Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Analisis de Desordre Ligeti Estudio No1 PDF
Analisis de Desordre Ligeti Estudio No1 PDF
Home Publications An Algorithmic Model of György Ligeti's Étude No. 1, Désordre (1985) ENGLISH DEUTSCH
:algorithmic-composition :common-music :ligeti :stanford-university
Version: Mon 03/08/1999 Revision: Wed 03/19/2003
See Also:
Common Music source code (HTML, 18KB)
Common Music source code (Common Music Source, 9KB)
MIDI file of an example run (Standard MIDI File, 23KB)
Background: This short paper was written in 1999 in fulfillment of the 24-hour part of Stanford's Ph.D. University
Special Area Exams and is hence somewhat cursory. It was presented here with minor corrections in its original
version in an attempt to make it accessible to the interested outside the departmental archives. Thus, the code
fragments given here pertain to the Common Music version current at that time, 1.3. Please see the links above
for updated versions of the code. Also note that Rick Taube, the author of Common Music, has meanwhile
reworked this paper into chapter 22 of his book Notes from the Meta-Level: An Introduction to Computer
Composition, Swets & Zeitlinger (in print).
A note regarding score references: since Désordre does largely away with synchronized barlines, references to the
score need to be fully specified with page, system, and measure numbers—and, where necessary, an indication of
the part. In the following, this information will be given in shorthand notation as
P:S[u|l].M
where P, S, and M denote page, system, and measure number, and—if necessary—u or l upper or lower part,
respectively. Where systems begin with partial measures, the first complete measure is counted as measure 1. All
numbers follow the (only) facsimile edition (Ligeti, 1985).
Structure
Description
The textural make-up of the etude is comparably straightforward in that each hand is assigned its own part, and that both parts
share a common, layered substructure and a continuously pulsating eighth-note raster. Furthermore, each part is restricted to
a mode—the right hand to white keys and the left hand to black keys. As crudely keyboard-oriented and commonplace as this
use of modality may seem, it actually presents a rather practicable choice that allows Ligeti to let both technically relatively
difficult parts share a register where so desired.
Aside from these common characteristics, the parts are temporally quite independent and follow their own processual logic.
That is, although stretches with near-synchronized phrase structures and prominent formal junctures exist, they are metrically
and rhythmically independent when viewed on sub-formal levels. This temporal independence is central to the composition in
that, on a large scale, most of its form-defining features emerge from it.
Internally, each part is a combination of continuously rising eighth note runs in the background and a rhythmically
pronounced and slower melodic line in the foreground. These foreground melodies are played forte throughout the piece and
gain further prominence by progressing in increasingly dense chords—thus in effect establishing themselves as an
autonomous layer against the eight-note background rather than relating to it as melodies to their accompaniment. Yet, both
foreground lines feature a phrase structure that is reminiscent of traditional melodic A A' B forms, where two closely related
shorter phrases are followed by a longer and developing third phrase. In addition, the phrasing hints, despite the distortion that
is induced by an asymmetrical meter in each part, at an underlying simple and song-like two-beat meter. A similarly
asymmetric meter that is suggested in both background layers by eighth-note groups of differing lengths is relatively negligible
compared to the prominent metric structure in the foreground layers.
On a formal level, finally, the piece is structured by both, the temporal and pitch space-related behaviour of its two parts. A
first section, 404 eighth notes long, from the beginning of the piece to 3:4.4, is mostly static in tempo, in spite of a small speed-
up towards the end. The following section, which extends for 231 eigth notes until 4:4.7, accelerates the foreground voices until
their beat equals an eighth note. At this point a typical ligetiesque cut interrupts the lower part, which had by then hit the bottom
of the piano range, and resumes with both foreground lines in their original tempo and the lower part in the discant region,
http://ccrma-www.stanford.edu/~tkunze/pbl/1999_desordre/ligeti.html 25/10/2008
Ligeti: Désordre Page 2 of 8
producing an aural effect of sudden slow-motion. This third section extends for the remaining 429 eigth notes to the end of
the piece and is characterized by a static tempo in the upper part and a slowing down of the lower part.
The Data
Both foreground lines consist of cyclic repetitions of a constant step pattern (see Figure 1). With each cycle, this pattern is
transposed diatonically by a constant interval. The pattern for the upper part consists of 26 steps, 7 for each of the A phrases
and 12 for phrase B. The pattern for the lower part has 33 steps, again 7 for each of the A phrases but this time 19 in the
extended phrase B.
Although these patterns bear a strong resemblance to material that has been generated by a rewrite system—a sequence of
generations combined with an overall expanding gesture—they satisfy too many traditional musical criteria in order not to call
for a standard musical description.
