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Physical and Analytical Chemistry I

KIL 1003
Acids and Bases

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Some Properties of Acids

Produce H+ (as H3O+) ions in water (the hydronium ion is a

hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule)

Taste sour

Corrode metals

Electrolytes

React with bases to form a salt and water

pH is less than 7

Turns blue litmus paper to red “Blue to Red ACID”

Some Properties of Bases

Produce OH- ions in water

Taste bitter, chalky

Are electrolytes

Feel soapy, slippery

React with acids to form salts and water

pH greater than 7

Turns red litmus paper to blue “Basic Blue”

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Acid/Base definitions

• Definition #1: Arrhenius (traditional)

Acids – produce H+ ions (or hydronium ions H3O+) when

dissolve in water

Bases – produce OH- ions when dissolve in water

(problem: some bases don’t have hydroxide ions!)

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Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water

Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water

Acid/Base Definitions

• Definition #2: Brønsted – Lowry

Acids – proton donor

Bases – proton acceptor

"
A “proton” is

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The Brønsted-Lowry Definition of

Acids and Bases
► A Brønsted–Lowry acid can donate H+ ions.
► Monoprotic acids can donate 1 H+ ion, diprotic
acids can donate 2 H+ ions, and triprotic acids can
donate 3 H+ ions.

Conjugate Acids and Bases

• The term conjugate comes from the Latin
word “conjugare,” meaning “to join together.”
• Reactions between acids and bases always
yield their conjugate bases and acids.

Acids
and
Bases
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

conjugates
base acid
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
acid base

conjugates

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

acid base CA CB

► Conjugate base: The substance formed by loss of H+ from an acid.

► Conjugate acid: The substance formed by addition of H+ to a base.
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Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

conjugates
acid base
NH3 + H2O NH41+ + OH-
base acid

conjugates

NH3 + H2O NH41+ + OH-

base acid CA CB

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Water is Amphoteric
Amphoteric or Amphiprotic substances:
Substances which can act as either proton donors (acids) or
proton acceptors (bases) depending on what substances are present.

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

acid base CA CB

NH3 + H2O NH41+ + OH-

base acid CA CB

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Relative Strength of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases

Acids Conjugate Bases

Very Strong Very Weak
Strong Weak
Weak Strong
Very Weak Very Strong
______________________________
• Strong acids lose protons very readily ➔ weak
conjugate bases;
• Weak acids do not lose protons very readily ➔ strong
conjugate bases.

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Acids & Base Definitions

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Definition #3 – Lewis
Lewis acid - a
substance that
accepts an electron
pair

Lewis base - a
substance that
donates an electron
pair

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The pH scale
• The pH scale is the concentration of hydrogen
ions in a given substance.

• pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a

solution

pH = − log H +

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INDICATORS

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• Acids have a pH from 0-7

• Lower pH value indicates a stronger acid.
• Bases have a pH from 7-14
• Higher pH value indicates a stronger base

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Calculating the pH
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pH = - log [H+]
(Remember that the [ ] mean Molarity)

Example: If [H+] = 1 X 10-10

pH = - log 1 X 10-10
pH = - (- 10)
pH = 10
Example: If [H+] = 1.8 X 10-5
pH = - log 1.8 X 10-5
pH = - (- 4.74)
pH = 4.74
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pH calculations – Solving for H+
If the pH of Coke is 3.12, [H+] = ???
Because pH = - log [H+] then
- pH = log [H+]
Take antilog (10x) of both
sides and get

10-pH = [H+]
=molarity
[H+] = 10-3.12 = 7.6 x 10-4 M
*** to find antilog on your calculator, look for “Shift” or “2nd
function” and then the log button

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The pH of seawater is 8.5. What is the [H+] ?

3.16 x 10
-

9M

pH -log [H ]
+
=

8.5 =
-109
[H+]
-
8.5
[H+] 10
=

24 -
9
3.16
= 10
x

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pH scale
• There is also pOH, in a sense the opposite of pH,
which measures the concentration of OH− ions, or
the alkalinity.
• A similar definition is made for the hydroxyl ion
concentration

pOH = − log10[OH- ]

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pOH
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• Since acids and bases are

opposites, pH and pOH are
opposites!
• pOH does not really exist, but it is
useful for changing bases to pH.
• pOH looks at the perspective of a
base
pOH = - log [OH-]
Since pH and pOH are on opposite
ends,
pH + pOH = 14
-

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pH [H+] [OH-] pOH

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More About Water

H2O can function as both an ACID and a BASE.
O
In pure water there can be AUTOIONIZATION

