N1/L2.

2 Carry out calculations with numbers of

any size using efficient methods.

Very Big and Very Small Numbers

Mathematicians, scientists and engineers (and your calculator) prefer to write and work
with very large and very small numbers in standard form.

A number is in standard form when it is written like this:

This part is written as a
This part is made up of a 6.7 x 106 power of 10, and the
number from 1 up to (but
power is a whole
not including) 10.
number.

You could think of 1000 as being 1 x 10 x 10 x 10 and write it as 1 x 103 .

You could think of 10 000 as being 1 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 and write it as 1 x 104.

Complete the table below, the first three rows have been completed for you.

Number Number in standard form

The power of
1 000 000 1 x 106 ten is the place
100 000 1 x 105 value of the first
significant
10 000 1 x 104 figure.
1 000
100
10
1 As the number
is less than one
0.1 the power of ten
0.01 is negative.
0.001

200 could be written as 2 x 102.

Number Number in standard form
200
300 could be written as 3 x 102. 230
300
250 could be written as 2.5 x 102. 399
Complete the table on the left, the 400
first three rows have been 415
completed for you. 500
550
9870
 N1/L2.2 Carry out calculations with numbers of
any size using efficient methods.

Complete the table below; the first three rows have been completed for you.

Number Number in standard form

1 000 000 000 1 x 109
12 000 000 1.2 x 107 (not 12 x 106)
15 000 1.5 x 104 (not 15 x 103)
99 000
12 000 000 000 000
10 000 000 000 000 000
99 000 000 000 000 000
155 000 000
1 380 000 000
22 000 000

Write as ordinary numbers:

Number in standard form Ordinary number

2.34 x 103
6.25 x 104
9.03 x 105
8 x 106
3.56 x 107
1.6 x 106
4.4 x 1010
8.01 x 103
1.11 x 102
9.9 x 108

Write in standard form:

Number Number in standard form

0.008 8 x 10-3
0.07 7 x 10-2
0.55 5.5 x 10-1
0.000052
0.048
0.0086
0.00086
0.000086
0.0000000001
0.000455

2
 N1/L2.2 Carry out calculations with numbers of
any size using efficient methods.
Write as ordinary numbers:

Number in standard form Ordinary number

8 x 10-3
6.2 x 10-4
9.3 x 10-3
8.82 x 10-4
3.56 x 10-5
1.6 x 10-7
4.4 x 10-4
8.01 x 10-3
1.11 x 10-8
9.9 x 10-2

The number 1 x 10100 is called a

googol. Write the number 50 googols
in standard form.

Dinosaurs roamed the Earth about 140 000 000

years ago. Write this in standard form.

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 N1/L2.2 Carry out calculations with numbers of
any size using efficient methods.

Adding Very Big and Very Small Numbers

You could think of 30 000 as being

3000 x 101
or as
300 x 102
or as
30 x 103
or as This is 30 000 written in standard form.
3 x 104
or as
0.3 x 105
or as
0.03 x 106
or as
0.003 x 107
and so on.

To add numbers written in standard form you must write them to the same power of
ten.
e.g.

3 x 104 + 4 x 105 = 3 x 104 + 40 x 104 = 43 x 104 = 4.3 x 105

Numbers to add Calculation Answer in standard form

5 x 102 + 5 x 103
5 x 102 + 5 x 104
5 x 102 + 5 x 105
5 x 103 + 5 x 104
5 x 103 + 5 x 105
5 x 103 + 5 x 106
4 x 102 + 3.1 x 103
4.1 x 102 + 3.1 x 103
5 x 10-2 + 5 x 10-3
5 x 102 + 5 x 10-2

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 N1/L2.2 Carry out calculations with numbers of
any size using efficient methods.

Subtracting Very Big and Very Small Numbers

To subtract numbers written in standard form you must write them to the
same power of ten.
e.g.

3 x 105 - 4 x 104 = 30 x 104 - 4 x 104 = 26 x 104 = 2.6 x 105

Write the
larger
Numbers to add Calculation Answer in standard form
number
to the
5 x 103 - 5 x 102
same
power of
5 x 104 - 5 x 102
ten as
the
5 x 105 - 5 x 102
smaller
number.
5 x 104 - 5 x 103
5 x 105 - 5 x 103
5 x 106 - 5 x 103
4 x 103 - 3.1 x 102
4.1 x 103 - 3.1 x 102
5 x 10-2 - 5 x 10-3
5 x 102 - 5 x 10-1

5
 N1/L2.2 Carry out calculations with numbers of
any size using efficient methods.

Multiplying Very Big and Very Small Numbers

e.g. (5 x 106) x (6 x 105) = 5 x 6 x 106 x 105 = 30 x 106+5 = 30 x 1011 = 3 x 1012

Notice that you

are adding the
powers of ten.

(1.2 x 103) x (1.2 x 103)

(1.2 x 103) x (1.2 x 107)

(1.2 x 107) x (1.2 x 107)

(1.2 x 10-7) x (1.2 x 10-7)

(1.2 x 10-7) x (1.2 x 107)

(1.2 x 103) x (1.2 x 103)

(1 x 103) x (8 x 10-3)

(1.2 x 1012) x (1.5 x 1012)

(1.2 x 10-12) x (1.5 x 10-12)

(7 x 108) x (9 x 102)

(2.5 x 106) x (2 x 103)

(3.8 x 1014) x (7.6 x 106)

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 N1/L2.2 Carry out calculations with numbers of
any size using efficient methods.

Dividing Very Big and Very Small Numbers

e.g. (6 x 106)  (5 x 105) = 6  5 x 106-5 = 1.2 X 101

Notice that you are

subtracting the
powers of ten.

(1.2 x 103)  (1.2 x 103)

(1.2 x 103)  (1.2 x 107)

(1.2 x 107)  (1.2 x 107)

(1.2 x 10-7)  (1.2 x 10-7)

(1.2 x 10-7)  (1.2 x 107)

(1.2 x 103)  (1.2 x 103)

(1 x 103)  (4 x 10-3)

(1.2 x 1012)  (4 x 1012)

(3 x 10-12)  (1.5 x 10-12)

(7 x 108)  (3.5 x 102)

(2.5 x 106)  (2 x 103)

(7.6 x 1014)  (3.8 x 106)