The contours of both patterns are highly similar, and especially the upper part, which could have easily been generated by
a context-sensitive grammar, exhibits strong motivic features. In contrast to the lower part's pattern, whose B phrase extends
by 2 bars beyond the expected 8 bars and ends in a whole note, however, the upper part's B phrase falls short by 2 bars and
loops instantly back to its beginning.
There are overall 14 cycles in the upper part, each of which is transposed diatonically one step upwards and, due to its
greater length, only 11 cycles in the lower part. The smaller number of cycles—which translates into fewer transpositions—is
overcompensated for by a two-step diatonic transposition downwards and the fact that the lower part's pentatonic mode has
fewer steps per octave than the heptatonic mode in the upper part. The cycles align with the score as follows:
Cycles:
Lower Part: Upper Part:
# Transp. Start # Transp. Start
=================== ===================
---------------------- Section I: -----------------------
1: ds3 2:1.0 1: b4 2:1.0
2: c5 2:2.7
2: as2 2:3.5
3: d5 2:4.7
3: fs2 3:2.2
4: e5 3:2.6
--------------------- Section II: -----------------------
4: cs2 3:4.4 5: f5 3:4.4
6: g5 3:4.11
5: gs1 4:1.3
7: a5 4:1.7
6: ds1 4:2.3
8: b5 4:2.5
7: as0 4:3.2
9: c6 4:3.3
10: d6 4:3.10
8: fs0 4:4.1 (1)
--------------------- Section III: -----------------------
4:4.7 11: e6 4:4.7
9: cs5 5:1.2
12: f6 5:2.4
10: gs4 5:3.7
13: g6 5:4.4
14: a6 6:2.4 (2)
11: ds4 6:2.4 (3)
(1) Cycle 8 in the lower part reaches the bottom of the piano range
http://ccrma-www.stanford.edu/~tkunze/pbl/1999_desordre/ligeti.html 25/10/2008
Ligeti: Désordre Page 3 of 8
The rhythmic picture is less clear due to rasterization effects in the acceleration and deceleration of the patterns. The
sequence of rhythms in the upper and lower parts read as follows:
http://ccrma-www.stanford.edu/~tkunze/pbl/1999_desordre/ligeti.html 25/10/2008
Ligeti: Désordre Page 4 of 8
1 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ; cycle 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
; ------------------------------; Sect. III Allargando [429 e]
5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 8
3 5 3 5 5 3 8 ; cycle 9
3 5 3 5 5 3 8
3 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 6 3 3 5 3 5 3 6 5 3 8
3 6 3 5 5 3 9 ; cycle 10
3 5 3 5 6 3 8
3 5 3 6 5 3 3 5 6 3 3 5 3 5 3 6 5 3 9
3 7 3 8 9 3 13 ; cycle 11
3 11 3 21
The Model
This analysis translates fairly straightforward into a model of the combined foreground structure. First, the tempo is set
according to the specification in the score:
;;;
;;; Tempo
;;;
;;; Set as ration in order to work around floating point rounding problems
;;; in cm timing.
This cosmetic hack allows calls to make-item-stream to be embedded in item stream constructor macros.
;;;
;;; Allow the use of make-item-stream in constructor macros
Then an algorithm is defined for the upper foreground. As suggested by the anaylsis above, the algorithm is driven by four sets
of data: the part's mode, its step pattern, its transposition pattern, and its rhythmic pattern.
;;;
;;; Upper Foreground
(defparameter *upper-fg-steps*
'( 0 0 1 0 2 1 -1 ; Phrase a
-1 -1 2 1 3 2 -2 ; Phrase a'
2 2 4 3 5 4 -1 0 3 2 6 5)) ; Phrase b
(defun make-upper-fg-rhythms ()
(items 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 ; cycle 1
3 5 3 5 5 3 7
3 5 3 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 3 5
3 5 3 4 5 3 8 ; cycle 2
3 5 3 4 5 3 8
3 5 3 4 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4
3 5 3 5 5 3 7 ; cycle 3
3 5 3 5 5 3 7
3 5 3 5 5 3 3 4 5 3 3 5
3 5 3 4 5 2 7 ; cycle 4
2 4 2 4 4 2 5
2 3 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3
1 2 1 2 2 1 3 ; cycle 5
1 2 1 2 2 1 3
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 3 ; cycle 6
1 2 1 2 2 1 3
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 3 ; cycle 7
1 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
http://ccrma-www.stanford.edu/~tkunze/pbl/1999_desordre/ligeti.html 25/10/2008
Ligeti: Désordre Page 5 of 8
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 ; cycle 8
1 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 ; cycle 9
1 2 1 2 1 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 ; cycle 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(items (items 3 5 3 5 5 3 8 ; cycle 11-14
3 5 3 5 5 3 8
3 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 5)
for 3)
3 5 3 5 5 3 8 ; cycle 14
3 5 3 5 5 3 8
3 5 3 5 5 3 ; cuts off here
))
The algorithm for the lower part foreground is driven by the same types of data. However, since it is eventually pitch-warped
into the treble clef after it hit the bottom of the keyboard (4:4.7), its transposition pattern adds a warp function that shifts notes 5
octaves (i.e. 20 mode steps) up after 7 cycles, two 7-note phrases (A and A') and 4 measures of the B phrase (8 notes).
