APPLICATION OF INTEGRAL

Course : K0424 – Calculus I

Year : 2012

Application of Integral
Session 21-23
 The photograph shows
the Jacqueline Kennedy
Onassis Reservoir
(formerly the Central
Park Reservoir). Built
between 1858 and 1862,
it is located between
86th Street and 96th
Street in the borough of
Manhattan in New York
City. In this session we
will use calculus to help
us estimate the surface
area of the reservoir.
Bina Nusantara University
2
A Real-Life Interpretation
Two cars are traveling in adjacent lanes along a straight stretch
of a highway. The velocity functions for Car A and Car B are f(t)
and g(t), respectively.

Intuitively, the area of the region S between the graphs of f and

g on the interval [0,b] gives the distance that Car A will be ahead
of Car B at time t = b.
3
Area of a Region Between Two Curves

4
 Area of a Region Between Two Curves
If the region S is just the If the region S is just the
region under the graph of f on region upper the graph of g on
[a,b], then the area is [a,b], then the area is

Bina Nusantara University

5
 Finding the Area Between
Two Curves

Bina Nusantara University

6
 Example 1
Find the area of the region between the graphs of y = x2 +2 and y =
x -1 and the vertical lines x = -1 and x = 2.

Solution
Observe that the graph of y = x2 +2
lies above that of y = x -1.

Therefore, if we let f(x) = x2 +2 and

g(x) = x -1 , then f(x) ≥ g(x) on [-1,2]

Bina Nusantara University

7
 Example 2 (1/2)
Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of x = y2 and y =
x -2.

Solution
The region S is shown in Figure. The
points of intersection of the two curves
are found by solving the equations x = y2
and y = x -2 simultaneously. The point
are (1,1) and (4,2).
This observation suggests that we consider the area of to be the
sum of the areas of S1 and S2.
Bina Nusantara University
8
Example 2 (2/2)
If the area S1 is A1 and the area of S2 is A2, then the region S is

9
 Integrating with Respect to y

The region S bounded by the

graphs of x = f(y) and x = g(y),
where f(y) ≥ g(y), and the
horizontal lines y = c and y = d,
where c ≤ d, as shown in Figure.

This suggests that the area of S is

Bina Nusantara University

10
Example 3
Find the area of the region of
Example 2 by integrating with
respect to y.

Solution
View the region S as being bounded
by the graphs of the functions f(y) =
y + 2, g(y) = y2, and the horizontal
lines y = -1 and y = 2. Observe that f(y) ≥ g(y) for y in [-1,2].

11
 What Happens When the Curves Intertwine?

Bina Nusantara University

12
Example 4 (1/3)
Find the area of the region S bounded by the graphs of y = cos x
and y = (2/π)x – 1 and the vertical lines x = 0 and x = π.

Solution
To find the points of intersection of the graphs of y = cos x and
y = (2/π)x – 1 , we solve the two
equations simultaneously.
Substituting the first equation into
the second, we obtain

We see that x = π /2 is the only

solution of the equation.
13
Example 4 (2/3)
Referring to Figure, we see that the areas A1 and A2 of the
subregions S1 and S2 are

14
 Example 4 (3/3)

Therefore, the required area is

Bina Nusantara University

15
 Example 5: Elastic Hysteresis (1/2)
Figure shows a stress–strain curve for a sample of vulcanized
rubber that has been stretched to seven times its original length.
The function f whose graph is the upper curve gives the
relationship between the stress and the strain as the load (the
stress) is applied to the material. Because the material is elastic,
the rubber returns to its original
length when the load is removed.
However, when the load is
decreased, the graph of f is not
retraced. Instead, the stress–strain
curve given by the graph of the
function g is obtained.

Bina Nusantara University

16
 Example 5: Elastic Hysteresis (2/2)
The lack of coincidence of the curves for increasing and
decreasing stress is known as elastic hysteresis. The graphs of f
and g on the interval [0,700] form the hysteresis loop for the
material. It can be shown that the area of the region enclosed
by the hysteresis loop is proportional to the energy dissipated
within the rubber.

Thus, the elastic hysteresis of the rubber is given by

Bina Nusantara University

17
Volume

In the previous slide, we saw the role played by the definite

integral in finding the area of plane regions.

In the next slide, we will see how the definite integral can be
used to help us find the volumes of solids such as those shown in
Figure. 18
 Solids of Revolution

A solid of revolution is a solid obtained by revolving a region in

the plane about a line in the plane. The line is called the axis of
revolution.
Bina Nusantara University
19
 Volume of a Solid of Revolution

Bina Nusantara University

20
 Volume by Disk Method (x-axis)

Bina Nusantara University

21
 Example 6
Find the volume of the solid obtained by
revolving the region under the graph of
y = √x on [0,2] about the x-axis.

Solution

Bina Nusantara University

22
 Example 7
By revolving the region under the graph
of on [-r,r], show that the
volume of a sphere of radius r is

Solution

Bina Nusantara University

23
 Volume by Disk Method (y-axis)

Bina Nusantara University

24
 Example 8
Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region
bounded by the graphs of y = x3, y = 8, and x = 0 about the y-axis.

