ANIMAL MIGRATION

Many mammals, birds, fish, insects and other animals travel regularly from one place to another during

a certain time of the year. This journey is called migration. Animals change their living areas because

they may get more food, better places to build nests or more sunlight somewhere else.

Some animals travel thousands of kilometers across land and water. Others travel only short distances.

Water animals, for example, often move vertically from deeper water to the surface area.

Birds

Birds are animals that travel the greatest distances. Many types of birds migrate each year between

their breeding grounds in the northern part of the world and warmer regions near the equator where

they spend their summer months. In tropical regions birds often travel from wet to dry areas.

The Arctic tern spends the summer in the Arctic regions and then flies half way around the world to the

Antarctic for the winter. When flying, most birds follow geographical features, like mountains, rivers or

islands. A few types of butterflies are also long-distance travelers. The monarch butterfly, for instance,

spends most of the winter in Mexico and then travels back to the United States in the spring.

Mammals

Mammals do not migrate so much because walking is slow and takes up too much time. There are,

however, hoofed animals that do travel longer distances in order to search for better grazing places.
Reindeer or caribou can move long distances between their winter and summer homes. They migrate in

herds of up to 100,000 animals. Caribou spend the summer in the Canadian Arctic and then travel up to

one thousand kilometres to the forests along the American border. Zebras and other wild animals that

live in the Serengeti area migrate every year in search of new pastures and food. During annual rainfall

they spread out and during the dry season they gather together around waterholes.

Some sea mammals also migrate. Whales travel from colder Polar Regions to warmer water where they

mate and bring up their babies. Then they travel back to the colder waters, where there is more food.

Seals often do the same.

Reptiles

Although most reptiles do not migrate so much there are some that follow a yearly cycles. Sea turtles

spend most of their life at sea but each year they come to the coasts and lay their eggs in nests on the

beach. The most famous breeding place is Ascension Island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Turtles

come from the coast of Brazil over a distance of 2000 km and make their nests there.

Fish

The best known migratory fish is the salmon. It is born in freshwater rivers and then swims to sea.

There it finds a lot of food an grows very quickly Salmon can spend one to three years in ocean waters

and then swim back to the rivers where they hatched to lay their own eggs. Most of them find their way

back home because of the smell of the water in which they were born.
How animals navigate

Scientists do not completely know how animals find their way. Birds use the sun and the stars to find the

right direction. Some animals are guided by temperature, wind direction or ocean currents. Others use

the earth’s magnetic field to navigate.

Words

• annual = yearly, yıllık olarak

• breeding ground = place where animals go to in order to have babies, üreme alanı

• caribou = a North American reindeer, Kuzey Amerika ren geyiği

• coast = place where the sea meets land, deniz kıyısı

• cycle =the same events that happen again and again, recur, return, rotate, çevrim, devir

• direction =the way or route something goes or points to, istikamet

• distance =how far two things are from each other, mesafe

• equator = a line around the middle of the earth, ekvator

• feature = mark, characteristic, special quality, present, promote, publicize, özellik

• for instance = for example, örneğin

• freshwater = water that has no salt ; opposite of sea water, tatlısu

• gather = get together, collect, assemble, accumulate, toplanmak, biraraya getirmek

• graze = an animal eats grass that is growing, otlamak

• guide = to show the way, lead, show/lead the way, yol göstermek

• hatch = if a young animal comes out of an egg, yumurtadan çıkmak

• herd = a group of animals that live together, sürü halinde yaşamak

• hoof = the hard foot of an animal, like a cow or horse, toynak, tırnak
• long distance =a long way to travel, uzak mesafe

• mammal = animal that drinks milk from its mother’s body when it is young, memeli hayvanlar

• migration = when animals travel from one part of the world to another, göç

• navigate = here: travel, gemi ile gitmek

• ocean current = the movement of water in the sea, okyanus akıntıları

• pasture = land that is covered with grass and used for animals to feed, otlak, mera

• reindeer = a large deer with long, wide antlers ;it lives in colder areas, ren geyiği

