! 0 and y ! 0, we get:
A1 ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 A1 ¼
ð y¼m ð x¼s
dx dy
y¼k x¼r

To evaluate this we start from the centre:

ð y¼m ð x¼s
A1 ¼ dx dy
y¼k x¼r

¼ ............

Complete the working to find A1 and then move on to Frame 9

9 A1 ¼ ðs  rÞ:ðm  kÞ

Because
ð y¼m  s
A1 ¼ x dy
y¼k r
ðm
¼ ðs  rÞdy
k
 m
¼ ðs  rÞ y
k

; A1 ¼ ðs  rÞ:ðm  kÞ which is the same result as before.

So the order in which we carry out our two summations appears not to matter.
Remember:
(a) We work from the inside integral.
(b) We integrate with respect to x when the limits are values of x.
(c) We integrate with respect to y when the limits are values of y.

Move to the next frame

Multiple integrals 947

Double integrals
ð y2 ð x2
The expression f ðx; yÞ dx dy is called a double integral (for obvious reasons!) 10
y1 x1

and indicates that:

(a) f ðx; yÞ is first integrated with respect to x (regarding y as being constant) between
the limits x ¼ x1 and x ¼ x2
(b) the result is then integrated with respect to y between the limits y ¼ y1 and y ¼ y2 .

Example 1
ð2 ð4
Evaluate I¼ ðx þ 2yÞ dx dy
1 2

So ðx þ 2yÞ is first integrated with respect to x between x ¼ 2 and x ¼ 4, with y

regarded as constant for the time being.
ð2 ð4
I¼ ðx þ 2yÞ dx dy
1 2

ð2 4
x2
¼ þ 2xy dy
1 2 2
ð2 
¼ ð8 þ 8yÞ  ð2 þ 4yÞ dy
1
ð2
¼ ð6 þ 4yÞdy ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Finish it off

I ¼ 12 11
Because
ð2
I ¼ ð6 þ 4yÞdy
1
 2
¼ 6y þ 2y2
1
¼ ð12 þ 8Þ  ð6 þ 2Þ ¼ 20  8
¼ 12
Here is another.

Example 2
ð2 ð3
Evaluate I¼ x2 y dx dy
1 0
ð3
Do this one on your own. Remember to start with x2 y dx with y constant.
0

Finish the double integral completely and then move on to Frame 12

948 Programme 24

12 I ¼ 13:5

Check your working:

ð2 ð3
I¼ x2 y dx dy
1 0
ð2 ð3
¼ x2 y dx dy
1 0

ð2 x¼3
x3
¼ :y dy
1 3 x¼0
ð2 2
9y2

¼ ð9yÞdy ¼
1 2 1

¼ 18  4:5

¼ 13:5

Now do this one in just the same way.

Example 3
ð2 ð
Evaluate I¼ ð3 þ sin Þ d dr
1 0

When you have finished, check with the next frame

13 I ¼ 3 þ 2

Here it is:
ð2 ð
I¼ ð3 þ sin Þ d dr
1 0
ð2 
¼ 3  cos  dr
1 0
ð2 
¼ ð3 þ 1Þ  ð1Þ dr
1
ð2
¼ ð3 þ 2Þ dr
1
 2
¼ ð3 þ 2Þr
1

¼ ð3 þ 2Þð2  1Þ
¼ 3 þ 2

On to the next frame

Multiple integrals 949

Triple integrals

Sometimes we have to deal with expressions such as 14

ðb ðd ðf
I¼ f ðx; y; zÞ dx dy dz
a c e

but the rules are as before. Start with the innermost integral and work outwards.

3
2
b d f 1
f(x, y, z) dy dy dz
a c e

All symbols are regarded as constant for the time being, except the one variable with
respect to which stage of integration is taking place. So try this one on your own
straight away.

Example 1
ð3 ð1 ð2
Evaluate I¼ ðx þ 2y  zÞ dx dy dz
1 1 0

I ¼ 8 15
Did you manage it first time? Here is the working in detail.
ð3 ð1 ð2
I¼ ðx þ 2y  zÞ dx dy dz
1 1 0
ð3 ð1  2
x2
¼ þ 2xy  xz dy dz
1 1 2 0
ð3 ð1
¼ ð2 þ 4y  2zÞ dy dz
1 1
ð3
1
2y þ 2y2  2yz 1 dz

¼
1
ð3 
¼ ð2 þ 2  2zÞ  ð2 þ 2 þ 2zÞ dz
1
ð3
¼ ð4  4zÞ dz
1
 3
¼ 4z  2z2 ¼ ð12  18Þ  ð4  2Þ ¼ 8
1

And another.

