684 ● Chapter 9 Derivatives

Section Key Terms Formulas

d
9.5 Product Rule 3uv4 ! uv¿ # vu¿
dx
d u vu¿ " uv¿
Quotient Rule ¢ ≤!
dx v v2

dy dy du
9.6 Chain Rule ! !
dx du dx
d n du
Power Rule (u ) ! nun"1
dx dx

9.8 Second derivative; third derivative;

higher-order derivatives

9.9 Marginal revenue function MR ! R¿(x)

Marginal cost function MC ! C¿(x)
Marginal profit function MP ! P¿(x)

Review Exercises
In Problems 1–6, use the graph of y " f(x) in Figure 9.42 4x3 " 8x2 x2 " 14
to find the functional values and limits, if they exist. 11. lim 12. lim 1
xS2 4x3 " 16x xS"2 6x2 # x " 1
y x2 " 16 x2 " x " 12
13. lim 14. lim
xS3 x " 3 xS"3 2x " 6
4 x2 " 9 x2 " 8
15. lim 16. lim
xS1 x " 3 xS2 x " 2
2
4 " x2 if x $ 1
y = f (x)
17. lim f(x) where f (x) ! c 4 if x ! 1
x xS1
−2 2 4 2x # 1 if x & 1
x3 " x if x $ "2
−2 18. lim f(x) where f (x) ! b
xS"2 2 " x2 if x % "2
3(x # h) " 3x
2 2
19. lim
Figure 9.42
hS0 h
3(x # h) " 2(x # h)2 4 " (x " 2x2)
1. (a) f("2) (b) lim f(x) 20. lim
xS"2 hS0 h
2. (a) f("1) (b) lim f(x)
xS"1 In Problems 21 and 22, use tables to investigate each
3. (a) f (4) (b) lim" f(x)
xS4 limit. Check your result analytically or graphically.
4. (a) lim f(x) (b) lim f(x) 1 1
xS4# xS4
x2 # x "
5. (a) f (1) (b) lim f(x) x2 # 10x " 24 6 6
xS1 21. lim 2 22. lim 1
6. (a) f (2) (b) lim f(x) xS2 x " 5x # 6 xS"2 5 1
xS2 x2 # x #
In Problems 7–20, find each limit, if it exists. 6 6
x2 " 16 Use the graph of y " f(x) in Figure 9.42 to answer the
7. lim (3x2 # x # 3) 8. lim
xS4 xS4 x # 4 questions in Problems 23 and 24.
x2 " 1 x2 " 6x # 5 23. Is f (x) continuous at
9. lim 10. lim
xS"1 x # 1 xS5 x2 " 5x (a) x ! "1? (b) x ! 1?
 Review Exercises ● 685

24. Is f (x) continuous at 39. Find the average rate of change of

(a) x ! "2? (b) x ! 2?
f(x) ! 2x4 " 3x # 7 over 3"1, 24
In Problems 25–30, suppose that
In Problems 40 and 41, decide whether the statements
x2 # 1 if x ( 0 are true or false.
f(x) ! c x if 0 $ x $ 1 f(x # h) " f(x)
40. lim gives the formula for the slope
2x2 " 1 if x % 1 hS0 h
of the tangent and the instantaneous rate of change of
25. What is lim f(x)? f (x) at any value of x.
xS"1
26. What is lim f(x), if it exists? f(c # h) " f(c)
xS0 41. lim gives the equation of the tangent
27. What is lim f(x), if it exists? hS0 h
xS1
28. Is f (x) continuous at x ! 0? line to f (x) at x ! c.
29. Is f (x) continuous at x ! 1? 42. Use the definition of derivative to find f ¿(x) for
30. Is f (x) continuous at x ! "1? f(x) ! 3x2 # 2x " 1.
43. Use the definition of derivative to find f ¿(x) if f(x) !
For the functions in Problems 31–34, determine which x " x2.
are continuous. Identify discontinuities for those that are
not continuous. Use the graph of y " f(x) in Figure 9.42 to answer the
x2 # 25 x2 " 3x # 2 questions in Problems 44–46.
31. y ! 32. y ! 44. Explain which is greater: the average rate of change of
x"5 x"2
f over 3"3, 0 4 or over 3"1, 04.
x#2 if x ( 2
33. f(x) ! b 45. Is f (x) differentiable at
5x " 6 if x & 2
(a) x ! "1? (b) x ! 1?
x4 " 3 if x ( 1
34. y ! b 46. Is f (x) differentiable at
2x " 3 if x & 1 (a) x ! "2? (b) x ! 2?
3
In Problems 35 and 36, use the graphs to find (a) the 1 4x
points of discontinuity, (b) lim f(x), and (c) lim f(x). 47. Let f(x) ! . Approximate f ¿(2)
xS %$ xS #$
(3x2 " 10)2
35. y (a) by using the numerical derivative feature of a
graphing utility, and
f(2 # h) " f(2)
y = f (x) (b) by evaluating with h ! 0.0001.
2 h
48. Use the given table of values for g(x) to
(a) find the average rate of change of g(x) over 3 2, 54.
x
–2 2 4
(b) approximate g¿(4) as accurately as possible.
x 2 2.3 3.1 4 4.3 5
y
36. g(x) 13.2 12.1 9.7 12.2 14.3 18.1
y = f (x) 4 Use the following graph of f(x) to complete Problems 49
and 50.
2 y