• reptile = type of animal whose body temperature changes according to the temperature around it;

it usually lays eggs to have babies, sürüngenler

• salmon = large fish with silver skin, that lives in the sea but swims up rivers to lay eggs,somon

• seal = a large animal that eats fish and lives near the coast, fok

• smell = to put your nose near something to find out how it smells, koklamak

• spread out = to move over a larger area, diffuse, spread, fan out, yaymak, yayılmak

• surface =the top layer of an object, appear, show up, emerge, yüzey

• tern = a black and white sea bird that has long wings and a tail with two points, deniz kırlangıcı

• vertical = up an down, düşey

• waterhole = a small area of water in a dry country where wild animals drink, su birikintisi

• whale = a very large animal that lives in the sea and looks like a fish, but is a mammal, balina
 ISRAEL SETTLEMENTS IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES

Since Israel occupied the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights during the Six Day War of

1967 they have been building settlements for Jewish settlers in this region. There were also new towns

in Gaza but Israel called all settlers back in 2005. Although the peace accord signed with the PLO in Oslo

prohibited the building of new settlements the Israeli government is continuing to grant their

construction.

The international community regards these settlements as illegal and the United Nations has

repeatedly condemned the Jewish state for building them. The Jewish settlements in the occupied

territories are one reason why peace talks between Israel and the Palestinians are at a standstill.

Amnesty International and other human rights organizations argue that constructing settlements on the

Palestinian territory is a violation of human rights.

Today, about 350 000 settlers live in over a hundred settlements in the West Bank. Another 300,000 live

in East Jerusalem, 20,000 live on the Golan Heights. Some of the settlements are recently built small

cities with their own infrastructure, urban services and transportation; others have been built in the

suburbs of big cities like Hebron. Recently the Israeli government has authorized the construction of

four new settlements in the occupied West Bank.

Originally the Jewish settlements were constructed in order to stop Palestinians from obtaining their

own state and to establish a buffer zone between Israel and its Arab neighbours.
Settlers have largely come to the region for economic reasons. Israel’s government offers certain

bonuses to people who are willing to settle there. Goods produced in the West Bank and East Jerusalem

are subsidized by the government. Tax cuts and other economic incentives motivate Israelis to move to

the occupied territories. On the other side there are religious fanatics who believe they are returning to

their biblical homeland. They regard Arabs as aliens in their country.

Most new settlers enjoy the advantages of their new home. While Israeli settlements offer jobs to

Palestinians who would otherwise be unemployed, there is regular tension between settlers and Arabs.

Many settlements are built on the best farming land. Palestinians accuse Israelis of consuming too much

water and leaving them only little. Reports of violence on the side of settlers who lash out at

Palestinians are not uncommon.

The future of the Jewish settlements is only one issue that needs to be resolved in order to achieve a

lasting peace agreement in the Middle East. Other issues are the future of Jerusalem and the borders

between Israel and a new Palestinian state.

Words

• accuse = blame; to say something is your fault, suçlama

• advantage = the good side of something, superiority, upper hand, dominance, avantaj

• alien = foreigner, yabancı

• argue = to disagree with someone; to give clear reasons about your opinion, tartışma

• biblical = written in the Bible, İncilde yazıldığı gibi

• border = line between two countries, iki ülke sınırı

• buffer zone = area that protects you from enemies, tampon bölge

• community = here: all the people in the world, dünya nüfusu

• condemn = criticize; to say that something is wrong, lanetlemek

• consume = use, devour, eat (up), gulp (down), tüketmek

• economic = about industry, trade and money, ekonomi

• government = the people who rule a country, hükümet

• grant = allow, give, confer, bestow, izin

• human rights = the basic rights that everyone should have, insan hakları

• illegal = against the law, yasadışı

• incentive = something that gives you a reason to work harder or do something, teşvik

• infrastructure = schools, hospitals, roads etc.. ; things that a city needs to exist, altyapı

• issue = topic, proclaim, promulgate, declare, konu

• lash out = to show anger towards someone, başkasına kızmak

• occupy = to enter a place with an army and take control of it, işgal etmek

• peace agreement = a document that ends a conflict or a war, barış antlaşması

• PLO = Palestine Liberation Organization = political group of Palestinians who want their own state,

