8 - Application of Integration

Engineering Mathematics I
B.Eng(Hons) in Aerospace Engineering

B.Eng(Hons) in Mechanical Engineering
Application of Integration
Begin by using rectangles to approximate the area between

two curves.
If the limit as n → ∞ exists, we will get the exact area,

which we recognize as a definite integral.
AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

WORKED EXAMPLE
Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = 3 − x and
y = x2 − 9. [Ans: 343/6]
WORKED EXAMPLE
Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = x2 and

y = 2 − x2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
[Ans: 4]
WORKED EXAMPLE
Find the area bounded by

the graphs of y = x2, y = 2 − x
and y = 0.
[Ans: 5/6]
WORKED EXAMPLE
Repeat previous example but

integrate with respect to y
instead.
[Ans: 5/6]
Volumes by Slicing
Define a cylinder as any solid whose cross sections
perpendicular to some axis - running through the solid -
are all the same.
Volume = (cross sectional area) × (height)

Volumes by Slicing
We use the same process followed here to derive many

important formulas.
In each case, we divide an object into n smaller pieces,
approximate the quantity of interest for each of the small
pieces, sum the approximations and then take a limit,
ultimately recognizing that we have derived a definite
integral.
For this reason, it is essential that you understand the
concept behind the previous formula.
WORKED EXAMPLE
The Pyramid Arena in Memphis has a square base of side

approximately 600 feet and a height of approximately 320
feet. Find the volume of the pyramid with these
measurements. [Ans: 38 400 000 ft3]
The Method of Disks

Suppose that f (x) ≥ 0 and f is continuous on the interval
[a, b]. Take the region bounded by the curve y = f (x) and
the x-axis, for a ≤ x ≤ b, and revolve it about the x-axis,
generating a solid.
The Method of Disks

We can find the volume of this solid by
slicing it perpendicular to the x-axis and
recognizing that each cross section is a
circular disk of radius r = f (x).
We then have that the volume of the
solid is
Since the cross sections of such a solid of revolution are

all disks, we refer to this method of finding volume as the
method of disks.
WORKED EXAMPLE
Revolve the region under the curve on the
interval [0, 4] about the x-axis and find the volume of the
resulting solid of revolution. [Ans: 8p]
When using the method of disks, the variable of

integration depends solely on the axis about which you
revolve the two-dimensional region:
• revolving about the x-axis requires integration with
respect to x
• revolving about the y-axis requires integration with
respect to y.
The Method of Washers
One complication that occurs in

computing volumes is that the
solid may have a cavity or “hole”
in it.
Another complication occurs

when a region is revolved about a
line other than the x-axis or the y-
axis.
WORKED EXAMPLE
Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of y = x2/4, x =
0 and y = 1. Compute the volume of the solid formed
by revolving R about the x-axis. [Ans: 56p/15]
WORKED EXAMPLE
Let R be the region bounded by y = 4 − x2 and y = 0. Find
the volume of the solid obtained by revolving R about the
line x = 3. [Ans: 64p]
Finding the volume of the solid shown below by the

method of washers is awkward.
But, note that revolving a rectangle about the y-axis

creates a thin cylindrical shell (a hollow cylinder or pipe).
To find the volume of this thin cylindrical shell, imagine

cutting the cylinder from top to bottom and then flattening
out the shell.
Cylindrical Shells
the method of cylindrical shells

WORKED EXAMPLE
Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume of the
solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the graphs
of y = x and y = x2 in the first quadrant about the y-axis.
[Ans: p/6]
WORKED EXAMPLE
Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region

bounded by the graph of y = 4 − x2 and the x-axis about the
line x = 3. [Ans: 64p]
WORKED EXAMPLE
Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of y = cos x and
y = x2. Compute the volume of the solid formed by
revolving R about the lines (a) x = 2 and (b) y = 2.
[Ans: 13.8; 10.1]
VOLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION - checklist

• Sketch the region to be revolved and the axis of revolution.
• Determine the variable of integration (x if the region has a
well-defined top and bottom, y if the region has well-defined
left and right boundaries).
• Based on the axis of revolution and the variable of
integration, determine the method (disks or washers for x-
integration about a horizontal axis or y-integration about a
vertical axis, shells for x-integration about a vertical axis or y-
integration about a horizontal axis).
• Label your picture with the inner and outer radii for disks or
washers; label the radius and height for cylindrical shells.
• Set up the integral(s) and evaluate.
Arc Length
How could we find the length of the portion of the sine
curve shown in the figure?
Arc Length
Approximate the curve with several line segments joined

together.
As you would expect, the

approximation of length will get
closer to the actual length of
the curve, as the number of line
segments increases. This
general idea should sound
familiar.
Arc Length
Assume that f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on
(a, b).
Begin by partitioning the interval [a, b] into n equal pieces:
Approximate the arc length si by the straight-line distance

between two points.
Arc Length
By the Mean Value Theorem,

As n gets large the approximation should provide the

exact arc length
Recognize this as the limit of a Riemann sum for

so that the arc length is given exactly by the definite
integral:
whenever the limit exists.

