Hyponatremia

Reduction in sodium concentration in body fluids

Hartmann’s solution is a balanced isotonic solution containing Na+, Cl–,

K+, HCO3– (as lactate), Ca2+, and water. Similar to Normal Saline, it
distributes in the intra-vascular and interstitial spaces, making it useful
for both resuscitation and fluid maintenance.

Hartmann’s solution is considered to be more “physiological” than Normal

Saline as it contains other electrolytes in concentrations similar to
plasma (see Table). It also contains lactate, which it uses to generate
alkalising HCO3– ions.

Restored electrolytic concentration.

Tap water – unknown ions

Factors that can cause urinary blood (hematuria) 

cerebral edema
blood in urine, tear in glomerulus, further loss in electrolytes

Osmolality is a measure of how much one substance has dissolved in another substance