Filistin Kurtuluş Ordusu

• prohibit = ban, stop, not allow, yasaklama

• repeatedly = over and over again, tekrar tekrar

• settlement = group of houses or buildings in a place where not many people have lived before, bir

yere yerleşim kurma

• sign = to put your name on a document, isim-imza atmak

• standstill = stop, not go on, beklemede kalmak, durmak

• subsidize = when the government gives money to a company to produce something, destekleme

• suburb = area of the city that is far away from the centre, banliyo

• tension = conflict, problems, gerilim

• territory = land, ülke toprağı

• uncommon = here: happen often, yaygın olmayan, ender durum

• unemployed = without work, işsiz kalmış kişi

• urban = city, kentsel, şehirle ilgili

• violation = action that is against the law, yasaya karşı gelmek, suç işlemek
 LIFE EXPECTANCY - WHAT MAKES THE DIFFERENCE?

Babies born in the United States in 2005 are expected to live an average of 77.9 years, according to a

2007 study. That's an increase of more than 30 years since 1900, when Americans were expected to live

just 47.3 years. The increase is big, but America is not at the top of the list for life expectancy. Actually,

the United States ranks behind 41 other countries.

Residents of Okinawa, a Japanese island, get very old. In 2002 , 34 of 100,000 residents were over 100

years old , the highest life expectancy of any area in the world. People so envy Okinawans' vitality that

doctors made a popular diet based on theirs to help others try to live longer. While Okinawa may

have the highest population of centenarians -- people who are 100 years of age or older -- Japan is

ranked second in life expectancy with an average of 82.

So who does first place go? The residents of Andorra, a tiny mountain nation in the Pyrenees between

France and Spain, are expected to live to the ripe old age of 83.5. But why are Andorrans expected to

live so much longer than anyone else?

Andorra is home to around 72,000 people. It was founded in 1278, but was ruled together by Spain

and France -- until 1993, when it became a democracy. It was generally a poor country until after World

War II, when Andorra became a tourist destination for skiing. Now, with a gross domestic product (GDP)

-- the total of all of the goods and services produced in a year -- of $2.77 billion U.S., Andorra has a good

economy.

But wealth alone doesn't give you a lengthy life expectancy. The United States is one of the world's

richest countries, with a GDP of $43,500 per person. Andorra has a per capita GDP of $38.
Diseases

When a disease occurs in a population it has an effect on the average life expectancy. The World Health

Organization (WHO) reports that, in 2005, 38 percent of the adult population of Swaziland, the African

nation with the lowest life expectancy in the world, was inflicted with AIDS or HIV. This isn’t the only

reason for Swaziland's low average life expectancy (38 years for men and 37 years for women), but it

has a great impact. In Andorra on the other hand, AIDS does not exist.

People in Swaziland don’t have the same health care that Andorrans, in large part because they are so

poor. Swaziland has a per capita gross domestic product of $5,300, and 69 percent of its residents live

below the poverty line.

Drinking water

Safe drinking water and sanitation are also problems in the African nation . Only 42 percent of

Swaziland ’s country population has access to safe water. In Andorra 100 percent of Andorra's

population has access to safe water and sanitation. One reason it's easier to give Andorrans better

sanitation is the country's size: Fewer people need fewer sewers, and the country saves money on

installation and maintenance costs.

Education

Education is another factor that contributes to a longer life expectancy. Only 81 percent of Swaziland's

population of more than 1 million people can read and write, compared to 100 percent of Andorra's

residents.
Words

• access = the right to have something, erişme, erişim

• according to = as shown by something or someone, göre, uyarınca

• centenarian = someone who is a hundred years or older, yüz yıldan daha yaşlı

• democracy = a system of government in a country in which people can elect its representatives,

demokrasi

• destination = a place where someone goes to, hedef, gidilecek yer

• diet = the kind of food that a person eats every day, diyet

• economy = a system in which a country produces money and goods, ekonomi

• envy = to wish that you are like someone else, kıskanmak

• expect = people think that or believe that, ummak, bekleme

• found = here: the year that the country first existed, kuruluş

• gross domestic product = the total value of all goods and services that are produced in a country

every year, gayri safi yıllık üretim, hasıla

• health care = the service that looks after the health of all the people in a country, sağlık bakımı

