Chapter 1 Practice Test Solutions 1211

Chapter 1 Practice Test Solutions

1. (a) Midpoint: 32
5, 4
2
6 
1, 1 2. y  7  x

Domain: x ≤ 7
(b) Distance: d  5 
32

6  42
 
82

102 x 7 6 3 2

 164  241 y 0 1 2 3

1  4 4
3. x 
3 2

y  5 2  6 2 4. m  5 5. y  x3
32 3

x
3 2

y  5 2  36
y  4  5
x  2

y  4  5x
10

y  5x
14

6. 2x
3y  0 7.
5, 32 and
9, 44

2 44  32 12
y x m  3
3 95 4

2 y  32  3
x  5
m1  
3 y  32  3x  15
3 y  3x
17

m2  through
4, 1
2
When x  20, y  3
20
17
3 y  $77.
y  1 
x  4
2

3
y1 x6
2

3
y x5
2

8. f
x  3 
x  32  2
x  3
1 9. f
3  12  11  1

 x2  6x
9  2x
6
1 f
x  f
3
4x  11  1


 x2  8x
16 x3 x3

4x  12

x3

4
x  3
  4, x  3
x3

10. f
x  36  x2  
6
x
6  x

Domain: 6, 6, because
6
x
6  x ≥ 0 on this interval.

Range: 0, 6, because 0 ≤
6
x
6  x ≤ 36 on this interval.

1212 Practice Test Solutions

11. (a) 6x  5y
4  0 12. Parabola

6x
4 Vertex:
0, 5

y is a function of x.
5 Intercepts:
0, 5,
± 5 , 0
(b) x2
y2 9 y-axis symmetry y

y  ± 9  x2 is not a function of x. 1

x
(c) y3  x2
6 −3 −1 1 3
−1

yx
6 is a function of x.
3 2 −2

−3

−4

13. Intercepts:
0, 3,
3, 0 14.

x 0 1 2 3 1 2 3
x 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 y 1 3 5 7 2 6 12

y 3 4 2 5 1 0 1 y

y 5

4
4
3
3
2
2

1
x
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
−1

−2

15. (a) f
x
2 y (b) f
x
2 y

4
Horizontal shift 4 Reflection in the x-axis 3
two units to the left 3 and a vertical shift two 2
2 units upward 1

1 x
−4 − 3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 −2
−1 −3
−2 −4

16. (a)
g  f 
x  g
x  f
x (b)
f g
x  f
xg
x


2x2  5 
3x
7 
3x
7
2x2  5

 2x2  3x  12  6x3
14x2  15x  35

17. f
g
x  f
2x
3 18. f
x  x3
7


2x
32  2
2x
3
16 y  x3
7

 4x2
12x
9  4x  6
16 x  y3
7

 4x2
8x
19 x  7  y3
3 x  7  y


f 1
x  
3 x  7
 Chapter 1 Practice Test Solutions 1213

 
19. (a) f
x  x  6 does not have an inverse. (b) f
x  ax
b, a  0 does have an inverse.
Its graph does not pass the horizontal line test. y  ax
b
y
x  ay
b
8
xb
6
y
a
4
xb
f 1
x 
2 a

2 4 6 8
x
(c) f
x  x3  19 does have an inverse.

y  x3  19

x  y3  19

x
19  y3

3
x
19  y

f 1
x  
3 x
19

20. f
x  3 x x, 0 < x ≤ 3, y ≥ 0 21. False. The slopes of 3 and 13 are not negative reciprocals.

y 3 x x
x 3 y y
3y
x2 
y

x2y  3  y

x2y
y  3
y
x2
1  3

3
y
x2
1

3
f 1
x  , x≥0
x2
1

22. True. Let y 
f  g
x. Then x 
f  g1
y. 23. True. It must pass the vertical line test to be a function
and it must pass the horizontal line test to have an
Also,
inverse.

f  g
x  y
f
g
x  y

g
x  f 1
y

x  g1
f 1
y

x 
g1  f 1
y

Since x  x, we have
f  g1
y 
g1  f 1
y.

1214 Practice Test Solutions

cx3
24. z 25. y 0.669x
2.669
y

c
1 3
1 
25

c
1 
5

5c

5x3
z
y

Chapter 2 Practice Test Solutions

y
1. x-intercepts:
1, 0,
5, 0 2. a  0.01, b  90
y-intercepts:
0, 5 6 b 90
  4500 units
2a 2
.01
Vertex:
3, 4 4

x
−2 2 4 6 8
−2

−4

3. Vertex:
1, 7 opening downward through
2, 5

y  a
x  1 2
7 Standard form

5  a
2  1 2
7

5a
7

a  2

y  2
x  12
7

 2
x 2  2x
1
7
 2x 2
4x
5

4. y  ± a
x  2
3x  4 where a is any real number 5. Leading coefficient: 3

y  ±
3x 2  10x
8 Degree: 5
Moves down to the right and up to the left

6. 0  x 5  5x 3
4x 7. f
x  x
x  3
x
2

 x
x 4  5x 2
4  x
x 2  x  6
 x
x 2  1
x 2  4  x 3  x 2  6x
 x
x
1
x  1
x
2
x  2
x  0, x  ± 1, x  ± 2
 Chapter 2 Practice Test Solutions 1215

8. Intercepts:
0, 0,
± 23, 0

y

16
Moves up to the right
Moves down to the left
Origin symmetry x
−3 −1 1 2 4

x 2 1 0 1 2 −8
−12
y 16 11 0 11 16 −16

176 5x  13
9. 3x3
9x2
20x
62
10. x 2

x3 x2
2x  1
x  3 ) 3x4
0x3  7x2
2x  10 x2
2x  1 ) x3
0x2
0x  11
3x4  9x3 x3
2x2  x
9x  7x
3 2
2x2
x  11
9x3  27x2 2x2  4x
2
20x
2x
2
5x  13
20x2  60x
62x  10
62x  186
176

11. 5 3 13 0 0 12 1
15 10 50 250 1310
3 2 10 50 262 1311

3x 5
13x 4
12x  1 1311

 3x 4  2x 3
10x 2  50x
262 
x
5 x
5

12. 6 7 40 12 15
42 12 0
7 2 0 15

f
6  15

13. 0  x 3  19x  30

Possible rational roots: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 5, ± 6, ± 10, ± 15, ± 30

2 1 0 19 30
2 4 30 x  2 is a zero.

1 2 15 0

0 
x
2
x 2  2x  15
0 
x
2
x
3
x  5
Zeros: x  2, x  3, x  5
1216 Practice Test Solutions

14. 0  x 4
x 3  8x 2  9x  9

Possible rational roots: ± 1, ± 3, ± 9 Possible rational roots of x3
4x2
4x
3: ± 1, ± 3

3 1 1 8 9 9 3 1 4 4 3
3 12 12 9 3 3 3
1 4 4 3 0 x  3 is a zero. 1 1 1 0 x  3 is a zero.

0 
x  3
x 3
4x 2
4x
3 0 
x  3
x
3
x 2
x
1

1 ± 3 i
The zeros of x2
x
1 are x  (by the
2
Quadratic Formula).

1 3 1 3
Zeros: x  3, x  3, x  
i, x    i
2 2 2 2

15. 0  6x 3  5x 2
4x  15

Possible rational roots: ± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ± 15, ± 12, ± 32, ± 52, ± 15 1 5 1 5

2 , ± 3, ± 3, ± 6, ± 6

16. 0  x 3  20 10
3 x
9x  3
2 17. Possible rational roots: ± 1, ± 2, ± 5, ± 10

0  3x 3  20x 2
27x  10
1 1 1 3 5 10
Possible rational roots: 1 2 5 10
1 2 5 10
± 1, ± 2, ± 5, ± 10, ± 3 , ± 3 , ± 3 , ± 3 1 2 5 10 0 x  1 is a zero.

1 3 20 27 10
2 1 2 5 10
3 17 10
2 0 10
3 17 10 0
1 0 5 0 x  2 is a zero.
0 
x  1
3x 2  17x
10
f
x 
x  1
x
2
x 2
5
0 
x  1
3x  2
x  5
2 
x  1
x
2
x
5i 
x  5i 
Zeros: x  1, x  3, x  5

18. f
x 
x  2x 
3
ix 
3  i 19. 3i 1 4 9 36

3i 12i  9 36

x  2 
x  3  i
x  3
i
1 4
3i 12i 0

x  2 
x  3  2 i2

x  2x  6x
10
2

 x 3  8x 2
22x  20

20. Vertical asymptote: x  0 y

4
Horizontal asymptote: y  12
3

x-intercept:
1, 0
1

x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1

–2
 Chapter 3 Practice Test Solutions 1217

21. y  8 is a horizontal asymptote since the degree on the 22. x  1 is a vertical asymptote.
numerator equals the degree of the denominator. There
4x 2  2x
7 9
are no vertical asymptotes.  4x
2

x1 x1

Thus, y  4x
2 is a slant asymptote.

23. (a)
4  3i 
2
i  4  3i
2  i  6  4i

(b)
4  3i
2
i  8
4i
6i  3i 2  8
10i
3  5
10i

4  3i 4  3i 2  i 8  4i
6i
3i 2
(c) 
2
i 2
i
 2  i  4
1

11
2i 11 2
 
i
5 5 5

x
3
24. x 2  49 ≤ 0 25. ≥ 0
x7

x
7
x  7 ≤ 0
Critical numbers: x  3 and x  7
Critical numbers: x  7 and x  7
Test intervals:
 , 3,
3, 7,
7, 
Test intervals:
 , 7,
7, 7,
7, 
x
3
Test: Is ≥ 0?
Test: Is x 2  49 ≤ 0? x7
Solution set: 7, 7 Solution set:
 , 3
7, 

Chapter 3 Practice Test Solutions

1
1. x3
5  8 2. 3x1  81
x  85
3 
   25  32 5
3 8
3x1  34
x  1  4
x  3

3. f
x  2x 
2 
1 x
4. g
x  ex
1

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 2 1 0 1 2
f
x 4 2 1 1
2
1
4 g
x 1.14 1.37 2 3.72 8.39

y y

5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1

x x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1 –1
1218 Practice Test Solutions

 
nt
r 1
5. (a) A  P 1
6. 72 
n 49
12
3

 
0.09 1
A  5000 1
$6543.23 log7  2
12 49

 
r nt
(b) A  P 1

n
4
3

 
0.09
A  5000 1
$6530.25
4
(c) A  Pert
A  5000e
0.09
3 $6549.82

8. logb 
1
7. x  4  log2 64 4 8  1 log 8
25 4 b 25
1
2x4  64  14logb 8  logb 25
2x4  26  14logb 23  logb 52
x  4  6  143 logb 2  2 logb 5
x  2  143
0.3562  2
0.8271
 0.1464

 
1 x5z6
9. 5 ln x  ln y
6 ln z  ln x5  ln y
ln z6  ln ,z > 0
2 y

log 28
10. log9 28  1.5166 11. log N  0.6646
log 9
log N  100.6646 4.62

12. y 13. Domain: 14. y

2 x2  9 > 0 3

1
x
3
x  3 > 0 2

1
x x < 3 or x > 3 x
1 2 3 4
1 3 4 5 6
–1 1

2
–2
3

ln x ln x
15. False.  ln
x  y since  logy x. 16. 53  41
ln y ln y
ln 41
x  log5 41  2.3074
ln 5
 Chapter 4 Practice Test Solutions 1219

1
17. x  x2  log5 25 18. log2 x
log2
x  3  2
5 xx2  1
25 log2x
x  3  2
5 xx2  52 x
x  3  22
x  x2  2 x2  3x  4
0  x2  x  2 x2  3x  4  0
0 
x
1
x  2
x
1
x  4  0
x  1 or x  2 x4
x  1 (extraneous)
x  4 is the only solution.

ex
ex
19. 4 20. A  Peet
3
12,000  6000e0.13t
ex
ex
ex  12ex
2  e0.13t
e2x
1  12ex
0.13t  ln 2
e2x  12ex
1  0
ln 2
12 ± 144  4 t
ex  0.13
2
t 5.3319 years or 5 years 4 months
ex 11.9161 or ex 0.0839
x
x  ln 11.9161 x
x  ln 0.0839
x 2.478
e e
x 2.478

Chapter 4 Practice Test Solutions


1. 350  350 180   3518 2.
5 5 
9

9
180
   100

3. 135 14 12

135
60
3600 
14 12
4. 22.569  
22
0.569
60 
135.2367  22 34.14
 
22 34
0.14
60

22 34 8

2
5. cos   6. sin   0.9063
3
  arcsin
0.9063
x  2, r  3, y  ± 9  4  ± 5
13 23
y 5   65  or   180  65  115 
tan   ± 36 36
x 2

35 6
7. tan 20  8.   ,  is in Quadrant III.
x 5
35
35 6 
x 96.1617 20°
x Reference angle:    or 36
tan 20 5 5
1220 Practice Test Solutions

1 6
9. csc 3.92  1.4242 10. tan   6  ,  lies in Quandrant III.
sin 3.92 1
y  6, x  1, r  36
1  37,
37
so sec   6.0828.
1


11. Period: 4 12. Period: 2 13. Period:
2
Amplitude: 3 Amplitude: 2 y
y y
2
3 2
1
2

1 x
π π
x x 2
π 3π 5π 7π π 2π 3π 4π
−1
−1

−3 −2

14. Period: 2 15. 15 16. 37.7

y
−2 2 −2 2
2

1
−15 −37.7

x
π 2π 3π
−1

−2

17.   arcsin 1 18.   arctan
3

sin   1 tan   3
  1.249 71.565
  90
2


19. sin arccos
4
35  20. cos arcsin  x
4 
19 x= 35 − 16 16  x2 4
sin   0.7368 35 cos   x
35 = 19 4
θ
θ
16 − x 2
4
 Chapter 5 Practice Test Solutions 1221

21. Given A  40, c  12 22. Given B  6.84, a  21.3 23. Given a  5, b  9

B  90  40  50 A  90  6.84  83.16 c  25
81  106 10.296
a 21.3 5
sin 40  sin 83.16  tan A 
12 c 9
a  12 sin 40 7.713 21.3 5
c 21.453 A  arctan 29.055
sin 83.16 9
b
cos 40 
12 21.3 B 90  29.055  60.945
tan 83.16 
b
b  12 cos 40 9.193
21.3
b 2.555
tan 83.16

x 250
24. sin 67  25. tan 5  5°
20 x 250 ft
x 5°
x  20 sin 67 18.41 feet 250
x
x 20 tan 5
2857.513 feet
0.541 mi
67°

Chapter 5 Practice Test Solutions

4 sec2 x
csc2 x sec2 x
csc2 x

1. tan x  , sec x < 0 ⇒ x is in Quadrant III. 2. 
11 csc x
1
tan x csc x

csc2 x tan2 x
2 2 2

y  4, x  11, r  16
121  137 sec2 x
csc2 x


4137 137 1 sin2 x
sin x  
4
 csc x   csc2 x
2 
137 137 4 sin x cos2 x

11 11137 137 sec2 x
csc2 x

cos x    sec x   
137 137 11 1
csc2 x

cos2 x
4 11
tan x  cot x  sec2 x
csc2 x
11 4  1
csc2 x
sec2 x

  
3. ln tan  ln cot   ln  cot  
tan   ln sin 
cos 
cos 
sin    
 ln
sin2 
cos2   
 ln tan2   2 ln tan   

 
 2  x  csc x is true since cos 2  x  sin x  csc x.
1 1
4. cos

5. sin4 x

sin2 x cos2 x  sin2 x
sin2 x
cos2 x 6.
csc x
1
csc x  1  csc2 x  1  cot2 x
 sin2 x
1  sin2 x

cos2 x 1
sin x cos2 x
1
sin x cos2 x
1
sin x

7.
1  sin x
 1
sin x  1  sin2 x

cos2 x
 1
sin x
1222 Practice Test Solutions

1
cos  sin 
1
cos 2
sin2 

8.

sin  1
cos  sin 
1
cos 

1
2 cos 
cos2 
sin2  2
2 cos  2

    2 csc 
sin 
1
cos  sin 
1
cos  sin 

9. tan4 x
2 tan2 x
1 
tan2 x
12 
sec2 x2  sec4 x

10. (a) sin 105  sin
60
45  sin 60 cos 45
cos 60 sin 45

3 2 1 2 2
(a) 
2
 2


2
 2

4

3
1

tan 60  tan 45

(b) tan 15  tan
60  45 
1
tan 60 tan 45
3  1 1  3 23  1  3 23  4
(b) 
1
3
 1  3  13

2
 2  3

11.
sin 42 cos 38 
cos 42 sin 38  sin
42  38  sin 4


  4  tan 
1 1
tan 
tan 
tan
12. tan
   
 1  tan 
1 1  tan 
1 
tan  tan 
4
4

13. sin
arcsin x  arccos x  sin
arcsin x cos
arccos x  cos
arcsin x sin
arccos x


x
x 
1  x2 
1  x2   x2 
1  x2  2x2  1

2
1 2 1
14. (a) cos
120  cos2
60  2 cos2 60  1  2 1
2

23

2 tan 150 3
(b) tan
300  tan2
150     3
1  tan2 150

1
1
3


2
1 2  2
15. (a) sin 22.5  sin
45
2
  1  cos 45
2

2
2 
2

  1
sin
 6 6 2 1
(b) tan  tan     2  3
 3 2
3

12 2
1
cos 1

6 2

4 3
16. sin   ,  lies in Quadrant II ⇒ cos    .
5 5


1
2cos   1 2  102 
3 1 5
cos  5 
2 5 5
 Chapter 6 Practice Test Solutions 1223

1  cos 2x 1
cos 2x 1
cos 4x


1 1
17.
sin2 x cos2 x 
2
 2
 1  cos2 2x  1 
4 4 2
1 1
 2 
1
cos 4x  1  cos 4x
8 8

18. 6
sin 5 cos 2  6 12sin
5
2
sin
5  2  3sin 7
sin 3

19. sin
x

sin
x    2 sin  2 


x


x  
cos

x
 
x  
2
 2 sin x cos   2 sin x

sin 9x
sin 5x 2 sin 7x cos 2x cos 2x

20.    cot 2x
cos 9x  cos 5x 2 sin 7x sin 2x sin 2x

2 sin
u
v  sin
u  v  12
sin u cos v

cos u sin v  
sin u cos v 
cos u sin v
1
21.
 122
cos u sin v 
cos u sin v

22. 4 sin2 x  1 23. tan2 

3  1 tan   3  0

1
tan  1
tan
3  0
sin2 x 
4 tan   1 or tan    3
1
sin x  ±
2  5 2 5
 or  or
1 1 4 4 3 3
sin x  o r 5 or sin x  
2 2
 5 7 11
x or or sin x  or
6 6 6 6

24. sin 2x  cos x 25. tan2 x  6 tan x
4  0

2
sin x cos x  cos x  0 
6 ± 
62  4
1
4
tan x 
cos x
2 sin x  1  0 2
1

1 6 ± 20
cos x  0 or 5 or sin x  tan x   3 ± 5
2 2
 3  5 tan x  3
5 or 5.5237 or tan x  3  5
x or or sin x  or
2 2 6 6
x 1.3821 or 4.5237 or tan x  0.6524 or 3.7940

Chapter 6 Practice Test Solutions

 
sin 150
1. C  180 
40
12  128 2. sin A  5  0.125
20

sin 12 309.164

100
a  sin 40 A 7.181
B 180 
150
7.181  22.819
 
100
c  sin 128 379.012
sin 150 15.513
sin 12 20
b  sin 22.819
1224 Practice Test Solutions

3. Area  12ab sin C  12
3
6 sin 130 6.894 square units 4. h  b sin A  35 sin 22.5 13.394

a  10

Since a < h and A is acute, the triangle has no solution.