WORKED EXAMPLE
Find the arc length of the portion of the curve y = sin x
with 0 ≤ x ≤ π. [Ans: 3.8]
WORKED EXAMPLE
A cable is hung between two

poles of equal height that are 20
feet apart. A hanging cable
assumes the shape of a catenary,
the general form of which is
y = a cosh x/a = a/2 (ex/a + e−x/a).
In this case, suppose that the
cable takes the shape of
y = 5(ex/10 + e−x/10), −10 ≤ x ≤ 10.
How long is the cable? [Ans: 23.5 ft]
When a linear segment is rotated about a line,

the resulting surface of rotation is the frustum
of a cone.
We take advantage of this observation to
develop a method for calculating surface
areas.
For the frustum of a cone shown, the curved
surface area is given by:
For the problem of finding the curved surface area of a

surface of revolution, consider the case where f (x) ≥ 0 and
where f is continuous on the interval [a, b] and
differentiable on (a, b). If we revolve the graph of y = f (x)
about the x-axis on the interval
[a, b], we get a surface of
revolution.
First partition the interval [a, b] into n pieces of equal size:

a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xn = b, where
for each i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
On each subinterval [xi−1, xi ], we

can approximate the curve by the
straight line segment joining the
points:
(xi−1, f (xi−1)) and (xi , f (xi )).
Revolving this line segment around the x-axis generates

the frustum of a cone. The surface area of this frustum will
give us an approximation to the actual surface area on the
interval [xi−1, xi ].
The slant height of the frustum is

Apply the Mean Value Theorem,
for some number ci ∈ (xi−1, xi ). This gives us

The surface area Si of that portion of the surface on the

interval [xi−1, xi ] is approximately the surface area of the
frustum of the cone,
since if Δx is small,
Repeating this argument for each subinterval [xi−1, xi ],

i = 1, 2, . . . , n, gives an approximation to the total surface
area S,
The factor of
in the integrand corresponds to the arc length of a small

section of the curve y = f (x), while the factor 2π f (x)
corresponds to the circumference of the solid of revolution.
WORKED EXAMPLE
Compute the surface area of the circle y = y4 for 0  x  1

that is revolved about the x axis
[Ans: 3.4]
For any constant force F applied over a distance d, we

define the work W as W = Fd.
We extend this notion of work to the case of a nonconstant

force F(x) applied on the interval [a, b] as follows. First, we
partition the interval [a, b] into n equal subintervals, each
of width
and consider the work done on each subinterval.

If Δx is small and F is continuous, then the force F(x)

applied on the subinterval [xi−1, xi ] can be approximated by
the constant force F(ci ) for some point ci ∈ [xi−1, xi ].
The work done moving the object along the subinterval is

then approximately F(ci )x. The total work W done is then
approximately
Recognize this as a Riemann sum, which, as n gets larger,

approaches the actual work,
The more a spring is compressed (or
stretched) from its natural length, the
more force is required to further
compress (or stretch) the spring.
According to Hooke’s Law,
for some constant k (the spring

constant).
WORKED EXAMPLE
A force of 3 pounds stretches a spring 1/4 foot from its

natural length.
Find the work done in stretching the spring 6 inches

beyond its natural length.
[Ans: 3/2 ft lb]
WORKED EXAMPLE
A spherical tank of radius 10 feet is

filled with water. Find the work done
in pumping all of the water out
through the top of the tank.
Note: both the force and the

distance are nonconstant.
[Ans: 2.6 X 106 ft lb]

Impulse J of a force F(t) applied over the time interval [a, b]

is defined to be
Using Newton’s second law and integrating:
(assuming the integral exists)