• life expectancy = the number of years that a person is expected to live, ömür beklentisi

• maintenance costs = the money it takes to repair things and keep them in order, bakım masrafları

• per capita = per person, kişi başına

• poverty line = when people have too little money to exist, yoksulluk sınırı

• rank = to have a position in a list, listede pozisyonu olmak, rütbe ,derece

• resident = a person who lives in a place, ikamet eden

• sanitation = when you remove waste and make dirty water cleaner, hygiene, arıtma

• sewer = a pipe or passage under ground that carries away dirty water, pis su hattı

• vitality = to have great energy and strength, canlılık, dirilik

 LIGHTNING

Lightning is a form of electricity that is set free during a storm. Energy is suddenly released in a cloud

when charges are built up. Although lightning is most common in tropical and subtropical regions, it can

happen wherever hot air mixes with cold air. Thunderstorms produce about 8 million lightning bolts a

day. For a long time lightning was a big mystery. Ancient people thought that god was punishing people

by sending a bolt of lightning down to Earth.

How lightning forms

Water droplets and ice crystals in a cloud have electric charges, positive and negative ones. Lightning

happens when too many negative charges build up in a cloud and positive charges develop on the

ground. The particles want to meet and race towards each other. A flash of lightning is a sign of this

meeting. Such a charge of light can be very hot, up to 20,000 degrees Celsius. It can be up to 5 km long.

Large clouds produce more electric charges and eventually a very strong electrical current. Lightning

can also occur between two clouds or within a single cloud. In rare cases negative charges can form on

the ground and lighting moves upwards, as is the case when a rocket starts. Lightning strikes very

quickly, several times within a second, but single bolts of lightning are impossible to see with a naked

eye. A series of such bolts appear as a single flash. Thunder accompanies lightning. It forms when

electricity travels quickly through the air and starts vibrating. The hot air surrounding a bolt of lightning

causes the air to expand, causing noise.

Effects

Lightning can do damage to buildings, cars or other objects when it hits. It can also kill or injure human

beings. During a thunderstorm people should stay away from doors, windows and electrical

devices. You should also stay away from phones and wires because lightning can travel through them.

When you’re in the open do not try to protect yourself by hiding under a tree.

You can protect your house or other buildings surrounding your home by installing a lightning rod on

the roof. It attracts the lighting that would otherwise hit the building and leads it to the surface.

Lightning can also have positive effects. It produces nitrates and other compounds when it is created in

the air. These nutrients fall down to Earth and enrich the soil for good farming.

Words

• accompany = go with; to happen together with, eşlik etmek, refakat etmek

• attract = pull towards itself, kendine çkmek, cezbetmek

• bolt =lightning that appears as a white line in the sky, gökyüzünde görülen beyaz ışık

• charge = here: small amount of electricity, sarj etmek

• device = object, tool, machine, cihaz, alet, makine

• droplet = small drop, küçük damlacık

• electrical current = flow of electricity, elektrik akımı

• enrich = to make better, zenginleşme, artma, dah iyi olma

• expand = become larger, büyüme, genişleme

• flash = white burst, beyaz ışık patlaması, flaş, foto flaş

• install = put in, set up, kurmak, ayarlamak,

• lightning rod = metal wire that is fixed to the top or side of a building and is used to protect the it

from lightning, yıldırım koruyucu, paratoner

• nitrate = substance that has nitrogen and oxygen in it and is used to make plants grow better, nitrat,

gübre olarak kullanılır

• nutrient = chemical or food that gives plants what they need to grow, besin maddesi, gıda

• punish = to make someone suffer because they have done something wrong, cezalandırma

• race = move quickly, hızlı hareket etme, yarış

• release = set free, serbest bırakma

• series = one after the other, seri, biribiri sıra gelen

• sign = signal, sinyal, uyarı

• soil = top layer of earth on which plants grow, toprak

• surrounding = around, çevre, etraf

• towards = in the direction of, e-doğru, tarafına doğru

• wire = thin cable of metal that can carry electricity, elektrik taşıyan kablo
 NUCLEAR WEAPONS – WHICH COUNTRIES HAVE THEM ?

