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Properties of Acids
● Acids have pH values of below 7, have a sour taste (when edible) and
are corrosive
● In acidic conditions blue litmus paper turns red and methyl orange
indicator turns red
● Acids are substances that can neutralise a base, forming a salt and
water
● When acids react, they will lose electrons to form positively
charged hydrogen ions (H+)
● The presence of H+ ions is what makes a solution acidic
● Only metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series will react with
dilute acids.
● When acids react with metals they form a salt and hydrogen gas:
Properties of Bases
● Even though ammonia is itself a weak base, it is very volatile and can
easily be displaced from the salt by another alkali
● Example:
● The litmus paper will turn from red to blue if ammonia is present
Neutrality, Relative Acidity & Alkalinity
The pH scale
A drop is added to the solution and the colour is matched with a colour chart
which indicates the pH which matches specific colours
The importance of pH and soil acidity
Proton transfer
● The earlier definition of an acid and a base can be extended
● In terms of proton transfer, we can further define each substance in how they
interact with protons
Acids
● Acids are proton donors as they ionize in solution producing protons, H+ ions
● These H+ ions make the aqueous solution acidic
Bases (Alkalis)
● Bases (alkalis) are proton acceptors as they ionize in solution producing OH - ions which
can accept protons
● These OH- ions make the aqueous solution alkaline
Diagram showing the role of acids and bases in the transfer of protons
● Acids and alkalis can be either strong or weak, depending on how many ions they
produce when dissolved in water
● Strong acids and bases ionize completely in water, producing solutions of very low
pH for an acid or very high pH for a base
● Strong acids include HCl and H2SO4 and strong bases include the Group I
hydroxides
● Weak acids and bases partially ionize in water and produce pH values which are closer
to the middle of the pH scale
● Weak acids include organic acids such as ethanoic acid, CH3COOH and weak bases
include aqueous ammonia
● For both weak acids and bases, there is usually an equilibrium set-up between the
molecules and their ions once they have been added to water
● Example of a weak acid: propanoic acid
CH3CH2COOH ⇌ H+ + CH3CH2COO-
● A concentrated solution of either an acid or a base is one that contains a high number
of acid or base molecules per dm3 of solution
● It does not necessarily mean that the acid or base is strong though, as it may be made
from a weak acid or base which does not dissociate completely
● For example a dilute solution of HCl will be more acidic than a concentrated solution of
ethanoic acid, since most of the HCl molecules dissociate but very few of the CH3COOH
do
WORKSHEET 1
4. Only metals hydrogen in the reactivity series will react with dilute
acids. (below, above, with)
5. When acids react with metals they form a salt and gas. (hydrogen,
Nitrogen, oxygen)
1. Write the equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with Metal Oxide.
3. Write the products obtained when Sulphuric Acid reacts with Metal Oxide
WORKSHEET - 3
pH Worksheet
1. What colour will litmus paper turn when it is dipped in each of the substances in the table
below?
Substance Litmus paper
Table salt dissolved in water
Apple juice
Vinegar
Liquid soap
Lemon juice
b) rainwater?
c) distilled water?
5. You find a bottle containing an unidentified liquid. By using universal indicator paper,
you determine that the pH of this liquid is 11. Therefore you have to neutralize it
before disposing of it.Which of the following methods can be used to neutralize the
liquid?
A) Add a solution of NaOH C) Add distilled water
B) Add a solution whose pH is 5 D) Add a solution whose pH is 8
6. The following table gives the pH value of four liquids. Which liquid is strongly acidic?
Liquid pH
Tap water 6.8
Lemon juice 2.3
Human blood 7.3
Liquid bleach 11
A) Tap water B) Lemon juice C) Human blood D) Liquid bleach
7. A student must classify six aqueous solutions. The student knows that all except one
of the solutions must be an ACID, a BASE, or a NEUTRAL SALT. The student writes
a procedure and carries out certain tests. The table shows the results that were
obtained.
1 No effect Good
4 No effect None
11. How many times more acidic is lemon juice (pH 2) than coffee (pH 5)?
12. Rain has a pH of about 5, while the pH of seawater is about 8. How many times
more acidic is rainwater than seawater?
a. Which indicator would you use to find a strong acid , a strong base and a neutral
solution ?
b. Which indicator gives the best information about acids, bases or neutral solutions?
c. What color would indicator D give if a substance that has a pH of 5 is used?
d. What color would indicator B give if it has a pH of 9?
e. What is the pH of a substance if it becomes yellow with A and yellow with B?
f. What is the pH of a substance if it becomes purple with D and colorless with E?
g. What is the pH of a substance if it becomes purple with D and dark blue with E?
h. 14. What is the pH range if indicator A turns orange?
14. You have 2 substances and you want to neutralize each. Explain what you must add to each
to neutralize them.
A) 50 mL of a pH of 9
B) 25 mL of a pH of 2
C) What test can be done to ensure the substance is neutralized?
15. The pH of certain substances was taken using a universal indicator. The following results were
recorded. Which substances are basic?
pH 3 11 10 3 4 9
solution Cola Cleaning liquid Antacid Grape juice Vinegar Window cleaner
A) cola, grape juice and vinegar
B) cleaning liquid, antacid and window cleaner
C) cola, grape juice and vinegar
D) they are all acidic
16. The following table gives the colours of an acid-base indicator after it is added to solutions with
the pH value ranging from 2 to 12. A few drops of the indictor are added to a highly acidic solution.