Example 2
ð2 ð3 ð1
Evaluate ðp2 þ q2  r 2 Þ dp dq dr
1 0 0

When you have finished it, move on to Frame 16

950 Programme 24

16 I¼3

Because
ð2 ð3 ð1
I¼ ðp2 þ q2  r 2 Þ dp dq dr
1 0 0
ð2 ð3 1
p3
¼ þ pq2  pr 2 dq dr
1 0 3 0
ð2 ð3 
1
¼ þ q2  r 2 dq dr
1 0 3
ð2 3
q q3
¼ þ  qr 2 dr
1 3 3 0
ð2
¼ ð1 þ 9  3r 2 Þdr
1
2
¼ 10r  r 3 1 ¼ ð20  8Þ  ð10  1Þ


¼ 12  9 ¼ 3
It is all very easy if you take it steadily, step by step.
Now two quickies for revision.
Evaluate:
ð2 ð5
(a) dy dx
1 3
ð 4 ð 3x
(b) 2y dy dx
0 1

Finish them both and then move on to the next frame

17 (a) I ¼ 2 (b) I ¼ 188

Here they are:

ð2 ð5 ð 2  5 ð2 ð2  2
(a) I ¼ dy dx ¼ y dx ¼ ð5  3Þdx ¼ 2 dx ¼ 2x
1 3 1 3 1 1 1

¼42¼2
ð 4 ð 3x ð 4  3x ð4
(b) I ¼ 2y dy dx ¼ y2 dx ¼ ð9x2  1Þdx
0 1 0 1 0
 4
¼ 3x3  x ¼ 192  4 ¼ 188
0

And finally, do this one.

ð5 ð2
I¼ ð3x2  4Þ dx dy ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 1
Multiple integrals 951

I ¼ 15 18
Check this working.
ð5 ð2
I¼ ð3x2  4Þ dx dy
0 1
ð5 2
¼ x3  4x dy
0 1
ð5 
¼ ð8  8Þ  ð1  4Þ dy
0
ð5  5
¼ 3 dy ¼ 3y ¼ 15
0 0

Now let us see a few applications of multiple integrals.

Move on then to the next frame

Applications

Example 1 19
4x
Find the area bounded by y ¼ , the x-axis and the ordinate at x ¼ 5.
5
Area of element ¼ y:x
y¼y
X1
; Area of strip y:x
y¼0 y
y1 = 4x
5
The sum of all such strips across the figure
gives us: P
x¼5 y¼y
X1 
y1 δy
X
A y:x
x¼0 y¼0
0 5 x
x¼5 y¼y
X X1 x δx
 y:x
x¼0 y¼0

Now, if y ! 0 and x ! 0, then:

ð 5 ð y1
A¼ dy dx
0 0
ð 5   y1
¼ y dx
0 0
ð5
¼ y1 dx
0

4x
But y1 ¼
5
So A ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . .

Finish it off
952 Programme 24

20 A ¼ 10 unit2

Because
ð5  2 5
4x 2x
A¼ dx ¼ ¼ 10
0 5 5 0
Right. Now what about this one?

Example 2
x 
Find the area under the curve y ¼ 4 sin between x ¼ and x ¼ , by the double
2 3
integral method.

y x
y = 4 sin Steps as before:
2
Area of element ¼ y:x
Area of vertical strip
y¼y
X1
y1 δy
y:x
y¼0

0 π/3 π x
x
δx

Total area of figure:

8 9
x¼ <y¼y
X X1 =
A y:x
x¼=3 y¼0
: ;

If y ! 0 and x ! 0, then:
ð  ð y1
A¼ dy dx ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . .
=3 0

x
Complete it, remembering that y1 ¼ 4 sin .
2

pffiffiffi
21 A ¼ 4 3 unit2

Because you get:

ð  ð y1
A¼ dy dx
=3 0
ð    y1 ð
¼ y dx ¼ y1 dx
=3 0 =3
ð
x h xi
¼ 4 sin dx ¼ 8 cos
=3 2 2 =3
¼ ð8 cos =2Þ  ð8 cos =6Þ
pffiffiffi
3 pffiffiffi
¼ 0 þ 8: ¼ 4 3 unit2
2
Now for a rather more worthwhile example – on to Frame 22
Multiple integrals 953

Example 3 22
Find the area enclosed by the curves
x2
y1 2 ¼ 9x and y2 ¼
9
First we must find the points of intersection. For that, y1 ¼ y2 .
x4
; 9x ¼ ;x¼0 or x3 ¼ 729, i.e. x ¼ 9.
81
So we have a diagram like this:
2
As usual:
y y2 = x
9 Area of element ¼ y:x
; Area of strip PQ
P y12 = 9x
y1 y¼y
X1
δy y:x
Q y¼y2
y2

0 9 x
x
δx

Summing all strips between x ¼ 0 and x ¼ 9:

( )
x¼9 y¼y
X X1 x¼9 y¼y
X X1
A y:x ¼ y:x
x¼0 y¼y2 x¼0 y¼y2
ð 9 ð y1
If y ! 0 and x ! 0, A ¼ dy dx
0 y2

x2
Now finish it off, remembering that y1 2 ¼ 9x and y2 ¼ .
9

A ¼ 27 unit2 23
Here it is.
ð 9 ð y1
A¼ dy dx
0 y2
ð 9   y1
¼ y dx
0 y2
ð9
¼ ðy1  y2 Þdx
0
ð9
x2

1
¼ 3x2  dx
0 9
9
x3

¼ 2x3=2 
27 0
¼ 54  27
¼ 27 unit2

Now for a different one. So move on to the next frame

954 Programme 24

24 Double integrals can conveniently be used for finding other values besides areas.

Example 4
Find the second moment of area of a rectangle 6 cm  4 cm about an axis through
one corner perpendicular to the plane of the figure.

z
y
4

δa
P
0 δy

x y

δx 6
x

Second moment of element P about the z-axis  a(OP)2

 y:x:ðx2 þ y2 Þ
Total second moment about the z-axis
y¼4
x¼6 X
X
I ðx2 þ y2 Þ dy dx
x¼0 y¼0

If x ! 0 and y ! 0, this becomes:

ð6 ð4
I¼ ðx2 þ y2 Þ dy dx
0 0

Now complete the working, I ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . .

25 I ¼ 416 cm4

Because
ð6 ð4 ð6 4
y3
I¼ ðx2 þ y2 Þ dy dx ¼ x2 y þ dxcr
0 0 0 3 0
 3 6
4x 64x
¼ þ
3 3 0
¼ 288 þ 128
¼ 416 cm4
Now here is one for you to do on your own.

Example 5
Find the second moment of area of a rectangle 5 cm  3 cm about one 5 cm side as
axis.
Complete it and then on to Frame 26
Multiple integrals 955

I ¼ 45 cm4 26
Here it is: check through the working.
y
Area of element ¼ a ¼ y:x
3
Second moment of area of a about the x-axis
δy δa ¼ a:y2
y ¼ y2 :y:x

5 x
x
δx
y¼3
X
Second moment of strip  y2 :y:x
y¼0
y¼3
x¼5 X
X
Second moment of whole figure  y2 :y:x
x¼0 y¼0

If y ! 0 and x ! 0:
ð5 ð3
I¼ y2 dy dx
0 0
ð 5  3 3
y
;I ¼ dx
0 3 0
ð5
¼ 9 dx
0
5

¼ 9x
0

I ¼ 45 cm4

On to Frame 27

Review exercise

Now a short review exercise. Finish both integrals, before moving on to the next 27
frame. Here they are.
Evaluate the following:
ð2 ð3
(a) ðy2  xyÞ dy dx
0 1
ð3 ð2
(b) ðx2 þ y2 Þ dy dx.
0 1

When you have finished both, move on

956 Programme 24

28 (a) I ¼ 9
1
(b) I ¼ 16
3

Here they are in detail:

ð2 ð3
(a) I ¼ ðy2  xyÞ dy dx
0 1
ð2 3
y3 xy2
¼  dx
0 3 2 1
ð 2 


9x 1 x
¼ 9   dx
0 2 3 2
ð2

26
¼  4x dx
0 3
 2
26x
¼  2x2
3 0

1 1
¼ 17  8 ¼ 9
3 3
ð3 ð2
(b) I ¼ ðx2 þ y2 Þ dy dx
0 1
ð3 2
y3
¼ x2 y þ dx
0 3 1
ð 3 


8 1
¼ 2x2 þ  x2 þ dx
0 3 3
ð3

7 2
¼ x þ dx
0 3
 3 3
x 7x
¼ þ
3 3 0
¼ 9 þ 7 ¼ 16
Now on to Frame 29

Alternative notation

29 Sometimes double integrals are written in a slightly different way. For example, the
ð3 ð2
last double integral I ¼ ðx2 þ y2 Þ dy dx could have been written:
0 1
ð3 ð2
dx ðx2 þ y2 Þ dy
0 1

The key now is that we start working from the right-hand side integral and gradually
work back towards the front. Of course, we get the same result and the working is
identical.
Let us have some examples, to get used to this notation.

Move on then to Frame 30

Multiple integrals 957

Example 1 30
ð2 ð =2
I¼ dx 5 cos  d
0 0
ð2  =2
¼ dx 5 sin 
0 0
ð2  
¼ dx 5
0
ð2
¼ 5dx
0
 2
¼ 5x ¼ 10
0

It is all very easy, once you have seen the method.

You try this one.

Example 2
ð6 ð =2
Evaluate I ¼ dy 4 sin 3x dx.
3 0

I¼4 31
Here it is:
ð 6 ð =2
I ¼ dy 4 sin 3x dx
3 0

4 cos 3x =2
ð6  
¼ dy
3 3 0
ð6 

4
¼ dy ð0Þ  
3 3
ð6
4
¼ dy
3 3
 6
4y
¼ ¼ ð8Þ  ð4Þ ¼ 4
3 3
Now do these two.

Example 3
ð3 ð1
dx ðx  x2 Þ dy
0 0

Example 4
ð 2 ð 2y
dy ðx  yÞ dx
1 y

(Take care with the second one!)

When you have finished them both, move on to the next frame
958 Programme 24

32 Example 3: I ¼ 4:5 Example 4: I¼

7
6

Here is the working.

ð3 ð1
Example 3 I¼ dx ðx  x2 Þ dy
0 0
ð3  1
¼ dx xy  x2 y
0 0
ð3
¼ dxðx  x2 Þ
0
ð3
¼ ðx  x2 Þ dx
0
3
x2 x3

¼ 
2 3 0

9
¼ 9
2
¼ 4:5
ð2 ð 2y
Example 4 I¼ dy ðx  yÞ dx
1 y
ð2 x¼2y
x2

¼ dy  xy
1 2 x¼y
ð2  2

y
¼ dy ð2y2  2y2 Þ   y2
1 2
ð2 2 ð2 2
y y
¼ dy ¼ dy
1 2 1 2
 3 2
y
¼
6 1
8 1
¼ 
6 6
7
¼
6
Next frame

33 Now, by way of revision, evaluate these:

ð 4 ð 2y
(a) ð2x þ 3yÞ dx dy
0 y
ð4 ð pxffiffi
(b) dx ð2y  5xÞ dy
1 0

When you have completed both of them, move on to Frame 34

Multiple integrals 959

(a) 128 (b)  54:5 34

Working:
ð 4 ð 2y
(a) I ¼ ð2x þ 3yÞ dx dy
0 y
ð4 x¼2y
¼ x2 þ 3xy dy
0 x¼y
ð4 
2 2 2 2
¼ ð4y þ 6y Þ  ðy þ 3y Þ dy
0
ð4 
¼ 10y2  4y2 dy
0
ð4
¼ 6y2 dy
0
4
6y3

¼
3 0
 4
3
¼ 2y
0

¼ 128
ð4 ð pffiffix
(b) I ¼ dx ð2y  5xÞ dy
1 0
ð4  y¼pffiffix
2
¼ dx y  5xy
1 y¼0
ð4 n o
¼ dx x  5x3=2
1
ð4
¼ ðx  5x3=2 Þ dx
1
4
x2

¼  2x5=2
2 1

1
¼ ð8  64Þ  2
2
¼ 56 þ 1:5
¼ 54:5
So it is just a question of being able to recognize and to interpret the two notations.
Now let us look at one or two further examples of the use of multiple integrals.