The nuclear weapons race started at the end of World War II when the United States dropped two

atomic bombs over Japan. Since then several countries have produced their own nuclear devices and

others are working hard on their production.

The United States

Nuclear testing began during World War II and ended in the early 1990s after the collapse of

Communism. The United States still has the most operational warheads (over 2000), while there are still

thousands that are being dismantled. The Americans also have nuclear weapons stationed in other

NATO countries. Together with Russia, the US is the only member of the atomic weapons club that has

air-, sea- and land-based nuclear weapons. For two decades the United States has been working

together with Russia to reduce the number of nuclear weapons around the world.

Russia

Russia conducted its first nuclear test in 1949, four years after the Americans bombed Hiroshima and

Nagasaki. During the Cold War the arms race led to a proliferation of nuclear weapons. Today, Russia

has about 1,700 operational warheads. Nuclear experts , however, are worried that after 1990 some

warheads might have fallen into the hands of third parties and are thus, not accounted for.
Great Britain

The UK joined the nuclear club in 1951 and has about 160 warheads that can only be delivered by

submarines.

France

France is the third largest nuclear power after the US and Russia. The country can fire its 300 warheads

either from air or sea.

China

Communist China started a nuclear program in the 1950s after the United States moved some of their

own warheads to Asia during the Korean War. Currently China can deploy land- and air-based missiles,

and may shortly be able to put them on submarines.

India

India tested its first nuclear weapon in 1974 because it saw neighboring China and Pakistan as a major

threat to the region. India has land and air based weapons that can be made operational at short notice.

Pakistan

After conflicts and regional wars with India in the last forty years Pakistan tested its first warhead in

1998 and is said to have 100 warheads.

Israel

Although Israel has never confirmed the testing of atomic weapons, experts believe that the country

has had a nuclear weapons program for decades. Israel probably has at least 80 missiles on land that can

deliver nuclear warheads.

North Korea

In the last few years North Korea has been conducting underground tests. Western experts think that

the Communist state has enough plutonium to build atomic bombs but they doubt whether it can

deliver them on missiles. Sanctions against the country took effect some years ago after talks to stop

the program had failed .

Iran

The western world is also worried about Iran’s plans to build a nuclear bomb. The International Atomic

Energy Commission claims it has serious proof that Iran is producing plutonium to build a bomb. Iranian

leaders have repeatedly said that they are only enriching uranium for nuclear energy. The United

Nations has put sanctions on the country in an attempt to stop Iran’s program. Several other states at

one time had a nuclear weapons program or already had produced warheads. States of the former

Soviet Union, including Ukraine and Kazakhstan possessed nuclear warheads when the country broke

apart, but returned them to Russia in the following years. South Africa developed nuclear weapons

during the Apartheid years but stopped it in the 1990s. Saddam Hussein was thought of developing his

own nuclear weapons in Iraq. In 2003 the United States invaded the country because they thought the

dictator had weapons of mass destruction. Argentina, Brazil and South Korea stopped their nuclear

weapons programs many years ago.

Words

• Apartheid = the political and social system of South Africa in the 20th century; whites had all the

power and other groups, especially blacks were forced to live in separate areas, go to separate

schools etc.., ırkçılık, ırk ayrımı

• arms race = when two or more countries compete for the largest number of weapons, silah

gücünün karşılaştırlması

• at short notice = within a short time, kısa bir süre içinde

• based = here: to be fired from, have a basis, come from, esaslı, yerleşik

• Cold War = the unfriendly relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States after World

War II, soğuk savaş

• confirm = to show that something is true, doğrulamak, teyit etmek

• decade = ten years, on yıl

• deliver = transport, carry, bring, convey, teslim etmek, taşımak

• deploy = set up; make something work, harekete geçirmek

• develop = produce , make, plan, create, bring out/forth, advance, geliştirmek

• dismantle = take apart, parçalara ayırmak

• enrich = here: to increase the number of atoms so that a substance can produce more power,

zenginleştirmek

• fail = not succeed, başarısızlığa uğramak

• nuclear weapon = powerful bomb that uses nuclear energy to kill many people and destroy large

areas, nükleer silah

• operational = ready, working, operasyonel

• plutonium = radioactive metal that is used to produce nuclear weapons, plütonyum metali