532

382 
492 c2 
1002

3002  2
100
300 cos 29

5. cos A  0.4598 6.
2
53
38
47522.8176
A 62.627
c 218

49

38 
53
2 2 2

3002

2182 
1002
cos B  0.2782 cos A  0.97495
2
49
38 2
300
218
B 73.847 A 12.85
C 180 
62.627
73.847 B 180 
12.85
29  138.15
 43.526

a
b
c 4.1
6.8
5.5

7. s   8.2 8. x2 
402

702  2
40
70cos 168
2 2
11977.6266
Area  s
s  a
s  b
s  c
x 190.442 miles 40 168° 12°
 8.2
8.2  4.1
8.2  6.8
8.2  5.5 x
70

11.273 square units

v 5i  3j 5 3
9. w  4
3i
j  7
i
2j 10.   i j
v 25
9 34 34
 19i  10j
534 334
 i j
34 34

11. u  6i
5j v  2i  3j 12. 4
i cos 30
j sin 30  4  23 i
21 j



u  v  6
2
5
3  3
 23, 2
u  61,5j v  13 y
3
cos  
6113

 96.116

30°
x

13. projvu  uv vv  10

2 20
2, 4  1, 2

2 2
14. r  25
25  50  52 15. cos 225   , sin 225  
2 2

 
5 2 2
tan    1 z6  i
5 2 2
Since z is in Quadrant IV,   315  32  32i
z  52
cos 315
i sin 315.
 Chapter 6 Practice Test Solutions 1225

16. 7
cos 23
i sin 23 4
cos 7
i sin 7  7
4cos
23
7
i sin
23
7
 28
cos 30
i sin 30

5 5

9 cos
i sin  5 5  
     3cos 4
i sin 4 
4 4 9
17.  cos  
i sin 
3
cos 
i sin  3 4 4

18.
2
2i8  22
cos 45
i sin 458 
22  cos
8
45
i sin
8
45

8

 4096cos 360
i sin 360  4096

 

19. z  8 cos
3 

i sin , n  3
3
 

The cube roots of z are: 8 cos

3
3


2k

3

i sin
3

2 k

3
, k  0, 1, 2 
 

For k  0, 
3 8 cos
3
3

i sin
3
3


 2 cos
i sin
9

9  
 
 3 
2  3 
2
For k  1, 
3 8 cos
3

i sin
3
 
 2 cos
7
9

i sin
7
9 
 

For k  2, 
3 8 cos
3

4

3

i sin
3

4

3
 2 cos
13
9


i sin
13
9  
3 3

20. x4  i  1 cos
2

i sin
2 
3 3
 2 
2k  2 
2k
The fourth roots are: 
4 1 cos
4

i sin
4

, k  0, 1, 2, 3

3 3
2 2 3 3
For k  0, cos
i sin  cos
i sin
4 4 8 8

3 3

2
2
2 2 7 7
For k  1, cos
i sin  cos
i sin
4 4 8 8

3 3

4
4
2 2 11 11
For k  2, cos
i sin  cos
i sin
4 4 8 8

3 3

6
6
2 2 15 15
For k  3, cos
i sin  cos
i sin
4 4 8 8
1226 Practice Test Solutions

Chapter 7 Practice Test Solutions

x  y  11 x
3y 
3 ⇒ x  3y
3
3x
y  15 x  6y 
5
1. 2.
⇒ y  3x
15 2

x 
3x
15  1
3y
32  6y  5

4x  16 9y2
18y  9  6y  5
x4 9y2
12y  4  0
y 
3
3y
22  0
Solution:
4,
3 y  23
x 
1
Solution:

1, 
2
3


3. x y z 6 ⇒ z6
x
y
2x
y  3z  0 ⇒ 2x
y  3
6
x
y  0 ⇒
x
4y 
18 ⇒ x  18
4y
5x  2y
z 
3 ⇒ 5x  2y

6
x
y 
3 ⇒ 6x  3y  3
6
18
4y  3y  3

21y 
105
y5
x  18
4y 
2
z6
x
y3
Solution:

2, 5, 3

170
2x
4. x  y  110 ⇒ y  110
x 5. 2x  2y  170 ⇒ y   85
x
2
xy  2800
xy  1500
x
110
x  2800
x
85
x  1500
0  x2
110x  2800
0  x2
85x  1500
0 
x
40
x
70
0 
x
25
x
60
x  40 or x  70
x  25 or x  60
y  70 or y  40
y  60 or y  25
Solution: The two numbers are 40 and 70.
Dimensions: 60 ft  25 ft

 38x
19y  7 ⇒ 19x

6. 2x  15y  4 ⇒ 2x  15y  4 7. x y2 ⇒  19y  38
x
3y  23 ⇒ 5x
15y  115 38x
19y  7
7x  119 57x  45
x 17 45 15
x
23 x 
y 57 19
3

2 38 15 23
y2
x

19 19 19
Solution:
17,
2
19, 19
15 23
Solution:
 Chapter 7 Practice Test Solutions 1227

9. Let x  amount in 11% fund and y  amount


8. 0.4x  0.5y  0.112 ⇒ 0.28x  0.35y  0.0784
0.3x
0.7y 
0.131 ⇒ 0.15x
0.35y 
0.0655 in 13% fund.
0.43x  0.0129 x  y  17000 ⇒ y  17000
x
0.0129 0.11x  0.13y  2080
x  0.03
0.43
0.11x  0.13
17000
x  2080
0.112
0.4x
y  0.20
0.02x 
130
0.5
x  $6500 at 11%
Solution:
0.03, 0.20
y  $10,500 at 13%

10.
4, 3,
1, 1,

1,
2,

2,
1

Use a calculator.
11 1
y  ax  b  14 x
7

 
11. x y 
2 12. 4x
y  5z  4
2x
y  z  11 2x  y
z0
4y
3z 
20 2x  4y  8z  0

 
x y 
2 2x  4y  8z  0

3y  z  15
2Eq.1  Eq.2 2x  y
z0 Interchange equations.
4y
3z 
20 4x
y  5z  4

 
x y 
2 2x  4y  8z  0
y
2z 
5 Eq.3  Eq.2
3y
9z  0
Eq.1  Eq.2
4y
3z 
20
9y
11z  4
2Eq.1  Eq.3

 
x y 
2 2x  4y  8z  0
y
2z 
5
3y
9z  0
5z  0
4Eq.2  Eq.3 16z  4
3Eq.2  Eq.3


1


x y 
2 x 2y  4z  0 2 Eq.1
y
2z 
5 y  3z  0
13Eq.2
z 0 1 1
z 4 16 Eq.3
y
2(0 
5 ⇒ y 
5
y  3
14   0 ⇒ y 
34
x 

5 
2 ⇒ x  3
x  2
  4
14   0 ⇒ x  12

34
Solution:
3,
5, 0
Solution:

12,
34, 14 

 2yy
 5zz  52
13. 3x 
6x


5y  7z 
8
3x  2y
z  5

2Eq.1  Eq.2
2 1 5
x
 1

 3y

y

3z
7
5z 
3
8
5
3 Eq.1

15Eq.2
Let a  z.
Then y  75a  85, and
x  23
75a  85 
13a  53
x  35a  35
x 
35a  35.
Solution:

5a  5, 5a  5, a, where a is any real number.
3 3 7 8
1228 Practice Test Solutions

14. y  ax2  bx  c passes through
0,
1,
1, 4, and
2, 13.
At
0,
1:
1  a
02  b
0  c ⇒ c 
1
At
1, 4: 4  a
12  b
1
1 ⇒ 5 a b ⇒ 5 ab
At
2, 13: 13  a
22  b
2
1 ⇒ 14  4a  2b ⇒
7 
2a
b

2 
a
a 2
b 3
Thus, the equation of the parabola is y  2x2  3x
1.

15. s  2at2  v0t  s0 passes through
1, 12,
2, 5, and
3, 4.
1

At
1, 12: 12  12a  v0  s0 a 2v0  2s0 


24
At
2, 5: 5  2a  2v0  s0 2a  2v0  s0  5
At
3, 4: 4  9
2a  3v0  s0 9a  6v0  2s0  8


a 2v0  2s0  24

2v0
3s0 
43
2Eq.1  Eq.2

12v0
16s0 
208
9Eq.1  Eq.3


a 2v0  2s0  24

2v0
3s0 
43
2s0  50
6Eq.2  Eq.3


a 2v0  2s0  24
3 43
v0  2 s0  2
12Eq.2
1
s0  25 2 Eq.3

2
25
3 43
v0   ⇒ v0 
16
2
a  2

16  2
25  24 ⇒ a  6
Thus, s  2
6t2
16t  25  3t2
16t  25.
1


16. x2  y2 ≥ 9 y 17. xy ≤ 6 y

x ≥ 2
8
2 y ≥ 0
1 6
x
−2 −1 1 2 (2, 4)
4
−1

−2 2

(2, 0) (6, 0)
x
4 6 8

18. Line through
0, 0 and
0, 7: y

7 (0, 7)
x0
6

Line through
0, 0 and
2, 3: 5

4
y  32x or 3x
2y  0 3 (2, 3)

Line through
0, 7 and
2, 3:

2

(0, 0)
y 
2x  7 or 2x  y  7 −1 1 2 3 5 6
x


Inequalities: x ≥ 0
3x
2y ≤ 0
2x  y ≤ 7
 Chapter 8 Practice Test Solutions 1229

19. Vertices:
0, 0,
0, 7,
6, 0,
3, 5 20. x2  y2 ≤ 4
z  30x  26y y
x
22  y2 ≥ 4
At
0, 0: z  0 10 y

At
0, 7: z  182 (0, 7)

3

(3, 5)
At
6, 0: z  180 4 1

At
3, 5: z  220

x
2 −1 1 3
(0, 0) (6, 0) −1
x
The maximum value 2 4 8 10

of z occurs at
3, 5 −3
and is 220.

1
2x 1
2x A B 6x
17 A B
21.    22.  
x2  x x
x  1 x x1
x
32 x
3
x
3 2
1
2x  A
x  1  Bx 6x
17  A
x
3  B
When x  0, 1  A. When x  3, 1  B.

When x 
1, 3 
B ⇒ B 
3. When x  0,
17 
3A  B ⇒ A  6.

1
2x 1 3 6x
17 6 1

 
x2  x x x1
x
32 x
3
x
3 2

Chapter 8 Practice Test Solutions

2
3 
1 4

1. 2. 3x  5y  3

5 9
2x
y 
11

2

3R1  R2 →  1
0 1
4

3  2
3 5
3


1

11
2R2  R1 →
2
 
1 0

R2  R1→ 1

 
0 1
3 6 14
2
1

11


 
1 6 14

2R1  R2→ 0
13

39


 
1 6 14
1

13 R2→ 0 1
3

6R2  R1→ 1

4
 
0
0 1
3
x 
4, y  3
Solution:

4, 3
1230 Practice Test Solutions


2x  3y 
3


3. 4. x  3z 
5
3x
2y  8 2x  y  0
x y 1 3x  y
z 
3


3

5
   
2 3 1 0 3
3 2
8 2 1 0
0
1 1
1 3 1
1
3
R3→ 1
1

5
   
1 1 0 3
3 2
8
2R1  R2→ 0 1
6
10
R1→ 2 3

3
3R1  R3→ 0 1
10
18

1

5
   
1 1 1 0 3

3R1  R2→ 0
1
5 0 1
6
10

2R1  R3→ 0 1

5
R2  R3→ 0 0
4
8

1

5
   
1 1 1 0 3

R2 → 0 1

5 0 1
6
10
0 1

5 1

4R3 → 0 0 1

2

R2  R1 → 1
6
1
 

3R3  R1 → 1

 
0 0 0
0 1

5 6R3  R2→ 0 1 0

2

R2  R3→ 0 0
0 0 0 1

2
x  6, y 
5 x  1, y 
2, z 
2
Solution:
6,
5 Solution:
1,
2,
2

 
1 6

1
1 
4
0 
5

1
1
6 
4

7 
5
2
4
12
     
1 4 5
5. 0
7  
2 0
3
2
1 
0
0 

3

1
2
6 
0

7 

3
2 5 6

1 2

2

4    7  7   
9 1 6 2
3 0 3 0 1 0
6. 3A
5B  3
5 7. f
A 
7 8
8 3 5 1 1 0 1
30
10

12    7  7     
27 3 3 0 3 0 21 0 8 0
3


24 15 25 1 1 49 7 0 8

3

27  28     
13 9 0 21 0 8 0
3 


1 1 49 7 0 8

4

21 
0

2

8. False since

A  B
A  3B  A
A  3B  B
A  3B
 A2  3AB  BA  3B2 and, in general, AB  BA.
 Chapter 8 Practice Test Solutions 1231

1 0 0
 
1 1 1


 
1 2 1 0
9. 10. 3 6 5
0 1 0
3 5
0 1
6 10 8
0 0 1


 
1 2 1 0

1 0 0
 
1 1 1

3R1  R2→ 0
1

3 1

3R1  R2→ 0 3 2

3 1 0
2R2  R1 →

5

6 0 1
10 0

1

3 
2
1

6R1  R3→ 0 4 2

1 0 0
 
1 1 1


5 2
3 1
1
 
R3  R2 → 0
1
1 0 0

R2→ 0 1
3
1 0 4 2

6 0 1

5
4 1
1
 
R2  R1 → 1
 
2 0 1
A
1 
3
1 0
1 0
3 1
1
4R2  R3 → 0 0 2
6 4
3

4 1
1
 
1 0 1

R2 → 0 1 0

3
1 1
1
2 R3 → 0 0 1
3 2
32

 

R3  R1 → 1 0 0
1
1 1
2

0 1 0

3
1 1
0 0 1
3 2
32
1

1

 
1 2
A
1 
3
1 1
3 2
32

x  2y  4
3x  5y  1
x  2y 
3
3x  5y 
2
11. (a) (b)

3  
53 
1 2 2
A Again, A
1  .
5
1

2
5
5
19
    y  A   
2   
1 5 2 x 2 3
A
1  
1
B
5
6
3 1 3
1 3
1 11

5
18
y  A   1    x 
19, y  11
x 2 4

1B 
3
1 11
Solution:

19, 11
x 
18, y  11
Solution:

18, 11

12.
  6
3

1
4
 24


3  27

     
1 3
1
5 9 1 3
13. 5 9 0 
1
5 


44
5

6  74
6 2 5 9
6 2
5

 
14. Expand along Row 2.

 
1 4 2 3
1 2 3 1 4 3
0 1
2 0
 3
1 1 23 5 1
3 5
1 1
2 6 1 2 0 1
2 0 6 1
 51  2

29 
7
1232 Practice Test Solutions

    
6 4 3 0 6
5 1 4 8

 
0 5 1 4 8 2 7 3
0 2 7 3 9 2
15. 0 0 2 7 3 6  6
5 0 9 2  6
5
2  6
5
2
9  540
0 0 9 2 0 1
0 0 0 9 2 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1

 
0 7 1
1 1 31
16. Area  5 0 1 
31 
2 2 2
3 9 1

 
x y 1
17. 2 7 1  3x
3y  15  0 or, equivalently, x
y  5  0

1 4 1

 
3 0 1
4
7
  0 1 3

 
11 5 97 1
1 2 14

 
18. x   19. z  
6
7 44 3 0 1 11
2 5 0 1 4
1
1 0

721.4
45.9  33.77
19.85 
12,769.747

 
20. y   0.1647
721.4
29.1 77,515.530
45.9 105.6

Chapter 9 Practice Test Solutions

2n n3
1. an  2. an 

n  2! 3n
2
1 2 1
a1   
3! 6 3
2
2 4 1
a2   
4! 24 6
2
3 6 1
a3   
5! 120 20
2
4 8 1
a4   
6! 720 90
2
5 10 1
a5   
7! 5040 504
1 1 1 1 1
Terms: , , , ,
3 6 20 90 504

6
3.

2i
1  1  3  5  7  9  11  36
i1
 Chapter 9 Practice Test Solutions 1233

4. a1  23, d 
2 5. 5a1  12, d  3, n  50

a2  23 

2  21 5an  a1 
n
1d
a3  21 

2  19 a50  12 
50
13  159
a4  19 

2  17
a5  17 

2  15
Terms: 23, 21, 19, 17, 15

6. a1  1 7. a1  7, r  2
a200  200 a2  7
2  14
n a3  7
22  28
Sn 
a1  an
2 a4  7
23  56
200 a5  7
24  112
S200 
1  200  20,100
2
Terms: 7, 14, 28, 56, 112

6 3 
10 n
1
2 2
8. , a1  6, r  , n  10
n1 3
a1
1
rn 61

23    18
10

1
59,049 
1024 116,050
Sn   17.6879
1
r 1
23 6561

 
9.

0.03
n0
n


0.03
n1
n
1,
a1  1, r  0.03

a1 1 1 100
S    1.0309
1
r 1
0.03 0.97 97

1
1  1
10. For n  1, 1  .
2
k
k  1
Assume that Sk  1  2  3  4  . . .  k  .
2
k
k  1
Then Sk1  1  2  3  4  . . .  k 
k  1  k1
2
k
k  1 2
k  1
 
2 2

k  1
k  2
 .
2
n
n  1
Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, 1  2  3  4  . . .  n  for all integers n ≥ 1.
2

11. For n  4, 4! > 24. Assume that k! > 2k.

Then
k  1! 
k  1
k! >
k  12k > 2  2k  2k1.
Thus, by the extended principle of mathematical induction, n! > 2n for all integers n ≥ 4.
1234 Practice Test Solutions

13!
12. 13C4   715

13
4!4!

13.
x  35  x5  5x4
3  10x3
32  10x2
33  5x
34 
35

 x5  15x4  90x3  270x2  405x  243

30!
14.
12C5x7
25 
25,344x7 15. 30P4   657,720

30
4!

16. 6!  720 ways 17. 12P3  1320

1 2 3 4 2 2
18. P
2  P
3  P
4  
36 36 36
 19. P
K, B10 
52
 51  663
6 1
 
36 6

20. Let A  probability of no faulty units.

1000
50
997
P
A  0.8605

P
A   1
P
A 0.1395

Chapter 10 Practice Test Solutions

3 3
1. 3x  4y  12 ⇒ y 
x  3 ⇒ m1 
2. x1  5, x2 
9, A  3, B 
7, C 
21
4 4
4
4x
3y  12 ⇒ y  x
4 ⇒ m2 
3
4
3 d 3(5)  (
7)(
9)  (
21)  57
7.484
3  (
7)
2 2 58

tan 


4 3


3 4
1 
4 3

3 4

25 12
0   
Since tan is undefined, the lines are perpendicular

note that m2 
1 m1 and  90
.

3. x2
6x
4y  1  0 4. Vertex: (2,
5)

x2
6x  9  4y
1  9 Focus: (2,
6)
(x
3)2  4y  8 Vertical axis; opens downward with p 
1
(x
3)2  4(1)( y  2) ⇒ p  1 (x
h)2  4p( y
k)
Vertex: (3,
2) (x
2)2  4(
1)( y  5)
Focus: (3,
1) x2
4x  4 
4y
20
Directrix: y 
3 x
4x  4y  24  0
2
 Chapter 10 Practice Test Solutions 1235

5. x2  4y2
2x  32y  61  0 6. Vertices: (0, ± 6)

x2
2x  1  4
y2  8y  16 
61  1  64 1
Eccentricity: e 
(x
1)2  4( y  4)2 4 2
Center: (0, 0)
(x
1) (y  2 4)2
 1 Vertical major axis
4 1
a  2, b  1, c  3 c c 1
a  6, e    ⇒ c3
a 6 2
Horizontal major axis
Center: (1,
4) b2  (6)2
(3)2  27

Foci:
1 ± 3,
4 x2


y2
1
27 36
Vertices: (3,
4), (
1,
4)
3
Eccentricity: e 
2

7. 16y2
x2
6x
128y  231  0 8. Vertices: (± 3, 2)

16
y2
8y  16

x2  6x  9 
231  256
9 Foci: (± 5, 2)
16( y
4)2
(x  3)2  16 Center: (0, 2)
( y
4)2 (x  3)2 Horizontal transverse axis

1
1 16 a  3, c  5, b  4
a  1, b  4, c  17 (x
0)2 ( y
2)2

1
Center: (
3, 4) 9 16
Vertical transverse axis x2 ( y
2)2

1
Vertices: (
3, 5), (
3, 3) 9 16
Foci:

3, 4 ± 17
1
Asymptotes: y  4 ± (x  3)
4

9. 5x2  2xy  5y2
10  0 y

A  5, B  2, C  5 y′
2 x′

5
5
cot 2  0
2 x
−2 2
 
2  ⇒ 
2 4
−2
   
x  x cos
y sin x  x cos  y sin
4 4 4 4
x
y x  y
 
2 2

x
y x
y x  y x  y
      
2 2
5 2 5
10  0
2 2 2 2

5(x)2 10xy 5( y )2 5(x)2 10xy 5( y )2

  (x )2
( y )2   
10  0
2 2 2 2 2 2
6(x)2  4( y )2
10  0
3(x)2 2( y )2
 1
5 5
(x)2 ( y )2
 1
5 3 5 2
Ellipse centered at the origin
1236 Practice Test Solutions

3
10. (a) 6x2
2xy  y2  0 11. Polar: 2, 4 
A  6, B 
2, C  1
3
 
1
B2
4AC  (
2)2
4(6)(1) 
20 < 0 x  2 cos  2

1
4 2
Ellipse
3
 
1
(b) x2  4xy  4y2
x
y  17  0 y  2 sin  2 1
4 2
A  1, B  4, C  4
Rectangular: (
1, 1)
B2
4AC  (4)2
4(1)(4)  0
Parabola

12. Rectangular:
3,
1 13. Rectangular: 4x
3y  12

r  ± 
3   2 (
1)2  ±2 Polar: 4r cos
3r sin  12

3 r(4 cos
3 sin )  12

tan  
3

1 12
r
2 5 4 cos
3 sin
 or 
3 3
2 5
Polar: 
2, 3  or 2, 3 
14. Polar: r  5 cos
r2  5r cos
Rectangular: x2  y2  5x
x2  y2
5x  0

15. r  1
cos π
2
Cardioid
1
Symmetry: Polar axis

Maximum value of r : r  2 when   (2, π)
π 0
Zero of r: r  0 when  0 1

1
 3
0  3π
2 2 2

r 0 1 2 1

16. r  5 sin 2 π
2
Rose curve with four petals 7π
) −5, 4 ) 4 )5, π4 )

Symmetry: Polar axis,  , and pole
2
π 0
 3 5 7 4
Maximum value of r: r  5 when  , , ,
4 4 4 4
)5, 54π ) )−5, 34π )
 3 3π
Zeros of r: r  0 when  0, , , 2
2 2
 Chapter 11 Practice Test Solutions 1237

3
17. r  18. Parabola
6
cos

r
1 2 Vertex: 6, 2 
1

1 6 cos
Focus: (0, 0)
1 e1
e < 1, so the graph is an ellipse.
6 ep
r
 3 1  e sin
0  p
2 2 r
1  sin
3 1 3 1
r p
5 2 7 2 6
1  sin( 2)
π
p
2
6
2
1
12  p
12
π 0 r
1 1  sin

3π
2

19. x  3
2 sin , y  1  5 cos 20. x  e2t, y  e4t

x
3 y
1 x > 0, y > 0
 sin ,  cos

2 5 y 
e2t2 
x2  x2, x > 0, y > 0
x
3 y
1

2    
2 2
1
5
(x
3)2 ( y
1)2
 1
4 25

Chapter 11 Practice Test Solutions

1. Let A 
0, 0, 0, B 
1, 2,
4, C 
0,
2,
1.

Side AB: 12  22  42  21
Side AC: 02  22  12  5
Side BC: 

12 

2
22 

1  42  1  16  9  26
BC 2  AB 2  AC 2
26  21  5

2.
x
02 
y
42 
z
12  5 2 3.
x 2  2x  1  y 2 
z 2
4z  4  1  4  11

x 2 
y
42 
z
12  25
x  12  y 2 
z
22  16
Center:

1, 0, 2
Radius: 4
1238 Practice Test Solutions

1
4. u
3v  1, 0,
1
34, 3,
6 5. 2v  12 2, 4,
6  1, 2,
3
 1, 0,
1
12, 9,
18  v 
1
2 12  22 

32  14

 
11,
9, 17

6. u  v  2, 1,
3  1, 1,
2 7. Because v  
3,
3, 3 
31, 1,
1 
3u,
u and v are parallel.
2169

i
8. u  v 
1
1  j
0

1
v  u 

u  v  
2,
5,
1
k


2  2, 5, 1
3
1
9. u 
v  w  0
1   1

1
0
1
1
4
 1

4
1

1  1
1

4  1  1 
2


Volume  u 
v  w 
2  2   

10. v  
2
0,
3


3, 4
3  2, 0, 1 11. 1
x
1
1
y
2  0
z
3  0

x  2  2t, y 
3, z  4  t x
1
y20
x
y10

\ \

12. AB  1, 1, 1, AC  1, 2, 3 13. n1  1, 1,
1, n2  3,
4,
1

\
i
n  AB  AC  1
1
\

  j
1
2
Plane: 1
x
0
2
y
0 
z
0  0
k
1  1,
2, 1
3
n1  n2  3
4  1  0 ⇒ Orthogonal planes

x
2y  z  0

14. n  1, 2, 1, Q 
1, 1, 1, P 
0, 0, 6 on plane, PQ  1, 1,
5

D
PQ  n 1  2
5 
\

2 6
 
n 1  4  1 6 3

Chapter 12 Practice Test Solutions

x  4
2 1
1. 2. lim 1
x 2.9 2.99 3 3.01 3.1 x→0 x 4

f
x 0.1695 0.1669 ? 0.1664 0.1639

−5 5

x
3
lim 0.1667 −0.5
x→3 x2
9

x3
1
x
1
x2  x  1
3. lim e x
2  e 2
2  e 0  1 4. lim  lim
x→2 x→1 x
1 x→1 x
1
 lim
x 2  x  1  3
x→1
 Chapter 12 Practice Test Solutions 1239

sin 5x
5. lim 2.5 4 6. The limit does not exist. If
x→0 2x
f
x  x  2,
−5 5 x2
then f
x  1 for x >
2, and f
x 
1 for x <
2.
−2

f
4  h
f
4 f
x  h
f
x
7. msec  8. f 
x  lim
h h→0 h
4  h
2 3
x  h
1
3x
1
  lim
h h→0 h
4  h
2 4  h  2 3x  3h
1
3x  1
   lim
h 4h2 h→0 h

4  h
4 3h
  lim  lim 3  3
h4  h  2 h→0 h h→0

h

h4  h  2
1
 , h0
4  h  2

1 1 1
m  lim  
h→0 4  h  2 4  2 4

3 1
4 1 1
9 8
9. (a) lim 0 10. a1  0, a2  
, a3  
,
x→  x4 81 3 18  1 19
x2 1
16 15
(b) lim 1 a4  

x→
 x2 3 33 33

(c) lim x 
1 lim an  lim

1
n2


1
x→  1
x n→  n→  2n2  1 2

25 25
25
26
51 25
26 25
26 25
26
54
11.
i
i1
2

i 
i1 6

2

6
51  3 
6
 5850

1 n
n  1
2n  1 2n2  3n  1

 
n i2 1 n 2
12.
n
i1
3
 3
n i1
i  3
n 6

6n2
 S
n

1
lim S
n 
n→  3

b
a 1
13. Width of rectangles: 
n n

b
ai
   
2
i i
Height: f a  f 1

n n n
1 n
n  1
2n  1

 1
n n 
n

n
n
i2 1 n
1 n
i2
A 2 3
1

i1 i1 i1 n3 6
1 2
A  lim An  1

n→  3 3
PART I

C H A P T E R 1
Functions and Their Graphs

Section 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Section 1.2 Graphs of Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Section 1.3 Linear Equations in Two Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Section 1.4 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Section 1.5 Analyzing Graphs of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Section 1.6 A Library of Parent Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Section 1.7 Transformations of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Section 1.8 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions . . . . 78

Section 1.9 Inverse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Section 1.10 Mathematical Modeling and Variation . . . . . . . . . . 101

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

C H A P T E R 1
Functions and Their Graphs
Section 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates

■ You should be able to use the point-plotting method of graphing.

