UNIT 6 - ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

UNIT 6 - ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

Key Concept: Relationship

Related Concept: Form, interaction

Global Context: Scientific and Technical Innovation

Exploration: Models, methods and products

UNIT 6 - ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
⮚ SOI

Student will understand that

A molecule's chemical properties is highly related
to its molecular structure or form, which determines
how it interacts with other molecules
through the inquiry into
models, methods and products
UNIT 6 - ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
⮚ SOI

A molecule's chemical properties is highly related

to its molecular structure, which determines how it
interacts with other molecules
UNIT 6 - ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
OBJECTIVES
Students will be able to:
1. Define and describe acids and bases
2. Compare and contrast acids and bases
3. Define and draw the pH scale
4. Explain how neutralization disassociation reactions relate
to the formation and neutralization of acids and bases.
5. Define the term salt.
6. Describe the properties of salts.
 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

Terms to Learn
▪ Acid

▪ Base

▪ Salt

▪ Neutralization Reaction of Acid and Base

▪ Naming acids and bases

 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
▪ Look at these boys in the photos below.
What can you can tell by the expression on their faces?
 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
What can you can tell by the expression on their faces?

▪ Lemon juice taste sour because it contains a citric

acid, and all acids are sour.
▪ They share certain other properties as well. 

citric acid momordicin

▪ The basic nature of the bitter melon is due to the

presence of an base momordicin, and all bases have
bitter taste
▪ They share certain other properties as well. 
 ACIDS & BASES
▪ If a chemist tells you soapy water is basic, she isn’t
calling it simple. She’s referring to the sodium
hydroxide used to make soap; it is an alkaline (AL-
kuh-lin) substance. Basic — or alkaline — describes
properties of certain molecules in a solution.
▪ These substances are the opposite of acids — such as
the citric, ascorbic and malic acids that give lemon
juice its puckering sourness. The word acid comes
from the Latin words acidus or acere, which mean
"sour," since one of the characteristics of acids in
water is a sour taste
 What are acids and bases?
INDIVIDUAL WORK:
▪ Draw the table
▪ While you are watching the YouTube about
acid, bases and salts fill the table

▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGOKug-d
A0g&t=284s
 What are acids and bases?
Table. Properties of acids, bases and salts

PROPERTY ACID BASE SALT

EXAMPLES

TASTE

NEUTRALIZATIO
N

IDENTIFICATION

SOLUBILITY IN
WATER
INDICATOR
TESTS
 Naming Common Acids
★ https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/naming-acids-and-bases/
 Naming Acids

Formula Writing for Acids: Explanation, Flowchart, and Practice

 Naming Bases

● Common bases contain the OH- (hydroxide) ion.

● They are named just like ionic compounds.
● For example, NaOH is called Sodium hydroxide.
● NH3, Ammonia, is an important exception.

Formula Writing for Acids: Explanation, Flowchart, and Practice

Write the Formula for
 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Terms to Learn
▪ Arrhenius Acid and Base

▪ Acidic and Basic Nature of Water

▪ Neutralization Reaction of Acid and Base

▪ Dissociation
 What are acids and bases?
In summary acids and bases have the following
common properties:
▪ Acids are the substances whose aqueous solution is
sour taste and turns blue litmus to red.
▪ Bases are the substance whose aqueous solution is
slippery to touch, bitter taste, changed the color of the
litmus to blue, and reacts with acids to form salts.
 Theories of Acids and Bases
▪ Three different theories have been put forth in order
to define acids and bases:
Theories of Acids and Bases
 Acidic and Basic Nature of Water
▪ Water has both acidic and basic nature and it dissociates
to hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxide (OH–) ions.

This is often simplified into:

H2O ⇆ H+ + OH–
Where H+ is hydrogen ion (or proton- Brønsted-Lowry theory)
and OH– is hydroxide ion.
Acids and Bases

▪ A hydrogen atom consists of a

proton (positively charged particle),
around which an electron
(negatively charged particle) orbits.
▪ According to the Brønsted-Lowry
definition, molecules that are acidic
have the capacity to give up —
donate — that proton to another
molecule.
▪ This is why scientists sometimes
call acids proton donors.
Test yourself

Identify each compound as an Arrhenius acid, an

Arrhenius base, or neither.
1.KOH
2.H2SO4

3.C2H6
Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases
★ Acids are substances that dissociate in water to
yield electrically charged atoms or molecules,
called ions, one of which is a hydrogen ion (H+),
and that bases ionize in water to yield hydroxide
ions (OH−).
Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases
IONIC COMPOUNDS (SALTS) IN WATER

★ When ionic compound dissolves in

water te solvents pulls the
individual ions apart from the
crystal and solvates them
★ Salts, e.g. NaCl(s) break apart into
Na+(aq) and Cl-(aq) ions in aqueous
solution
★ This process is called
DISSOCIATION.
NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Dissociation of salt

How Salt Dissolves in Water What Happens when Stuff Dissolves?