• proliferation = increase; large number, büyük sayıda artış

• proof = evidence , facts, ispat etmek

• sanction = order to stop trade or punish a country in certain ways to force their leaders to change

their political opinion, ambargo uygulamak

• shortly = in the near future, yakın gelecekte

• underground = under the surface of the Earth, yeraltı

• warhead = the front part of a missile that explodes when ti hits something, savaş başlığı

• weapons of mass destruction = chemical, nuclear or biological weapons that are very dangerous

and can kill thousands of people, kitle imha silahları

 HEADACHES

A headache is a pain in the head which almost everyone feels at one time or another. Almost half of all

people have a headache at least once a year. Most headaches are not dangerous but they get in the way

of your work and disturb your life. Although many people see a doctor when they have a headache,

physicians normally cannot see any causes in their offices.

Types of headaches

There are two main types of headaches- tension headaches and migraines.

Tension headaches cause a mild to strong pain in the head. Many people describe such headaches as a

tightening feeling. Some headaches cause a dull pain that can last for hours. They occur anywhere from

the front to the back of your head. Other people feel a sharp, throbbing pain in their head.

About 20% of all headaches are migraines. They are strong headaches that can cause extreme pain. They

can last as long as a couple of days. Warning signs like nausea, vomiting and seeing flashes of light

sometimes occur shortly before migraines attack. Such a forewarning is called an aura. Migraines are

often passed down to you from your parents and grandparents.

Causes of headaches

Headaches are a disorder of the nervous system. Even though the exact causes of a headache are not

clear most of them are caused by the widening of blood vessels combined with chemicals that are set

free around them. Nerves send pain messages to your brain.

There are many factors that can lead to a headache. Here are some of them: not enough sleep, not

enough water, stress, watching TV or looking at a computer screen for a long time, smoking, alcohol,

coffee, tea and certain foods

Sometimes headaches can be caused by injuries and infections. Emotional factors like depression,

sadness, being afraid of something can also lead to pain in the head.

How to fight off headaches

Pain relievers and other drugs are often used to combat headaches. Many people take aspirin when

they have a headache. Doctors also suggest that patients should relax when they experience a

headache. In some cases, changing your diet may result in relieving pain and weakening headaches.

In any case, you should exercise regularly and get a lot of fresh air. This may not make headaches

disappear completely but it can help make you feel better.

Words

• blood vessel = tube in your body through which blood flows, kan dolaşım damarları

• combat = fight off, savaşmak, kavga etmek

• combined = together with, birleşmiş, birleşim

• diet = the food that you eat regularly, diyet yapmak

• disorder = disease that prevents you from working the way should, sağlığın bozulması

• disturb = here: to make you feel bad, rahatsız olmak, kötü hissetmek

• dull = not very strong but something that does not stop, donuk, mat

• flash = bright light that shines for a short time, flaş, ani ışık, parlama
• forewarning = something bad that is expected to happen, önceden uyarma, ikaz etme

• injury = damage to your body caused by an accident, yaralanma

• nausea = feeling that you have when you are going to throw up, bulantı, kusma durumu

• nervous system = made up of nerves, brain and your back ; it controls your movements and how the

body feels pain, sinir sitemi

• pain reliever =medicine or drug that reduces pain or makes it go away, ağrı kesici

• pass down = here: you get it from someone else in your family, nesilden nesile aktarma

• set free = release, serbest bırakma

• sharp = sudden and strong, sivri, keskin

• tension = a tight feeling, gerginlik, gerilme

• throb = beat, küt küt atmak

• vomit = when food comes back up through your mouth because you are ill, kusmak

• weakening = to make weaker, zayıflama

• widening = to make wider, genişleme, genişletme

 GLOBAL WARMING

Scientists made an alarming discovery in the 1980s. They found out that the average temperature of

the Earth's surface was slowly rising. This trend is called global warming. Today we know that global

warming is increasing because more and more gases get into the atmosphere.