What will the color of the indicator be?
PH 2 34 5 6 7 8 9101112
Colour Yellow Green Blue Violet
A) yellow B) green C) blue D) violet
UNIT 2. AIR
● The chart below shows the approximate percentages by volume of the main
gases in unpolluted, dry air:
Carbon monoxide
Adverse effects: poisonous, combining with hemoglobin in blood and prevents it from
carrying oxygen
Sulphur dioxide
Sources: combustion of fuels, natural gas and sulphide ores e.g: zinc blende (ZnS) in the
extraction of zinc:
Adverse effects: acid rain which causes corrosion to metal structures, buildings and statues
made of carbonate rocks, damage to aquatic organisms. Pollutes crops and water supplies,
irritates lungs, throats and eyes
Oxides of nitrogen
Adverse effects: acid rain with similar effects as SO2 as well as producing photochemical
smog and breathing difficulties, in particular for people suffering from asthma
Compounds of lead
Sources: old water pipes, old paints, petrol in some kinds of racing cars and from very
old engines
Adverse effects: causes significant damage to the central nervous system, young infants
are particularly susceptible to lead poisoning
Nitrogen Oxides in Car Engines
Nitrogen oxides
● These compounds (NO and NO2) are formed when nitrogen and oxygen react in the
high pressure and temperature conditions of internal combustion engines and blast
furnaces
● Exhaust gases also contain unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
● Cars are fitted with catalytic converters which form a part of their exhaust
systems
● Their function is to render these exhaust gases harmless
Catalytic converters
● Rust is a chemical reaction between iron, water and oxygen to form the
compound iron (III) oxide
● Oxygen and water must be present for rust to occur
● Rusting is a redox process and it occurs faster in salty water since the presence of
sodium chloride increases the electrical conductivity of the water
Diagram showing the requirements of oxygen and water for rust to occur: only the
nail on the left rusts
Rust prevention methods
Barrier methods
Rust can be prevented by coating iron with barriers that prevent the iron from coming into
contact with water and oxygen.
However, if the coatings are washed away or scratched, the iron is once again exposed to
water and oxygen and will rust
Question 2
Fill in the Blank
1. The process of absorbing carbon dioxide from air and preparing the food
by plants is called _
2. Air is and not .
3. The layer of gases around the earth is called as .
4. Air occupies and has
5. Organism living in soil breathe through .
6. Air is primary made of and
7. Removal of water from plant bodies in the form of vapors is called
Question
Match the
Column A Column
Oxygen is required
Nitrogen is used to prepare
CO2 is used in Electric
Argon is used
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only.
2
Water Vapour Low
H lium Water cycle
Crossword
WORKSHEET 2
Across
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only.
WORKSHEET - 3
5. The common barrier methods to prevent rusting are grease, oil, plastic &
TRUE/ FALSE:
2. Cars are fitted with catalytic converters which form a part of their
exhaust systems.
Sources of sulphur
Sulfur is found in its elemental state underground in the USA, Mexico and Poland
It is also a by-product from the removal of sulfur from petroleum and natural gas Sulfur
can also be obtained from sulfide ores
Uses of sulfur
The main use of sulfur is in making sulphuric acid which is a very important chemical used
in many industries
It is also used extensively in making rubber tyres more flexible (vulcanising), where the
rubber is heated with sulfur
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide can be made by the direct combination of sulphur with oxygen This
is the method used in the first stage of the manufacture of sulfuric acid: S + O2 →
SO2
Sulfuric acid is synthesised by the Contact process which use sulfur and oxygen from air
and is done in three distinct stages
Stage 2: The main stage is the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide using a
V2O5 catalyst:
2SO2 + O2 ⇌2SO3
The conditions for the main stage of production of sulfur trioxide need to be
considered
Temperature: 450ºC
Therefore the higher the temperature, the lower the yield of sulfur trioxide
Pressure: 2 atm
An increase in pressure shifts the position of equilibrium to the right in the direction of a
smaller number of gaseous molecules
However the position of equilibrium lies far to the right (the equilibrium mixture
contains about 96% sulfur trioxide)
Stage 3
● Once stage 2 is completed, the sulfur trioxide is absorbed into a solution of 98%
sulphuric acid to produce a thick liquid called oleum:
● It is not absorbed into water because a fine mist of sulfuric acid would be produced
and this would be difficult to condense and is also highly dangerous
● Oleum is added to water to form concentrated sulfuric acid:
Dilute
Used as a catalyst in many organic reactions
Concentrated
Used in car batteries, making phosphate fertilisers, soaps and detergents
It is also used to make acid drain cleaners and in the production of paints and dyes
WORKSHEET 1
2. H2SO4 - Oleum
3. SO3 - Water
3. + →SO2
1. Dilute =
2. Concentrated =
3. Process =
WORKSHEET -2
1. TCNCAOT -
2. XETIORID -
3. UEIRMXT -
4. NIORETCA -
5. NEGYOX -
6. ATANULR -
7. RUESERSP -
8. PEREURMATTE -
9. LIEDY -
10. CIDA -
1. H2S2O7 + H2O →
2. SO2 + H2SO4 →
WORKSHEET - 3