 DISSOCIATION

+ -
▪Most dissociating substances break up into ions
▪The idea of ionic dissociation is used to explain electrical
conductivity.
 TEST YOURSELF
★ Write balanced chemical equations to represent the
slight dissociation or the complete dissociation for 1
mole of the following compounds:

1. hydrosulfuric acid
2. sodium acetate
3. ammonium sulfate
4. calcium carbonate
5. potassium carbonate
6. sodium hydroxide
7. sulfuric acid
8. iron(II) sulfate
9. carbonic acid
Acids & Bases - Neutralization Reactions
Acids & Bases - Neutralization Reactions
• Acids and bases reactions are highly useful in
explaining the acid base neutralization in an aqueous
solution.

HA + BOH ⇆ BA + H2 O

Acid + Base ⇄ Salt + Water

HCl + NaOH ⇆ NaCl + H2 O

HNO3 + NaOH ⇆ NaNO3 + H2 O

 Acids, Bases & Salts
➔ Arrhenius Theory
➔ Neutralisation reaction
 TEST YOURSELF
★ Write balanced chemical equations for the
neutralization reactions between listed acid and base:
1. HI and NaOH
2. H2CO3 and Sr(OH)2
3. Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4
4. Al(OH)3 and HCl
5. Zn(OH)2 and HNO3
6. HBr and Ba(OH)2
★ Draw a table & name all reactants and products of above
reactions
Reaction Reactant 1 Reactant 2 Salt’s Name
1
2
Importance of Neutralization Reactions
Here are some ways neutralisation is used:
• Farmers use lime (calcium oxide) to neutralise acid
soils.
• Your stomach contains hydrochloric acid, and too
much of this causes indigestion. Antacid tablets
contain bases such as magnesium hydroxide and
magnesium carbonate to neutralise the extra acid.
• Bee stings are acidic. They can be neutralised using
baking powder, which contains sodium hydrogen
carbonate.
 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
ELECTROLYTES
Terms to Learn:
▪ Electrolytes
▪ Non - electrolytes
▪ Strong electrolyte
▪ Weak electrolyte
▪ Strong acids
▪ Strong bases
▪ Electrical conductivity
 ELECTROLYTES
● The compounds that form aqueous solutions that CAN
conduct electricity are called electrolytes ( 電解質 ).
● The compounds that form aqueous solutions that
CANNOT conduct electricity are called non-electrolytes
( 非電解質 ).
● When an electrolyte completely dissociates in water, it is
called a strong electrolyte ( 強電解質 ).
● When an electrolyte only partially dissociates in water it
is called a weak electrolyte ( 弱電解質 ).

What Are Electrolytes?

STRONG & WEAK ELECTROLYTES
● Strong electrolytes produce LARGE quantities of free
moving aqueous ions whereas weak electrolytes
produce only SMALL quantities of free moving
aqueous ions

non - electrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte

STRONG AND WEAK ELECTROLYTES

Strong Electrolyte Weak Electrolyte Non- electrolyte

HCl CH3COOH CH3OH (methanol)
HNO3 HF C6H12O6 (glucose)
H2SO4 HNO2 C12H22O11 (sucrose)
NaOH NH3
Ba(OH)2 H2O

* H2O is considered to be a weak electrolyte.

Why water is a weak electrolyte?
★ In water molecule, the atoms are bonded with strong
hydrogen bond. Hence, water is not able to dissociate
completely into its ion.