■ You should be able to find x- and y-intercepts.
(a) To find the x-intercepts, let y  0 and solve for x.
(b) To find the y-intercepts, let x  0 and solve for y.
■ You should be able to test for symmetry.
(a) To test for x-axis symmetry, replace y with
y.
(b) To test for y-axis symmetry, replace x with
x.
(c) To test for origin symmetry, replace x with
x and y with
y.
■ You should know the standard equation of a circle with center
h, k and radius r:

x
h2 
y
k2  r 2

Vocabulary Check
1. (a) v horizontal real number line (b) vi vertical real number line
(c) i point of intersection of vertical axis and horizontal axis (d) iv four regions of the coordinate plane
(e) iii directed distance from the y-axis (f) ii directed distance from the x-axis
2. Cartesian 3. Distance Formula 4. Midpoint Formula

1. A:
2, 6, B:

6,
2, C:
4,
4, D:

3, 2 2. A:
2,
4; B:
0,
2; C:

3, 2 , D:

6, 0
3 5

3. y 4. y

6 4

4 3

2 2

x 1
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−4 −1

−6 −2

2
 Section 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates 3

5. y 6. y

8 4
6 3
4
2
2
1
x
−6 − 4 − 2 2 4 6 8 x
−3 −2 −1 2 3
−4 −1

−6 −2

7.

3, 4 8.
4,
8 9.

5,
5 10.

12, 0

11. x > 0 and y < 0 in Quadrant IV. 12. x < 0 and y < 0 in Quadrant III. 13. x 
4 and y > 0 in Quadrant II.

14. x > 2 and y  3 in Quadrant I. 15. y <
5 in Quadrants III and IV. 16. x > 4 in Quadrants I and IV.

17.
x,
y is in the second Quadrant means that 18. If

x, y is in Quadrant IV, then
x, y must be in

x, y is in Quadrant III. Quadrant III.

19.
x, y, xy > 0 means x and y have the same signs. 20. If xy < 0, then x and y have opposite signs. This happens
This occurs in Quadrants I and III. in Quadrants II and IV.

21. y 22. y
Year, x Number of stores, y Month, x Temperature, y 40
5000
30

39

Temperature (in °F)

1996 3054 1
Number of stores

4500 20
10
1997 3406 4000 2
39 0 x
2 6 8 10 12
3500 − 10
1998 3599 3
29 − 20
3000
− 30
1999 3985 x 4
5 − 40
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Month (1 ↔ January)
Year (6 ↔ 1996)
2000 4189 5 17
2001 4414 6 27
2002 4688 7 35
2003 4906 8 32

9 22
10 8

11
23

12
34


23. d  5


3  8  24. d  1
8 
7  7     
25. d  2


3  5  26. d 
4
6  
 
10  10

27. (a) The distance between
0, 2 and
4, 2 is 4.

The distance between
4, 2 and
4, 5 is 3.
The distance between
0, 2 and
4, 5 is

4
02 
5
22  16  9  25  5.

(b) 42  32  16  9  25  52
4 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

28. (a)
1, 0,
13, 5 29. (a) The distance between

1, 1 and
9, 1 is 10.
Distance  
13
12 
5
02 The distance between
9, 1 and
9, 4 is 3.
 122  52  169  13 The distance between

1, 1 and
9, 4 is

13, 5,
13, 0 
9


12 
4
12  100  9  109.

Distance  5
0  5  5    (b) 102  32  109 
109  2

1, 0,
13, 0
Distance  1
13 
12  12   
(b) 5  2 122  25  144  169  132

30. (a)
1, 5,
5,
2 (b) 42  72  16  49  65 
65 

2

Distance  
1
52 
5


22

 

42 
72  16  49  65

1, 5,
1,
2


Distance  5


2  5  2  7  7    

1,
2,
5,
2
Distance  1
5 
4  4    
32. (a) y y
31. (a) y 33. (a)
(− 4, 10)
12 12 (1, 12) 10
8
10 10
6
8 (9, 7) 8

6 6 2
x
4 4 −8 −6 −4 −2 4 6 8

2 2
−4
(1, 1) (6, 0)
(4, − 5)
x x −6
−2 2 4 6 8 10 −2 2 4 6 8 10

(b) d  
9
12 
7
12 (b) d  
1
62 
12
02 (b) d  
4  42 

5
102
 64  36  10  25  144  13  64  225  17
1  6 12  0
9 2 1, 7 2 1 
5, 4     4
2 4,
5 2 10  0, 52
7
(c) (c) ,  ,6 (c)
2 2 2

y 35. (a) y 36. (a)

34. (a) y
(2, 8)
8 (2, 10)
5 10
(5, 4)
6 4
8
3
6
2
(− 1, 2) 4
x
− 10 − 8 −6 −2 2
x 2
−2
−1 1 2 3 4 5 (10, 2)
(−7, −4)
−4 −1 x
2 4 6 8 10

(b) d  

7
22 

4
82 (b) d  
5  12 
4
22 (b) d  
2
102 
10
22
 81  144  15  36  4  210  64  64  82

(c) 

7  2
4  8
2
,
2
5

,2
2    (c) 
12 5, 2 2 4 
2, 3 (c) 
2  10 10  2
2
,
2

6, 6 
 Section 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates 5

37. (a) y
38. (a) y

5
2
x
3
2 − −2 −1
( − 5, 4 ) 3
6 6 6
2 3
2 ( 21, 1) −1
6

1
2 (− 31 , − 31 ) −2
6

x
−5 3
−2 − 2 −1 −1 1
−3
2 2 2
(− 61 , − 21 ) 6

12  25  1
34

2


3  6  
3  2
2 2 2
(b) d  1 1 1 1
(b) d 

 9  
1 82 
361  361 
2
9 3 
6


52 
12
43  1
 7
  
    

(c) , 
1, 1 1 1 1
2 2 6




(c)
3
2
6
,
3
2
2 1


,

4 12
5

39. (a) y 40. (a) y

8 20

6 (6.2, 5.4) 15
(− 16.8, 12.3)
4 10
(− 3.7, 1.8)
2 5
(5.6, 4.9)
x x
−4 −2 2 4 6 − 20 − 15 − 10 −5 5
−2 −5

(b) d  
6.2  3.72 
5.4
1.82 (b) d  

16.8
5.62 
12.3
4.92
 98.01  12.96  110.97  501.76  54.76  556.52

16.8  5.6 12.3  4.9
(c) 6.2
2 3.7, 5.4 2 1.8 
1.25, 3.6) (c)  2
,
2


5.6, 8.6 
41. d1  
4
22 
0
12  5 42. d1  
1
32 

3
22  4  25  29
d2  
4  12 
0  52  50 d2  
3  22 
2
42  25  4  29
d3  
2  12 
1  52  45 d3  
1  22 

3
42  9  49  58

5 2

45 
50
2 2
d1  d2

x1  x2 y1  y2
43. Since xm  and ym  we have: 44. (a)
x2, y2 
2xm
x1, 2ym
y1
2 2

2  4
1, 2

1


2 
7, 0
2xm  x1  x2 2ym  y1  y2
(b)
x2, y2 
2xm
x1, 2ym
y1
2xm
x1  x2 2ym
y1  y2

2  2


5, 2  4
11 
9,
3
Thus,
x2, y2 
2xm
x1, 2ym
y1.
6 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

x1  x2 y1  y2
45. The midpoint of the given line segment is  2
,
2
. 
x1  x2 y1  y2

The midpoint between
x1, y1 and

x1  x2 y1  y2
2  ,
2
is   x1 
2
2
,
y1 
2
2
  
3x1  x2 3y1  y2
4
,
4 .

 
x1  x2 y1  y2
 x2  y2
x1  x2 y1  y2 x1  3x2 y1  3y2
The midpoint between 2
,
2 
and
x 2, y 2 is
2
2
,
2
2
  4
,
4 .

Thus, the three points are

3x1  x2 3y1  y2 x1  x2 y1  y2 x1  3x2 y1  3y2
 4
,
4 ,
2
,
2
, and
4  ,
4  . 
3x1  x2 3y1  y2  1  4, 3

2
1 3x1  x2 3y1  y2 3

2  0 3

3  0
       
3
46. (a) ,  (b) ,  ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

 74,
47 
3 9

,

2 4 
x1  x2 y1  y2 1  4
2
1 x1  x2 y1  y2
2  0
3  0
           
5 3 3
,  ,  ,
,  , 
1,

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x1  3x2 y1  3y2 1  3  4
2  3

1 x1  3x2 y1  3y2
2  0
3  0
         
1 3
,  , ,  , 
,

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4

 134,
45
47. d  
42
182 
50
122 48. Distance  1202  1502
 242  382  36,900
 2020  3041
 2505  192.09 kilometers
 45 yards The plane flies about 192 kilometers.

$1987  $2800 $4787

49. 2001 2 2003, 3433 2 4174 
2002, 3803.5 50.
2

2
In 2002, the sales for Big Lots was approximately  $2393.50 million
$3803.5 million.

51.

2  2,
4  5 
0, 1 52.

3  6, 6
3 
3, 3 53.

7  4,
2  8 

3, 6

2  2,
3  5 
4, 2

5  6, 3
3 
1, 0

2  4, 2  8 
2, 10


1  2,
1  5 
1, 4

3  6, 0
3 
3,
3

2  4,
4  8 
2, 4


1  6, 3
3 
5, 0

7  4,
4  8 

3, 4

54.
5
10, 8
6 

5, 2 55. The highest price of butter is approximately $3.31
per pound. This occurred in 2001.

3
10, 6
6 

7, 0

7
10, 6
6 

3, 0

5
10, 2
6 

5,
4
 Section 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates 7

2400
700
56. Price of butter in 1995  $1.75 57. 700

100  242.9% increase

Highest price of butter  $3.31 in 2001
3.31
1.75
Percent change   89.1%
1.75

58. (a) Cost during Super Bowl XXVII (1993)  $850,000 59. (a) The number of artists elected each year seems to be
nearly steady except for the first few years. Between
Cost during Super Bowl XXIII (1989)  $700,000
6 and 8 artists will be elected in 2008.
Increase  $850,000
$700,000  $150,000 (b) Elections for inclusion in the Rock and Roll Hall of
$150,000 Fame began in 1986.
Percent increase   0.214, or 21.4%
$700,000
(b) Cost during Super Bowl XXXVII
(2003)  $2,100,000
Increase  $2,100,000
$850,000  $1,250,000
$1,250,000
Percent increase   1.47, or 147%
$850,000

60. (a) The minimum wage had the greatest increase in 61.
1996, 18,546,
2004, 21,900
the 1990s.
By Exercise 45 we have the following:
(b) Minimum wage in 1990: $3.80
Minimum wage in 1995: $4.25 3
19964 2004, 3
18,5464 21,900 
1998, 19,384.5

$3.80
Percent increase: $4.25$3.80 
100  11.8% 1996 2 2004, 18,546 2 21,900 
2000, 20,223
Minimum wage in 1995: $4.25
Minimum wage in 2000: $5.15 1996 43
2004, 18,546 43
21,900 
2002, 21,061.5

$4.25
Percent increase: $5.15$4.25 
100  21.2% Year Sales for Coca-Cola Company
(c) $5.15  0.212
$5.15  $6.24 1998 $19,384.5 million
(d) The political nature of the minimum wage makes 2000 $20,223 million
it difficult to predict, but this does seem like a
reasonable value. 2002 $21,061.5 million

62. (a) y (b) The point
65, 83 represents an entrance exam score of 65.
x y 100
90 (c) No. There are many variables that will affect the final exam score.
Final exam score

22 53 80
70
60
29 74 50
40
30
35 57 20
10
x
40 66 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Math entrance test score
44 79

48 90

53 76

58 93

65 83

76 99
8 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

4
63. V  r3 64. V   r 2h
3
V 603.2
4 h   48 feet
5.96   r 3 r 2 
22
3
17.88  4  r 3
17.88
 r3
4

r 4.47

3  1.12 inches

65. 66. S  RR2  h 2

1617 

14142  h2
S h S
1617
 196  h2
14
S
1617
14 
2
3S  129  196  h2

S  43 centimeters
1617
14 
2

196  h2
S

2
h2   S2
1617
2
14 
2

196  h
3S2
h2 
4 h  33.995  34 centimeters
3S
h
2
1
2
1 3S
A  bh  S
2 2

3S 2
4  
When S  43 centimeters,
3
432
A  800.64 square centimeters.
4

67. (a) (b) l  1.5w (c) 25  5w

w P  2l  2w 5w

 2
1.5w  2w Width: w  5 meters

l
 5w Length: l  1.5w  7.5 meters
Dimensions: 7.5 meters  5 meters

5
68. (a) (b) w  1.25h  4h (c) V  2000  20h 2
Vlw  h 
16
54 h
h 100  h2 ⇒ h  10 in.

h V  20h 2 w 
54 
10  25

2  12.5 in.
l = 16 in. l  16 in.
w = 54 h
Dimensions: 16 inches  12.5 inches  10 inches
 Section 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates 9

69. (a) y
Year, x Pieces of mail, y

Pieces of mail (in billions)

210
(in billions) 205
200
1996 183 195
190
1997 191
185
180
1998 197
x
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1999 202 Year (6 ↔ 1996)

2000 208

2001 207

2002 203

2003 202

(b) The greatest decrease occurred in 2002.

(c) Answers will vary. Technology now enables us to transport information in ways other than by mail.
The internet is one example.

70. (a) y
Year, x Men’s teams, M Women’s teams, W Number of basketball teams
1050 Men
1994 858 859 Women
1000

1995 868 864 950

900
1996 866 874 850

1997 865 879 x

4 6 8 10 12
Year (4 ↔ 1994)
1998 895 911

1999 926 940

2000 932 956

2001 937 958

2002 936 975

2003 967 1009

(b) In 1994, the number of men’s and women’s teams were nearly equal.
(c) In 2003, the difference between the number of teams was greatest: 1009
967  42 teams.

71. y (a) The point is reflected through the y-axis.

8
(b) The point is reflected through the x-axis.
6
(−3, 5) (3, 5)
4
(c) The point is reflected through the origin.
(−2, 1) 2 (2, 1)
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8

(−7, − 3) −4 (7, − 3)
−6
−8
10 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

72. (a) First Set (b) y

d
A, B  
2
22 
3
62  9  3 8

d
B, C  
2
6 
6
3  16  9  5

2 2 6

4
d
A, C  
2
62 
3
32  16  4
2
Since 32  42  52, A, B, and C are the
x
vertices of a right triangle. −2 2 4 6 8
−2
Second Set
First set: Not collinear
d
A, B  
8
52 
3
22  10
Second set: The points are collinear.
d
B, C  
5
22 
2
12  10
(c) If A, B, and C are collinear, then two of the distances will
d
A, C  
8
22 
3
12  40
add up to the third distance.
A, B, and C are the vertices of an isosceles triangle
or are collinear: 10  10  210  40.

73. False, you would have to use the Midpoint Formula 74. True. Two sides of the triangle have lengths 149 and the
15 times. third side has a length of 18.

75. No. It depends on the magnitude of the quantities 76. Use the Midpoint Formula to prove the diagonals of the
measured. parallelogram bisect each other.

b 2 a, c 2 0  a 2 b, 2c 
a  2b  0, c 2 0  a 2 b, 2c 
77. Since
x0, y0 lies in Quadrant II,
x0,
y0 must lie in 78. Since
x0, y0 lies in Quadrant II,

2x0, y0 must lie in
Quadrant III. Matches (b). Quadrant I. Matches (c).

79. Since
x0, y0 lies in Quadrant II,
x0, 12 y0 must lie in 80. Since
x0, y0 lies in Quadrant II,

x0,
y0 must lie in
Quadrant II. Matches (d). Quadrant IV. Matches (a).

1
81. 2x  1  7x
4 82. 3x  2  5
16 x 83. x 2
4x
7  0
1

5x 
5 3x  16 x  5
2 x 2
4x  7
x1
1
2x 3 x 2
4x  4  7  4

x6
x
22  11
x
2  ± 11
x  2 ± 11

84. 2x 2  3x
8  0 85. 3x  1 < 2
2
x 86. 3x
8 ≥ 12
10x  7

3 ± 
32

4
2

8 3x  1 < 4
2x 2
3x
8 ≥ 10x  7
x

2
2 6x
16 ≥ 10x  7
5x < 3

3 ± 9  64 3

4x ≥ 23
x x < 5
4
23
x ≤
4

3 ± 73
x
4
 Section 1.2 Graphs of Equations 11

87.
x
18
< 4

88. 2x  15 ≥ 11

4 < x
18 < 4 2x  15 ≥ 11 or 2x  15 ≤
11
14 < x < 22 2x ≥ 11
15 2x ≤
11
15
2x ≥
4 2x ≤
26
x ≥
2 x ≤
13

Section 1.2 Graphs of Equations

You should know the following important facts about lines.

■ The graph of y  mx  b is a straight line. It is called a linear equation in two variables.
(a) The slope (steepness) is m.
(b) The y-intercept is 0, b.
■ The slope of the line through x1, y1 and x2, y2 is
y2
y1 change in y rise
m   .
x2
x1 change in x run
■ (a) If m > 0, the line rises from left to right.
(b) If m  0, the line is horizontal.
(c) If m < 0, the line falls from left to right.
(d) If m is undefined, the line is vertical.
■ Equations of Lines
(a) Slope-Intercept Form: y  mx  b
(b) Point-Slope Form: y
y1  mx
x1
y2
y1
(c) Two-Point Form: y
y1  x
x1
x2
x1

(d) General Form: Ax  By  C  0

(e) Vertical Line: x  a
(f) Horizontal Line: y  b
■ Given two distinct nonvertical lines
L1: y  m1x  b1 and L2: y  m2x  b2
(a) L1 is parallel to L2 if and only if m1  m2 and b1  b2.
(b) L1 is perpendicular to L2 if and only if m1 
1m2.

Vocabulary Check
1. solution or solution point 2. graph 3. intercepts
4. y-axis 5. circle; h, k; r 6. numerical
12 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

1. y  x  4
? 0  4
(a) 0, 2: 2  ? 5  4
(b) 5, 3: 3 
22 3  9
Yes, the point is on the graph. Yes, the point is on the graph.

2. y  x2
3x  2
? ?
(a) 2, 0: 22
32  2  0 (b) 
2, 8: 
22
3
2  2  8
? ?
4
620 4628
00 12  8
Yes, the point is on the graph. No, the point is not on the graph.

3. y  4
x
2


? 4
1
2
(a) 1, 5: 5 

? 4
6
2
(b) 6, 0: 0 


54
1 04
4
No, the point is not on the graph. Yes, the point is on the graph.

4. y  13x3
2x2
?
(a) 2,
16
3 : 3 2
22 
3
1 3 2 ? 16
(b) 
3, 9: 13
33
2
32  9
? 16 ?
3  8
2  4 
3 3 
27
29  9
1 1

? 16 ?
3
8 
3
8

9
18  9
24 ?
3
3 
3
8 16

27  9

16
3 
16
3
No, the point is not on the graph.

Yes, the point is on the graph.

