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*** 1

* Strong Acids and Bases

Behavior of oxides in water– Group A 2

1A basic amphoteric acidic 8A

2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

Group B

105 107
Db Bh

basic: Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH

(O-2 + H2O → 2OH-)
acidic: CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
2

1
 O2: 3/11/2022
central atom holds same hum
of
acid strength & from bottom to
top,

C
4

2
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The Acid Dissociation Constant, Ka

HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)

[H3O+][A-] [H3O+][A-]
Kc = Kc[H2O] = Ka =
[HA][H2O] [HA]

The value of Ka is an indication of acid strength.

Stronger acid higher [H3O+] larger Ka

Weaker acid lower % dissociation of HA smaller Ka

Equilibrium in Solutions of 6

Weak Acids and Bases

The values of Ka indicate the relative strength of the

acids. Strong acids have very large Ka, while weak
acids have small Ka’s (Ka << 1)
Weak acid has Ka < 1
Leads to small [H3O+] and a pH of 2 - 7

3
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Equilibrium Constants
for Weak Bases

Weak base has Kb < 1

Leads to small [OH-] and a pH of 12 - 7

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Just as with pH, pOH,

KW, Ka AND Kb

K w = [H 3O + ][OH - ] = 1 10 −14

K w = Ka K b = 1 10 −14

Kw Kw
Ka = Kb =
Kb Ka

10

5
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11

Relation
of Ka, Kb,
[H3O+]
and pH

11
Ka Increases

STRENGTH
VS. KA

12

6
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13

Calculate the Ka and the pKa of the conjugate

acid of a base with each pKb value
-

a) 3.80
b) 7.90

14

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Calculate the Ka and the pKa of the conjugate acid

of a base with each pKb value

a) 3.80

14
=

pka pkb
+

pkb 3.8
=

pka 10.2
=

- 10.2
ka 10
=

11
ka 6.31X10
-

15
=

Calculate the Ka and the pKa of the conjugate acid

of a base with each pKb value

pka 14
=
7.9
b) 7.90
-

pkg 6-10
=

6.10
ka 10
-
=

= 7.94x10-5:
16

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Calculating pH from Ka weak

acid
↓
Calculate the pH of a 0.30 M solution of acetic
-
-

acid, HC2H3O2, at 25 C.
Ka for acetic acid at 25 C is 1.8 10-5.
-

HC2H3O2 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + C2H3O2- (aq)

17

Calculating pH from Ka
The equilibrium constant expression is
[H3O+] [C2H3O2-]
Ka = [HC2H3O2]

Now, set up a table

[C2H3O2], M [H3O+], M [C2H3O2-], M

Initially 0.30 0 0
Change -x +x +x
At Equilibrium 0.30 - x 0.30 x x

We are assuming that x will be very small compared to 0.30 and

can, therefore, be ignored.

18

2 1.8x10
=

9
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Calculating pH from Ka

[H3O+] [C2H3O2-]
Ka = [HC2H3O2]
Now,
(x)2
1.8 10-5 =
(0.30)
(1.8 10-5) (0.30) = x2

5.4 10-6 = x2

2.3 10-3 = x = H3O+

19

Calculating pH from Ka
pH = -log [H3O+]
pH = -log (2.3 10-3)
pH = 2.64

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

20

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Calculate the pH of a 0.20 M solution of HCN.

Ka for HCN is 4.9 × 10–10.

Answer

HCN H20
+

H30
# CN-
+

#CN Hs OT CN-

1]0 0:2 0
0

[Is -
x 2
+
+ 2

21

[] 0.2-x
=
2 x

x2
4.9x10+0
=

x 9.dX10
z
=

pA -log
=
(9.9x10 -67)=5
Calculate the pH of a 0.20 M solution of HCN.
Ka for HCN is 4.9 × 10–10.
-

22

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Determining Concentration from Ka and Initial [HA]

Propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH, which we simplify

as HPr) is a carboxylic acid whose salts are used to
retard mold growth in foods. What is the [H3O+] of
0.10 mol/L HPr (Ka = 1.3x10−5)?
-

SOLUTION: HPr(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Pr−(aq)

Ka = [H3O+][Pr−]
[HPr]

