CHAPTER 3

Properties of Pure
Substance

MUMJ (KIL1001 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics I)

Chapter Objectives
• Understand the concept of a pure substance.
• Describe the physic of phase-change process
and illustrate on the property figures such as P-
v, P-T and T-v diagrams.
• Determine thermodynamic properties of pure
substances from tables of property data
• Understand the concept of ideal gas and apply
the ideal gas equations of state and the
compressibility factor that accounts for the
deviation of real gas from ideal gas behaviour.
2
Pure Substance
• Meaning: Any substance (whether in its element or compound)
exist in fixed chemical composition throughout and also exist in
more than one phase.

• Pure substance is still a pure substance even though mixture of two

of more phase (solid, liquid or gas) is exist as long the chemical 3
composition of the substance is remain the same in all phases.
Phases of Pure Substance
• Phase : Distinct molecular arrangement that homogenous throughout
and separated from the others by easily identifiable boundary
surface.
• 3 principal/fundamental phase
• SOLID
• LIQUID
• GAS
• The change in principal phase is due to the change in intermolecular
forces between substance molecules/atoms. Solid has strongest
intermolecular force while gas has the least intermolecular force.
• A substance may have different phases in one principal phase due to
different molecular arrangement/structure.
• Example:
• Substance: Carbon Prin. Phase: Solid No of different phase: ?
• Substance: Iron Prin. Phase: Solid No of different phase: ?
• Substance: Helium Prin. Phase: Liquid No of different phase: ? 4
Phases of Pure substance

Molecular arrangement of solid iron

at different temperature

5
Phase diagram for Helium
Phase Change Process

6
Water Phase Change Process

7
Water Phase Change Process

8
Water Phase Change Process

9
Water Phase Change Process

10
Water Phase Change Process at other
Constant P

11
Above Critical Point…

12
T-v diagram vs P-v diagram

13
P-v diagram with solid phase

14
P-T diagram

15
Property Tables

16
Type of Property Tables

17
Saturated Tables A-4 and A-5

18
Saturated Tables A-4

19
Saturated Tables A-5

20
 saturated liquid
saturated mixture
I know the phase

Problem 1
saturated vapour

2 all the data

gather
sat. Liquid
P
m :
5009 :?
V
?
° :
T = 90 C

closed tank
(phase)

A rigid tank contains 500 g of saturated liquid water at 90 oC.

Determine the pressure of the tank and the volume of the tank.

21

P(T 90°) 183kPa "m3

-

5 18 x 10
the answer ,
= : 70 .

, Vf(T 900)
= : 0 . 001036 m3/kg : /0 .
001036m3/kg) x 0 .

5kg :
.
Problem 2
A piston cylinder device contains 0.06 m3 of saturated water vapor at 125
kPa pressure. Determine the temperature and mass of the vapor inside the
cylinder.

22
Problem 3
Saturated water liquid of mass 200 g is completely vaporized at constant
pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the volume change and the amount of
energy transferred during vaporization process occur.

23
Quality and saturated region

24
Quality and saturated region

25
Quality and saturated region

26
Problem 4
A rigid tank contains 1000 g of water at 70 oC. If 800 g of the water is in
the vapor form and the rest is in liquid form, Determine (a) the
pressure of the tank and (b) the volume of the tank by using quality
equation.

27
Problem 5
An 0.80 m3 rigid tank contains 5 kg of water at pressure of 30 kPa.
Determine (a) the phase of water in the system (b) the quality, (c) the
volume occupied the system by vapor phase.

28
Superheated Water Table (A-6)

29
Table A-6

30
Problem 6
Determine the phase and internal energy of 1500 g water at 100 kPa and
423.15 K.

31
Compressed Liquid Table (A-7)

f T
at given

32
Table A-7

33
Problem 7
Determine the specific internal energy of compressed liquid water at 333.15 K
and 10 MPa using (a) data from compressed liquid table and (b) data from
saturated liquid data. What is the error percentage involved in the second
case.

34
Saturated Ice-Water Vapor Table (A-8)

35

Saturated Ice-Vapor Region

Table A-8

36
Problem 8
An 0.06 m3 rigid tank contains 1500 g of water at temperature of 273.15 K.
Determine (a) the quality, (b) the volume occupied the system by ice and (c)
the enthalpy of sublimation process occur in the system

37
Extra Tips in taking data from Property
Tables.
Interpolation

38
Extrapolation

39
 Problem 9
Determine the missing properties and the phase description in the
following table for water:

120 2045 . 8 saturated mixture

361 .
5 0 .
57
saturated mixture

177 .
66
7 52 .
74 saturated liquid

47 4/
liquid
.

compressed

216 . 5
500 2890 1 . 06 T
superheated vapour

I Table A -4
A-5 4
From table 41kPa
°
P = 5 000 kPa Psa + (80
°
C) : 47 .

120 C
Tsa+ (200kPa) =

T = 80
°
C p Psat ... compressed
0 7
n =
uhf9 liquid
.

h = hf +

P : 200 kPa = 504 + 0 . 7(2201)

= 2045 .
8k]/kg

From table A-5

5
640
hf(500kPa)
:

P : 500kPq
2748
2 From table A -4 ng(500kPa) =

4 2890k]
589
:
superheated vapour
/(148 % hg
...
4 =
h
kg
%
) 2733
h :
1800k] ng(140 :

kg
hg saturatea 40
...
h
ht From table A-6
T = 1480 251 6
T
sa +
(500 kPa) =
.

T - 200
= 251 .
6
%
) 361 5 kPa
Psat(140 =
200
.

250 -

n =
kf + 24 f g
h hf 2890 -
640
1 067
-

n = =
I
.

hthf =1800 - 50
n : = 0 .
56 n+ 2 748 -
640
g
Gas Phase Behavior:
Ideal Gas Equation of State

41
42
Problem 9
A spherical balloon with a diameter of 9 m is filled with helium at 27 oC and 200
kPa. Determine the mole and mass of helium in the balloon if the helium
behave ideally.
(molar mass of Helium is 4 kg/kmol)
Ru

43
Ans: Mass = 123 kg
Compressibility Factor

44
45
Compressibility Factor Chart (low PR
pressure)

46
Compressibility Factor Chart
(intermediate PR pressure)

47
Problem 10
Determine the specific volume of superheated
water vapor at 15 MPa and 623.15 K, using (a)
the steam table, (b) the ideal gas equation, and
(c) the generalized compressibility chart. Also
determine the error involved in the last two
cases with data obtained from steam table.

48
Ans: vreal = 0.01246 m3/kg
Other EOS

49
Problem 11
A rigid tank with 3.27 m3 volume contains 100 kg of Nitrogen at
175K. Determine the pressure in the tank in kPa, using (a) ideal gas
equation, (b) van der Waals equations, and (c) the Beattie-
Bridgeman equation. Compare all results with actual result of 1505
kPa obtained form experiment.

V= 3.27 m3
100 kg N2
T= 175 K

50
51