(defparameter *lower-fg-steps*
'(0 0 1 0 2 2 0 ; Phrase a
1 1 2 1 -2 -2 -1 ; Phrase a'
; Phrase b
1 1 2 2 0 -1 -4 -3 0 -1 3 2 1 -1 0 -3 -2 -3 -5))
(defun make-lower-fg-rhythms ()
(items 3 5 3 5 5 3 8 ; cycle 1
3 5 3 5 5 3 8
3 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 8
3 5 3 5 5 3 8 ; cycle 2 (same)
3 5 3 5 5 3 8
3 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 8
3 5 3 5 5 3 8 ; cycle 3
3 5 3 5 5 2 7
3 4 3 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 3 2 3 1 3 3 1 4
1 3 1 2 2 1 3 ; cycle 4 starts in synch w/ cycle 5u
1 2 1 2 2 1 3
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 3
1 3 1 2 2 1 3 ; cycle 5
1 2 1 2 2 1 3
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 ; cycle 6
1 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 ; cycle 7
1 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ; cycle 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 8
3 5 3 5 5 3 8 ; cycle 9
http://ccrma-www.stanford.edu/~tkunze/pbl/1999_desordre/ligeti.html 25/10/2008
Ligeti: Désordre Page 6 of 8
3 5 3 5 5 3 8
3 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 6 3 3 5 3 5 3 6 5 3 8
3 6 3 5 5 3 9 ; cycle 10
3 5 3 5 6 3 8
3 5 3 6 5 3 3 5 6 3 3 5 3 5 3 6 5 3 9
3 7 3 8 9 3 13 ; cycle 11
3 11 3 21 ; cuts off here
))
At this stage, both foreground processes are implemented and may be listened to by issuing a
Enhancements
A further improvement adds octaves and simulate the background layer:
;;;
;;; Add Octaves and a fake background.
;;;
;;; Background notes are "muted" when the foreground is active. To
;;; accomplish this, the names of the background containers must follow the
;;; foreground container names alphabetically. Local variables are set up
;;; to communicate information between containers.
(merge desordre-v1.0 ()
(let ((upper-fg-time 0) (upper-fg-note 0) (upper-fg-eighths 0)
(lower-fg-time 0) (lower-fg-note 0) (lower-fg-eighths 0))
http://ccrma-www.stanford.edu/~tkunze/pbl/1999_desordre/ligeti.html 25/10/2008
Ligeti: Désordre Page 7 of 8
channel 3)
(setf note (unmodeify
(item (steps 1 (2 weight .2) (3 weight .05)
in random
for (expr lower-fg-eighths)
from (expr lower-fg-note)))
*lower-mode*)
amplitude (if (= time lower-fg-time) 0 *background-amplitude*)))))
Finally, this code adds realism by simulating the chords that occur in both foregrounds in section three:
;;;
;;; Finally, add more realistic foreground voicings.
(merge desordre-v2.0 ()
(let ((upper-fg-time 0) (upper-fg-note 0) (upper-fg-eighths 0)
(lower-fg-time 0) (lower-fg-note 0) (lower-fg-eighths 0))
http://ccrma-www.stanford.edu/~tkunze/pbl/1999_desordre/ligeti.html 25/10/2008
Ligeti: Désordre Page 8 of 8
The controls which this model offers over pitch structure and transposition factors are believed to be adequate to Ligeti's
approach. The temporal processes, however, contain a fair amount of handcoding and are thus less easily transformed,
although possibilities exist to replace them with more formal techniques.
References
Kinzler, Hartmut.
György Ligeti: decision and automatism in Désordre, 1er Étude, Premier Livre, in: Interface 20(2):89-124. Swets &
Zeitlinger, 1991.
Ligeti, György.
Études pour piano: premier livre. B. Schott's Söhne, Mainz, 1985.
http://ccrma-www.stanford.edu/~tkunze/pbl/1999_desordre/ligeti.html 25/10/2008