3
5. y 
2x  5 6. y  4 x
1

5
x
1 0 1 2 2 x
2 0 1 4
2
3

52
14 1
y 7 5 3 1 0 y
1 0 2

x, y 
1, 7 0, 5 1, 3 2, 1 52, 0 x, y 
2,
52  0,
1 1,
14  43, 0 2, 12 
y y

7 4
3
5 2
4 1
3 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 2 3 4
2
1 –2
x –3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 4 5
−1 –4
 Section 1.2 Graphs of Equations 13

7. y  x2
3x y

x
1 0 1 2 3 4

3
y 4 0
2
2 0

x, y 
1, 4 0, 0 1,
2 2,
2 3, 0

x
−2 −1 1 2 4 5
−1

−2

8. 5
x2 y

x
2
1 0 1 2
4
y 1 4 5 4 1 3
2
x, y 
2, 1 
1, 4 0, 5 1, 4 2, 1 1
x
–4 –3 –1 1 3 4
–1
–2

9. y  16
4x2 10. y  x  32

x-intercepts: 0  16
4x2 x-intercept: 0  x  32
4x2  16 0x3
x2 4 x 
3
x  ±2 (
3, 0)

2, 0, 2, 0 y-intercept: y  0  32
y-intercept: y  16
402  16 y  32
0, 16 y9
0, 9

11. y  5x
6 12. y  8
3x
x-intercept: 0  5x
6 x-intercept: 0  8
3x
6  5x 3x  8
6
5 x x  83
65, 0 83, 0
y-intercept: y  50
6 
6 y-intercept: y  8
30  8
0,
6 0, 8

13. y  x  4 14. y  2x
1

x-intercept: 0  x  4 x-intercept: 0  2x
1
0x4 2x
1  0

4  x x  12

4, 0 12, 0
y-intercept: y  0  4  2 y-intercept: y  20
1
0, 2  
1 There is no real solution.
There is no y-intercept.
14 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

15. y  3x
7

16. y 
x  10

x-intercept: 0  3x
7

x-intercept:

0 
x  10

0  3x
7 x  10  0
7
3 0 x 
10
 7
3, 0 
10, 0
y-intercept: y  30
7  7



y-intercept: y 
0  10

0, 7



10 
10
0,
10

17. y  2x3
4x2 18. y  x4
25

x-intercepts: 0  2x3
4x2 x-intercept: 0  x 4
25
0  2x2x
2 x 4  25
x  0 or x2 x  ±5  ± 5
4 2

0, 0, 2, 0 ± 5, 0

y-intercept: y  203
402 y-intercept: y  04
25 
25
y0 0,
25
0, 0

19. y 2  6
x 20. y 2  x  1 21. y-axis symmetry

x-intercept: 0  6
x x-intercept: 0  x  1 y

4
x6 x 
1 3

6, 0 
1, 0 2
1

y-intercepts: y2 6
0 y-intercepts: y 2  0  1 –4 –3 –1 1 3 4

x

y  ± 6 y  ±1 −2

0, 6, 0,
6 0, 1, 0,
1

22. y 23. Origin symmetry 24. y

4 4
y
3 3
2 4 2
1 3 1
x 2 x
1 2 3 6 7 8 1 – 4 – 3 –2 – 1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2 x –2
–4 –3 –2 1 2 3 4
−3 –3
−4 –2 –4
–3
–4

25. x2
y  0 26. x
y2  0


x2
y  0 ⇒ x2
y  0 ⇒ y-axis symmetry x

y2  0

x2

y  0 ⇒ x2  y  0 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry x
y2  0


x2

y  0 ⇒ x2  y  0 ⇒ No origin symmetry x-axis symmetry

 Section 1.2 Graphs of Equations 15

27. y  x3
y  
x3 ⇒ y 
x3 ⇒ No y-axis symmetry

y  x3 ⇒ y 
x3 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry

y  
x3 ⇒
y 
x3 ⇒ y  x3 ⇒ Origin symmetry

28. y  x4
x2  3
y  
x4

x2  3 ⇒ y  x 4
x 2  3 ⇒ y-axis symmetry

y  x 4
x 2  3 ⇒ y 
x 4  x 2
3 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry

y  
x4

x2  3 ⇒ y 
x 4  x 2
3 ⇒ No origin symmetry

x
29. y 
x2  1

x
x
y ⇒ y 2 ⇒ No y-axis symmetry

x2  1 x 1
x
x

y  ⇒ y 2 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry
x2  1 x 1

x
x x

y  ⇒
y  2 ⇒ y 2 ⇒ Origin symmetry

x2  1 x 1 x 1

1
30. y 
1  x2
1 1
y ⇒ y ⇒ y-axis symmetry
1  
x2 1  x2
1
1

y  ⇒ y ⇒ No x-axis symmetry
1  x2 1  x2
1
1

y  ⇒ y ⇒ No origin symmetry
1  
x2 1  x2

31. xy2  10  0

xy2  10  0 ⇒
xy2  10  0 ⇒ No y-axis symmetry
x
y2  10  0 ⇒ xy2  10  0 ⇒ x-axis symmetry

x
y2  10  0 ⇒
xy2  10  0 ⇒ No origin symmetry

32. xy  4 33. y 
3x  1


xy  4 ⇒ xy 
4 ⇒ No y-axis symmetry x-intercept: 13, 0
x
y  4 ⇒ xy 
4 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry y-intercept: 0, 1

x
y  4 ⇒ xy  4 ⇒ Origin symmetry No axis or origin symmetry
y

5
4

(0, 1) 1
1 (3 (
,0
x
− 4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
16 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

34. y  2x
3 35. y  x2
2x 36. y 
x2
2x

x-intercept: 32, 0 Intercepts: 0, 0, 2, 0 x-intercept: 
2, 0, 0, 0
y-intercept: 0,
3 No axis or origin symmetry y-intercept: 0, 0
No symmetry x
1 0 1 2 3 No symmetry
y y
y 3 0
1 0 3
2 2

1 y (−2, 0) (0, 0)
( 32 , 0) x −5 −4 −3 −1 1 2 3
x
4 −1
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 3 −2

−2 −3
2
−4
−3 (0, −3)
−5
(0, 0) (2, 0)
x −6
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1

−2

37. y  x3  3 38. y  x 3
1 39. y  x
3

Intercepts: 0, 3,  3
3,
 0 x-intercept: 1, 0 Domain: 3, 
No axis or origin symmetry y-intercept: 0,
1 Intercept: 3, 0
No axis or origin symmetry
x
2
1 0 1 2 No symmetry

y
5 2 3 4 11
y x 3 4 7 12
2
y 0 1 2 3
y 1
(1, 0)
7 x y
–3 –2 –1 2 3
6
(0, − 1) 5
5
–2
4 4
–3
3
(0, 3)
2 –4
2
( 3 −3, 0 ( 1
1
x (3, 0)
−4 − 3 − 2 1 2 3 4 x
−1
1 2 3 4 5 6
–1

40. y  1
x 41. y  x
6

42. y  1
x

Domain: 
, 1 Intercepts: 0, 6, 6, 0 x-intercepts: ± 1, 0
x-intercept: 1, 0 No axis or origin symmetry y-intercept: 0, 1
y-intercept: 0, 1 x
2 0 2 4 6 8 10 y-axis symmetry
No symmetry y 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 y

y 3
y
2
5
12 (0, 1)
1
4 10 (−1, 0) (1, 0)
x
3 8 −3 −2 1 2 3
(0, 6) −1
2 6
(0, 1) −2
4
(1, 0) −3
x 2 (6, 0)
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2
x
–1
−2 2 4 6 8 10 12
−2
 Section 1.2 Graphs of Equations 17

43. x  y2
1 44. x  y 2
5 45. y  3
12x

Intercepts: 0,
1, 0, 1, 
1, 0 x-intercept: 
5, 0 10

x-axis symmetry y-intercept: 0, ± 5 

− 10 10
x-axis symmetry
x
1 0 3
y
− 10
y 0 ±1 ±2
4
3 ( 0, 5) Intercepts: 6, 0, 0, 3
y

3 (− 5, 0) 1
x
2 −6 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
−1
(−1, 0) (0, 1) (0, − 5)
x −3
–2 1 2 3 4
−4
(0, −1)
–2

–3

46. y  23 x
1 47. y  x2
4x  3 48. y  x2  x
2

10
10 10

− 10 10
− 10 10 − 10 10

−10
−10 − 10

Intercepts: 0,
1, 2, 0 Intercepts: 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3 Intercepts: 
2, 0, 1, 0, 0,
2
3

2x 4
49. y  50. y  51. y  
3x
x
1 x2  1
10
10 10

− 10 10
− 10 10 − 10 10

−10
− 10 −10

Intercept: 0, 0
Intercept: 0, 0 Intercept: 0, 4

52. y  
3 x  1
53. y  xx  6 54. y  6
xx
10 10 10

−10 10 − 10 10 − 10 10

− 10 − 10 − 10

Intercepts: 
1, 0, 0, 1 Intercepts: 0, 0, 
6, 0 Intercepts: 0, 0, 6, 0

55. y  x  3

56. y  2
x

57. Center: 0, 0; radius: 4

10 10 Standard form:
x
02   y
02  42
−10 10 − 10 10
x2  y2  16

−10 − 10

Intercepts: 
3, 0, 0, 3 Intercepts: ± 2, 0, 0, 2

18 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

58. x
02   y
02  52 59. Center: 2,
1; radius: 4 60. x

72   y

42  72
x2  y2  25 Standard form: x  72   y  42  49
x
22   y

12  42
x
22   y  12  16

61. Center: 
1, 2; solution point: 0, 0 62. r  3

12  
2
12
x

12   y
22  r 2  42  
32  25  5
0  12  0
22  r 2 ⇒ 5  r 2 x
32   y

22  52
Standard form: x  12   y
22  5 x
32   y  22  25

1
63. Endpoints of a diameter: 0, 0, 6, 8 64. r  
4
42  
1
12
2
Center: 0 2 6, 0 2 8  3, 4 1
 
82  
22
2
x
32   y
42  r 2
1
0
32  0
42  r 2 ⇒ 25  r 2  64  4
2
Standard form: x
32   y
42  25

1 1
 68  217  17
2 2
Midpoint of diameter (center of circle):

4  4
1  1
 2
,
2
 0, 0

x
02   y
02  17

2

x2  y2  17

65. x2  y2  25 66. x2  y2  16 67. x
12   y  32  9

Center: 0, 0, radius: 5 Center: 0, 0, radius: 4 Center: 1,
3, radius: 3
y y y

6 5 1

4 x
3 −3 −2 1 2 4 5
3 −1
2 2
−2
1 (0, 0) 1 (0, 0) (1, −3)
x x −3
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 6 −5 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 5
−4
−2
−3 −2 −5
−4 −3
−6

−6 −5 −7

69. x
2   y
2   4
2 2
68. x2   y
12  1 1 1 9
70. x
22   y  32  16
9

Center: 0, 1, radius: 1 Center: 12, 12 , radius:

3
2 Center: 2,
3, radius: 43
y y y

3 3 1

x
−1 1 2 3 4
(0, 1) −1
1 1 ( 12 , 12)
−2
x x (2, −3)
–2 –1 1 2 –1 1 2 3 −3
–1
−4
 Section 1.2 Graphs of Equations 19

71. y  225,000
20,000t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 8 72. y  8100
929t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 6

y y

250,000 8000
Depreciated value

Depreciated value
200,000 6400

150,000 4800

100,000 3200

50,000 1600

t t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6
Year Year

73. (a) (b) 2x  2y  1040

3

y 2y  1040
3
2x

x
y  520
3
x

A  xy  x520
3
x

(c) 8000 (d) When x  y  86 23 yards, the area is a maximum of

751119 square yards.
(e) A regulation NFL playing field is 120 yards long and
5313 yards wide. The actual area is 6400 square yards.
0 180
0

74. (a) (b) P  360 meters so:

2x  2y  360
y
w  y  180
x

x
A  lw  x180
x
(c) 9000 (d) x  90 and y  90
A square will give the maximum area of 8100 square meters.
(e) The dimensions of a Major League Soccer field can vary
0 180 between 110 and 120 yards in length and between 70 and
0
80 yards in width.

75. y 
0.0025t 2  0.574t  44.25, 20 ≤ t ≤ 100

(a) and (b) y
(c) For the year 1948, let t  48: y
66.0 years.
100
(d) For the year 2005, let t  105: y
77.0 years.
Life expectancy

80

60 For the year 2010, let t  110: y

77.1 years.
40
(e) No. The graph reaches a maximum of y
77.2 years
20 when t
114.8, or during the year 2014. After this time,
t the model has life expectancy decreasing, which is not
20 40 60 80 100
realistic.
Year (20 ↔ 1920)
20 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

76. (a)
x 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

y 430.43 107.33 26.56 11.60 6.36 3.94 2.62 1.83 1.31 0.96 0.71

(b) y (c) When x  85.5,

450
10,770
Resistance (in ohms)

400
y
0.37  1.10327.
350
300
85.52
250
200 (d) As the diameter of the wire increases, the resistance
150 decreases.
100
50
x
20 40 60 80 100
Diameter of wire (in mils)

77. False. A graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis if, 78. True. The graph can have no intercepts, one, two or
whenever x, y is on the graph, x,
y is also on the many. For example, a circle centered at the origin has
graph. two y-intercepts. A circle of radius 1, centered at 7, 7,
has no y-intercepts.

79. The viewing window is incorrect. Change the viewing 80. y  ax 2  bx 3

window. Examples will vary. For example, y  x 2  20
(a) y  a
x2  b
x3
will not appear in the standard window setting.
 ax 2
bx3
To be symmetric with respect to the y-axis; a can be
any non-zero real number, b must be zero.
(b)
y  a
x2  b
x3

y  ax 2
bx3
y 
ax 2  bx3
To be symmetric with respect to the origin; a must be
zero, b can be any non-zero real number.

81. 9x5  4x3
7 82.
7  7  7  7 
74 
74

Terms: 9x5, 4x3,
7

83. 18x
2x  32x
2x  22x 4 x5  

84.  4 x
 x4  x 
4 x



70 70 7x 707x 107x 55 55 20  3
85.     86.
20
3

20
3
 20  3
7x 7x 7x 7x x
5520  3 5520  3
 
20
9 11
 520  3  525  3

87.  t  t26  t
6 2


13  3
t
88. 
3 y   y1213  y16  
6 y
 Section 1.3 Linear Equations in Two Variables 21

Section 1.3 Linear Equations in Two Variables

You should know the following important facts about lines.

■ The graph of y
mx  b is a straight line. It is called a linear equation in two variables.
(a) The slope (steepness) is m.
(b) The y-intercept is 0, b.
■ The slope of the line through x1, y1 and x2, y2 is
y2  y1 change in y rise
m


.
x2  x1 change in x run
■ (a) If m > 0, the line rises from left to right.
(b) If m
0, the line is horizontal.
(c) If m < 0, the line falls from left to right.
(d) If m is undefined, the line is vertical.
■ Equations of Lines
(a) Slope-Intercept Form: y
mx  b
(b) Point-Slope Form: y  y1
mx  x1
y2  y1
(c) Two-Point Form: y  y1
x  x1
x2  x1
(d) General Form: Ax  By  C
0
(e) Vertical Line: x
a
(f) Horizontal Line: y
b
■ Given two distinct nonvertical lines
L1: y
m1x  b1 and L2: y
m2x  b2
(a) L1 is parallel to L2 if and only if m1
m2 and b1  b2.
(b) L1 is perpendicular to L2 if and only if m1
1
m2.

Vocabulary Check
1. linear 7. (a) Ax  By  C
0 (iii) general form
2. slope (b) x
a (i) vertical line
3. parallel (c) y
b (v) horizontal line
4. perpendicular (d) y
mx  b (ii) slope-intercept form
5. rate or rate of change (e) y  y1
mx  x1 (iv) point-slope form
6. linear extrapolation

2
1. (a) m
3. Since the slope is positive, the line rises. 2. (a) m
0. The line is horizontal. Matches L2.
Matches L2.
(b) m
 4. Because the slope is negative, the line falls.
3

(b) m is undefined. The line is vertical. Matches L3. Matches L1.

(c) m
2. The line falls. Matches L1. (c) m
1. Because the slope is positive, the line rises.
Matches L3.
22 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

3. y 4. y
undefined
(2, 3) m=3
m=0 m = −3 4

m=1 m = 21
2
2
m = −3
(− 4, 1)
1
m=2 x
−6 −2
x
1 2 −2

5. Two points on the line: 0, 0 and 4, 6 6. The line appears to go through 1, 0 and 3, 5.
rise 6 3 y2  y1 5  0 5
Slope


Slope



run 4 2 x2  x1 3  1 2

7. Two points on the line: 0, 8 and 2, 0 8. The line appears to go through 0, 7 and 7, 0.
rise 8 y2  y1 0  7
Slope


4 Slope


1
run 2 x2  x1 7  0

9. y
5x  3 10. y
x  10 11. y
 12x  4

Slope: m
5 Slope: m
1 Slope: m
 12
y-intercept: 0, 3 y-intercept: 0, 10 y-intercept: 0, 4
y
y y

5 2 7
4 x 6
(0, 3) –2 2 4 6 10 12 5
3
(0, 4)
–4 3
–6 2
x 1
–8
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x
–10 (0, −10) −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

−2

3
12. y
 2 x  6 13. 5x  2
0 14. 3y  5
0
2
3
Slope: m
 2 x
5, vertical line 3y
5
Slope: undefined
y-intercept: 0, 6 y
 53
No y-intercept
y y Slope: m
0
y-intercept: 0,  3 
5
2
6 (0, 6)
y
5 1
4
x 1
3
–1 1 2 3
2 x
–1
1 −2 −1 1 2
x −1
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 –2

−2
(0, − 35)
−3
 Section 1.3 Linear Equations in Two Variables 23

15. 7x  6y
30 16. 2x  3y
9 17. y  3
0

y
 76 x 5 3y
2x  9 y
3, horizontal line
Slope: m
 76 Slope: m
0
y
 23 x  3
y-intercept: 0, 5 y-intercept: 0, 3
Slope: m
 3
2
y y

y-intercept: 0, 3 5
5 (0, 5)
y 4
4
(0, 3)
3 5
2 2
4
1 (0, 3) 1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 6 7 x
2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2 1 −1

x
−1 1 2 3 4

18. y  4
0 19. x  5
0 20. x  2
0

y
4 x
5 x
2
Slope: m
0 Slope: undefined (vertical line) Slope: undefined (vertical line)
No y-intercept
y-intercept: 0, 4 y-intercept: none
y
y y
4
2 4
3
1 3
2
x 2
− 4 −3 −2 − 1 1 2 3 4 1
−1 x
1
−2 −7 − 6 − 4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 x
−1 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 3 4
−3 −1
(0, − 4) −2
−2
−3
−5 −3
−4
−6 −4

6  2 8 4  4 4  1 5
21. m


2 22. Slope

4 23. m


1  3 4 42 6  6 0
y y m is undefined.
6 (1, 6) y
4 (2, 4)
5
4 2 6

2 x (− 6, 4) 4
−2 2 4 6
1
x −2 2
–5 –4 –3 –1 1 2 3
−4 (4, − 4) x
(−3, −2) –8
(− 6, −1) – 2
–2

 3   3 
1 4
0  10 5 1
24. Slope

 y 25. m

 y
4  0 2 (− 4, 0)  32  11
2
7
3
x
−6 −2 2 4 2
−2 (3 1
− ,− 1
2 3 (
x
−4 −1 4 5 6
−2
−3
(112, − 43 (
−4
−5
− 10 (0, − 10) −6
24 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

 14  34 1 8 1.6  3.1 1.5 2.6  8.3

26. Slope


 27. m


0.15 28. Slope

1.425
5
 7 3
3 5.2  4.8 10 2.25  1.75
4 8 8
y y y

8
3
4 ( ( 7 3
,
8 4
1
x
6 − 5 −4 − 3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
4 (4.8, 3.1) −2
1
4
(− 5.2, 1.6) −3 (2.25, −2.6)
−4
x −5
x
1 1 3 1
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 (−1.75, − 8.3)
4 2 4 −6
−1 −2
4

−1
( 54 , − 14 ( −8
2
−4
−9

29. Point: 2, 1, Slope: m
0 30. Point: 4, 1, Slope is undefined.
Since m
0, y does not change. Three points are 0, 1, Because m is undefined, x does not change. Three other
3, 1, and 1, 1. points are: 4, 0, 4, 3, 4, 5.

31. Point: 5, 6, Slope: m
1 32. Point: 10, 6, Slope: m
1
Since m
1, y increases by 1 for every one unit increase Because m
1, y decreases by 1 for every one unit
in x. Three points are 6, 5, 7, 4, and 8, 3. increase in x. Three other points are: 0, 4, 9, 5,
11, 7.

33. Point: 8, 1, Slope is undefined. 34. Point: 3, 1, Slope: m
0
Since m is undefined, x does not change. Three points are Because m
0, y does not change. Three other points
8, 0, 8, 2, and 8, 3. are: 4, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1.

35. Point: 5, 4, Slope: m
2 36. Point: 0, 9, Slope: m
2
2
Since m
2
y increases by 2 for every one unit
1, Because m
2, y decreases by 2 for every one unit
increase in x. Three additional points are 4, 6, 3, 8, increase in x. Three other points are: 2, 5, 1, 11,
and 2, 10. 3, 15.

38. Point: 1, 6, Slope: m
 2

1
37. Point: 7, 2, Slope: m
2
1

1
1
Since m
2, y increases by 1 unit for every two unit Because m
 2, y decreases by 1 for every 2 unit
increase in x. Three additional points are 9, 1, 11, 0, increase in x. Three other points are: 3, 5, 1, 7,
and 13, 1. 5, 9.