18-23

Itre
23

I 0.1

C - X x
su
E x e
1.3x10-5
-f
=

0.1 - x

Concentration
(mol/L)
HPr(aq) + H2O(l)
OH3O+(aq) + Pr-(aq)
x 1.14
= x10-3.
Initial 0.10 - 0 0
Change −x - +x +x
Equilibrium 0.10 - x - x x

Since Ka is small, we will assume that x << 0.10 and [HPr] ≈ 0.10 mol/L.
[H3O+][Pr-] x2
Ka = 1.3x10-5 = =
[HPr] 0.10 S
x= = 1.1x10-3 mol/L = [H3O+]

24
00
18-24
-3
Check assumption: [HPr]diss = 1.1x10 mol/L
0.10 mol/L
x 100 = 1.1% (< 5%; assumption is justified.)

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Determining pH from Kb and Initial [B]

Dimethylamine, (CH3)2NH, a key intermediate in detergent

manufacture, has a Kb of 5.9x10-4. What is the pH of 1.5 -

mol/L (CH3)2NH?
-

SOLUTION: (CH3)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) (CH3)2NH2+(aq) + OH-(aq)

[(CH3)2NH2+][OH-]
Kb =
[(CH3)2NH]

18-25
25

Concentration (CH3)2NH(aq) + H2O(l) (CH3)2NH2+(aq) + OH-(aq)

(mol/L)

Initial 1.50 - 0 0
Change -x - +x +x

Equilibrium 1.50 - x - x x

Since Kb is small, x << 1.50 and 1.50 – x ≈ 1.50

-

[(CH3)2NH2+][OH-] x2
=5-9x184
Kb = = 5.9x10-4 ≈
[(CH3)2NH] 1.5

x = [OH-] = 3.0x10-2 mol/L

x 0.0297
=

Check assumption:
3.0x10-2 mol/L x 100 = 2.0% (< 5%; assumption is justified).
1.5 mol/L 1.98% <5% assumption
18-26
26 justified.
is

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polt =-16 [0.02977)

pH 12.47
=

Kw 1.0x10-14
[H3O+] = = = 3.3x10-13 mol/L
- [OH-] 3.0x10 -2

pH = -log (3.3x10-13) = 12.48

12.47

18-27
27

Determining the pH of a Solution of A-

Sodium acetate (CH3COONa, or NaAc for this problem) has
~
-

0.
applications in photographic development and textile dyeing. What
is the pH of 0.25 mol/L NaAc? Ka of acetic acid (HAc) is 1.8x10-5.
- -

SOLUTION: Ac-(aq) + H2O(l) HAc(aq) + OH-(aq)

[HAc][OH-]
Kb =
[Ac-]

18-28
28

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Concentration Ac-(aq) + H2O(l) HAc(aq) + OH-(aq)

(mol/L)
Initial 0.25 - 0 0
Change -x - +x +x

Equilibrium 0.25 - x - x x

->
C
Kb =
Kw
Ka

Kb = 5.6x10-10 =
=
1.0x10-14
1.8x10-5

[HAc][OH-]
= 5.6x10-10 mol/L

≈
x2
x 1.18
=
10
x

so x = [OH-] = 1.2x10-5 mol/L

-
5

[Ac-] 0.25

Checking the assumption:

R 1.2x10-5 x 100 = 4.8x10-3% (<5%; assumption is justified)
0.25 4.73x10 3%
-

18-29
29

Kw 1.0x10-14
[H3O+] = = = 8.3x10-10 mol/L
[OH-] 1.2x10-5
8:47x10-16
pH = -log (8.3x10-10) = 9.08

-
9. 87-

18-30
30

-or =
1.8 x 10-5

-
3
x 4.2
=
10
x
15
pH 2.372
=

kakD Rw
=

+x)x 1.8
=
1
x i

kp =

x
-

5
x
=

5 1.8x10
pH poH 14
=
+

5M
-

3.6x10
pH 14 4.79
= =
-

=
9.22: 5
[H+] x
=
=

3.6x10 M

4.44
pH
=

HC.HsO2
Solution containing
and less acidic
NaCzHO is

ACalsO2
than one containing
same
concentration.
the
at

effect

-
common
ion
et-
O

O
 0.50 x
+ = 0.50
assume
1.00 -
x = 1.00

C
-

less acidic.
common effect
-