Move on then to Frame 35

960 Programme 24

Determination of areas by multiple integrals

35 To find the area of the plane figure bounded by the polar curve r ¼ f ðÞ, and the
radius vectors at  ¼ 1 and  ¼ 2 .

θ = θ2 δr
r = f(θ)

δr

δθ
rδθ θ = θ1 Small arc of a circle of radius r, subtend-
θ
ing an angle  at the centre.
0 x
; arc ¼ r:
We proceed very much as before:
Area of element  r:r
r¼r1
X
Area of thin sector  r:r
r¼0
¼
X2
Total area  (all such thin sectors)
¼1
( )
¼
X2 r¼r1
X
 r:r:
¼1 r¼0

¼
X2 Xr¼r1
 r:r:
¼1 r¼0

Then if  ! 0 and r ! 0:
ð 2 ð r1
A¼ r dr d
1 0
¼ ............ Finish it off.

36 The working continues:

ð 2  2 r1
r
A¼ d
1 2 0
ð 2 2

r1
¼ d
1 2
ð 2
1 2
i.e. in general, A ¼ r d
1 2
ð 2
1 2
¼ f ðÞ d
1 2

which is the result we have met before.

Let us work an actual example of this, so move on to Frame 37

Multiple integrals 961

By the use of double integrals, find the area enclosed by the polar curve 37
r ¼ 4ð1 þ cos Þ and the radius vectors at  ¼ 0 and  ¼ .

r = 4 (1 + cos θ)

δr
δθ
rδθ
θ

r¼r1
¼ X
X
A rr:
¼0 r¼0
ð  ð r1
A¼ r dr d
0 0
ð   2 r1
r
¼ d
0 2 0
ð 2
r1 But r1 ¼ f ðÞ
¼ d
0 2 ¼ 4ð1 þ cos Þ
ð
; A ¼ 8ð1 þ cos Þ2 d
0
ð
¼ 8ð1 þ 2 cos  þ cos2 Þ d
0

¼ ............

A ¼ 12 unit2 38
Because
ð
A¼8 ð1 þ 2 cos  þ cos2 Þ d
0

 sin 2 
 
¼ 8  þ 2 sin  þ þ
2 4 0
  
¼8 þ  ð0Þ
2
¼ 8 þ 4
¼ 12 unit2

Now let us deal with volumes by the same method, so move on to the next frame
962 Programme 24

Determination of volumes by multiple integrals

39 z Surface z1 = f(x, y) z

0 δz

y y

y1
x x δx
y2
δy

Element of volume v ¼ x:y:z.

Summing the elements up the column, we have
z¼z
X1
Vc ¼ x:y:z
z¼0

If we now sum the columns between y ¼ y1 and y1 ¼ y2 , we obtain the volume of the
slice:
y¼y
X2 z¼z
X1
Vs ¼ x:y:z
y¼y1 z¼0

Then, summing all slices between x ¼ x1 and x ¼ x2 , we have the total volume:
X2 y¼y
x¼x X2 z¼z
X1
V¼ x:y:z
x¼x1 y¼y1 z¼z0

Then, as usual, if x ! 0, y ! 0 and z ! 0:

ð x 2 ð y2 ð z 1
V¼ dx dy dz
x1 y1 0

The result this time is a triple integral, but the development is very much the same as
in our previous examples.
Let us see this in operation in the following examples.
Next frame

40 Example 1
A solid is enclosed by the plane z ¼ 0, the planes x ¼ 1, x ¼ 4, y ¼ 2, y ¼ 5 and the
surface z ¼ x þ y. Find the volume of the solid.
First of all, what does the figure look like? The plane z ¼ 0 is the x–y plane and the
plane x ¼ 1 is positioned thus:
z

Plane x = 1
0
1

z=0
x

Working on the same lines, draw a sketch of the vertical sides.