39. Point 0, 2; m
3 y 40. Point 0, 10; m
1 y

y  2
3x  0 2
y  10
1x  0 10 (0, 10)
1
y
3x  2
–2 –1 1 2 3 4
x
y  10
x
–1 5

–2
(0, − 2)
y
x  10
x
5

41. Point 3, 6; m
2 y

42. Point 0, 0; m
4 y

y  6
2x  3 (−3, 6) 6
y  0
4x  0
5

4 4
y
2x
y
4x 3

x 2
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6
–2 1
(0, 0)
–4 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
–6
 Section 1.3 Linear Equations in Two Variables 25

43. Point 4, 0; m
 3

1 y
44. Point 2, 5; m
34 y

y0
 13 x  4 y  5
34x  2
4
x
3 −2 2
1 4
y
3 x  3 2 4y  20
3x  6 −2
1
(4, 0) 4y
3x  14
x
3 7
–1
–1
1 2 3 4 y
4x  2
(− 2, −5)
–2

45. Point 6, 1; m is undefined. 46. Point 10, 4; m is undefined.
The line is vertical. Because the slope is undefined, the line is a vertical line
passing through x
10, which is the equation.
x
6
y
y
8
6
6
4 (− 10, 4) 4
2 2
x x
–4 –2 2 4 (6, − 1) − 12 −8 −6 −4 −2 2
–2 −2
−4
–4
−6
–6

47. Point 4, 52 ; m
0 y

48. Point  12, 32 ; m
0 y

y  32
0x  12 
5 4
The line is horizontal.
4 3
5
y
2 3 )4, 52 ) y  32
0 (− 12 , 32 ( 2
2
y
32 1
1 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x −1
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1 −2

50. Point 2.3, 8.5; m
 2

5
49. Point 5.1, 1.8; m
5 y y

3
y  1.8
5x  5.1 2
y  8.5
 52 x  2.3 2
(−5.1, 1.8) x
y
5x  27.3 1
y  8.5
2.5x  5.75 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
x
− 7 −6 − 4 −3 − 2 −1 1
y
2.5x  2.75 −4
−2
−6
−3
−8
(2.3, − 8.5)
−4
−5 − 10

51. 5, 1 and 5, 5 y 52. 4, 3, 4, 4 y

51 8
4  3 6
y1
x  5 (− 5, 5) y3
x  4
5  5 6
4  4
4
(4, 3)
4 2
3 7
y
 x  5  1 y  3
x  4 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
x
5 x 8
–6 –4 –2 2 6
3 –2 (5, −1) 7 7 −4
y
 x2 y3
x (− 4, −4)
5 –4
8 2
7 1
y
x
8 2
26 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

53. 8, 1 and 8, 7 y 54. 1, 4, 6, 4 y

Since both points have 8 44 8

(− 8, 7) y4
x  1
x
8, the slope is 6 6  1 6
(− 1, 4) (6, 4)
undefined, and the line
is vertical.
4
y  4
0x  1
2 2

x
8 (− 8, 1) y4
0
x x
−2 2 4 6 8
y
4
– 10 –6 –4 –2
–2 −2

55. 2, 12 and 12, 54 y


56. 1, 1, 6, 
2
3  y

5 3 4
1 4  12  23  1
y
1 x  2 y1
x  1 3
2 2 2 2
( ( 1 5
, 61 2
2 4
(1, 1)
1 1 1 ( 2)2, 1
1 1
y
 x  2  y  1
 x  1 x
2 2 x 3 1 2 3 4
−1 1 2 3 −1
1 3 −1 1 1 (6, − 23 )
y
 x y1
 x −2
2 2 3 3
1 4
y
 x
3 3

57.  101 ,  53 and 109 ,  59 58. 34, 32,  34, 74 y

 5   5 
7 3 3
4  2
9 3
y    3
5

9
10   10 
1
x 
1
10    y
3


2  43  34
x
3
4   (− 43 , 74 ( 2

1
6
 1 3
 3
x  43 ( 34 , 32 (
4 1
y
 x  y

5 10 5 2  25
12 x
−2 −1 1 2

 
6 18 3 3 3
y
 x y
y
 x −1
5 25 2 25 4
2
3 3 9
1
y
 x
2 25 100
x
3 159
−2 −1 1 2 y
 x
(
− 1 , −3 ( 25 100
10 5

−2
(109 , − 95 (

59. 1, 0.6 and 2, 0.6 60. 8, 0.6, 2, 2.4 y

6
0.6  0.6 2.4  0.6
y  0.6
x  1 y  0.6
x  8 4
2  1 2  8 (− 8, 0.6) 2

y
0.4x  1  0.6 3 − 10 − 8 − 6 (2, −2.4)

x
y  0.6
 x  8
10
y
0.4x  0.2 −4

y 10y  6
3x  8 −6
−8
3 10y  6
3x  24
2
(1, 0.6)
10y
3x  18
1
3 9
−3 1 2 3
x
y
 x or y
0.3x  1.8
(− 2, −0.6)
10 5
−2

−3
 Section 1.3 Linear Equations in Two Variables 27

13, 1 5, 2, 6, 2

1
61. 2, 1 and y 62. y

3 3

1  1 2  2 2
y1
1 x  2 2
y2
x  6 1
3  2
1
1 6  5 x
− 6 − 5 −4 − 3 − 2 − 1 1 2
y1
0 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x
0 −1
y2
x  6
y
1 ) 13, − 1) (2, − 1) 6  15 (− 6, −2)
−3 ( 15 , − 2(
−2
−4
The line is horizontal. −3 y2
0
−5

y
2

63. 73, 8 and 73, 1 64. 1.5, 2, 1.5, 0.2 y

3
2  0.2
1  8 9 y2
x  1.5
m
7

and is undefined. 1.5  1.5
2

3  73 0 1
(1.5, 0.2)
2  0.2 x
x

7 y y2
x  1.5 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
3 0 −1
2
) 73 , 1) (1.5, − 2)
−2
The line is vertical.
1 The slope is undefined. The
x −3
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 line is vertical.
−2
−3 x
1.5
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8 ) 73 , − 8)

65. L1: 0, 1, 5, 9 66. L1: 2, 1, 1, 5 67. L1: 3, 6, 6, 0
91 5  1 6 06 2
Slope of L1: m

2 Slope of L1: m


50 m1


2 6  3 3
1  2 3
L2: 0, 3, 4, 1 L2: 0, 1, 5, 73 
L2: 1, 3, 5, 5
7
13 1 1 2
Slope of L2: m

 5  3 8 Slope of L2: m

3


40 2 m2


2 50 3
51 4
L1 and L2 are perpendicular. L1 and L2 are parallel.
The lines are neither parallel nor
perpendicular.

68. L1: 4, 8, 4, 2 69. 4x  2y
3 70. x  y
7

28 6 3 y
2x  32 y
x  7
m1



4  4 8 4 Slope: m
2 Slope: m
1

 
1 (a) 2, 1, m
2 (a) m
1, 3, 2
L2: 3, 5, 1,
3
y  1
2x  2 y  2
1x  3
 5
1 16
3 4 3
m2


 y
2x  3 y  2
x  3
1  3 4 3
1 y
x  1
The lines are perpendicular. (b) 2, 1, m

2 (b) m
1, 3, 2
1 y  2
1x  3
y  1
 x  2
2
y
x5
1
y
 x2
2
28 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

71. 3x  4y
7 72. 5x  3y
0 73. y
3

y
 34 x  74 3y
5x m
0
Slope: m
 34 y
 53x (a) 1, 0 and m
0
(a)  , m

 23, 78  34 Slope: m
 53 y
0
y  78
 34x   23  (a) m
 53,  7 3
8, 4  (b) 1, 0, m is undefined.
y
 34 x  3
8
y
3
4 x   53 7
8 x
1

(b)   23, 78 , m
4
3
24y  18
40x  78 

43x   23  24y  18
40x  35

7
y 8

y
43 x  127
72
24y
40x  53
y
 53x  53
24

(b) m
5, 8, 4 
3 7 3

y  34
35x  78 
40y  30
24x  78 
40y  30
24x  21
40y
24x  9
y
35x  40
9

74. y
1 75. x
4
Slope: m
0 m is undefined.

(a) m
0, 4, 2 (a) 2, 5, m is undefined. The line is vertical, passing
through 2, 5.
y  2
0x  4
x
2
y2
0
(b) 2, 5, m
0
y
2
y
5
(b) The reciprocal of 0 is undefined. The line is vertical,
passing through 4, 2.
x
4

76. x
2 77. x  y
4
Slope: undefined y
x4
(a) The original line is the vertical line through x
2. Slope: m
1
The line parallel to this line containing 5, 1 is the
(a) 2.5, 6.8, m
1 (b) 2.5, 6.8, m
1
vertical line x
5.
(b) A perpendicular to a vertical line is a horizontal line, y  6.8
1x  2.5 y  6.8
1x  2.5
whose slope is 0. The horizontal line containing y
x  4.3 y
x  9.3
5, 1 is the line y
1.

78. 6x  2y
9
2y
6x  9
9
y
3x  2
Slope: m
3
(a) 3.9, 1.4, m
3 (b) 3.9, 1.4, m
13
y  1.4
3x  3.9 y  1.4
13x  3.9
y  1.4
3x  11.7 y  1.4
13x  1.3
y
3x  13.1 1
y
3x  0.1
 Section 1.3 Linear Equations in Two Variables 29

x y x y
79. 
1 80. 3, 0, 0, 4 81. 
1
2 3 1
6 2
3
x y
3x  2y  6
0 
1 3
3 4 6x  y
1
2
x y
12  12
12  1 12x  3y  2
0
3 4
4x  3y  12
0

3, 0, 0, 2

2 x y
82. 83. 
1, c  0 84. d, 0, 0, d, 3, 4
c c
x y
x y xy
c 
1

1 d d
2
3 2 12
c
xy
d
3x y 3
c

1 3  4
d
2 2
xy
3
3x  y  2
0 1
d
xy3
0 xy
1
xy1
0

85. (a) y
2x (b) 4 (a) 86. (a) y
23x 6 (c)

(b) y
2x (c)

(b) y
 32x (a)
−6 6 −9
1 9
(c) y
2 x 2
(c) y
3x  2
(b) and (c) are perpendicular. −4 (a) is parallel to (c). (b) is −6 (b)
perpendicular to (a) and (c).

87. (a) y
 12 x 8 (c) 88. (a) y
x  8 10 (b)

(b) y
 12 x 3 (b) y
x  1 (a)

− 10 14 −14 16
(c) y
2x  4 (b)
(c) y
x  3
(a)
(a) and (b) are parallel. (c) is −8
(a) is parallel to (b). (c) is
− 10 (c)
perpendicular to (a) and (b). perpendicular to (a) and (b).

89. Set the distance between 4, 1 and x, y equal to the distance between 2, 3 and x, y.
x  42   y  12
x  22   y  32 y

x  42   y  12
x  22   y  32 (−2, 3) 4

x2  8x  16  y2  2y  1
x2  4x  4  y2  6y  9
(1, 1)
8x  2y  17
4x  6y  13 x
−4 −2 2 4

0
12x  8y  4 (4, −1)

0
43x  2y  1 −4

0
3x  2y  1
This line is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment connecting 4, 1 and 2, 3.
30 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

90. Set the distance between 6, 5 and x, y equal to the distance between 1, 8 and x, y.
x  62  y  52
x  12   y  82 y

x  62  y  52
x  12   y  82 8

(6, 5)
6

x2  12x  36  y2  10y  25
x2  2x  1  y2  16y  64 4

2
x2  y2  12x  10y  61
x2  y2  2x  16y  65 x
−6 − 4 − 2 6 8 10
−2
12x  10y  61
2x  16y  65 −4
( 72, − 32 (
−6
10x  26y  4
0 −8 (1, −8)

25x  13y  2
0
5x  13y  2
0

91. Set the distance between 3, 2  and x, y equal to the distance between 7, 1 and x, y.
5

x  32   y  52 
 x  72   y  12

2
y

x  3   y 
2
2 
5 2

x  7   y  1
2 2 8
6
x2  6x  9  y2  5y  25
4
x2  14x  49  y2  2y  1 − 2,(7
( 4 (3, 52 (
(−7, 1) 4
6x  5y  61
4
14x  2y  50 x
−8 − 6 − 4 2 4 6
24x  20y  61
56x  8y  200
80x  12y  139
0
−8

This line is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment connecting 3, 52  and
7, 1.

92. Set the distance between  2, 4 and x, y equal to the distance between 2, 4  and x, y.
1 7 5

x   12    y  42
x  72    y  54 

2 2 2
y

x   1 2
2  y  4
x 
2

7 2
2  y  
5 2
4
2
( 72, 54 (
1
x2  x  14  y2  8y  16
x2  7x  49 5 25
4  y  2 y  16
2
x
−2 −1 1 3 4
x2  y2  x  8y  65 5 221
4
x  y  7x  2 y  16 ( (
2 2 −1 3 11
,−
2 8
−2
x  8y  65 5 221
4
7x  2 y  16

8x  21 39 (− 12 , −4(
2 y  16
0

128x  168y  39
0

93. (a) m
135. The sales are increasing 135 units per year. 94. (a) m
400. The revenues are increasing 400 units per day.
(b) m
0. There is no change in sales during the year. (b) m
100. The revenues are increasing 100 units per day.
(c) m
40. The sales are decreasing 40 units per year. (c) m
0. There is no change in revenue during the day.
(Revenue remains constant.)

61,768  55,722 74,380  69,277

95. (a) 0, 55,722, 2, 61,768: m

3023 6, 69,277, 8, 74,380: m

2551.5
20 86
64,993  61,768 79,839  74,380
2, 61,768, 4, 64,993: m

1612.5 8, 74,380, 10, 79,839: m

2729.5
42 10  8
69,277  64,993 83,944  79,839
4, 64,993, 6, 69,277: m

2142 10, 79,839, 12, 83,944: m

2052.5
64 12  10
The average salary increased the most from 1990 to 1992 and the least from 1992 to 1994.

—CONTINUED—
 Section 1.3 Linear Equations in Two Variables 31

95. —CONTINUED—
83,944  55,722
(b) 0, 55,722, 12, 83,944: m
$2351.83
12  0
(c) The average salary for senior high school principals increased by $2351.83 per year over the
12 years between 1990 and 2002.

6
96. (a) The greatest increase of $16.2 million is between 97. y
x
2002 and 2003. The least increase of $5.4 million is 100
between 2000 and 2001. 6
y
200
12 feet
99.2  16.6 100
(b) Slope

9.18
13  4
(c) Each year the net profit increases by $9.18 million.

50  25 25 1

98. (a) and (b) (c) m



600  300 300 12
x 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 1
y  50
 x  600
y 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 12
1
y  50
 x  50
Horizontal measurements 12
600 1200 1800 2400
x 1
y
 x
Vertical measurements

− 50 12
1
− 100 (d) Since m
 12, for every change in the horizontal
− 150 measurement of 12 units, the vertical measurement
decreases by 1.
− 200

1
y (e) 0.083
8.3% grade
12

99. 5, 2540, m
125 100. 5, 156, m
4.50

V  2540
125t  5 V  156
4.50t  5
V  2540
125t  625 V  156
4.50t  22.5
V
125t  3165, 5 ≤ t ≤ 10 V
4.5t  133.5, 5 ≤ t ≤ 10

101. Matches graph (b). 102. Matches graph (c).

The slope is 20, which represents the decrease in The slope is 2, which represents the increase in the
the amount of the loan each week. The y-intercept hourly wage for each unit produced. The y-intercept is
is 0, 200, which represents the original amount 0, 8.5, which represents the hourly rate if the employee
of the loan. produces no units.

103. Matches graph (a). 104. Matches graph (d).

The slope is 0.32, which represents the increase in The slope is 100, which represents the amount
travel cost for each mile driven. The y-intercept is by which the computer depreciates each year. The
0, 30, which represents the fixed cost of $30 per day y-intercept is 0, 750, which represents the original
for meals. This amount does not depend on the number purchase price.
of miles driven.
32 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

4.04  0.18
105. 5, 0.18, 13, 4.04: m

13  5
y  0.18
0.4825t  5
y
0.4825t  2.2325
For 2008, use t
18: y18 $6.45
For 2010, use t
20: y20 $7.42

0.4825 106. t
9 represents 1999, 9, 4076.
t
13 represents 2003, 13, 1078.
4076  1078 2998
m


749.5
9  13 4
N
749.5t  10,821.5
t
18 represents 2008:
N
749.518  10,821.5
2669.5 stores
t
20 represents 2010:
N
749.520  10,821.5
4168.5 stores
These answers are not reasonable because they are
negative.

107. Using the points 0, 875 and 5, 0, where the 108. 0, 25,000 and 10, 2000
first coordinate represents the year t and the
2000  25000
second coordinate represents the value V, we have m

2300
10  0
0  875
m

175 V
2300t  25,000, 0 ≤ t ≤ 10
50
V
175t  875, 0 ≤ t ≤ 5.

109. (a) 0, 40,571, 4, 41,289: (b) For 2008, use t
8: y8
42,007 students.
41,289  40,571 For 2010, use t
10: y10
42,366 students.
m

179.5
40
(c) The slope is m
179.5, which represents the increase in
y
179.5t  40,571 the number of students each year.

110. (a) Average annual salary change from 1990 to 2003: (b) Using (a) to estimate the enrollment in:
48,673  36,531 12,142 1994: 36,531  4934
40,267 students


934 students per year
13  0 13
1998: 36,531  8934
44,003 students
(c) m
934, b
36,531, so Nt
934t  36,531.
2002: 36,531  12934
47,739 students
The slope, 934, represents the average annual change (d) Answers will vary.
in enrollment.

111. Sale price
List price  15% of the list price 112. W
0.75x  11.50
S
L  0.15L
S
0.85L

113. (a) C
36,500  5.25t  11.50t (b) R
27t

16.75t  36,500 (d) 0
10.25t  36,500
(c) P
R  C 36,500
10.25t

27t  16.75t  36,500 t 3561 hours

10.25t  36,500
 Section 1.3 Linear Equations in Two Variables 33

114. 580, 50 and 625, 47 115. (a)

47  50 3 1
(a) m



625  580 45 15 10 m

1
x  50
  p  580 x
15 15 m
x
1 116
x  50
 p (b) y
215  2x  210  2x
8x  50
15 3
(c) 150
1 266
x
 p
15 3
1 266
(b) x
 655 
45 units
15 3 0 10
0
1 266
(c) x
 595 
49 units (d) Since m
8, each 1-meter increase in x will increase
15 3
y by 8 meters.

116. W
0.07S  2500 117. C
0.38x  120

y
118. 119. (a) and (b)
(in thousands of dollars)

2500 y
Median salary

Cellular phone subscribers

2000
150
1500 125

(in millions)
1000 100

500 75
50
t
6 8 10 12 25
Year (6 ↔ 1996) x
2 4 6 8 10 12
Using a calculator, the linear regression line is Year (0 ↔ 1990)
y
300.3t  1547.4. Choosing the points 7, 550 (c) Answers will vary. Find two points on your line
and 10, 1400: and then find the equation of the line through your
1400  550 850 points. Sample answer: y 11.72x  14.08
m


283.3
10  7 3 (d) Answers will vary. Sample answer: The y-intercept
y  550
283.3t  7 should represent the number of initial subscribers. In
this case, since b is negative, it cannot be interpreted
y
283.3t  1433.1 as such. The slope of 11.72 represents the increase in
The answer varies depending on the points chosen to the number of subscribers per year (in millions).
estimate the line. (e) The model is a fairly good fit to the data.
(f) Answers will vary. Sample answer:
y18 11.7218  14.08

196.88 million subscribers in 2008

120. (a) and (b) (c) Two approximate points on the line are 41 85
(d) y
17  87
y
10, 55 and 19, 96. 9 9
100
96  55 41 (e) Each point will shift four units upward,
Average test score

90 m


80 19  10 9 so the best-fitting line will move four
70 units upward. The slope remains the
41
60 y  55
x  10 same, as the new line is parallel to the
50 9 old, but the y-intercept becomes
x
41 85
0, 859  4
0, 121
9 
10 12 14 16 18 20
y
x
Average quiz score 9 9

41 121
so the new equation is y
x .
9 9
34 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

42 2
121. False. The slope with the greatest magnitude corresponds 122. 8, 2 and 1, 4 : m1


1  8 7
to the steepest line.
7  4 11
0, 4 and 7, 7 : m2


7  0 7
False, the lines are not parallel.

123. Using the Distance Formula, we have AB
6, 124. On a vertical line, all the points have the same x-value, so
BC
40, and AC
2. Since 62  22
40 2, y2  y1
when you evaluate m
, you would have a zero
the triangle is a right triangle. x2  x1
in the denominator, and division by zero is undefined.

125. No. The slope cannot be determined without knowing

the scale on the y-axis. The slopes will be the same if the

126. Since 4 > 52 , the steeper line is the one with a slope
of 4. The slope with the greatest magnitude corresponds
1
scale on the y-axis of (a) is 22 and the scale on the to the steepest line.
5
y-axis of (b) is 1. Then the slope of both is 4.

127. The V-intercept measures the initial cost and the slope 128. No, the slopes of two perpendicular lines have opposite
measures annual depreciation. signs. (Assume that neither line is vertical or horizontal.)

129. y
8  3x is a linear equation with slope m
3 130. y
8  x

and y-intercept 0, 8. Matches graph (d). Intercepts: 64, 0, 0, 8
Matches graph (c).

1
131. y
2x2  2x  1 is a quadratic equation. Its graph is a

132. y
x  2  1

parabola with vertex 2, 1 and y-intercept 0, 1.

Intercepts: 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1
Matches graph (a).
Matches graph (b).

8 4
133. 73  x
14x  1 134.

2x  7 9  4x
21  7x
14x  14
89  4x
42x  7
7x
7
72  32x
8x  28
x
1
40x
100
5
x

2

135. 2x2  21x  49
0 136. x2  8x  3
0

2x  7x  7
0 b ± b2  4ac
x

2x  7
0 or x7
0 2a

7  8 ± 82  413

x
or x
7

2 21
8 ± 52


4 ± 13
2

137. x  9  15
0 138. 3x  16x  5
0

x  9
15 3x  1x  5
0
No real solution 3x  1
0 ⇒ x
19
The square root of x  9 cannot be negative. x  5
0 ⇒ x
25

139. Answers will vary.


Section 1.4 Functions
■ Given a set or an equation, you should be able to determine if it represents a function.
■ Know that functions can be represented in four ways: verbally, numerically, graphically, and algebraically.
■ Given a function, you should be able to do the following.
(a) Find the domain and range.
(b) Evaluate it at specific values.
■ You should be able to use function notation.
Vocabulary Check
1. domain; range; function
3. independent; dependent
5. implied domain
1. Yes, the relationship is a function. Each domain value is
matched with only one range value.
3. No, the relationship is not a function. The domain values
are each matched with three range values.
5. Yes, it does represent a function. Each input value is
matched with only one output value.
7. No, it does not represent a function. The input values of
10 and 7 are each matched with two output values.
9. (a) Each element of A is matched with exactly one
element of B, so it does represent a function.
(b) The element 1 in A is matched with two elements,

2 and 1 of B, so it does not represent a function.
(c) Each element of A is matched with exactly one
element of B, so it does represent a function.
(d) The element 2 in A is not matched with an element
of B, so the relation does not represent a function.
11. Each is a function. For each year there corresponds one
and only one circulation.
13. x2  y2  4 ⇒ y  ± 4
x2
No, y is not a function of x.
Section 1.4 Functions 35
2. verbally; numerically; graphically; algebraically
4. piecewise-defined
6. difference quotient
2. No, it is not a function. The domain value of
1 is
matched with two output values.
4. Yes, it is a function. Each domain value is matched with
only one range value.
6. No, the table does not represent a function. The input
values of 0 and 1 are each matched with two different
output values.
8. Yes, the table does represent a function. Each input
value is matched with only one output value.
10. (a) The element c in A is matched with two elements,
2 and 3 of B, so it is not a function.
(b) Each element of A is matched with exactly one
element of B, so it does represent a function.
(c) This is not a function from A to B (it represents a
function from B to A instead).
(d) Each element of A is matched with exactly one
element of B, so it does represent a function.
12. Reading from the graph, f
1998 is approximately
11 million.
14. x  y2 ⇒ y  ± x
Thus, y is not a function of x.
36 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

15. x2  y  4 ⇒ y  4
x2 16. x  y2  4 ⇒ y  ± 4
x
Yes, y is a function of x. Thus, y is not a function of x.

17. 2x  3y  4 ⇒ y  13
4
2x 18.
x
22  y2  4 ⇒ y  ± 4

x
22

Yes, y is a function of x. Thus, y is not a function of x.

19. y2  x2
1 ⇒ y  ± x2
1 20. y  x  5

Thus, y is not a function of x. Yes, y is a function of x.


21. y  4
x  
22. y  4
x ⇒ y  4
x or y 

4
x
Yes, y is a function of x. Thus, y is not a function of x.

23. x  14 24. y 
75 or y 
75  0x

Thus, this is not a function of x. y is a function of x.