The two hydrogen atoms

of each water molecule
form hydrogen bonds
with oxygen atoms of
nearby water molecules
Strong Acids & Bases
 How Electrolytes Conduct
Electricity in Solutions
● Ions can move in solutions.
● When the solution is
connected to a battery, the
negative anions would move
toward the positive electrode-
anode ( 正 極 端 子 ) and the
positive cation would move
toward the negative electrode
- cathode ( 負極端子 ).
● This allows the solution to
conduct electricity.
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl; 鹽酸 )Solution

● Notice that every mole

of hydrochloric acid
that dissociate produces
1 mole of hydronium
cations and 1 mole of
chloride anions.
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl; 鹽酸 )Solution

• The blue litmus paper

( 石蕊試紙 )turned red
- the solution is acidic
( 酸性的 ).
• The light bulb shines
brightly; it conducts
electricity very well.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Vinegar (or acetic / ethanoic acid)
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Strong & Weak Electrolytes
● Strong acids or bases will have high ion
concentration and low molecule concentration!
● Weak acids or bases will have low ion
concentration and high molecule concentration!
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl; 鹽酸 )Solution

● Notice that every mole

of sodium hydroxide
that dissociate produces
1 mole of sodium
cations and 1 mole of
hydroxide anions.
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH; 氫氧化
鈉 )Solution

● The red litmus paper

turns blue - the solution
is basic ( 鹼性的 ).
● The light bulb shines
brightly; it conducts
electricity very well.
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Sodium Chloride (NaCl; 氯化鈉 ) Solution

NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Sodium Chloride (NaCl; 氯化鈉 ) Solution

● The litmus paper

didn’t change color -
the solution is neutral
( 中性的 )
● The light bulb shines
weakly--it conducts
electricity but not
well.
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Sugar(C6H12O6) Solution

● The sugar glucose is a

covalent compound.
● When sugar dissolves
in water, it forms
individual glucose
molecules (C6H12O6).

Sugar dissolving
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Sugar(C6H12O6) Solution

● The litmus paper

didn’t change color -
the solution is neutral.
● The light bulb didn’t
shine - it doesn’t
conduct electricity.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WillWjxRWw
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Is PURE Water Electrically Conductive?

● The litmus paper

didn’t change color -
the solution is neutral.
● The light bulb didn’t
shine - it doesn’t
conduct electricity.

PURE WATER IS NON -

CONDUCTING

Conductivity of water
DISSOCIATION & ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
 COMMON ELECTROLYTES
CH3COOH ( 醋酸 , vinegar or acetic acid)
Acidic HCl (hydrochloric acid; 鹽酸 )
H2SO4 (sulfuric acid, 硫酸 )
NaCl (sodium chloride; 氯化鈉 )
Neutral KCl(potassium chloride; 氯化鉀 )
KNO3(potassium nitrate; 硝酸鉀)
NaOH (sodium hydroxide, 氫氧化鈉 )
Basic Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide; 氫氧化鈣 )
NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate; 碳酸氫鈉 )
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
● Which one of the following substances are electrolytes?

Name Formula What is present in Light bulb

solution? (Y/N)
sodium chloride

sulfuric acid

potassium nitrate
acetic acid

ethanol

sodium hydroxide

glucose
 TEST YOURSELF
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. Metals can conduct electricity. Therefore, it is an
electrolyte.
B. Sodium hydroxide solids cannot conduct electricity so it is
a non-electrolyte.
C. Acetic acid aqueous solution doesn’t conduct electricity
well so it is a non-electrolyte.
D. Sodium chloride aqueous solution can conduct electricity
so it is an electrolyte.
 NATURAL BATTERIES
Science behind: Fruits & Vegetables can Conduct Electricity

● We need a galvanized nail

and a penny for making fruit
batteries.
● These two items will become
the electrodes once we push
them partly into the fruit.
● Now, if we connect these two
with a piece of wire through
an LED light we will
complete the circuit and
electricity will flow.
Free energy Light Bulbs Using Apple
 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Universal indicator and the pH scale
Terms to Learn:
▪ pH scale
▪ indicator
 pH of Acids and Bases

▪ In order to find the numeric value of the level of acidity

or basicity of a substance, the pH scale (wherein pH
stands for ‘potential of hydrogen’) can be used.
▪ The pH scale is the most common and trusted way to
measure how acidic or basic a substance is.
▪ A pH scale measure can vary from 0 to 14, where 0 is the
most acidic and 14 is the most basic a substance can be.
 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
⮚ pH scale

▪ To identify acids from bases, and the relative strength

of each, chemists tend to use a pH scale
 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
pH scale
★ A solutions acidity or basicity is based on the amount of H+
in the solution.
★ pH is a unit used to describe the acidity or basicity of
solution.
★ pH stands for powers of Hydrogen.

HIGH LOW
concentration concentration
of [H+]ions of [H+]ions
 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
pH scale
★ Introduction to Logarithms
 STRONG vs WEAK
ACIDS & BASES - pH SCALE
 STRONG vs WEAK
ACIDS & BASES - pH SCALE

★ Strong Acid: An acid that has a very low pH (0-3).