Multiple integrals 963

The figure so far now looks like this: 41

z

0
2
1
5
y

4
x

If we now mark in the calculated heights at each point of intersection ðz ¼ x þ yÞ,

we get:
z

2 5
1 y

4
x

This is just preparing the problem, so that we can see how to develop the integral.

For the calculation stage, move on to the next frame

z 42

δy
2 δz 5
1 y

δx
4
x

Volume element  x:y:z

z¼ðxþyÞ
X
Volume of column  x:y z
z¼0

y¼5
X z¼xþy
X
Volume of slice  x y z
y¼2 z¼0

x¼4
X y¼5
X z¼xþy
X
Volume of total solid  x y z
x¼1 y¼2 z¼0
964 Programme 24

Then, as usual, if x ! 0, y ! 0, z ! 0, this becomes:

ð 4 ð 5 ð xþy
V ¼ dx dy dz
1 2 0

And this you can now finish off without any trouble. (With this form of notation,
start at the right-hand end. Remember?)
So V ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . .

43 V ¼ 54 unit3

ð4 ð5 ð xþy ð4 ð5
V¼ dx dy dz ¼ dx dyðx þ yÞ
1 2 0 1 2
ð4 ð5 5ð4
y2

¼ dx dx xy þ
ðx þ yÞ dy ¼
1 2 1 2 2
ð4   ð4

25 21
¼ dx 5x þ  2x  2 ¼ 3x þ dx
1 2 1 2
21x 4 1
 2   4
3x
¼ þ ¼ 3x2 þ 21x
2 2 1 2 1
   
1 1
¼ ð48 þ 84Þ  ð3 þ 21Þ ¼ 132  24 ¼ 54 unit3
2 2

44 Example 2
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the planes z ¼ 0, x ¼ 1, x ¼ 2, y ¼ 1, y ¼ 1
and the surface z ¼ x2 þ y2 .
In the light of the previous example, can you conjure up a mental picture of what
this solid looks like? As before it will give rise to a triple integral.
ð2 ð1 ð x2 þy2
V ¼ dx dy dz
1 1 0

Evaluate this and so find V. V ¼ ............

45 V¼
16
unit3
3

Because we have:
ð2 ð1 ð x2 þy2 ð2 ð1
V ¼ dx dy dz ¼ dx dyðx2 þ y2 Þ
1 1 0 1 1
ð2 1 ð 2 
y3



2 2 1 2 1
¼ dx x y þ ¼ x þ  x  dx
1 3 1 1 3 3
ð2     2
2 2 3
¼ 2x2 þ dx ¼ x þx
1 3 3 1
 
2 16
¼ ð8 þ 2Þ  ð1 þ 1Þ ¼ unit3
3 3

Next frame
Multiple integrals 965

That brings us almost to the end of this Programme. 46

In our work on multiple integrals, we have been developing a form of approach
rather than compiling a catalogue of formulas. There is little therefore that we can list
by way of revision on this occasion, except perhaps to remind you, once again, of the
two forms of notation.
Remember:
ðd ðb
(a) For integrals written f ðx; yÞ dx dy, work from the centre outwards.
c a
ðd ðb
(b) For integrals written dy f ðx; yÞ dx work from the right-hand side.
c a

Now there is the Can You? checklist and the Test exercise to follow, so work
through them carefully at your own speed.

On to Frames 47 and 48

Can You?
Checklist 24 47
Check this list before and after you try the end of Programme test.
On a scale of 1 to 5 how confident are you that you can: Frames
. Determine the area of a rectangle using a double integral? 1 to 9
Yes No
. Evaluate double integrals over general areas? 10 to 13
Yes No
. Evaluate triple integrals over general volumes? 14 to 18
Yes No
. Apply double integrals to find areas and second moments of area? 19 to 38
Yes No
. Apply triple integrals to find volumes? 39 to 45
Yes No

Test exercise 24

The questions are just like those you have been doing quite successfully. They are all 48
quite straightforward and should cause you no trouble.