25. f
x  2x
3 26. g
y  7
3y

(a) f
1  2
1
3 
1 (a) g
0  7
3
0  7
(b) g
3   7
3
3   0
7 7
(b) f

3  2

3
3 
9
(c) f
x
1  2
x
1
3  2x
5 (c) g
s  2  7
3
s  2
 7
3s
6  1
3s

27. V
r  3r3 28. h
t  t2
2t

4

(a) V
3  3
33  3
27  36 (a) h
2  22
2
2  0

4 4

(b) V
2   3
2   3
8   2
3 3
(b) h
1.5 
1.52
2
1.5 
0.75
3 4 4 27 9

(c) V
2r  3
2r3  3
8r3  3  r3 (c) h
x  2 
x  22
2
x  2  x2  2x

4 4 32

29. f
y  3
y 30. f
x  x  8  2

(a) f
4  3
4  1 (a) f

8  

8  8  2  2
(b) f
0.25  3
0.25  2.5 (b) f
1  
1  8  2  5
(c) f
4x23
4x2 3
2x  (c) f
x
8  
x
8  8  2  x  2

1 2t 2  3
31. q
x  32. q
t 
x2
9 t2
1 1 2
22  3 8  3 11
(a) q
0  
(a) q
2   
02
9 9
22 4 4
1 2
02  3
(b) q
3  is undefined. (b) q
0 
32
9
02
1 1 Division by zero is undefined.
(c) q
y  3  

y  32
9 y2  6y
2

x2  3 2x2  3
(c) q

x  


x2 x2
 Section 1.4 Functions 37

x
33. f
x 
x 
34. f
x  x  4 35. f
x  2x2x  1,2, x<0
x≥0

(a) f
2  2  1 

(a) f
2  2  4  6
(a) f

1  2

1  1 
1
2 (b) f

2  
2  4  6
(b) f
0  2
0  2  2
(b) f

2  
2 
1 (c) f
x2  x2  4  x2  4

2 (c) f
2  2
2  2  6
 
(c) f
x
1 
x
1
x
1


1 if x < 1
1 if x > 1 

 
3x
1, x <
1 4
5x, x ≤
2
 x2  2, x≤ 1
36. f
x  37. f
x  4,
1 ≤ x ≤ 1 38. f
x  0,
2 < x ≤ 2
2x2  2, x>1
x2, x > 1 x2  1 x > 2
(a) f

2 

2  2  6 2
(a) f

2  3

2
1 
7 (a) f

3  4
5

3  19
(b) f
1 
12  2  3
(b) f

2   4
1
(b) f
4 
42  1  17
(c) f
2  2
22  2  10
(c) f
3  32  9 (c) f

1  0

39. f
x  x2
3 40. g
x  x
3

f

2 

2
3  1 2
g
3  3
3  0
f

1 

1
3 
2 2
g
4  4
3  1
f
0 
0
3 
3 2
g
5  5
3  2
f
1 
1
3 
2 2
g
6  6
3  3
f
2 
2
3  1 2
g
7  7
3  2

x
2
1 0 1 2 x 3 4 5 6 7

f
x 1
2
3
2 1 g
x 0 1 2 3 2

41. h
t 
1
 t3  42. f
s  s
2
2 s
2

h

5 
1


5  3  1  f
0  0
2  2

1
2 0
2
2

h

4 
1


4  3 
1
 f
1  1
2  1

1
2 2 1
2
1

2  
32
2  
12 
1

1
32
2
h

3 
2 

3  3  0  f
3 12

2  
52
2  12  1

1 1
52
2
h

2 
2 

2  3 
2  f
5 12

h

1 
1
2 

1  3  1  f
4  4
2  2  1
4
2 2

t
5
4
3
2
1 s 0 1
3 5
4
2 2

h
t 1 1
1 2 0 2 1 f
s
1
1
1 1 1



12x  4, x ≤ 0 f

2 
12

2  4  5
43. f
x 

x
22, x > 0
f

1 
12

1  4  412  92
x
2
1 0 1 2 f
0 
12
0  4  4
f
x 5
9
2 4 1 0 f
1 
1
22  1
f
2 
2
22  0
38 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

x
3,
9
x2, x<3
44. f
x 
x≥3
f
1  9

12  8 x 1 2 3 4 5
f
2  9

22  5 f
x 8 5 0 1 2
f
3 
3
3  0
f
4 
4
3  1
f
5 
5
3  2

3x
4
45. 15
3x  0 46. f
x  5x  1 47. 0
5
3x  15 5x  1  0
3x
4  0
x5 1
x
4
5 x
3

12
x2
48. f
x  49. x2
9  0 50. f
x  x2
8x  15
5
x2  9 x2
8x  15  0
12
x2
0
5 x  ±3
x
5
x
3  0
x2  12 x
50 ⇒ x5
x  ± 12  ± 23 x
30 ⇒ x3

51. x3
x  0 52. f
x  x 3
x2
4x  4

x
x2
1  0 x 3
x2
4x  4  0
x
x  1
x
1  0 x2
x
1
4
x
1  0
x  0, x 
1, or x  1
x
1
x2
4  0
x
10 ⇒ x1
x2
4  0 ⇒ x  ± 2

53. f
x  g
x 54. f
x  g
x 55. f
x  g
x

x2  2x  1  3x  3 x4
2x  2x
2 2 3x  1  x  1

x2
x
2  0 x 4
4x2  0 3x  x

x  1
x
2  0 x2
x2
4  0 3x  x2

x 
1 or x  2 x2
x  2
x
2  0 0  x2
3x
x2  0 ⇒ x  0 0  x
x
3
x  2  0 ⇒ x 
2 x  0 or x  3
x
20 ⇒ x2

56. f
x  g
x

x
4  2
x

x  x
6  0

x  3
x
2  0
x  3  0 ⇒ x 
3, which is a contradiction, since x represents the principal square root.

x
2  0 ⇒ x  2 ⇒ x  4
 Section 1.4 Functions 39

4
57. f
x  5x2  2x
1 58. f
x  1
2x2 59. h
t 
t
Since f
x is a polynomial, the Because f
x is a polynomial,
Domain: All real numbers t except
domain is all real numbers x. the domain is all real numbers x.
t0

3y
60. s
y  61. g
y  y
10 62. f
t  
3 t  4
y5
Domain: y
10 ≥ 0 Because f
t is a cube root, the
y50
domain is all real numbers t.
y ≥ 10
y 
5
The domain is all real numbers y
except y 
5.

63. f
x  
4 1
x2 64. f
x  
4 x2  3x

Domain: 1
x2 ≥ 0 x2  3x ≥ 0
By solving this inequality, we conclude that
1 ≤ x ≤ 1 x
x  3 ≥ 0
or
1, 1
.
By solving this inequality, we conclude that x ≤
3 or
x ≥ 0 or

,
3

0, .

1 3 10 s
1
65. g
x 
66. h
x  67. f
s 
x x2 x2
2x s
4

Domain: All real numbers x x2
2x  0 Domain: s
1 ≥ 0 ⇒ s ≥ 1

except x  0, x 
2 and s  4
x
x
2  0
The domain consists of all real
The domain is all real numbers x
numbers s, such that s ≥ 1 and
except x  0, x  2
s  4.

x  6 x
4 x
5
68. f
x  69. f
x  70. f
x 
6x x x2
9

Domain: x  6 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥
6 The domain is all real numbers x2
9 > 0

and x 
6 such that x > 0 or
0, .

x  3
x
3 > 0
The domain is all real numbers x
Test intervals:
such that x >
6 or

6, .


,
3,

3, 3,
3, 
The domain is all real
numbers x <
3 or x > 3
or

,
3

3, .

71. f
x  x2 72. f
x  x2
3



2, 4,

1, 1,
0, 0,
1, 1,
2, 4 f

2 

22
3  1
f

1 

12
3 
2
f
0 
02
3 
3
f
1 
12
3 
2
f
2 
22
3  1


2, 1,

1,
2,
0,
3,
1,
2,
2, 1
40 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs


73. f
x  x  2 
74. f
x  x  1 


2, 4,

1, 3,
0, 2,
1, 3,
2, 4 

2, 1,

1, 0,
0, 1,
1, 2,
2, 3

75. By plotting the points, we have a parabola, so 76. By plotting the data, you can see that they represent a
g
x  cx2. Since

4,
32 is on the graph, we have line, or f
x  cx. Because
0, 0 and
1, 14  are on the

32  c

42 ⇒ c 
2. Thus, g
x 
2x2. line, the slope is 14. Thus, f
x  14x.

77. Since the function is undefined at 0, we have r
x  cx. 78. By plotting the data, you can see that they represent
Since

4,
8 is on the graph, we have   
h
x  c x . Because 
4  2 and 
1  1, and  

8  c
4 ⇒ c  32. Thus, r
x  32x . the corresponding y-values are 6 and 3, c  3 and
h
x  3 x . 
79. f
x  x2
x  1 80. f
x  5x
x2
f
2  h 
2  h2

2  h  1 f
5  h  5
5  h

5  h2
 4  4h  h2
2
h  1  25  5h

25  10h  h2
 h2  3h  3  25  5h
25
10h
h2
f
2 
22
2  1  3 
h2
5h
f
2  h
f
2  h2  3h f
5  5
5

52
f
2  h
f
2 h2  3h  25
25  0
  h  3, h  0
h h
f
5  h
f
5
h2
5h

h h

h
h  5
 

h  5, h  0
h

81. f
x  x3  3x
f
x  h 
x  h3  3
x  h
 x3  3x2h  3xh2  h3  3x  3h
f
x  h
f
x
x3  3x2h  3xh2  h3 3x  3h

x3  3x

h h
h
3x2  3xh  h2  3

h
 3x2  3xh  h2  3, h  0

1
82. f
x  4x2
2x 83. g
x 
x2
f
x  h  4
x  h2
2
x  h
1 1


 4
x 2  2xh  h2
2x
2h g
x
g
3 x2 9

 4x 2  8xh  4h2
2x
2h x
3 x
3

f
x  h
f
x 4x2  8xh  4h2
2x
2h
4x 2  2x 9
x2

 
h h 9x2
x
3

8xh  4h2
2h

x  3
x
3

 
h 9x2
x
3

h
8x  4h
2 x3
 
, x3
h 9x2

 8x  4h
2, h0
 Section 1.4 Functions 41

1
84. f
t  
t
2
1
f
1  
1
1
2
1



1
f
t
f
1 t
2 1 
t
2
t
1 1
    , t1
t
1 t
1
t
2
t
1
t
2
t
1 t
2

85. f
x  5x 86. f
x  x23  1

f
x
f
5 5x
5 f
8  823  1  5

x
5 x
5
f
x
f
8 x23  1
5 x23
4
 
x
8 x
8 x
8

P
87. A  s2 and P  4s ⇒ s 88. A   r 2, C  2 r
4
C
 r
2
P P2
A  2
4 16

2
C 2 C2
A 
4

89. (a) (b) V

Height, x Volume, V
1200

1 484 1000
800
Volume

2 800 600
400
3 972
200

4 1024 1 2 3 4 5 6
x

Height
5 980

6 864 V is a function of x.
(c) V  x
24
2x2
The volume is maximum when x  4 and
V  1024 cubic centimeters. Domain: 0 < x < 12

90. (a) The maximum profit is $3375. (c) Profit  Revenue
Cost
(b) P  (price per unit)
number of units

cost
number of units
 90

x
100
0.15
x
60x, x > 100
3400
3350
3300

90
0.15x  15x
60x
Profit

3250
3200 
105
0.15xx
60x
3150
3100  105x
0.15x2
60x
x
110 130 150 170
 45x
0.15x2, x > 100
Order size

Yes, P is a function of x.
42 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

1 1
91. A  bh  xy
2 2
Since
0, y,
2, 1, and
x, 0 all lie on the same line, the slopes between any pair are equal.
1
y 0
1
 y
2
0 x
2
4 (0, y)
1
y
1
 3
2 x
2
2
(2, 1)
2
y 1 1
x
2 (x, 0)
x
1 2 3 4
x
y
x
2
Therefore,

 
1 x x2
A x  .
2 x
2 2
x
2
The domain of A includes x-values such that x2 2
x
2
> 0. By solving this inequality,
we find that the domain is x > 2.

92. A  l  w 
2xy  2xy

1 2
93. y 
10 x  3x  6
But y  36
x2, so A  2x36
x2, 0 < x < 6. y
30 
10
1

302  3
30  6  6 feet
If the child holds a glove at a height of 5 feet, then the
ball will be over the child’s head since it will be at a
height of 6 feet.

94. d
t  5.0t  37,

18.7t
64,
0 ≤ t ≤ 7
0 ≤ t ≤ 12
where t  1 represents 1991.

1991: t  1 and d
1  5.0
1  37  42 billion dollars  $42,000,000,000

1992: t  2 and d
2  5.0
2  37  47 billion dollars  $47,000,000,000
1993: t  3 and d
3  5.0
3  37  52 billion dollars  $52,000,000,000
1994: t  4 and d
4  5.0
4  37  57 billion dollars  $57,000,000,000
1995: t  5 and d
5  5.0
5  37  62 billion dollars  $62,000,000,000
1996: t  6 and d
6  5.0
6  37  67 billion dollars  $67,000,000,000
1997: t  7 and d
7  5.0
7  37  72 billion dollars  $72,000,000,000
1998: t  8 and d
8  18.7
8
64  85.6 billion dollars  $85,600,000,000
1999: t  9 and d
9  18.7
9
64  104.3 billion dollars  $104,300,000,000
2000: t  10 and d
10  18.7
10
64  123 billion dollars  $123,000,000,000
2001: t  11 and d
11  18.7
11
64  141.7 billion dollars  $141,700,000,000
2002: t  12 and d
12  18.7
12
64  160.4 billion dollars  $160,400,000,000
 Section 1.4 Functions 43

0.182t  0.57t  27.3, 0 ≤ t ≤ 7

2
95. p
t  96. (a) V  l  w  h  x  y  x  x2y where 4x  y  108.
2.50t  21.3, 8 ≤ t ≤ 12
Thus, y  108
4x and

Year Function Value Price V  x2
108
4x  108x2
4x3.

1990 p
0  27.3 $27,300 Domain: 0 < x < 27

1991 p
1  28.052 $28,052 (b) 12,000

1992 p
2  29.168 $29,168

1993 p
3  30.648 $30,648

0 30

p
4  32.492
0
1994 $32,492

1995 p
5  34.7 $34,700 (c) The dimensions that will maximize the volume of the
package are 18  18  36. From the graph, the
1996 p
6  37.272 $37,272 maximum volume occurs when x  18. To find the
dimension for y, use the equation y  108
4x.
1997 p
7  40.208 $40,208
y  108
4x  108
4
18  108
72  36
1998 p
8  41.3 $41,300
1999 p
9  43.8 $43,800

2000 p
10  46.3 $46,300

2001 p
11  48.8 $48,800

2002 p
12  51.3 $51,300

97. (a) Cost  variable costs  fixed costs 98. (a) Model:
Total cost 
Fixed costs 
Variable costs
C  12.30x  98,000 Labels: Total cost  C
(b) Revenue  price per unit  number of units Fixed cost  6000
R  17.98x Variable costs  0.95x
(c) Profit  Revenue
Cost Equation: C  6000  0.95x
P  17.98x

12.30x  98,000 C 6000  0.95x
(b) C  
x x
P  5.68x
98,000

99. (a) R  n
rate  n 8.00
0.05
n
80

, n ≥ 80
n2 240n
n2
R  12.00n
0.05n2  12n
 , n ≥ 80
20 20
(b)
n 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

R
n $675 $700 $715 $720 $715 $700 $675

The revenue is maximum when 120 people take the trip.

100. F
y  149.7610y5 2
(a) (c) 1,000,000  149.7610 y 52
y 5 10 20 30 40
1,000,000
F
y 26,474.08 149,760.00 847,170.49 2,334,527.36 4,792,320  y 52
149.7610

The force, in tons, of the water against the dam increases with the depth of 2111.56 y 52
the water.
21.37 feet y
(b) It appears that approximately 21 feet of water would produce 1,000,000 tons
of force.
44 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

101. (a) (b)
30002  h2  d 2

h  d 2

30002
Domain: d ≥ 3000 (since both d ≥ 0 and d 2

30002 ≥ 0
d
h

3000 ft


2x  104, 6 ≤ x ≤ 7
f
2003
f
1996 126
116 10
102. (a)    1.428 (b) y  2x  103, 8 ≤ x ≤ 11
2003
1996 7 7
126, 12 ≤ x ≤ 13
The number of threatened and endangered fish species increased, on
average, by 1.428 per year from 1996 to 2003. (d) The algebraic model is an excellent fit
to the actual data.
(c)
Year Actual Number Number from the Number from the (e) The calculator model is
6 ↔ 1996 of Fish Species Algebraic Model Calculator Model
y 1.55x  107.
6 116 116 116
It also gives a good fit, but not as good
7 118 118 118 as the algebraic model.
8 119 119 119
9 121 121 121
10 123 123 122
11 125 125 124
12 126 126 126
13 126 126 127

103. False. The range is
1, . 104. True. The set represents a function. Each x-value is
mapped to exactly one y-value.

105. The domain is the set of inputs of the function,
and the range is the set of outputs.
106. Since f
x is a function of an even root, the radicand
cannot be negative. g
x is an odd root, therefore the
radicand can be any real number. Therefore, the domain
of f is all real numbers x and the domain of g is all real
numbers x such that x ≥ 2.

107. (a) Yes. The amount that you pay in sales tax will
increase as the price of the item purchased increases.
(b) No. The length of time that you study the night
before an exam does not necessarily determine your
score on the exam.
108. (a) No. During the course of a year, for example, your
salary may remain constant while your savings
account balance may vary. That is, there may be two
or more outputs (savings account balances) for one
input (salary).
(b) Yes. The greater the height from which the ball is
dropped, the greater the speed with which the ball
will strike the ground.

t t 3 5
109.  1 110.  1
3 5 t t

3  5  15
1
t t 8
15 1
t
5t  3t  15 8t
8t  15
15
t
8
 Section 1.5 Analyzing Graphs of Functions 45

3 4 1 12 4
111.
 112.
3 9
x
x  1 x x1 x x

 x
x  1
x  x
x  1x  1

3 4 1 12 4
x
x  1
93
x x
3
4
x  1  x 8
 12
3
4x
4  x x

1  5x 8
x
12
1

x
5 2
x
3

9
0 9
113.

2,
5 and
4,
1 114. Slope   
1
1
10
9

1


5 4 2
m   m 
1
4


2 6 3
y
0 

1
x
10
2
y


5 
x


2
3 y 
x  10
2 4 x  y
10  0
y5 x
3 3
3y  15  2x  4
2x
3y
11  0

13
3
115.

6, 5 and
3,
5 116. Slope 

112


12

5
5 10
m 

103 10 1 5
3


6 9 
122


3
 6 
9
10
y
5

x


6 5
9 m

9
9y
45 
10x
60
10x  9y  15  0
y
3

5
9   
x


1
2
5 5
y
3
x

9 18
18y
54 
10x
5
10x  18y
49  0

Section 1.5 Analyzing Graphs of Functions

■ You should be able to determine the domain and range of a function from its graph.
■ You should be able to use the vertical line test for functions.
■ You should be able to find the zeros of a function.
■ You should be able to determine when a function is constant, increasing, or decreasing.
■ You should be able to approximate relative minimums and relative maximums from the graph of a function.
■ You should know that f is
(a) odd if f

x 
f
x. (b) even if f

x  f
x.
46 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

Vocabulary Check
1. ordered pairs 2. vertical line test 3. zeros 4. decreasing
5. maximum 6. average rate of change; 7. odd 8. even
secant

1. Domain:

,
1
1,  2. Domain:

,  3. Domain: 
4, 4

Range: 0,  Range: 0,  Range: 0, 4

4. Domain:

, 1,
1,  5. (a) f

2  0 (b) f

1 
1 6. (a) f

1  4 (b) f
2  4
Range:
1, 1 (c) f
1
2 0 (d) f
1 
3 (c) f
0  2 (d) f
1  0

7. (a) f

2 
3 (b) f
1  0 8. (a) f
2  0 (b) f
1  1 9. y  12x2

(c) f
0  1 (d) f
2 
3 (c) f
3  2 (d) f

1  3 A vertical line intersects the graph
just once, so y is a function of x.

10. y  14 x 3 11. x
y2  1 ⇒ y  ±
x
1
A vertical line intersects the graph no more than once, so y y is not a function of x. Some vertical lines cross the
is a function of x. graph twice.

12. x 2  y 2  25 13. x2  2xy
1 

14. x  y  2 
A vertical line intersects the A vertical line intersects the graph A vertical line intersects the
graph more than once, so y is just once, so y is a function of x. graph more than once, so y is
not a function of x. not a function of x.

x
15. 2x2
7x
30  0 16. f
x  3x2  22x
16 17. 0
9x2
4

2x  5
x
6  0 0 
3x
2
x  8
x0
2x  5  0 or x
60 2
3x
2  0 ⇒ x 
5 3
x
or x6
2 x  8  0 ⇒ x 
8

x2
9x  14 1 3
18. f
x  19. x
x0 20. f
x  x 3
4x2
9x  36
4x 2
0  x 3
4x2
9x  36
x2
9x  14 x3
2x  2
0
0
4x 0  x2
x
4
9
x
4
x
x2
2  0
0 
x
7
x
2 x  0 or x2
2  0 0 
x
4
x2
9
x
70 ⇒ x7 x2  2 x
40 ⇒ x4

x
20 ⇒ x2 x  ±
2 x2
9  0 ⇒ x  ± 3

21. 4x3
24x2
x  6  0 22. f
x  9x 4
25x2

4x2
x
6
1
x
6  0 0  9x 4
25x2

x
6
4x2
1  0 0  x2
9x2
25

x
6
2x  1
2x
1  0 x2  0 ⇒ x  0
5
x
6  0, 2x  1  0, 2x
1  0 9x2
25  0 ⇒ x  ± 3
x  6, x 
12, x  12
 Section 1.5 Analyzing Graphs of Functions 47

23.
2x
1  0 24. f
x 
3x  2

2x  1 0 
3x  2
2x  1 0  3x  2
1
x 2
2

3  x

5
25. (a) 6 (b) 3  0 26. (a) 3 (b) f
x  x
x
7
x
−2
0  x
x
7
13

−9 9
3x  5  0
x0
5
x

−6 3 − 14 x
70 ⇒ x7

5 Zeros: x  0, x  7
Zero: x 

3

27. (a) 5 (b)

2x  11  0 28. (a) 4 (b) f
x 
3x
14
8
2x  11  0 −4 28 0 
3x
14
8
x 
11
2 8 
3x
14
−6 3

−1 −12 64  3x
14
Zero: x 
11
2 Zero: x  26 x  26

3x
1
29. (a) 2 (b) 0 30. (a) 10 Zeros: x  ± 2.1213
x
6
−15 25
−3 3 3x
1  0
1
x
−2 3 −30

1
Zero: x  2x2
9
3 (b) f
x 
3
x
2x2
9
0
3
x
3
2
2x2
9  0 ⇒ x  ±  ± 2.1213
2

31. f
x  2x
3
32. f
x  x2
4x 33. f
x  x3
3x2  2
f is increasing on

, . The graph is decreasing on

, 2 f is increasing on

, 0 and
and increasing on
2, .
2, .
f is decreasing on
0, 2.


x  3, x ≤ 0
34. f
x 
x2
1 35. f
x  3,
2x  1,
0 < x ≤ 2
x > 2
36. f
x  2xx
 2,1,
2
x ≤
1
x >
1
The graph is decreasing on
The graph is decreasing on

1, 0


,
1 and increasing f is increasing on

, 0 and
and increasing on

,
1 and
on
1, .
2, .