★ Strong Base: A base that has a very high pH (11-14).

REMEMBER: Weak Acids & Bases only partially dissociate in

an aqueous solution. This means that not every molecule
breaks apart:
★ Weak acids usually have a pH close to 7 (4-6).
★ Weak bases usually have a pH close to 7 (8-10).

★ Neutral: A solution that has a pH of 7. It is neither acidic

nor basic.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
pH, pOH and [H+], [OH-]

In ANY solution, the concentration of [H+] and [OH-] is

always 10-14 (M2), therefore:
● [H+] x [OH-] = 10-14 (M2)
● pH + pOH = 14
The pH of pure water is 7. Therefore we can calculate the
concentration of [H+] and [OH-] ions:

● [H+] = 10-pH = 10-7 (M) and [OH-] = 10-pOH = 10-7 (M),

so: 10-7 (M) x 10-7 (M) = 10-14 (M2)
NOTE: Molarity (M) indicates the number of moles of solute per liter
of solution (moles/Liter)
 pH pOH [H+] [OH-]
CALCULATIONS

CALCULATIONS

pH + pOH = 14 [H+] = 10-pH

[H+] x [OH-] = 10-14 [OH-] = 10-pOH
 SOLVING FOR:
pH, pOH, [H+], [OH-]

★ A nitric acid (HNO3) solution [OH-] is 10-11 M, what is

its [H+]?
➔ We know that : [OH-] = 10-11 M

➔ Rearrange equation [H+] x [OH-] = 10-14 (M2) to solve for

[H+]: [H+] x 10-11 (M) = 10-14 (M2)

[H+] = 10-14 (M2) ÷ 10-11 (M)

[H+] = 10-3 M
 SOLVING FOR:
pH, pOH, [H+], [OH-]
★ An aqueous solution has a pH of 10 at 25 °C. What is
the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution?
METOD 1
➔ We know that : [H+] = 10-pH (M), so [H+] = 10-10
➔ We know that: [H+] x [OH-] = 10-14 (M2), rearrange it to
solve for [OH-]:
10-10(M) x [OH-] = 10-14 (M2)
[OH-] = 10-14 (M2) ÷ 10-10 (M)
[OH-] = 10-4 M
 SOLVING FOR:
pH, pOH, [H+], [OH-]
★ An aqueous solution has a pH of 10 at 25 °C. What is
the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution?
METOD 2

➔ We know that: pH + pOH = 14 , rearrange it to solve

for pOH-: 10 + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 - 10 = 4
➔ We can now use the equation for pOH to solve for
[OH-]: [OH-] = 10-pOH (M)
[OH-] = 10-4 (M)
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
pH, pOH and [H+], [OH-]

pH = 1 is 100
times more acidic
than pH = 3

pH = 6 is 10 000
times more basic NEUTRAL
than pH = 2

[H+] = 10-pH [OH-] = 10-pOH

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
pH, pOH and [H+], [OH-]
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
pH, pOH and [H+], [OH-]

In Summary:
★ The higher the pH of a solution, the smaller its hydrogen
concentration.
➔ If the [H+] is more than 10-7 the solution is acidic ([H+] > 10-7)

It is the same as saying:

A solution is acidic when its pH is lower than 7 (pH < 7)
It also means: when [H+] > [OH-], it is acidic.
➔ [H+] x [OH-] = 10-14 (M2)
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
pH, pOH and [H+], [OH-]
In Summary:
★ The higher the pH of a solution, the smaller its hydrogen
concentration.

➔ If the [H+] is less than 10-7, the solution is basic ([H+] < 10-7)
It is the same as saying:
A solution is basic when its pH is higher than 7 (pH > 7)
It also means: when [H+] < [OH-] a solution is basic.
➔ [H+] x [OH-] = 10-14 (M2)
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
pH, pOH and [H+], [OH-]

● A solution A is made from 10 ml of distilled water

and 1 drop of 1.0 M of NaOH. A solution B is made
from 10 ml of distilled water and 1 drop of solution
A. Which of the following pH descriptions is correct?
A) A < B < 7
B) B < 7 < A
C) A > B > 7
D) A < 7, B >7
 Acid & Base Indicators

★ There are three common acid/base indicators :

1. Litmus indicator ( 石蕊指示劑 )

2. Phenol indicator ( 酚酞指示劑 )
3. Wide range indicator paper ( 廣用試劑 );Universal
pH paper
 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Litmus paper

▪ Litmus indicator is made from litmus lichens ( 石蕊地衣 ).