Greenhouse effect

A greenhouse is a glass house in which plants grow. The glass lets light in and at the same time keeps

heat from getting out. This heat keeps the plants warm, even when it is cold outside. The same happens

to the Earth's atmosphere. It lets sunlight in and keeps carbon dioxide and other gases from getting out.

We need these gases but too much of them trap more heat.

Causes of Global Warming

For a long time people on our Earth didn't think a lot about greenhouse gases. The situation changed

when people started using more and more energy in the form of fossil fuels, like oil, gas and coal. We

burn fossil fuels to power factories, run cars, produce electricity and heat houses. As fossil fuels burn

they let carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. During the last few decades people have also cut down

many forests. Trees use carbon dioxide when they make their own food. Fewer trees mean that less

carbon dioxide is taken out of the atmosphere.

Possible effects of global warming

Scientists have different opinions on how warm the Earth's surface will really get. The increase may

be between 1.5°C and 6°C by the year 2100. Warmer weather will make ice caps and glaciers melt. Sea

levels could rise dramatically. Plants, animals and people living in coastal areas all could be in danger.

The weather may change in many areas of the world. Floods, droughts and damaging storms could be

the result. People in colder regions might welcome warmer weather but those who live in regions that

are already hot may suffer from new diseases. At the same time some animals may not survive because

they cannot adapt to the new environment. They could move to other places in order to live there.

Reducing global warming

Finding a solution to solve the world's biggest environmental problem is not an easy task. Although we

need energy to make our economy grow there are things that could be done to fight off this problem.

Carpools or travelling by public transport could take many cars off the roads. You could turn off lights,

TV sets, computers and other electrical items if you don't need them. Companies have been spending a

lot of money to produce items that use little energy. We also need to use more alternative energy, like

sunlight, wind power or wave power. Car companies have started to produce a new type of cars known

as hybrids. It works like an electric car but also has a small petrol engine.
The Kyoto Protocol

In 1997 over 150 countries signed the Kyoto Protocol at the United Nations Climate Conference.

Industrialized countries should reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases. The United States which

produces about 25 % of all greenhouse gases has often made public that it will not support the

agreement.

Words

• adapt = to get used to a new situation, suit, fit, make suitable, qualify, uyarlamak

• agreement =when two or more people, groups , companies or countries promise to do something,

antlaşma

• carbon dioxide = the gas that is produced when animals breathe out or when carbon is burned in

the air, karbon dioksit

• carpool = a group of people who travel to work together in one car, dolmuş

• discovery = if you find out something that nobody knew about before, buluş, icat

• drought = a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water for plants and animals to

live, kuraklık

• economy =he financial system of a country; the system that a country has of producing and selling

goods, ekonomi

• electricity =the power that is in wires and cables. It is used to give us light, heat and make machines

run., elektrik

• emission = gas that is sent into the air, emisyon, yayma

• environment = the world around us, çevre

• flood = when it rains a lot and water covers land that is normally dry, sel, su baskını
• fossil fuel = a form of energy like coal and oil that was produced millions of years ago from dead

plants and animals, fosil yakıt

• glacier = a large mass of ice that moves slowly down a mountain valley, buzul

• hybrid = here: a car that runs with two forms of energy, melez,

• ice cap = thick ice that always covers the North and South Poles, kutuplardaki buz tabakası

• increase = to go up, here: to get better, artış, yükselme

• melt = to become liquid, erime sıvı hale dönme

• petrol =the liquid that you get out of petroleum; it is used to make cars run, petrol

• power = to give energy to a machine, güç

• public =here: to let everyone know, kamu, halk

• scientist =a person who is trained in science, bilim adamı

• sea level =the average height of the sea; from here mountains, cities and other natural places are

measured, deniz seviyesi

• sign = to put your name on a document, imzalamak

• support = to agree to something or help, desteklemek

• surface =the top layer of something, üst yüzey,

• trap = to keep in and not let out, tuzak, kapan

• wave = a line of water that moves across the surface of the sea, dalga