0, .
f is constant on
0, 2.
48 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs


37. f
x  x  1  x
1    38. The graph is decreasing on

2,
1 and

1, 0 and
increasing on

,
2 and
0, .
f is increasing on
1, .
f is constant on

1, 1.
f is decreasing on

,
1.

39. f
x  3 40. g
x  x

(a) 4 Constant on

,  (a) 2 Increasing on

, 

−3 3

−3 3
0 −2

(b) (b)
x
2
1 0 1 2 x
2
1 0 1 2
f
x 3 3 3 3 3 g
x
2
1 0 1 2

s2
41. g
s  42. h
x  x2
4
4
(a) 1
(a) 7
−4 5

−6 6
−5
−1

Decreasing on

, 0; Increasing on
0, 

Decreasing on

, 0; Increasing on
0, 
(b)
(b) x
2
1 0 1 2
s
4
2 0 2 4
h
x 0
3
4
3 0
g
s 4 1 0 1 4

43. f
t 
t 4 44. f
x  3x 4
6x2

(a) 1 (a) 4

−3 3

−6 6

−3 −4

Increasing on

, 0; Decreasing on
0,  Increasing on

1, 0,
1, ; Decreasing on


,
1,
0, 1
(b)
t
2
1 0 1 2 (b)
x
2
1 0 1 2
f
t
16
1 0
1
16
f
x 24
3 0
3 24

45. f
x 
1
x
(a) 3 Decreasing on

, 1 (b)
x
3
2
1 0 1

f
x 2
3
2 1 0
−4 2

−1
 Section 1.5 Analyzing Graphs of Functions 49

46. f
x  x
x  3 47. f
x  x32
(a) 9 (a) 4 Increasing on
0, 

−9 9

0 6
−3 0

Increasing on

2, ; Decreasing on

3,
2 (b)

x 0 1 2 3 4
(b)
x
3
2
1 0 1 f
x 0 1 2.8 5.2 8
f
x 0
2
1.414 0 2

48. f
x  x23

(a) 6 (b)
x
2
1 0 1 2
f
x 1.59 1 0 1 1.59
−6 6

−2

Decreasing on

, 0; Increasing on
0, 

49. f
x 
x
4
x  2 50. f
x  3x2
2x
5

2 3

−8 10
−7 8

− 10 −7

Relative minimum:
1,
9 Relative minimum:
3,
3  or
0.33,
5.33

1 16

51. f
x 
x 2  3x
2 52. f
x 
2x 2  9x 53. f
x  x
x
2
x  3

2 12 10

−3 6

− 12 12
−12 12

−4 −4 −6

Relative maximum:
1.5, 0.25 Relative maximum:
2.25, 10.125 Relative minimum:
1.12,
4.06
Relative maximum:

1.79, 8.21

54. f
x  x 3
3x2
x  1 55. f
x  4
x

3 f
x ≥ 0 on

, 4 .
−7 8 y

4
−7 3

2
Relative maximum:

0.15, 1.08
1

Relative minimum:
2.15,
5.08 x

–1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
50 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

56. f
x  4x  2 y 57. f
x  x2  x

f
x ≥ 0 4 f
x ≥ 0 on

,
1 and 0, .
4x  2 ≥ 0 3 y

5
4x ≥
2 2
4
x ≥
12 3



12,  −2 −1 1 2
x 2

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

58. f
x  x2
4x y
59. f
x 
x
1 y

f
x ≥ 0 1 2 3
x
f
x ≥ 0 on 1, . 5

4
x2
4x ≥ 0 −1
3

x
x
4 ≥ 0 −2 2

1


, 0 , 4,  −3
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−4
−1

60. f
x 
x  2 y 61. f
x 

1  x   y

f
x ≥ 0 4 f
x is never greater than 0. –2 –1 1 2

x

( f
x < 0 for all x.)

x  2 ≥ 0 3

x2 ≥ 0 2 –2

x ≥
2 –3


2,  −2 −1 1 2
x –4

62. f
x  12
2  x   y 63. f
x 
2x  15

f
x is always greater than 0. 4 f
3
f
0 9
15
 
2


,  3
3
0 3

2
The average rate of change from x1  0 to x2  3 is
2.

x
−2 −1 1 2

64. f
x  3x  8 65. f
x  x2  12x
4

f
3
f
0 17
8 9 f
5
f
1 81
9

  3   18
3
0 3 3 5
1 4

The average rate of change from x1  0 to x2  3 is 3. The average rate of change from x1  1 to x2  5 is 18.

66. f
x  x 2
2x  8 67. f
x  x3
3x2
x

f
5
f
1 23
7 16 f
3
f
1
3


3

  4  0
5
1 4 4 3
1 2

The average rate of change from x1  1 to x2  5 is 4. The average rate of change from x1  1 to x2  3 is 0.
 Section 1.5 Analyzing Graphs of Functions 51

68. f
x 
x3  6x 2  x 69. f
x 

x
2  5
f
6
f
1 6
6 0 f
11
f
3 2
4 1
  0  

6
1 5 5 11
3 8 4
1
The average rate of change from x1  1 to x2  6 is 0. The average rate of change from x1  3 to x2  11 is
4.

70. f
x 

x  1  3 71. f
x  x6
2x2  3

f
8
f
3 0
1 1 f

x 

x6
2

x2  3

 

8
3 5 5  x6
2x2  3
The average rate of change from x1  3 to x2  8 is
15.  f
x
The function is even.
y-axis symmetry

72. h
x  x3
5 73. g
x  x3
5x 74. f
x  x

1
x2
h

x 

x3
5 g

x 

x3
5

x f

x 
x
1


x2

x3
5 
x3  5x 
x
1
x2
 h
x 
g
x 
f
x

h
x The function is odd. The function is odd.
Origin symmetry Origin symmetry
The function is neither odd
nor even. No symmetry

75. f
t  t2  2t
3 76. g
s  4s23 77. h  top
bottom

f

t 

t2  2

t
3 g

s  4

s23 

x2  4x
1
2
 t2
2t
3  4s23 
x2  4x
3
 f
t, 
f
t  g
s
The function is neither even nor The function is even.
odd. No symmetry y-axis symmetry

78. h  top
bottom 79. h  top
bottom 80. h  top
bottom

 3

4x
x2 
4x
x2
2x  2

3 x

 3
4x  x2  2x
x2

81. L  right
left 82. L  right
left 83. L  right
left

1 2 1 2
 2y
0 2y  2

3 2y
 4
y2

84. L  right
left 85. L 
0.294x2  97.744x
664.875, 20 ≤ x ≤ 90

2 (a) 6000

0
y
2

y
20 90
0

(b) L  2000 when x 29.9645 30 watts.

52 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

86. (a) 70 (d) The maximum temperature according to the model is

about 63.93F. According to the data, it is 64F. The
minimum temperature according to the model is about
33.98F. According to the data, it is 34F.
0 24
0 (e) Answers may vary. Temperatures will depend upon the
weather patterns, which usually change from day to day.
(b) The model is an excellent fit.
(c) The temperature is increasing from 6 A.M. until noon

x  0 to x  6. Then it decreases until 2 A.M.

x  6 to x  20. Then the temperature increases
until 6 A.M.
x  20 to x  24.

87. (a) For the average salaries of college professors, a scale of $10,000 would be appropriate.
(b) For the population of the United States, use a scale of 10,000,000.
(c) For the percent of the civilian workforce that is unemployed, use a scale of 1%.

88. 8m (b) 80 (c) When x  4, the resulting figure is a square.

x x
x x 8m
4 4

8m 0 4 4 4
0

8m

x x
Range: 32 ≤ A ≤ 64
x x 4 s 4

(a) A 
8
8
4
2 
x
x

1 4 4

 64
2x2 By the Pythagorean Theorem,

Domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 42  42  s2 ⇒ s 
32  4
2 meters.

89. r  15.639t3
104.75t 2  303.5t
301, 2 ≤ t ≤ 7

r
7
r
2 2054.927
12.112
(a) 2200 (b)   408.563
7
2 5
The average rate of change from 2002 to 2007 is
$408.563 billion per year. The estimated revenue is
2 7 increasing each year at a rapid pace.
0

90. (a) 600

(c) The five-year period of least average rate of change was
1992 to 1997.
F
7
F
2 463.74
433.5 30.24
   6.05
7
2 7
2 5
2 12
400
The five-year period of greatest increase was 1997 to 2002.
(b) The average rate of change from 1992 to 2002: F
12
F
7 580.78
463.74 117.04
   23.4
F
12
F
2 580.78
433.5 12
7 12
7 5

12
2 12
2 The least rate of change was about 6.05 thousand students
from 1992 to 1997.
147.28
  14.728
10 The greatest rate of change was about 23.4 thousand
students from 1997 to 2002.
The number of foreign students increased at a steady
rate of 14.728 thousand students each year.
 Section 1.5 Analyzing Graphs of Functions 53

91. s0  6, v0  64 92. (a) s 
16t 2  72t  6.5

(a) s 
16t 2  64t  6 (b) 100

(b) 100

0 5
0

0 5
0
(c) The average rate of change from t  0 to t  4:
s
3
s
0 54
6 s
4
s
0 38.5
6.5 32
(c)   16    8 feet per second
3
0 3 4
0 4 4
(d) The average rate of change of the height of the object (d) The slope of the secant line through
0, s
0 and
with respect to time over the interval t1  0 to t2  3
4, s
4 is positive. The average rate of change of the
is 16 feet per second. position of the object from t  0 to t  4 is 8 feet per
second.
(e) s
0  6, m  16
(e) The equation of the secant line:
Secant line: y
6  16
t
0
m  8, y  8t  6.5
y  16t  6
(f) The graph is shown in (b).
(f) 100
100

0 5
0 0 5
0

93. v0  120, s0  0 94. (a) s 
16t 2  96t

(a) s 
16t 2  120t (b) 175

(b) 270

0 6
0

0 8
0
(c) The average rate of change from t  2 to t  5:
s
5
s
3 200
216 s
5
s
2 80
128
(c)  
8 
5
3 2 5
2 3
48
(d) The average decrease in the height of the object over 

16 feet per second
the interval t1  3 to t2  5 is 8 feet per second. 3

(e) s
5  200, m 
8 (d) The slope of the secant line through
2, s
2 and

5, s
5 is negative. The average rate of change of the
Secant line: y
200 
8
t
5 position of the object from t  2 to t  5 is
16 feet
y 
8t  240 per second.
(e) The equation of the secant line: m 
16
(f) 270

Using
2, s
2 
2, 128 we have

y
128 
16
t
2

0 8 y 
16t  160.
0
(f) The graph is shown in (b).
175

0 6
0
54 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

95. v0  0, s0  120 96. (a) s 
16t 2  80

(a) s 
16t 2  120 (b) 120

(b) 140

0 3
0

0 4

(c) The average rate of change from t  1 to t  2:

0

s
2
s
0 56
120 s
2
s
1 16
64 48

(c)  
32  

48 feet per second
2
0 2 2
1 1 1
(d) On the interval t1  0 to t2  2, the height of the (d) The slope of the secant line through
1, s
1 and
object is decreasing at a rate of 32 feet per second.
2, s
2 is negative. The average rate of change of the
position of the object from t  1 to t  2 is
48 feet
(e) s
0  120, m 
32
per second.
Secant line: y
120 
32
t
0
(e) The equation of the tangent line: m 
48
y 
32t  120
Using
1, s
1 
1, 64 we have
(f) 140
y
64 
48
t
1
y 
48t  112.

0 4
(f) The graph is shown in (b).
0
120

0 3
0

97. False. The function f
x 

x2  1 has a domain of all 98. False. An odd function is symmetric with respect to the
real numbers. origin, so its domain must include negative values.

99. (a) Even. The graph is a reflection in the x-axis. 100. Yes, the graph of x  y 2  1 in Exercise 11 does
represent x as a function of y. Each y-value corresponds
(b) Even. The graph is a reflection in the y-axis.
to only one x-value.
(c) Even. The graph is a vertical translation of f.
(d) Neither. The graph is a horizontal translation of f.

101.

32, 4 102.

3,
7

5

(a) If f is even, another point is
32, 4. (a) If f is even, another point is
3,
7.
5

(b) If f is odd, another point is
2,
4. (b) If f is odd, another point is
3, 7.
3 5

103.
4, 9 104.
5,
1

(a) If f is even, another point is

4, 9. (a) If f is even, another point is

5,
1.
(b) If f is odd, another point is

4,
9. (b) If f is odd, another point is

5, 1.
 Section 1.5 Analyzing Graphs of Functions 55

105. (a) y  x (b) y  x2 (c) y  x3

4 4 4

−6 6 −6 6 −6 6

−4 −4 −4

(d) y  x4 (e) y  x5 (f) y  x6

4 4 4

−6 6 −6 6 −6 6

−4 −4 −4

All the graphs pass through the origin. The graphs of the odd powers of x are symmetric with respect to
the origin and the graphs of the even powers are symmetric with respect to the y-axis. As the powers increase,
the graphs become flatter in the interval
1 < x < 1.

106. The graph of y  x7 will pass through the origin and will be symmetric with the origin.
The graph of y  x8 will pass through the origin and will be symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
4 4

−6 6 −6 6

−4 −4

107. x2
10x  0 108. 100

x
52  0 109. x3
x  0

x
x
10  0
x
52  100 x
x2
1  0
x0 or x  10 x
5  ± 10 x  0 or x2
1  0
x
5 
10 ⇒ x 
5 x2  1
x
5  10 ⇒ x  15 x  ±1

110. 16x2
40x  25  0 111. f
x  5x
8

4x
5
4x
5  0 (a) f
9  5
9
8  37
4x
5  0 ⇒ x  5
4 (b) f

4  5

4
8 
28
(c) f
x
7  5
x
7
8  5x
35
8  5x
43

112. f
x  x2
10x

(a) f
4 
42
10
4  16
40 
24
(b) f

8 

82
10

8  64  80  144
(c) f
x
4 
x
42
10
x
4
 x2
8x  16
10x  40  x 2
18x  56
56 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

113. f
x  x
12
9 114. f
x  x 4
x
5

(a) f
12  12
12
9  0
9 
9 (a) f

1 

14


1
5  1  1
5 
3
(b) f
2  
2 
2
5 
16
4
(b) f
40  40
12
9  28
9  27
9 1 1 1 87

(c) f

36  does not exist. The given value is not in (c) f
23  
23 
23
5
4

the domain of the function.

 16
9
23
5  139
23

115. f
x  x2
2x  9
f
3  h 
3  h2
2
3  h  9
 9  6h  h2
6
2h  9
 h2  4h  12
f (3  32
2
3  9  12
f
3  h
f
3
h2  4h  12

12 h2  4h h
h  4
    h  4, h  0
h h h h

f
6  h
f
6
116. f
x  5  6x
x2, ,h0
h
f
6  h
f
6 5  6
6  h

6  h2
5
6
6  62

h h
5  36  6h
36
12h
h2
5
36  36

h

h2
6h
 
h
6, h  0
h

Section 1.6 A Library of Parent Functions

■ You should be able to identify and graph the following types of functions:
(a) Linear functions like f
x  ax  b
(b) Squaring functions like f
x  x2
(c) Cubic functions like f
x  x3
(d) Square root functions like f
x  x
1
(e) Reciprocal functions like f
x 
x
(f) Constant functions like f
x  c
(g) Absolute value functions like f
x  x 
(h) Step and piecewise-defined functions like f
x  x
■ You should be able to determine the following about these parent functions:
(a) Domain and range
(b) x-intercept(s) and y-intercept
(c) Symmetries
(d) Where it is increasing, decreasing, or constant
(e) If it is odd, even or neither
(f) Relative maximums and relative minimums
 Section 1.6 A Library of Parent Functions 57

Vocabulary Check
1
1. f
x  x 2. f
x  x 3. f
x 
x
(g) greatest integer function (i) identity function (h) reciprocal function
4. f
x  x 2 5. f
x  x 6. f
x  c
(a) squaring function (b) square root function (e) constant function
7. f
x  x  8. f
x  x3 9. f
x  ax  b
(f) absolute value function (c) cubic function (d) linear function

1. (a) f
1  4, f
0  6 2. (a) f

3 
8, f
1  2

1, 4 and
0, 6

3,
8,
1, 2
6
4 2


8 10 5
m 
2 m  
0
1 1


3 4 2
y
6 
2
x
0 5
f
x
2 
x
1
y 
2x  6 2
f
x 
2x  6 5 1
f
x  x

2 2
(b) y
(b) y

5
6
4
5
3
4
3 2

2 1
x
1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x −1
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3. (a) f
5 
4, f

2  17 4. (a) f
3  9, f

1 
11

5,
4 and

2, 17
3, 9,

1,
11
17


4 21
11
9
20
m  
3 m  5

2
5
7
1
3
4
y


4 
3
x
5 f
x
9  5
x
3

y  4 
3x  15 f
x  5x
6

y 
3x  11 (b) y

2
f
x 
3x  11 1
x
− 5 − 4 −3 − 2 −1 2 3 4 5
(b) y
−2
12 −3
−4
10
−5
8 −6
−7
6

x
2 6 8 10 12
58 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

5. (a) f

5 
1, f
5 
1 6. (a) f

10  12, f
16 
1

5,
1 and
5,
1

10, 12,
16,
1

1


1 0
1
12
13 1
m  0 m  

5


5 10 16


10 26 2
y


1  0
x


5 1
f
x


1 

x
16
2
y10
1
y 
1 f
x 
x  7
2
f
x 
1 y
(b)
(b) y
16
14
3
12
2 10
1
6
x
4
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
2
x
−2 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

−3

7. (a) f 12 
6, f
4 
3 8. (a) f 23 
152, f

4 
11

12,
6 and
4,
3 23,
152 ,

4,
11

3


6 3 6
11


152
m   m
4

12 72 7
4

23

72
  
143  43
6 7
y


3 
x
4  

7
143 2
6 24 3
y3 x
f
x


11 
x


4
7 7 4
6 45 3
y x
f
x  x
8
7 7 4
6 45 (b) y
f
x  x

7 7 2
x
(b) y −2 2 4 6 8 12 14
−2
1 −4
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 −6
−1
−2 −8
−3
−4 − 12
−5
− 14
−6

−8
−9

9. f
x 
x
34 10. f
x  3x
2

5
11. f
x 
6x
2
1 5

4 4 2

−6 6

−6 6 −6 6

−4 −4 −6
 Section 1.6 A Library of Parent Functions 59

12. f
x  6
3 x 13. f
x  x2
2x 14. f
x 
x 2  8x

5 2

4 4 20

−6 6 −6 6

−6 12

−4 −4 −6

15. h
x 
x2  4x  12 16. g
x  x 2
6x
16 17. f
x  x3
1

18 6 4

−4 12

−6 6

− 10 20

−2 −28 −4

18. f
x  8
x3 19. f
x 
x
13  2 20. g
x  2
x  33  1

15 7 3

−6 3
−6 6
−7 8

−9 −3 −3

21. f
x  4x 22. f
x  4
2x 23. g
x  2
x  4

12 5 5

−4 11 −5 10

−1 9
−1 −5 −5

1 1
24. h
x  x  2  3 25. f
x 
26. f
x  4 
x x
8
4 10

−6 6
−4 11
−9 9
−2
−4 −2

1 1
27. h
x  28. k
x  29. f
x  x
x2 x
3
5
(a) f
2.1  2
4

(b) f
2.9  2
−9 3 −3 12
(c) f

3.1 
4

−4 −5 (d) f 72  3
60 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

30. g
x  2 x 31. h
x  x  3

(a) g

3  2
3  2

3 
6 (a) h

2  1  1
(b) g
0.25  20.25  2
0  0 (b) h
2   3.5  3
1

(c) g
9.5  29.5  2
9  18 (c) h
4.2  7.2  7

(d) g
3   2  3   2
3  6 (d) h

21.6  
18.6 
19
11 11

32. f
x  4 x  7 33. h
x  3x
1

(a) f
0  40  7  4
0  7  7 (a) h
2.5  6.5  6
(b) f

1.5  4
1.5  7  4

2  7 
1 (b) h

3.2  
10.6 
11
(c) f
6  46  7  4
6  7  31 (c) h
3   6  6
7

(d) f
3   43  7  4
1  7  11 (d) h

3   
22 
22

5 5 21

34. k
x  2x  6 35. g
x  3x
2  5

1

(a) k
5   2
5  6  8.5  8 (a) g

2.7  3
4.7  5  3

5  5 
10

1

(b) k

6.1   2

6.1  6  2.95  2 (b) g

1  3
3  5  3

3  5 
4

1

(c) k
0.1  2
0.1  6  6.05  6 (c) g
0.8  3
1.2  5  3

2  5 
1

1

(d) k
15   2
15  6  13.5  13 (d) g
14.5  312.5  5  3
12  5  41

1

36. g
x 
7 x  4  6 37. g
x 
x

(a) g
1
8  
7 1
8  4  6 y


7418  6 
7
4  6 
22

4
3

(b) g
9 
79  4  6 2


713  6 
7
13  6 
85 − 4 − 3 −2 − 1 3 4

x
−1
(c) g

4 
7
4  4  6 −2
−3

70  6 
7
0  6  6 −4

(d) g
3
2  
7 3
2  4  6

7 512   6 
7
5  6 
29

38. g
x  4x 39. g
x  x
2 40. g
x  x
1

y y y

16 2 6
12 1
4
8 x
− 4 −3 − 2 −1 1 2 3 4 2
4
x −2 x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 −6 −4 −2 1 2 4 6

− 12 −4
−5
− 16 −6 −6
 Section 1.6 A Library of Parent Functions 61

41. g
x  x  1 42. g
x  x
3 43. f
x 

2x23 
3,x, x < 0
x ≥ 0
y y
y
4 2
3 4
1
2 x 3
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
1 −1
x −2
−4 − 3 1 2 3 4 1
−3
−2 x
–1 1 2 3 4
−3 –1
−4 −6 –2

x
4,
1
x

x 2,
1 ,
x  6, x ≤
4

4  x, x < 0 2 x ≤ 2
44. g
x  1 45. f
x  46. f
x 
2 x >
4 4
x, x ≥ 0  x > 2
y y
y
5 4
4
4
2 3
x 3
− 10 −4 −2 2 8 10 2
−4 1 1
−6
x x
−8 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 −1 1 2 3 4 5
− 10
− 12 –2
− 14 –3
− 16