OH-

H3O+

Equilibrium constant for water/ Ion product constant = Kw

Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14 at 25 oC
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Ion-Product Constant
Autoionization OH-

H3O+

Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14 at 25 oC

In a neutral solution [H3O+] = [OH-]
so Kw = [H3O+]2 = [OH-]2
and so [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-7 M

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pH scale
AT 25˚C
• Ion product constant
[H+] x [OH-] = 10-14
• Kw = [H3O+] [OH-]
pH + pOH = 14
• -log Kw = - log [H+][OH-] I
Pkw
= -log [H+] – log [OH-]
range
pKw = pH + pOH kw
RaK
=

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pH scale
• Example 2

Calculate the pOH and the pH of a 5.0 x

10-2 M solution of NaOH

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pH scale
• Solution Method 1

[OH-] = 5.0 x10-2 M

pOH = - log(5.0 x10-2 )
= 2 – log 5.0
= 1.3

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pH scale
• Solution continued

Since
pH + pOH = 14

pH + 1.3 = 14.00
pH = 12.7

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pH scale
Solution Method 2

Since

[H+] x [OH-] = 10-14

[H+] = 1.0 x 10-14 = 2.0 x 10-13
5.0 x 10-12
pH = - log (2.0 x 10-13) = 13 – log 2.0
= 13 – 0.30 = 12.7

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[H3 O+], [OH-] and pH

Exercise :

What is the pH of the 0.0010 M NaOH solution?

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[H3 O+], [OH-] and pH
What is the pH of the 0.0010 M NaOH solution?

[OH-] = 0.0010 (or 1.0 X 10-3 M)

pOH = - log 0.0010
pOH = 3
pH = 14 – 3 = 11

O
OR Kw = [H3O+] [OH-]
[H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-11 M
pH = - log (1.0 x 10-11) = 11.00

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Question

CC
• Calculate the pH and the pOH of 9.78 x 10-2M NaOH

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Strong and Weak Acids/Bases
The strength of an acid (or base) is
determined by the amount of
IONIZATION.

HNO3, HCl, H2SO4 and HClO4 are among the

only known strong acids.

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Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

• Generally divide acids and bases into STRONG or
WEAK ones.

S
STRONG ACID: HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) --->
H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) S
HNO3 is about 100% dissociated in water.
-

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STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS

Strong: 100% dissociation

⑳
good H+ donor
equilibrium lies far to right (HNO3)
-

generates weak base (NO3-)

-

Weak: <100% dissociation

not-as-good H+ donor
equilibrium lies far to left (CH3COOH)
-

generates strong base (CH3COO-)

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Strong and Weak Acids

• Strong acids ionize completely in aqueous solution:
• HCl(aq) + H2O → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq);
• H2SO4(aq) + H2O → H3O+(aq) + HSO4-(aq);

• Weak acids ionize only partially in aqueous solution:

• HF(aq) + H2O ⇌ H3O+(aq) + F-(aq);
• HOCl(aq) + H2O ⇌ H3O+(aq) + ClO-(aq).

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PHA Rod Apkn.

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Calculating Percent Ionization

A 0.10 M solution of formic acid (HCOOH) contains 4.2 × 10–3 -

M H+(aq) . Calculate the percentage of the acid that is ionized.

-

Solution .
Analyze: We are given the molar concentration of an aqueous
solution of weak acid and the equilibrium concentration of H+(aq)
and asked to determine the percent ionization of the acid.

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Exercise
A 0.020 M solution of niacin has a pH of 3.26.
-

Calculate the percent ionization of the niacin.

Answer: 2.7% .

[H+]
3.26
-log
=

[A+] 10-3.26
=

Acids
-
4 and
5.495x10
=
Bases

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to ionisation
5x10 ,009:
=
2.748 h

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[OH-] and pH of Strong Bases

• Like strong acids, strong bases also ionize completely in aqueous

solution.
• Examples: NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

• In a base solution such as 0.050 M NaOH,

pH ????

[OH-] = [NaOH] = 0.050 M

pOH = -log(0.050 M) = 1.30
pH = 14.00 - 1.30 = 12.70

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[OH-] and pH of Strong Bases

• Examples:
Ba(OH)2(aq) → Ba2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq);

• In a base solution such as 0.050 M Ba(OH)2,

• pH ????

[OH-] = 2 x [Ba(OH)2]0 = 0.10 M;

pOH = -log(0.10) = 1.00;
pH = 14.00 - 1.00 = 13.00

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