USMLE Equations

Pharmacology
Question Answer

V<J Amount of drug In body / (Plasma drug concent rail on)

CL (Rate of elimination of drug) / (Plasma drug concentration)
Half Life (0.7 * Vd) / CL
Loading dose (Cp x Vd) IF — Plasma drug concentration * Vd / bioavailability
Maintenance dose Cp * CL / F
pH pKa + Log (HC03/[0 03 Pco2)
Km = [S] at ? [S] at SVmax
Non-competitive inhibitor Decreases efficacy (Vmax) -> inc 1/Vmax
Competitive inhibitor Decreases potency (increased Km)—> dec 1/Km

Respiratory
Question Answer

Dead space Tidat volume " ([PaC02 - Pexp air C02]/PaC02|

Alveolar ventilation (Tidal volume - Dead space)" Breaths/mln
PA 0 2 = PA02 = ( Fi02 ' (760 - 47)) - (PaC02 / 0.8) — at room air
(21% 02). PA02
= .21 ( 7 1 3 i - P a C 0 2 / 0 . 8
= 150 - PaC02 / 0.8 [1 instead of 0 8 if pt on
100% 02]
= 150 - 1 25 - P a C 0 2
A-a gradient Alveolar 02 - arterial 02 = (at room air) 150mmHg - Pa02
(given)
no mi a I A-a gradient 10mmHa or pt's age / 4
diffusion D - pressure x surface area x solubility / [membfane
thickness x sqrt molec wtj
Winter's formula (HC03- PaC02 = 1 5 x [HC03-] + 8 +/- 2
PaC02)
dec Pa02 with normal A-a gradient hypoventilation (inc PC02) . dec Fi02 (normal PC02)
dec Pa02 with inc A-a gradient shunt (does not improve •:;ith inc 02) ; — V'Q mismatch
or diffusion impairment (improve with inc 021
difference btwn V/Q mismatch and V/Q mismatch •• normal DLCO (diffusion): diffusion
diffusion Impairment impairment dec DLCO (diffusion)
causes of shunting (inc A-a Atelectasis, pulmonary edema. Intra cardiac shunt (Right-
gradient w/ no improvement on Left) due to VSD; ASD: Vascular shunt within the lungs
100% 02)

Cardiology
Question Answer

CO rate of 02 consumption/{Arterial 02-Venous 02)

CO SV ' M R
MAP CO * TPR = 2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic
sv EDV - ESV
EF SWEDV
R 8n 11 (pi) r ft 4
R in series R = R1 + R2
R in parallel 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2
factors that inc viscosity polycythemia, high protein (MM), spherocytosis
pulse pressure systolic - diastolic

Biostats
Question Answer

Sensitivity TP / (TP+FN) = 1 - FN = TP / all real Ps

Specificity TNI / (TN+FP) = 1 - FP = TN / all real Ns
IPPV TP / (TP+FP) = TP / all apparent Ps
INPV TN / (TN+FN) = TN / all apparent Ns
OR = (a/b)/ (c/d) = ad / be — where a (risk factor + ds); b (risk factor - ds)r
Odds ratio c (- risk factor + ds), d (- risk factor - ds)
|[a/(a+b)J / [c/(c+d)] — where a (risk factor + ds), lb (risk factor - ds), c (-
Relative risk risk factor + ds) d (- risk factor - ds) = Incidence of exposed / incidence of
unexposed
Attributable risk |[a/(a+b)] - [c/(c+d)] — where a (risk factor + ds). lb (risk factor - ds). c (-
risk factor + ds). d (- risk factor - ds) = Incidence of exposed - incidence of
unexposed
Positive
likelihood ratio Sens / [1 - Spec] = Sens / FP

Negative s
likelihood ratio [1 - Sens) / Spec FN / Spec
accuracy = ? accuracy = (TP+TN) / (TP+TN+FP+FN) = all accurates / total
IH a rdy-Weinberg p*2 + 2pq + q*2 = 1 p + q = 1
equil
confidence CI = mean +/- 2'slgma »> 95% CI
interval
type I error = ? b / (b+d)
type II error = ? c / (a+e)

Renal

GFR Uinulin / PinuJin * V= Cinulin

GFR Kf[Pgc-Pbs) - (ONCgc-ONCbs)]
RPF Upah / Ppah * V = Cpah
RBF RPF/(1-Hct)
FF GFFWRPF