1 Evaluate:
ð3 ð2
(a) ðy3  xyÞ dy dx
1 0
ð a ð y1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
(b) dx ðx  yÞ dy, where y1 ¼ a2  x2
0 0
966 Programme 24

2 Determine:
ð p3ffiffiþ2 ð =3
(a) ð2 cos   3 sin 3Þ d dr
0 0
ð4 ð2 ð4
(b) xyðz þ 2Þ dx dy dz
2 1 0
ð1 ð2 ðx
(c) dz dx ðx þ y þ zÞ dy
0 1 0

3 The line y ¼ 2x and the parabola y2 ¼ 16x intersect at x ¼ 4. Find by a

double integral, the area enclosed by y ¼ 2x, y2 ¼ 16x and the ordinate at
x ¼ 1, and the point of intersection at x ¼ 4.
4 A triangle is bounded by the x-axis, the line y ¼ 2x and the ordinate at
x ¼ 4. Build up a double integral representing the second moment of area
of this triangle about the x-axis and evaluate the integral.
5 Form a double integral to represent the area of the plane figure bounded by
the polar curve r ¼ 3 þ 2 cos  and the radius vectors at  ¼ 0 and  ¼ =2,
and evaluate it.
6 A solid is enclosed by the planes z ¼ 0, y ¼ 1, y ¼ 3, x ¼ 0, x ¼ 3 and the
surface z ¼ x2 þ xy. Calculate the volume of the solid.
That’s it!

Further problems 24

49 1 Evaluate
ð  ð cos 
r sin  dr d
0 0
ð 2 ð 3
2 Evaluate r 3 ð9  r 2 Þ dr d
0 0
ð 1 ð 3xþ2
3 Evaluate dy dx
2 x2 þ4x
ða ðb ðc
4 Evaluate ðx2 þ y2 Þ dx dy dz
0 0 0
ð  ð =2 ð r
5 Evaluate x2 sin  dx d d
0 0 0

6 Find the area bounded by the curve y ¼ x2 and the line y ¼ x þ 2.

7 Find the area of the polar figure enclosed by the circle r ¼ 2 and the
cardioid r ¼ 2ð1 þ cos Þ.
ð2 ð3 ð2
8 Evaluate dx dy xy2 z dz
0 1 1
ð2 ð2
9 Evaluate dx ðx2 þ y2 Þ dy
0 1
ð1 ð =4
10 Evaluate dr r cos2  d
0 0
Multiple integrals 967

11 Determine the area bounded by the curves x ¼ y2 and x ¼ 2y  y2 .

12 Express as a double integral, the area contained by one loop of the curve
r ¼ 2 cos 3, and evaluate the integral.
ð =2 ð tan1 ð2Þ ð 4
13 Evaluate x sin y dx dy dz
0 =4 0
ð  ð 4 cos z ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
16y2
14 Evaluate y dx dy dz
0 0 0

15 A plane figure is bounded by the polar curve r ¼ að1 þ cos Þ between  ¼ 0

and  ¼ , and the initial line OA. Express as a double integral the first
moment of area of the figure about OA, and evaluate the integral. If
3a2
the area of the figure is known to be unit2, find the distance (h) of the
4
centroid of the figure from OA.
16 Using double integrals, find (a) the area and (b) the second moment about
the x-axis of the plane figure bounded by the x-axis and that part of the
x2 y2
ellipse 2 þ 2 ¼ 1 which lies above the x-axis. Find also the position of the
a b
centroid.
17 The base of a solid is the plane figure in the x–y plane bounded by x ¼ 0,
x ¼ 2, y ¼ x and y ¼ x2 þ 1. The sides are vertical and the top is the surface
z ¼ x2 þ y2 . Calculate the volume of the solid so formed.
18 A solid consists of vertical sides standing on the plane figure enclosed by
x ¼ 0, x ¼ b, y ¼ a and y ¼ c. The top is the surface z ¼ xy. Find the volume
of the solid so defined.
19 Show that the area outside the circle r ¼ a and inside the circle r ¼ 2a cos 
is given by
ð =3 ð 2a cos 
A¼2 r dr d
0 a
Evaluate the integral.
20 A rectangular block is bounded by the coordinate planes of reference and
by the planes x ¼ 3, y ¼ 4, z ¼ 2. Its density at any point is numerically
equal to the square of its distance from the origin. Find the total mass of
the solid.

Now visit the companion website for this book at www.palgrave.com/stroud for
more questions applying this mathematics to science and engineering.
50