x 4
−2 2 4

−2 2 y = f (x)

x
In Problems 37 and 38, evaluate the limits, if they exist. –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Then state what each limit tells about any horizontal
asymptotes. –2
2x2 3x2!3
37. lim 38. lim
xS"' 1 " x2 xS#' x # 1
686 ● Chapter 9 Derivatives

49. Estimate f ¿(4). dy x

50. Rank the following from smallest to largest and explain. 78. Find if y ! 3 .
dx 1 3x " 1
A: f ¿(2) B: f ¿(6) In Problems 79 and 80, find the second derivatives.
C: the average rate of change of f (x) over 3 2, 104 1
51. If c ! 4x5 " 6x3, find c¿. 79. y ! 1x " x2 80. y ! x4 "
x
52. If f(x) ! 10x9 " 5x 6 # 4x " 27 # 19, find f ¿(x).
53. If p ! q # 17, find dp!dq. In Problems 81 and 82, find the fifth derivatives.
81. y ! (2x # 1)4
54. If y ! 1x, find y¿. (1 " x)6
3
55. If f(z) ! 1 24, find f ¿(z). 82. y !
24
3
56. If v(x) ! 4! 1 x, find v¿(x). dy d 3y
1 1 83. If ! 1x2 " 4, find 3 .
57. If y ! " , find y¿. dx dx
x 1x 2
d y x d 4y
3 84. If 2 ! 2 , find 4 .
3
58. If f(x) ! 2 " 1 x # 45, find f ¿(x). dx x #1 dx
2x
59. Write the equation of the line tangent to the graph of A P P L I C AT I O N S
y ! 3x5 " 6 at x ! 1.
60. Write the equation of the line tangent to the curve Cost, revenue, and profit In Problems 85–88, assume
y ! 3x3 " 2x at the point where x ! 2. that a company’s monthly total revenue and total cost
(both in dollars) are given by
In Problems 61 and 62, (a) find all x-values where the
slope of the tangent equals zero, (b) find points (x, y) R(x) " 140x # 0.01x2 and C(x) " 60x % 70,000
where the slope of the tangent equals zero, and (c) use a where x is the number of units. (Let P(x) denote the profit
graphing utility to graph the function and label the function.)
points found in (b). 85. Find (a) lim R(x), (b) lim C(x), and
xS4000 xS4000
61. f(x) ! x3 " 3x2 # 1 62. f(x) ! x6 " 6x4 # 8 (c) lim P(x).
63. If f(x) ! (3x " 1)(x " 4x), find f ¿(x).
2 xS4000

64. Find y¿ if y ! (x 4 # 3)(3x3 # 1). 86. Find and interpret (a) lim# C(x) and (b) lim P(x).
xS0 xS1000
5q3 dp R(x) C(x)
65. If p ! 3 , find . 87. If R(x) ! and C(x) ! are, respectively, the
2q # 1 dq x x
ds 1t company’s average revenue per unit and average cost
66. Find if s ! .
dt (3t # 1) per unit, find
dy (a) lim# R(x) (b) lim# C(x)
67. Find for y ! 1x(3x # 2). xS0 xS0
dx 88. Evaluate and explain the meanings of
dC 5x4 " 2x2 # 1 C(x)
68. Find for C ! . (a) lim C(x) (b) lim C(x) ! lim
dx x3 # 1 xS' xS' xS' x

69. If y ! (x3 " 4x2)3, find y¿.

Elderly in the work force Problems 89 and 90 use the
70. If y ! (5x6 # 6x4 # 5)6, find y¿.
following graph, which shows the percent of elderly men
dy
71. If y ! (2x4 " 9)9, find . and women in the work force for selected years from
dx 1950 to 2005.
1 89. For the period from 1990 to 2005, find and interpret the
72. Find g¿(x) if g(x) ! .
1x " 4x
3
annual average rate of change of
73. Find f ¿(x) if f(x) ! x2(2x4 # 5)8. (a) elderly men in the work force and
(3x # 1)2 (b) elderly women in the work force.
74. Find S¿ if S ! 2 .
x "4 90. (a) Find the annual average rate of change of the per-
dy cent of elderly men in the work force from 1950 to
75. Find if y ! 3 (3x # 1)(2x3 " 1)4 12. 1960 and from 2000 to 2005.
dx
x#1 3 (b) Find the annual average rate of change of the per-
76. Find y¿ if y ! ¢ ≤ . cent of elderly women in the work force from 1950
1 " x2
to 1960 and from 2000 to 2005.
77. Find y¿ if y ! x 1x2 " 4.
 Review Exercises ● 687