▪ When pH is smaller than 5, the litmus indicator turns red.
▪ When pH is greater than 8, the litmus indicator turns
blue.
 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Litmus paper

▪ One of the earliest tests to determine acids from bases

was the litmus paper.
▪ There are two types of litmus paper available that can
be used to identify acids and bases – red litmus paper
and blue litmus paper.
▪ Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions
▪ Red litmus paper turns blue under basic or alkaline
conditions.
 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Universal indicator
● Universal indicator is supplied as a solution or as
universal indicator paper.
● It is a mixture of several different indicators.
● Unlike litmus, universal indicator can show us how
strongly acidic or alkaline a solution is.
● This is measured using the pH scale, which runs from
pH 0 to pH 14.

UNIVERSAL INDICATOR - pH scale

 ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
⮚ Litmus vs Universal paper
 Acid - Base Indicators
▪ Acid - base indicators (also known as pH indicators)
are substances which change color with pH. They are
usually weak acids or bases.
 Acid - Base Indicators

THYMOL BLUE PHENOLPHTHALEIN

 Digital pH Meter
★ A pH meter is a scientific
instrument that measures
the hydrogen-ion activity
in water-based solutions,
indicating its acidity or
basicity expressed as pH.

Using a pH Meter
DISCOVERING ACIDS & BASES

INSTRUCTIONS:
● Using the basic pH scale simulation on the PhET
website, we will explore and answer the important
questions about acid or base.
● Based on our results, we will analyze how the
discovered acids are similar, and discovered bases are
similar.
● We will use our discoveries to explore and understand
how pH levels of substances are affected when diluted.
 DISCOVERING ACIDS & BASES
1. Before you start lab simulation, read paragraphs:
a) What are acids and bases
b) Important questions
c) Instructions

2. Introduction-Explore
1. Copy and paste this website you’re your Internet browser:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/ph-scale-basics
2. Your page should look like this:
3. Follow instruction - start simulation
In Summary:
● In water and neutral solutions, the concentration of
hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide
ions.
● All acidic solutions contain more hydrogen ions than
hydroxide ions.
● All alkaline solutions contain more hydroxide ions than
hydrogen ions.
In Summary:
Diluting acids and bases
● Adding water to an acid or base will change its pH, it
will reduces the concentration of ions in the solution.
● When an acidic solution is diluted with water the
concentration of H+ ions decreases and the pH of the
solution increases towards 7.
● When an alkali is diluted with water the concentration
of OH- ions decreases. This causes the pH of the alkali to
fall towards 7, making the solution less alkaline as more
water is added.
In Summary:
Diluting acids and bases
● Adding water to an acid or base will change its pH, it
will reduces the concentration of ions in the solution.
● When an acidic solution is diluted with water the
concentration of H+ ions decreases and the pH of the
solution increases towards 7.
● When an alkali is diluted with water the concentration
of OH- ions decreases. This causes the pH of the alkali to
fall towards 7, making the solution less alkaline as more
water is added.
NATURAL pH INDICATOR - Lab
RED CABBAGE - pH scale
 RED CABBAGE
NATURAL pH INDICATOR - Lab

Tips and Safety

● In this Lab we use acids and bases, so use safety
goggles and gloves, particularly when handling:
strong acids (HCl) and strong bases (NaOH, KOH).
● Chemicals used in this demo may be safely washed
down the drain with water.
 RED CABBAGE
⮚ NATURAL pH INDICATOR - Lab

● In this lab, you will use the juice from red cabbage as a
pH indicator to test common household liquids and
determine their pH levels.
● You will mix cabbage juice with different household
liquids and see a color change produced by a pigment
called flavin (an anthocyanin) in red cabbage.
● Through this color change, you will be able to
successfully identify the approximate pH of common
household liquids
 RED CABBAGE
NATURAL pH INDICATOR - Lab
Preparing Chemical Solutions for Testing
Label six plastic and fill with different liquids e.g.:
1. Tap water ¼ cup
2. Vinegar ¼ cup undiluted
3. Baking Soda 1 tsp in ¼ cup water (stir until clear)
4. Lemonade ¼ cup undiluted
5. Detergent (laundry powder or soap) 1 tsp in ¼ cup water
(stir until mostly dissolved)
6. Lemon Juice 1 /8 cup undiluted
7. Strong Acid (HCl, 2 ml of 1M solution)
8. Strong base (NaOH, 2 ml of 1M solution)
 RED CABBAGE
NATURAL pH INDICATOR - Lab
 RED CABBAGE
NATURAL pH INDICATOR - Lab

