Agua, pH y Soluciones

amortiguadoras

Dr. Ronald Navarro Oviedo

Departamento de Biología
Facultad de ciencias Biológicas
TABLE 2-1. Melting Point,
Boiling Point, and Heat of
Vaporization
of Some Common Solvents

aThe heat energy required to convert 1.0 g of a liquid at its boiling point and at atmospheric pressure into its
gaseous state at the same temperature. It is a direct measure of the energy required to overcome attractive
forces between molecules in the liquid phas
 Structure of the water molecule.

When ice melts or water evaporates, heat is taken up by the system:

Hydrogen
bonding in
ice.
Water Forms Hydrogen Bonds with Polar Solutes

Common hydrogen bonds in biological systems

Some biologically important hydrogen bonds
Directionality of the hydrogen bond
Water Interacts Electrostatically with Charged Solutes
 Water as solvent

Entropy Increases as Crystalline Substances Dissolve

As a salt such as NaCl dissolves, the Na+ and Cl− ions leaving the crystal lattice acquire far greater
freedom of motion.
 Nonpolar Gases
Are Poorly Soluble
in Water
Nonpolar Compounds Force Energetically Unfavorable Changes in the Structure of
Water

Amphipathic compounds in aqueous solution

Release of ordered water favors formation of an enzyme
substrate complex
Weak Interactions Are
Crucial to
Macromolecular
Structure and Function
Ionization of Water, Weak Acids, and
Weak Bases
Pure Water Is Slightly Ionized

The Ionization of Water Is Expressed by an Equilibrium Constant

The pH Scale Designates the H+ and OH− Concentrations
TABLE 2-6 The pH Scale
The pH of some aqueous fluids
Weak Acids and Bases Have Characteristic Acid
Dissociation Constants
 Titration
Curves
Reveal the
pKa of Weak
Acids

The titration curve of acetic acid

Comparison of the titration
curves of three weak acids
 Buffering against pH Changes in Biological
Systems

Buffers Are Mixtures of Weak Acids and Their Conjugate Bases

The acetic acid–acetate pair as a buffer system

The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation Relates pH,
pKa, and Buffer Concentration
 Principales sistemas amortiguadores
fisiológicos
Tampón ácido carbónico/bicarbonato ( en el líquido extracelular)
El pKa del sistema HCO3 –/H2CO3 es 6,1

Tampón fosfato (en el líquido intracelular)