Elderly in the Labor Force, 1950–2005 where x is the number of $30 rent increases (and also
the resulting number of unrented apartments). Find the
Men marginal revenue when x ! 10. Does this tell you that
80.0%
70.0% Women the rent should be raised (causing more vacancies) or
60.0% lowered? Explain.
50.0% 45.8
40.0% 33.1 95. Productivity Suppose the productivity of a worker
30.0% 26.8
19.0 16.3 17.7 19.8 (in units per hour) after x hours of training and time
20.0% 10.8 11.5
10.0%
9.7 9.7 8.1 8.6 9.4 on the job is given by
0.0%
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 70x2
P(x) ! 3 #
x2 # 1000
Source: Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce
(a) Find and interpret P(20).
91. Demand Suppose that the demand for x units of a prod- (b) Find and interpret P¿(20).
uct is given by x ! (100!p) " 1, where p is the price 96. Demand The demand q for a product at price p is
per unit of the product. Find and interpret the rate of given by
change of demand with respect to price if the price is
(a) $10 (b) $20 q ! 10,000 " 50 10.02p2 # 500

92. Severe weather ice makers Thunderstorms severe
enough to produce hail develop when an upper-level
low (a pool of cold air high in the atmosphere) moves
through a region where there is warm, moist air at the
surface. These storms create an updraft that draws the
moist air into subfreezing air above 10,000 feet. Data
from the National Weather Service indicates that the
strength of the updraft, as measured by its speed s in
mph, affects the size of the hail according to
h ! 0.000595s1.922
where h is the diameter of the hail (in inches). Find and
interpret h(100) and h¿(100).
93. Revenue The following graph shows the revenue func-
tion for a commodity. Will the (A # 1)st item sold or
the (B # 1)st item sold produce more revenue? Explain.
Find the rate of change of demand with respect to price.
97. Supply The number of units x of a product that is
supplied at price p is given by
x ! 1p " 1, p%1
If the price p is $10, what is the rate of change of the
supply with respect to the price, and what does it tell us?
98. Acceleration Suppose an object moves so that its
distance to a sensor, in feet, is given by
s(t) ! 16 # 140t # 8 1t
where t is the time in seconds. Find the acceleration
at time t ! 4 seconds.
99. Profit Suppose a company’s profit (in dollars) is
given by

R(x)
P(x) ! 70x " 0.1x2 " 5500
where x is the number of units. Find and interpret
P¿(300) and P–(300).
In Problems 100–107, cost, revenue, and profit are in dol-
lars and x is the number of units.
Dollars

100. Cost If the cost function for a particular good is

C(x) ! 3x2 # 6x # 600, what is the
(a) marginal cost function?
(b) marginal cost if 30 units are produced?
x (c) interpretation of your answer in part (b)?
A Units B
101. Cost If the total cost function for a commodity is
94. Revenue In a 100-unit apartment building, when the C(x) ! 400 # 5x # x3, what is the marginal cost
price charged per apartment rental is (830 # 30x) dol- when 4 units are produced, and what does it mean?
lars, then the number of apartments rented is 100 " x
and the total revenue for the building is
R(x) ! (830 # 30x)(100 " x)
688 ● Chapter 9 Derivatives

102. Revenue The total revenue function for a commod- 107. Profit A small business has weekly costs of
ity is R ! 40x " 0.02x2, with x representing the num-
x2
ber of units. C ! 100 # 30x #
(a) Find the marginal revenue function. 10
(b) At what level of production will marginal revenue where x is the number of units produced each week.
be 0? The competitive market price for this business’s prod-
103. Profit If the total revenue function for a product is uct is $46 per unit. Find the marginal profit.
given by R(x) ! 60x and the total cost function is 108. Cost, revenue, and profit The following graph shows
given by C ! 200 # 10x # 0.1x2, what is the mar- the total revenue and total cost functions for a com-
ginal profit at x ! 10? What does the marginal profit pany. Use the graph to decide (and justify) at which
at x ! 10 predict? of points A, B, and C
104. Revenue The total revenue function for a commod- (a) the revenue from the next item will be least.
ity is given by R ! 80x " 0.04x2. (b) the profit will be greatest.
(a) Find the marginal revenue function. (c) the profit from the sale of the next item will be
(b) What is the marginal revenue at x ! 100? greatest.
(c) Interpret your answer in part (b). (d) the next item sold will reduce the profit.
$
105. Revenue If the revenue function for a product is
60x2
R(x) ! R(x)
2x # 1
find the marginal revenue.
C(x)
106. Profit A firm has monthly costs given by
C ! 45,000 # 100x # x3
where x is the number of units produced per month. x
The firm can sell its product in a competitive market A B C
for $4600 per unit. Find the marginal profit. Units