PROTOCOL:
● Pour a small amount of the red cabbage indicator
liquid into each of the seven cups of different liquids.
● Add just enough indicator until you see a color
change.
● Record your observations
● Analyse the data and answer questions
 UNIT 6 MOLARITY
★ Approaches to Learning (ATL skills)
➔ Thinking: Critical-thinking skills: gather, organize and
interpret data; use mathematical and computational
thinking
➔ Self – Management: Organization skills: manage time
tasks effectively, plan your work
➔ Social: Collaboration share responsibility; organize and
describe information logically

92
 UNIT 6 - MOLARITY
⮚ SOI

A molecule's chemical properties is

highly related to its molecular structure,
which determines how it interacts
with other molecules.
What that means?
Objectives
Students will be able to:
1. Define molarity - describe how concentration of
solutions can be expressed in molarity.
2. Calculate molarity, volume, and number of
moles of solutions and relate these variables to
each other.

94
 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
• What is the definition and formula for
molarity?
• Why use molarity to describe concentrations
of solutions?
• How do we prepare a solution of a certain
molarity?
Terms to Learn
● Molarity ● concentration
● mass percentage
● volume percentage
● solvent
● solute
● solution
● mol
● molar mass

96
 Essential questions:

1. What is the definition and formula for molarity?

2. Why do chemist use molarity to express concentration
of solutions?
3. How do we prepare a solution of a certain molarity?
THINK - PAIR - SHARE 5 min

➢ You will work in the small groups (3-4 students)

➢ You will have 5 min per Q to think and discuss
the answer within a group
➢ When agree, write your answer down and share
it with the class.
THINK - PAIR - SHARE 5 min
● You are preparing iced tea for your family. Your
father likes to drink it extra strong.

How could you prepare one jug that is regular

strength and one that is double-strength?
THINK - PAIR - SHARE 5 min

1. How would you find the mass of 1 mole of C12H22O11

sucrose?

2. How many moles are in 34.23 g? (A: 0.1 mole)

(A1: 342.3 g/mol)

(A2: 0.1 mole)

 Common Ways to Express
Concentration
● There are many ways to measure concentration.
The first method is called mass percent
concentration ( 重量百分比 ).
● The mass percent (Pm%) is often used to
describe concentrations of solid solutes in
liquid solvents.
 PROBLEMS TO SOLVE
➔ If Iris made a glucose solution by adding 50 g of glucose to
50 ml of water, what is the mass percentage (Pm%) of the
glucose solution?
(A: 50%)

➔ How many grams of hydrochloric acid are there in 25 g of

HCl solution if its Pm% is 5%?

(A: 1.25 g HCl)

 MASS PERCENTAGE
★ Usually, in the products you see in the market, the mass
percentage is expressed as the mass percentage of a certain
substance in 100 g of solution.

★ For example, if a glucose solution Pm is 20%, it means for

every 100 g of glucose solution, there will be 20 g of
glucose.
 PROBLEM TO SOLVE

➔ If a can of coke sugar percent concentration Pm% is 30%,

how many grams of sugar does a can of coke have? Each
can of coke volume is 350 ml.

● Pm% = 30%, it means for every 100 g of coke there will be

30g of sugar.
● Thus, 1 g of coke has 0.3 g of sugar.
● Assumption: 350 ml of coke = 350 g of coke

(A: 105g)
 Volume Percentage (Pv%)
● Volume percentage ( 體積百分濃度 ) is often used
in bottled drinks. It is often used with liquid
solutes in liquid solvents.
● Volume percentage is often expressed as the
volume percentage of a certain liquid substance
in 100 ml of solution.
 PROBLEM TO SOLVE
● How much alcohol are
there in this can of beer?

➔ Pv 100% = 4.5 %, it means

that every 100 ml of beer
contain 4.5 ml of alcohol

A: 15.75 ml
 DEMO
We are going to make a 1 molar concentration of
sucrose solution.

342.2 g
● What is significant on this number?
● How many moles is that?
THINK - PAIR - SHARE 5 min
• From that example deduce:
• What is a 1 molar solution of a substance?
• What is the definition and units of molarity
(Molar Concentration)?