Solution

Bina Nusantara University

25
 The Washer Method

Bina Nusantara University

26
 Example 9
The volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region bounded
by y = √x and y = x about the x-axis is

Bina Nusantara University

27
 The Arc Length Formula

Bina Nusantara University

28
 Example 10:
Distance Traveled by a Tanker (1/2)
The graph C of the equation y = x3/2/4
gives the course taken by an oil
tanker after leaving port, which is
taken to be located at the origin of a
coordinate system. (See Figure.)

Find the distance traveled by the

tanker when it reaches a
point on the course that is located 4 mi to the east and 2 mi to
the north of the port.

Bina Nusantara University

29
 Example 10:
Distance Traveled by a Tanker (2/2)
Solution
We first find

Then

Bina Nusantara University

30
 Arc Length Function

Bina Nusantara University

31
 Arc Length Differentials

Bina Nusantara University

32
 Surfaces of Revolution

Bina Nusantara University

33
 Example 11
Find the area of the surface obtained by revolving the graph of
f(x) = √x on the interval [0,2] about the x-axis.

Solution
We have . We find that the required area is
given by

Bina Nusantara University

34
 Surfaces of Revolution

Bina Nusantara University

35
 Example 12
The area of the surface obtained by revolving the graph of x = y3 on
the interval [0,1] about the y-axis is

Using substitution method, we obtain

Bina Nusantara University

36
 Work

Bina Nusantara University

37
 Example 13

Find the work done by the force F(x) = 3x2 + x (measured in pounds)
in moving a particle along the x-axis from x = 2 to x = 4 (measured
in feet).

Solution

Bina Nusantara University

38
 Example 14: Hooke’s Law (1/2)

A force of 30 N is required to stretch

a spring 4 cm beyond its natural
length of 18 cm. Find the work
required to stretch the spring from a
length of 20 cm to a length of 24 cm.

Solution
According to Hooke’s Law, the force required to stretch the spring
meters beyond its natural length is
F(x) = kx
Since a 30-N force is required to stretch the spring 4 cm = 0.04 m,
beyond its natural length, we see that k = 750.
Bina Nusantara University
39
 Example 14: Hooke’s Law (2/2)

Therefore, F(x) = 750x for this spring.

We find that the work required to stretch the spring from 20 cm to

24 cm is

or 1.2 J

Bina Nusantara University

40
 Example 15: A ship’s anchor (1/2)

A ship’s anchor, weighing 800 lb, is attached to a chain that weighs

10 lb per running foot. Find the work done by the winch if the
anchor is pulled in from a height of 20 ft.
Bina Nusantara University
41
 Example 15: A ship’s anchor (2/2)
Assume that WA is the work required to hoist the anchor to the top
of the ship. Observe that the force required to lift the anchor is 800
lb and that it will be applied over a distance of 20 ft. Therefore,

Wc is the work required to pull the cable to the top of the ship.

or 2000 ft-lb. So the work required to pull in the anchor from a

height of 20 ft is

or 18000 ft-lb
Bina Nusantara University
42
 Pressure

Whether designing a hydroelectric dam, an aquarium, or a

submarine, an engineer must consider the pressure exerted by the
water on the walls or surfaces of the object.
Bina Nusantara University
43
 Force Exerted by
a Fluid

Bina Nusantara University

44
 Example 16: Fluid Pressure (1/3)
The vertical gate of a dam has
the shape of a trapezoid as
shown in Figure. What is the
force on the gate when the
surface of the water is 2 ft
above the top of the gate?

Solution
The length of the horizontal strip is L(y) = 8 + 2t. To find t, refer to
Figure on the next slide. By similar triangles we have

Bina Nusantara University

45
 Example 16: Fluid Pressure (2/3)

Bina Nusantara University

46
 Example 16: Fluid Pressure (3/3)
The depth of the fluid at y is h(y) = -y. Therefore, the force exerted
by the water on the gate is

or 9651.2 lb.

Bina Nusantara University

47
 Moments Center of Mass of Laminas (1/2)

Bina Nusantara University

48
 Moments Center of Mass of Laminas (2/2)

Bina Nusantara University

49
Example 17 (1/2)
A lamina L of uniform area density ρ has the shape of the region R
under the graph of f(x) = x2 on [0,2]. (See Figure 10.) Find the mass
of L, the moments of L about each of the coordinate axes, and the
center of mass of L.

Solution
We find that the mass of the lamina is

50
 Example 17 (2/2)
The moments of L are

Finally, the coordinates of the center of mass

of L are

Bina Nusantara University

51
Bina Nusantara University
52
 Example 18 (1/2)
The points of intersection of the two graphs g(x) = x2 – 3 and
f(x) = -x2 + 2x + 1 are (-1,-2) and (2,1). So the area A of R is

Bina Nusantara University

53
 Example 18 (2/2)
The centroid of the region R:

Bina Nusantara University

54
 Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell, Steve Rigdon. 2007. Calculus.
Prentice Hall. ISBN: 978-0132306331.

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010. Brooks/Cole. ISBN-13:

978-0-534-46579-7

Bina Nusantara University

55