9 Chapter Test

1. Evaluate the following limits, if they exist. Use alge- 4. Use derivative formulas to find the derivative of each of
braic methods. the following. Simplify, except for (d).
4x " x2 (a) B ! 0.523W " 5176
(a) lim
xS"2 4x " 8 (b) p ! 9t10 " 6t7 " 17t # 23
8x2 " 4x # 1 3x3
(b) lim (c) y ! 7
xS' 2 # x " 5x2 2x # 11
x2 " 5x " 14 (d) f(x) ! (3x5 " 2x # 3)(4x10 # 10x4 " 17)
(c) lim 2 (e) g(x) ! 34(2x5 # 7x3 " 5)12
xS7 x " 6x " 7

5x " 25 (f) y ! (x2 # 3)(2x # 5)6

(d) lim 10
xS"5 x # 5 (g) f(x) ! 12 1x " 2 # 17
2. (a) Write the limit definition for f ¿(x). x
(b) Use the definition from (a) to find f ¿(x) for d 3y
5. Find 3 for y ! x " x"3.
3
f(x) ! 3x2 " x # 9. dx
4x 6. Let f(x) ! x3 " 3x2 " 24x " 10.
3. Let f(x) ! 2 . Identify all x-values where f (x) is (a) Write the equation of the line tangent to the graph
x " 8x
not continuous. of y ! f(x) at x ! "1.
(b) Find all points (both x- and y-coordinates) where
f ¿(x) ! 0.
 Chapter Test ● 689

7. Find the average rate of change of f(x) ! 4 " x " 2x2 (g) Find all x-values where f ¿(x) does not exist.
over 3 1, 64 . (h) Find all x-values where f (x) is not continuous.
8. Use the given tables to evaluate the following limits, if (i) Rank from smallest to largest: f ¿("2), f ¿(2), and
they exist. the average rate of change of f (x) over 3 "2, 24 .
(a) lim f(x) (b) lim g(x) (c) lim" g(x) y
xS5 xS5 xS5

x 4.99 4.999 S5d 5.001 5.01 4

Graph of
f (x) 2.01 2.001 S?d 1.999 1.99 y = f(x)
2
x 4.99 4.999 S5d 5.001 5.01
x
g(x) "3.99 "3.999 S?d 6.999 6.99 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 8 10
−2
9. Use the definition of continuity to investigate whether
g(x) is continuous at x ! "2. Show your work. −4

6"x if x ( "2
g(x) ! b
x3 if x & "2 14. Given that the line y ! 23x " 8 is tangent to the graph
of y ! f(x) at x ! 6, find
In Problems 10 and 11, suppose a company has its total
(a) f ¿(6)
cost for a product given by C(x) " 200x % 10,000 dol-
(b) f (6)
lars and its total revenue given by R(x) " 250x # 0.01x2
(c) the instantaneous rate of change of f (x) with respect
dollars, where x is the number of units produced and
to x at x ! 6
sold.
15. The following graph shows the total revenue and total
10. (a) Find the marginal revenue function.
cost functions for a company. Use the graph to decide
(b) Find R(72) and R¿(72) and tell what each represents
(and justify) at which of points A, B, and C
or predicts.
(a) profit is the greatest.
11. (a) Form the profit function for this product.
(b) there is a loss.
(b) Find the marginal profit function.
(c) producing and selling another item will increase
(c) Find the marginal profit when x ! 1000, and then
profit.
write a sentence that interprets this result.
(d) the next item sold will decrease profit.
12. Suppose that f(x) is a differentiable function. Use the
table of values to approximate f ¿(3) as accurately as $
possible.
x 2 2.5 2.999 3 3.01 3.1
f(x) 0 18.4 44.896 45 46.05 56.18 R(x)

13. Use the graph to perform the evaluations (a)–(f) and to

answer (g)–(i). If no value exists, so indicate.
C(x)
(a) f (1)
(b) lim f(x)
xS6
(c) lim" f(x)
xS3
x
(d) lim f(x) A B C
xS"4
(e) lim f(x) Units
xS"'
(f) Estimate f ¿(4)