➔ Molarity of a solution is defined as of

solute per liter of solution.
➔ Its symbol is __ _ and its units are .
 THINK - PAIR - SHARE

➔ Molarity of a solution is defined as # of moles of

solute per liter of solution.
➔ Its symbol is __M__ and its units are __mol/L__.
THINK - PAIR - SHARE 2 min

I am going to pour one glass from 1 molar

solution of sucrose.

What is the concentration of the solution in the

glass, in terms of molarity?
 MOLARITY
● Molarity is one way to measure the amount
dissolved solute, or the concentration of a solution.
● Molarity (M) is also known as Molar
Concentration, it is defined as as the number of
moles (n) of solute dissolved in 1L of solution.

● Unit [mol/L]
 MOLARITY
How to use a formula triangle:
1. Write down the term
you wish to calculate
(e.g. n =).
2. Cover the term you
wish to calculate with ÷ ÷
your forefinger.
3. The remain two terms
are those you must use
in your equation on the
other side of the = sign
×

n=
C=
V=
 MOLARITY (M)

State the ratio between the number of

moles of solute and the volume of
solution (in Liters)

Concentration and Molarity explained

 Example problem
Individual work 2 min

★ What is the molarity of a solution

containing 0.75 mol NaCl in 4.2 liters?
 Example problem - Answer:
What is the molarity of a solution containing 0.75
mol NaCl in 4.2 liters?
 Example problem
Individual work 2 min

★ What is the molarity of a solution containing

1.2 moles CaCl2 in 2905 milliliters?
 Example problem:
What is the molarity of a solution containing 1.2
moles CaCl2 in 2905 milliliters?

1. Convert ml into L:
 Example problem:
What is the molarity of a solution containing 1.2
moles CaCl2 in 2905 milliliters?

1. Convert ml into L:
 Example problem:
What is the molarity of a solution containing 1.2
moles CaCl2 in 2905 milliliters?

1. Calculate molarity:
 Example problem:
Deriving Moles and Volumes from Molar Concentrations
● How many liters would you need to get 0.5 moles if
you had a 0.1M solution?

A. 0.05 liters
B. 0.2 liters
C. 5 liters
D. 2 liters
 Example problem:
Deriving Moles and Volumes from Molar Concentrations

● How many moles are in 3 L of 0.6 M solution?

A. 1.8 moles
B. 0.2 moles
C. 5 moles
D. 0.6 moles
 THINK - PAIR - SHARE 5 min

● What is a concentration?
● How we can use molarity to describe the
concentration of solution?
 MOLARITY - Practice Problems
Calculate the following:
1. The molarity of a solution where 1.9 moles of iron (II)
chloride are dissolved to make 1750 mL of solution.
2. The molarity of a solution where 1.1 moles of silver nitrate
are dissolved to make 0.250L of solution.
3. The molarity if 3.2 moles of CaCl2 are dissolved to make
1000 ml of solution?

4. Preparing solutions-simulation
 MOLARITY - Practice Problems

Calculate the following:

1. The number of moles of Na2CO3 in 0.750L of solution if the

concentration is a 0.640mol/L?
2. The amount of solute in moles dissolved in 2 dm3 of a 0.1
mol/dm3 solution.
3. The number of moles of 99.4 grams of NaCl.
 MOLARITY - Practice Problems

Calculate the following:

1. The volume of a 2 mol/dm3 solution that contains 0.5 mol of

solute.
2. How many moles of H2SO4 are present in 1.63 liters of a
0.954 M solution?
3. Find the volume of a 0.75 M solution if it contains 39 grams
of potassium hydroxide

Remember that 1 Liter = 1000 mL

 MOLARITY - Practice Problems

Calculate the following:

1. The molarity when 54.8 grams of lithium sulfate are

dissolved to make 250 mL of solution.
2. The molarity when 99.1 grams of (NH4)2SO4 are dissolved to
make 0.5 L of solution.
 Molarity Simulation

1. Please go to: Molarity

2. Click on the lay button to run the simulation;
3. Click on show values to display all numeric values and
explore the simulation.
4. For each solute determine if the solution is saturated or
unsaturated at a 1 Molar solution
DILUTION
DILUTION
DILUTION
 DILUTION
PRACTICE PROBLEM
 DILUTION
PRACTICE PROBLEM
 DILUTION
PRACTICE PROBLEM
 DILUTION
TEST YOURSELF

1. What is the difference between dilution and

concentration?
2. What quantity remains constant when you
dilute a solution?
 DILUTION
TEST YOURSELF

