CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1

Cellular and Molecular Biology: Task 6, Review of Replication, Transcription and

Translation Processes

Jeisson Andrés Acevedo Benítez

UNAD

November 29 del 2019

Author Notes

Jeisson Andrés Acevedo Benítez, ECAPMA, UNAD.

The information concerning this document should be sent to: William.hernandez@unad.edu.co,

UNAD, Km 1, Iane Villavicencio – Acacias, Acacias, Meta.

Contact: jaacevedob@unadvirtual.edu.co
 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY i

Introductión

For a long time it has been tried to discover the origin of the genetic code and they have been

experimented in laboratories, but the origin has been too complex, there are even different

hypotheses about how the genetic code could have evolved but the unique answers are not yet

known exactly, However, scientists keep trying again and again to know exactly how the origin

and evolution were.

The genetic code is what gave way to life as we know it today, so the importance of how it has

evolved to understand it in the best way.

This paper summarizes the different hypotheses that have been performed.
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ii

Developing

The ARNm Contains genetic information from of ADN, this ARN messenger that joins link to

the ARNr, in the ribosome where it happens the translation of amino acids that transporting for

the ARNt. For some scientists the ARN only meet in the formation and evolution of the

macromolecules, for other scientists the ARN are emergence of the cells. The cells and their

ribosomes suffered changes difficult for the make the translation.

The world of ARN is a mystery, is a random without solve how is that happens translation of the

genetic information that transporting ARN messenger. The translation must divide in two stages,

the first in the origin of the genetic code and the origin translation.

The genetic code had to adapt to the conditions that displayed during time, the genetic code must

evolution for keep its existence and keep creating life. Amino acids have always been present on

earth and have a primary role in improving reactions. The codons are formed by triplets of amino

acids and these are formed in this way to make the translation more useful.

There are several theories to explain the origin or evolution of the genetic code and one is the

stereochemical hypothesis and says that they could only give rise to the genetic code if the amino

acids are similar at the time of the codon-anticodon binding.

Another hypothesis is the management of coding coenzymes and says that a chain of amino acids

can be linked together, and becomes a ribozyme, some amino acids aren´t going to bind and

remain individual, ton be in these positions said amino acids act as coenzyme to help ribozyme

to catalyze certain molecules, they will not always be able to catalyze all substances, but

ribozyme can change its shape and so its function can also vary. In this hypothesis it can be said

that this ribozyme gave rise to the genetic code since they could also be able to generate new
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY iii

nucleotides. Experiments performed where a new amino acid is added to the ribozyme can

catalyze substances by amino acids since it contains, that is with primitive amino acids. It can be

concluded in this hypothesis that there us an advantage in the catalysis of amino acids and there

is an allocation in management, there is recognition by ribozymes and amino acids are used as

coenzymes.

During the beginnings of the genetic code, the RNA structures suffered constant mutations, and

as they evolved, these errors were corrected for their optimization over time and the pairs of

codons and amino acids were improved and this gave way to the genetic code as we know it

today. The genetic code contains 20 amino acids and is supposed to have them since prehistory,

did not undergo many changes over time since it was in a state of freezing, and is what postulates

the hypothesis of frozen accident.

There are many theories about the origin of the genetic code, some are stronger than others, in

some the main origin was made by amino acids, there is a disagreement among scientists about

whether the binding of amino acids to codons. It seems that knowing the origin of the genetic

code is still a complex task.

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2. Link infographic canva

https://www.canva.com/design/DADsonGvPgk/z48T18sXqU2OrfE3FQ-NSw/view?

utm_content=DADsonGvPgk&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_sou

rce=publishsharelink
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Bibliography

- Khan Academy. (2015). Khan Academy. Mecanismos Moleculares de la replicación del

ADN Recuperado de: https://es.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-

material/dna-replication/a/molecular-mechanism-of-dna-replication

- Khan Academy. (2015). Khan Academy. Etapas de la transcripción. Recuperado de:

https://es.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-

dogma/transcription-of-dna-into-rna/a/stages-of-transcription

- Khan Academy. (2015). Khan Academy. Etapas de la traducción. Recuperado de:

https://es.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-

polypeptides/a/the-stages-of-translation