KIX 1001:

ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS I
Lecturer: Dr. Yap Soon Poh
(Week 8 – 14)
Department of Civil Engineering
Email: spyap@um.edu.my

Lecture slides prepared by:

Dr. Farahin Mohd Jais
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Course Learning Outcomes (CO)
1. Explain mathematical principal (integration techniques) used in
engineering field.
2. Use mathematical principal (integration techniques) in analyzing
engineering problem.
3. Solve complex engineering problem and reach a valid conclusion using
mathematical principal.

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Course Information
Week 8: Integration
Week 9: Engineering application of integrals
Week 10: Multiple integrals
Week 11: multiple integrals (include volume integral)
Week 12: line integral and work done
Week 13: surface integral
Week 14: Stoke’s Theorem
 KIX 1001:
ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS I
WEEK 9: ENGINEERING APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

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WEEK 9: ENGINEERING APPLICATION
OF INTEGRALS
9.1 AREA BETWEEN CURVES

9.2 HYDROSTATIC FORCE

9.3 DISTANCE, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION

9.4 WORK

9.5 CENTER OF MASS

9.6 ARC LENGTH AND SURFACE AREA

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9.1 AREA BETWEEN
CURVES

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 Equation of curve
9.1 AREA
BETWEEN CURVES
The area between two curves is
the area that falls in between
two intersecting curves and can
be calculated using integration.
Intersection point Equation of curve Intersection point
Integration can be used to find
the area under two curves BUT
we need to know the equation
of two curves, and their
intersection points.

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 Area between curve using Riemann
sum → integration
If we want to find the area between two curves,
Riemann sum:
we need to divide the area into many small rectangular strips
parallel to the y-axis, starting from x = a to x = b
and we can add the areas of these small strips to get the
approximation area of two curves.
𝐴 ≈ σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ − 𝑔(𝑥𝑖∗ )]∆𝑥
These rectangular strips will have the width "dx" and height f(x) -
g(x). The area of the small rectangular strip is dx(f(x) - g(x)) and
now by using integration within the limits x = a and x = b, we can
calculate the area between these two curves. If f(x) and g(x) are
continuous on [a, b] and g(x) < f(x) for all x in [a, b], then we have
the following formula.

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 Area between curves using Riemann
sum → integration
Integration:
These rectangular strips will have the width "dx" and height
f(x) - g(x). The area of the small rectangular strip is dx(f(x) -
g(x)) and now by using integration within the limits x = a and
x = b, we can calculate the area between these two curves. If
f(x) and g(x) are continuous on [a, b] and g(x) < f(x) for all x in
[a, b], then we have the following formula.
𝑏
𝐴 = lim σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ − 𝑔(𝑥𝑖∗ )]∆𝑥 = ‫ )𝑥(𝑓[ 𝑎׬‬− 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∝

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Area between curves respect to x Area between curves respect to y
𝑏 𝑏
න [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 න [𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎

a) Area between curves

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Example area between two curves
1. Find the area between two curves f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x3 within the interval [0,1] where f(x) ≥
g(x) in the given region.

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Try this!

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Try this!

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 b) Area of two compound regions
Calculating areas between two compound curve which
intersect with each other using above stated formulas will
give the incorrect result and curves change places after
the intersection.
For the curves shown, we divided the intervals into
various portions and then calculate individual areas
between the curves in each section. Let f(x) and g(x) be
continuous in [a,b] interval, the area between the curves
will be: As we see in the region [a, b], f(x) ≥ g(x) and in the region [c, d]
g(x) ≥ f(x), so we break the limits into two parts as:

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 c) Area of a Complex Region
As with Example 9.1.3 , we need to divide the interval into two pieces. The
graphs of the functions intersect at x=1 (set f(x)=g(x) and solve for x), so we
evaluate two separate integrals: one over the interval [0,1] and one over the
interval [1,2]

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9.2 HYDROSTATIC
FORCE

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9.2 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
In this section, imagine that we are going to submerge a vertical
plate in water and we want to know the force that is exerted on the
plate due to the pressure of the water. This force is often called the
hydrostatic force/ pressure.

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Youtube source: Hydrostatic Force and Integration by Andrew Misseldine

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hE9m_B9Ulo
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Youtube source: Hydrostatic Force against a Circular Plate by Andrew Misseldine

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wgTDv2W5_U this question always

appear in final exam

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9.3 DISTANCE,
VELOCITY,
ACCELERATION

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 Distance, velocity, acceleration
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑠 𝑡
RECALL!
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑣 𝑡 𝒔 𝒗
𝒗 = ,𝒂 =
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑎 𝑡 𝒕 𝒕

If we do derivation with respect to t:-

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
𝑠 𝑡 → =𝑣 𝑡 → = 𝑎(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

If we do integration with respect to t:-

න 𝑎 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 → 𝑣 𝑡 , න 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 → 𝑠(𝑡)

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Constant acceleration

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9.4 WORK

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Work done by a force
Work in physics is defined as the product of the force and displacement, W= Fd
When an object moves a distance Δx along a straight line as a result of action of
a constant force F, the work done by the force is

constant force formula

If an object moves along a straight line from x = a to x = b under the influence of

a variable force F (x), the work W done by the force is given by the definite integral

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Hooke's Law
Hooke's Law says that the force it takes to stretch or compress a spring x units from its
natural (unstressed) length is

where F is the applied force, k is the spring constant, x is the displacement from the
original length.
Sometimes Hooke's Law is written as

In this expression F no longer means the applied force,

but rather means the equal and oppositely
directed restoring force.
The work needed to stretch the spring from 0 to x is given
by the integral

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in this example the tank is
fully filled with water

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9.5 CENTRE OF MASS

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Center of Mass and Moment of a Thin
Rod
Suppose that we have a thin rod lying on the x-axis between x = a and x = b. At a point x,
the rod has mass density (mass per unit length) ρ (x).

The center of mass of the rod is given by xcm=m1x1+m2x2

m1+m2

density = kg m-1
so when we interate it we got
kg which is mass
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Case 1. Density Depends on the
Coordinate
f2(x) sbb f(x) times with its length which is also f(x)

If the density ρ is constant, these

y is half of the planar, thats formulas are simplified. In this case
why times with 1/2
the centroid of the lamina is
determined by formulas

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Case 2. Density Depends on the Coordinate

x is half of the planar, thats

why times with 1/2

The center of mass is calculated by the formulas

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9.6 ARC LENGTH AND
SURFACE AREA

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Arc length

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PK7HZiFG_VI

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