Impulse relates force and time to account for changes in
velocity.
Center of Mass
To consider an object as a point-mass, treat it as a single
point, with all of the mass concentrated at that point.
The center of mass is the location at which we could

place the pivot of a seesaw and have the objects balance.
The denominator is the total mass of the system. The

numerator is called the first moment of the system.
Center of Mass
More generally, for a system of n masses m1,m2, . . . ,mn,
located at x = x1, x2, . . . , xn, respectively, the center of
mass is given by the first moment (sum of all mass
moments) divided by the total mass,
The denominator is the total mass of the system. The

numerator is called the first moment of the system.
Suppose that we wish to find the mass and center of mass

of an object of variable density ρ(x) (measured in units of
mass per unit length) that extends from x = a to x = b.
If the density varies throughout the object, we can
approximate the mass by partitioning the interval [a, b]
into n pieces of equal width
On each subinterval [xi−1, xi ], the mass is approximately

ρ(ci)x, where ci is a point in the subinterval. The total mass
is then approximately
Recognize this as a Riemann sum, which approaches the

total mass as n→ ∞,
WORKED EXAMPLE
A 30-inch baseball bat can be represented approximately
by an object extending from x = 0 to x = 30 inches, with
density ρ(x) = 32(1/46 + x/690)2 grams per inch.
This model of the density function takes into account the

fact that a baseball bat is similar to an elongated cone.
Find the mass of the object.

[Ans: 6.144 X 10– 2 slug = 3.1 oz]
By dividing an object into intervals and recognizing the

sum of ciρ(ci )Δx as a Riemann sum, one can show that the
first moment of an object of variable density is:
Using the expression for the first moment from the previous
slide, the center of mass of an object of variable density is
given by
WORKED EXAMPLE
Find the center of mass of the baseball bat from previous

example
[Ans: 19.6 in]

Consider a vertically oriented wall (a dam) holding back a

lake. It is convenient to
orient the x-axis vertically
with x = 0 located at the
surface of the water and the
bottom of the wall at
x = a > 0. In this way, x
measures the depth of a
section of the dam.
𝑎
F = PA = rgxA 𝐹= 𝑔 ‫𝜌 𝑜׬‬ 𝑥 𝑥𝑤 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
WORKED EXAMPLE
A dam is shaped like a trapezoid with height 60 feet. The

width at the top is 100 feet and the width at the bottom is
40 feet.
Find the maximum

hydrostatic force
that the dam will
need to withstand.
[Ans: 66 044 160 lbs]

Questions ?

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Engineering Mathematics I

B.Eng(Hons) in Aerospace Engineering

Begin by using rectangles to approximate the area between

If the limit as n → ∞ exists, we will get the exact area,

AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = x2 and

Find the area bounded by

Repeat previous example but

Volume = (cross sectional area) × (height)

We use the same process followed here to derive many

The Pyramid Arena in Memphis has a square base of side

The Method of Disks

The Method of Disks

Since the cross sections of such a solid of revolution are

When using the method of disks, the variable of

The Method of Washers

One complication that occurs in

Another complication occurs

Finding the volume of the solid shown below by the

But, note that revolving a rectangle about the y-axis

To find the volume of this thin cylindrical shell, imagine

the method of cylindrical shells

Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region

VOLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION - checklist

Approximate the curve with several line segments joined

As you would expect, the

Approximate the arc length si by the straight-line distance

By the Mean Value Theorem,

As n gets large the approximation should provide the

Recognize this as the limit of a Riemann sum for

whenever the limit exists.

A cable is hung between two

When a linear segment is rotated about a line,

For the problem of finding the curved surface area of a

First partition the interval [a, b] into n pieces of equal size:

On each subinterval [xi−1, xi ], we

Revolving this line segment around the x-axis generates

The slant height of the frustum is

Apply the Mean Value Theorem,

for some number ci ∈ (xi−1, xi ). This gives us

The surface area Si of that portion of the surface on the

Repeating this argument for each subinterval [xi−1, xi ],

in the integrand corresponds to the arc length of a small

Compute the surface area of the circle y = y4 for 0  x  1

For any constant force F applied over a distance d, we

We extend this notion of work to the case of a nonconstant

and consider the work done on each subinterval.

If Δx is small and F is continuous, then the force F(x)

The work done moving the object along the subinterval is

Recognize this as a Riemann sum, which, as n gets larger,

for some constant k (the spring

A force of 3 pounds stretches a spring 1/4 foot from its

Find the work done in stretching the spring 6 inches

A spherical tank of radius 10 feet is

Note: both the force and the

[Ans: 2.6 X 106 ft lb]

Impulse J of a force F(t) applied over the time interval [a, b]

Using Newton’s second law and integrating:

(assuming the integral exists)

The center of mass is the location at which we could

The denominator is the total mass of the system. The

The denominator is the total mass of the system. The

Suppose that we wish to find the mass and center of mass

On each subinterval [xi−1, xi ], the mass is approximately