Answers:
1. Dilution is a decrease in a solution’s
concentration, whereas concentration is an
increase in a solution’s concentration.
2. # of moles
 DILUTION
TEST YOURSELF
1. A 1.88 M solution of NaCl has an initial volume of
34.5 mL. What is the final concentration of the
solution if it is diluted to 134 mL?
(A: 0.484 M)
2. A 0.664 M solution of NaCl has an initial volume of
2.55 L. What is the final concentration of the
solution if it is diluted to 3.88 L?
(A: 2.25 mL)
3. If 1.00 mL of a 2.25 M H2SO4 solution needs to be
diluted to 1.00 M, what will be its final volume?
(A: 401 mL)
Properties of Acids and Bases
Properties of Acids
▪ Acids are corrosive in nature.
▪ They are good conductors of electricity.
▪ Their pH values are always less than 7.
▪ When reacted with metals, these substances produce
hydrogen gas.
▪ Acids are sour-tasting substances.
▪ Examples: Sulfuric acid [H2SO4], Hydrochloric acid
[HCl], Acetic acid [CH3COOH].
Properties of Acids and Bases
Properties of Bases
▪ They are found to have a soapy texture when touched.
▪ These substances release hydroxide ions (OH– ions) when
dissolved in water.
▪ In their aqueous solutions, bases act as good conductors of
electricity.
▪ The pH values corresponding to bases are always greater
than 7.
▪ Bases are bitter-tasting substances which have the ability
to turn red litmus paper blue.
▪ Examples: Sodium hydroxide [NaOH], milk of magnesia
[Mg(OH)2], calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2].
Acids & Bases - Neutralization Reactions

▪ A salt, in chemistry, is any ionic compound made by

combining an acid with a base. 
Test yourself:
1. Write the balanced chemical equation for the
neutralization reaction between H2SO4 and KOH. What
is the name of the salt that is formed?
2. Write the balanced chemical equation for the
neutralization reaction between HCl and Mg(OH)2. What
is the name of the salt that is formed?
Properties of salts

Neutral Substances
• These substances do not display any acidic or
basic characteristics.
• Their pH values approximate to 7.
• Neutral substances have no effect on red or blue
litmus paper.
• The pH of pure water is exactly 7.
• Examples: Water, Common salt (NaCl)
Uses of Acids and Bases
⮚ Uses of Acids
▪ Vinegar, a diluted solution of acetic acid, has various
household applications. It is primarily used as a food
preservative.
▪ Citric acid is an integral part of lemon juice and orange
juice. It can also be used in the preservation of food.
▪ Sulfuric acid is widely used in batteries. The batteries used
to start the engines of automobiles commonly contain this
acid.
▪ The industrial production of explosives, dyes, paints, and
fertilizers involve the use of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
▪ Phosphoric acid is a key ingredient in many soft drinks.
Uses of Acids and Bases

⮚ Uses of Bases
▪ The manufacturing of soap and paper involve the use of sodium
hydroxide. NaOH is also used in the manufacture of rayon.
▪ Ca(OH)2, also known as slaked lime or calcium hydroxide is
used to manufacture bleaching powder.
▪ Dry mixes used in painting or decoration are made with the help
of calcium hydroxide.
▪ Magnesium hydroxide, also known as milk of magnesia, is
commonly used as a laxative. It also reduces any excess acidity in
the human stomach and is, therefore, used as an antacid.
▪ Ammonium hydroxide is a very important reagent used in
laboratories.
▪ Any excess acidity in soils can be neutralized by employing
slaked lime.
Writing Scientific Essay
• Proper planning
Figure out how the question is supposed to be answered.
• Wide research
Have enough accurate information before you start your
essay. This will serve to strengthen your argument.
• Outline your work
Have an outline for your essay before you start.
• Avoid ambiguities (more than one meaning).
Make sure you explain all the uncommon terms that you use
in your essay.
• Avoid repetitions
Writing Scientific Essay
• Start With a Strong Science Essay Introduction
Introduce the topic. Make the reader familiar with what you
intend to pursue and how you are going to achieve it.
• Build a Strong Science Essay Body
Present and the proper data. Interpret and Explain your
findings and relate them to the thesis.
• Giving a Worthy Science Essay Conclusion
The conclusion should review and summarize all the main
points of your essay. You can also highlight the practical
potential of your discoveries and how they can impact
society.
• Provide valid citations and references for your essay