4
x2, x <
2
47. f
x 

x2  5,

x2  4x  3,
x ≤ 1
x > 1
48. h
x  2

3
x2, x < 0
x  2, x ≥ 0
49. h
x  3  x,
x2  1,

2 ≤ x < 0
x ≥ 0
y y
y
10 6
5
8 5
4
4
3

4 2
2
1
2 1
x
x −4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4 −1
–4 –2 2 4 6 8 −1
–2 −2
−2
−3

2x  1, x ≤
1
51. s
x  2
4x
4x 52. (a) g
x  2
14x
14x
1 1 2
50. k
x  2x2
1,
1 < x ≤ 1
1
x2, x1 8
(a) 8

3
−9 9 −9 9
2

1 −4
−4

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x
(b) Domain:

,  (b) Domain:

, 
−1
Range: 0, 2 Range: 0, 2
−2

−3 (c) Sawtooth pattern (c) Sawtooth pattern

62 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

53. (a) Parent function: f
x  x  54. (a) Parent function: y  x 55. (a) Parent function: f
x  x3
(b) g
x  x  2
1   (b) y  1  x  2 (b) g
x 
x
13
2
(c) 5 (c) 6 (c) 3

−6 6

−6 6
−4 8

−3 −2 −5

1
56. (a) Parent function: y  57. (a) Parent function: f
x  c 58. (a) Parent function: y  x 2
x
(b) g
x  2 (b) y  1

x  22
1
(b) y 
2
x (c) 3 (c) 3

(c) 3
−7 5

−6 6 −3 3

−1 −5

−5

59. (a) Parent function: f
x  x 60. (a) Parent function: y  x 61. C  0.60
0.421
t, t > 0
(b) g
x  x
2 (b) y  x
1 (a) C

7
(c) 4 (c) 3
6

Cost (in dollars)

5
4
−6 6 −4 5
3
2
1
−4 −3
t
2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (in minutes)

(b) C
12.5  $5.64

62. (a) C2
t  1.05
0.38

t
1 is the appropriate 63. C  10.75  3.95x, x > 0
model since the cost does not increase until after
(a) C
the next minute of conversation has started.
Cost of overnight delivery

48
(b) C
40
(in dollars)

5 32
Cost (in dollars)

4 24
16
3
8
2
x
2 4 6 8 10
1
Weight (in pounds)
t
1 2 3 4 5
Time (in minutes) (b) C
10.33  10.75  3.95
10  $50.25

C  1.05
0.38
17.75  $7.89

 Section 1.6 A Library of Parent Functions 63

64. (a) Model:
Total cost 
Flat rate 
Rate per pound 65. W
h 
12h,
18
h
40  480,
0 < h ≤ 40
h > 40
Labels: Total cost  C
(a) W
30  12
30  $360
Flat rate  9.80
W
40  12
40  $480
Rate per pound  2.50x, x > 0
W
45  18
5  480  $570
Equation: C  9.80  2.50x, x > 0
W
50  18
10  480  $660
(b) C

(b) W
h 
12h, 0 < h ≤ 45
Cost of overnight delivery

29.8
27.3
24.8
18
h
45  540, h > 45
(in dollars)

22.3
19.8
17.3
14.8
12.3
9.8
7.3
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weight (in pounds)

66. For the first two hours the slope is 1. For the next six
1
hours, the slope is 2. For the final hour, the slope is 2.

y
t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
16 f
t  2t
2, 2 < t ≤ 8
14 1
2 t  10, 8 < t ≤ 9
Inches of snow

12
10
8 To find f
t  2t
2, use m  2 and
2, 2.
6
4 y
2  2
t
2 ⇒ y  2t
2
2
To find f
t  2 t  10, use m  2 and
8, 14.
1 1
t
2 4 6 8 10
Hours y
14  12
t
8 ⇒ y  12 t  10
Total accumulation  14.5 inches

67. (a) The domain of f
x 
1.97x  26.3 is 6 < x ≤ 12. (b) y

One way to see this is to notice that this is the equation 20

(in thousands of dollars)

18
of a line with negative slope, so the function values are 16
14
decreasing as x increases, which matches the data for
Revenue

12
the corresponding part of the table. The domain of 10
8
f
x  0.505x 2
1.47x  6.3 is then 1 ≤ x ≤ 6. 6
4
(c) f
5  0.505
52
1.47
5  6.3 2
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
 0.505
25
7.35  6.3  11.575 Month (1 ↔ January)

f
11 
1.97
11)  26.3  4.63

These values represent the income in thousands of dollars
for the months of May and November, respectively.
(d) The model values are very close to the actual values.

Month, x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Revenue, y 5.2 5.6 6.6 8.3 11.5 15.8 12.8 10.1 8.6 6.9 4.5 2.7

Model, f
x 5.3 5.4 6.4 8.5 11.6 15.7 12.5 10.5 8.6 6.6 4.6 2.7
64 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

68. 69. False. A piecewise-defined function is a function that

Interval Intake Pipe Drainpipe 1 Drainpipe 2
is defined by two or more equations over a specified
0, 5 Open Closed Closed domain. That domain may or may not include x- and
y-intercepts.
5, 10 Open Open Closed
10, 20 Closed Closed Closed
20, 30 Closed Closed Open
30, 40 Open Open Open
40, 45 Open Closed Open
45, 50 Open Open Open
50, 60 Open Open Closed

70. True. f
x  2x, 1 ≤ x < 4 is equivalent to the given piecewise function.

6
2 4
71. For the line through
0, 6 and
3, 2: m  

0
3 3
4 4
y
6 

x
0 ⇒ y 
x  6
3 3
2
0 2
For the line through
3, 2 and
8, 0: m  

3
8 5
2 2 16
y
0 

x
8 ⇒ y 
x 
5 5 5

f
x 


43 x  6,

25 x  16
5,
0 ≤ x ≤ 3
3 < x ≤ 8

Note that the respective domains can also be 0 ≤ x < 3 and 3 ≤ x ≤ 8.

x7 ,
x, x ≤ 2
2
72. f
x 
x > 2

73. 3x  4 ≤ 12
5x x 74. 2x  1 > 6x
9 5

2
−3 − 2 − 1 0 1 2 3
x
8x  4 ≤ 12 10 > 4x −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 5
8x ≤ 8 2 > x or x < 2

x ≤ 1

75. L1:

2,
2 and
2, 10 76. L1:

1,
7,
4, 3
10


2 12 3


7 10
m1   3 m1   2
2


2 4 4


1 5
L2:

1, 3 and
3, 9 L2:
1, 5,

2,
7
9
3 6 3 5


7 12
m2    m2   4
3


1 4 2 1


2 3
The lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular. Because the slopes are neither the same nor negative
reciprocals, the lines L1 and L2 are neither parallel nor
perpendicular.
 Section 1.7 Transformations of Functions 65

Section 1.7 Transformations of Functions

■ You should know the basic types of transformations.

Let y
f
x and let c be a positive real number.
1. h
x
f
x  c Vertical shift c units upward
2. h
x
f
x  c Vertical shift c units downward
3. h
x
f
x  c Horizontal shift c units to the right
4. h
x
f
x  c Horizontal shift c units to the left
5. h
x
f
x Reflection in the x-axis
6. h
x
f
x Reflection in the y-axis
7. h
x
cf
x, c > 1 Vertical stretch
8. h
x
cf
x, 0 < c < 1 Vertical shrink
9. h
x
f
cx, c > 1 Horizontal shrink

10. h
x
f
cx, 0 < c < 1 Horizontal stretch

Vocabulary Check
1. rigid 2. f
x; f
x 3. nonrigid
4. horizontal shrink; horizontal stretch 5. vertical stretch; vertical shrink 6. (a) iv (b) ii (c) iii (d) i


1. (a) f
x
x  c Vertical shifts y
c=3


c
1 : f
x
x  1 1 unit down 6
c=1

c
1 : f
x
x  1 1 unit up

c = −1
c
3 : f
x
x  3 3 units up
x
−4 −2 2 4

−2


(b) f
x
x  c  Horizontal shifts y


c
1 : f
x
x  1  1 unit left 8
c = −1

 
c
1 : f
x
x  1 1 unit right 6
c=1
c
3 : f
x
x  3 3 units right c=3

x
−4 −2 2 4 6
−2

 
(c) f
x
x  4  c Horizontal shift four units left and a vertical shift
c=3
y


c
1 : f
x
x  4  1  1 unit down 6
c=1

 
c
1 : f
x
x  4  1 1 unit up
c = −1
c
3 : f
x
x  4  3 3 units up
x
−8 −6 −2

−2
66 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

2. (a) f
x
x  c Vertical shifts y

c=3
c
3 : f
x
x  3 3 units down 6
c=1
4
c = −1
c
1 : f
x
x  1 1 unit down 2
c = −3
x
c
1 : f
x
x  1 1 unit up 2 8 10 12
−2

c
3 : f
x
x  3 3 units up −4

−6

(b) f
x
x  c Horizontal shifts y

c
3 : f
x
x  3 3 units left 8

6
c
1 : f
x
x  1 1 unit left 4 c = −3 c = −1
2 c=1
c
1 : f
x
x  1 1 unit right c=3
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
c
3 : f
x
x  3 3 units right −2

−4

(c) f
x
x  3  c Horizontal shift 3 units right and a vertical shift y

c
3 : f
x
x  3  3 3 units down 8

6 c=3
c
1 : f
x
x  3  1 1 unit down 4 c=1
2 c = −1
c
1 : f
x
x  3  1 1 unit up
x
−2 2 4 c = −3
c
3 : f
x
x  3  3 3 units up −2

−4

3. (a) f
x
x  c Vertical shifts y

c=2 c=0
c
2 : f
x
x  2
4
2 units down 3
c = −2
c
0 : f
x
x Parent function 2

c
2 : f
x
x  2 2 units up x

−4 3 4

(b) f
x
x  c Horizontal shifts y

c=2 c=0
c
2 : f
x
x  2
4
2 units right 3
c = −2
c
0 : f
x
x Parent function 2

c
2 : f
x
x  2 2 units left −4 3 4

x

(c) f
x
x  1  c Horizontal shift 1 unit right and a vertical shift y

c=2
4
c
2 : f
x
x  1  2 2 units down 3
c=0

c
0 : f
x
x  1 2
c = −2
1
c
2 : f
x
x  1  2 2 units up −4 − 3 4
x
 Section 1.7 Transformations of Functions 67

xxc, c, 
x
x c c, ,

2 x < 0 2 x < 0
4. (a) f
x
(b) f
x

2 x ≥ 0 2 x ≥ 0
c=1 y c = −3 y
c = −1
4
c = −3 c=1
c=3
2

x x
−4 −3 −2 3 4 − 10 −6 −2 6 8 10 12
−4
−6
c=3 −8 c = −3
− 10
−4 − 12
c = −1

c = −1 c=3 c=1

5. (a) y
f
x  2 (b) y
f
x  2 (c) y
2f
x

Vertical shift 2 units upward Horizontal shift 2 units to the right Vertical stretch (each y-value is
y
multiplied by 2)
y
y
4
5
(4, 4) 3 4 (4, 4)
4 (6, 2)
2 3
(5, 1) 2 (3, 2)
3 1
(3, 3) (3, 0) 1 (1, 0)
x
2
(1, 2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−1 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
(0, 1) (2, − 1)
−2
x
−2 (0, − 2)
1 2 3 4 5 −3

(d) y
f
x (e) y
f
x  3 (f) y
f
x

Reflection in the x-axis Horizontal shift 3 units to the left Reflection in the y-axis
y y y

2 3 3
(0, 1) (1, 2) (−4, 2)
1 2 2
(1, 0)
x
(0, 1)
1 3 4 5 (− 2, 0) (−3, 1) (−1, 0)
−1 x x
(3, −1) −3 −1 1 2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−2 −1
(4, −2) (−3, −1) (0, − 1)
−3 −2 −2

(g) y
f
2x
1

Horizontal stretch (each

x-value is multiplied by 2)
y

5
4
3 (8, 2)
2 (6, 1)
1 (2, 0)
x
−1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(0, −1)
−2
−3
−4
−5
68 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

6. (a) y
f
x (b) y
f
x  4 (c) y
2 f
x

Reflection in the y-axis Vertical shift 4 units upward Vertical stretch (each y-value is
y y
multiplied by 2)
y
10 10
8 8 10
(− 4, 6) (6, 6)
6 6 8
4 4 6
(−6, 2) (4, 2)
2 (−4, 4) 4 (6, 4)
(− 2, 2) (0, 2)
x x 2
−6 −4 4 6 8 10 −10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2 4 6
(0, −2) (2, − 2) x
− 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 4 6
−4 −4 −2
−6 −6 (−2, − 4) (0, − 4)
−6

(d) y
f
x  4 (e) y
f
x  3 (f) y
f
x  1

Reflection in the x-axis and a Vertical shift 3 units downward Reflection in the x-axis and a
horizontal shift 4 units to the right y vertical shift 1 unit downward
y y
10
8 10
10
6 8
8
4 6
6
(2, 2) 2
4 (− 4, −1) (6, −1) 4
(4, 2) x
2 − 10 − 8 − 6 −2 2 4 (−2, 1) 2 (0, 1)
x x
−4 −2 2 4 6 12 −8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8
−2
(0, − 2) (10, − 2) (−2, − 5) − 6 (0, − 5)
−4 (− 4, −3) − 4 (6, −3)
−6 −6

(g) y
f
2x
Horizontal shrink (each x-value is
divided by 2)
y

4
3
(−2, 2) (3, 2)
2
1
x
− 4 − 3 −2 2 3 4
−1
(−1, − 2) (0, − 2)
−3
−4

7. (a) y
f
x  1 (b) y
f
x  1 (c) y
f
x

Vertical shift 1 unit downward Horizontal shift 1 unit to the right Reflection about the y-axis
y y y

(− 2, 3) (− 1, 4) (2, 4)
3 4 4

(0, 2) (1, 3)
3 3
(0, 3)
1 2

x 1 1
−2 −1 3
(1, − 1) (2, 0) (− 1, 0)
−1 x x
(3, − 2) −1 1 4 −3 −1 1 2
−2 −1 −1
(4, − 1) (− 3, −1)

—CONTINUED—
 Section 1.7 Transformations of Functions 69

7. —CONTINUED—
(d) y
f
x  1 (e) y
f
x  2 (f) y
12 f
x

Horizontal shift 1 unit to the Reflection about the x-axis and a Vertical shrink
each y-value is
left horizontal shift 2 units to the right multiplied by 12 
y y
y
(5, 1)
(− 3, 4) 1
4 3
(3, 0) (− 2, 2)
x
(− 1, 3)
3 1 2 4 5
2
)0, 32)
−1 1
2
(1, 0)
−2 x
−2 −1 1
(0, 0) −3 (2, − 3)
−3 −2 −1 2
x −1 )
3, − 1
2 )
−4 (0, − 4) −2
−1
(2, − 1)

(g) y
f
2x
Horizontal shrink
each
x-value is multiplied by 12 
y

5
(−1, 4)
4
3 (0, 3)
2
1 (12 , 0(
x
− 4 − 3 − 2 −1 2 3 4
−1
−2 ( 3
2
, −1 (
−3

8. (a) y
f
x  5 (b) y
f
x  3 (c) y
13 f
x

Horizontal shift 5 units to the right Reflection in the x-axis and a Vertical shrink
each y-value is
y
vertical shift 3 units upward multiplied by 13 
y
10 y
8 12
6 (5, 5) 10
2
(0, 53 (
4 (−6, 7) 8 (6, 7)
1
(2, 0) 2 6
(8, 0)
x 4 (−3, 0) (3, 0)
−4 −2 4 6 8 10 12 (− 3, 3) (3, 3) x
2 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
x
(−1, − 4) (11, − 4) − 10 −8 − 6 − 4 4 6 −1
−6 (0, − 2)
−4 (
−6, − 43 ( −2
(6, − 43 (

(d) y
f
x  1 (e) y
f
x (f) y
f
x  10

Reflection in the x-axis and a Reflection in the y-axis Vertical shift 10 units downward
horizontal shift 1 unit to the left y y
y
8 2
6 6 (0, 5) x
(−7, 4) (5, 4) −8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2 4 6 8
4 4
2 2 −4 (0, − 5)
(−4, 0) (2, 0) (−3, 0) (3, 0)
x x
−10 −8 −6 −2 4 6 −8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2 4 6 8
−8
(−3, − 10) (3, −10)
−4 −4 −10
(− 1, −5) (−6, − 4) (6, −4) (− 6, −14)
−6 −6 −12 (6, − 14)
−8 −8 −14
− 10

—CONTINUED—
70 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

8. —CONTINUED—
(g) y
f
13 x
Horizontal stretch (each x-value is multiplied by 3)
y

18

12

6 (0, 5)
(−9, 0) (9, 0)
x
−6 6
(−18, − 4) −6 (18, − 4)
− 12

− 18

9. Parent function: f
x
x 2 10. Parent function: f
x
x3

(a) Vertical shift 1 unit downward (a) Reflected in the x-axis and shifted upward 1 unit
g
x
x2 1 g
x
x3  1
1  x3
(b) Reflection about the x-axis, horizontal shift 1 unit to (b) Shifted to the right 1 unit and upward 1 unit
the left, and a vertical shift 1 unit upward
g
x

x  13  1
g
x

x  12  1
(c) Reflected in the x-axis and shifted to the left 3 units
(c) Reflection about the x-axis, horizontal shift 2 units to and downward 1 unit
the right, and a vertical shift 6 units upward
g
x

x  33  1
g
x

x  22  6
(d) Shifted to the right 10 units and downward 4 units
(d) Horizontal shift 5 units to the right and a vertical shift
g
x

x  103  4
3 units downward
g
x

x  52  3

11. Parent function: f
x
x  12. Parent function: f
x
x

(a) Vertical shift 5 units upward (a) Shifted down 3 units
g
x
x  5  g
x
x  3
(b) Reflection in the x-axis and a horizontal shift 3 units (b) Shifted downward 7 units and to the left 1 unit
to the left
g
x
x  1  7
g
x
 x  3   (c) Reflected in the x-axis and shifted to the right 5 units
(c) Horizontal shift 2 units to the right and a vertical shift and upward 5 units
4 units downward
g
x
 x  5  5

g
x
x  2  4  (d) Reflected about the x- and y-axis and shifted to the
(d) Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal shift 6 units to the right 3 units and downward 4 units
right, and a vertical shift 1 unit downward
g
x
 x  3  4
 
x  3  4
g
x
 x  6  1  
13. Parent function: f
x
x3 14. Parent function: y
x
Horizontal shift 2 units to the right: y
(x  23 Transformation: vertical shrink
1
Formula: y
2x

15. Parent function: f
x
x2 16. Parent function: y
x

Reflection in the x-axis: y
x2 Transformation: vertical shift
Formula: y
x  4
 Section 1.7 Transformations of Functions 71

17. Parent function: f
x
x 18. Parent function: y
x 

Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift 1 unit upward: Transformation: horizontal shift
y
 x  1
Formula: y
x  2  
19. g
x
12  x2 20. g
x

x  82
(a) Parent function: f
x
x2 (a) Parent function: f
x
y
x 2
(b) Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift (b) Horizontal shift of 8 units to the right
12 units upward
(c) y (d) g
x
f
x  8
(c) y (d) g
x
12  f
x 16

12 12

8
4
x
− 12 − 8 8 12 4
−4

−8 x
4 8 12 16
− 12

21. g
x
x3  7 22. g
x
x3  1

(a) Parent function: f
x
x3 (a) Parent function: f
x
x 3
(b) Vertical shift 7 units upward (b) Reflection in the x-axis; vertical shift of 1 unit
downward
(c) y (d) g
x
f
x  7
11 (c) y (d) g
x
f
x  1
10
9 3
8
2

5 1
4
3 x
−3 −2 1 2 3
2
1
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 −2

−3

23. g
x
23 x 2  4 24. g
x
2
x  72

(a) Parent function: f
x
x2 (a) Parent function: f
x
x 2
(b) Vertical shrink of two-thirds, and a vertical shift (b) Vertical stretch of 2 and a horizontal shift 7 units to
4 units upward the right of f
x
x 2
(c) y
(c) y

7 10
6 8
5
6

3 4

2 2
1
x
x −2 2 4 6 8 10
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −2
−1

(d) g
x
23 f
x  4 (d) g
x
2 f
x  7

72 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

25. g
x
2 
x  52 26. g
x

x  102  5

(a) Parent function: f
x
x 2
(a) Parent function: f
x
x 2
(b) Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal shift 5 units (b) Reflection in the x-axis; horizontal shift of 10 units
to the left, and a vertical shift 2 units upward to the left; vertical shift of 5 units upward
(c) y (d) g
x
2  f
x  5 (c) y (d) g
x
f
x  10  5
4
10
3
2
5
1
x
x
−7 −6 −5 −4 − 2 −1 1
− 20 − 15 − 10 −5
−2 −5
−3
−4 − 10

27. g
x
3x 28. g
x
 14x

(a) Parent function: f
x
x (a) Parent function: f
x
x
1
(b) Horizontal shrink by 3 (b) Horizontal stretch of 4, f
x
x
(d) g
x
f
3x (d) g
x
f
4 x
1
(c) y (c) y

6
4
5
4 3

3
2
2
1 1
x
x
−2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 −1 1 2 3 4
−2 −1

29. g
x

x  13  2 30. g
x

x  33  10

(a) Parent function: f
x
x3 (a) Parent function: f
x
x3
(b) Horizontal shift 1 unit to the right and a vertical (b) Horizontal shift of 3 units to the left; vertical shift of
shift 2 units upward 10 units downward
(c) y (d) g
x
f
x  1  2 (c) y (d) g
x
f
x  3  10
5
4
4
x
3 − 16 − 12 −8 −4 4

1
− 12
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 − 16

31. g
x
 x  2  32. g
x
6  x  5  

(a) Parent function: f
x
x  (a) Parent function: f
x
x 
(b) Reflection in the x-axis; vertical shift 2 units downward (b) Reflection in the x-axis; horizontal shift of 5 units to
(c) y (d) g
x
f
x  2 the left; vertical shift of 6 units upward
1 (c) y (d) g
x
6  f
x  5
x 8
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
6
−1
4
−2

−3
x
−4 − 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2
−2
−5
−4

−6
 Section 1.7 Transformations of Functions 73


33. g
x
 x  4  8  34. g
x
x  3  9  
(a) Parent function: f
x
x  (a) Parent function: f
x
x 
(b) Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal shift 4 units (b) Reflection in the y-axis; horizontal shift of 3 units
to the left, and a vertical shift 8 units upward to the right; vertical shift of 9 units upward

(c) y (d) g
x
f
x  4  8 (c) y (d) g
x
f

x  3  9

8 12

6
9

4
6
2
3
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4
−2 x
3 6 9 12

35. g
x
3  x 36. g
x
2 x  5

(a) Parent function: f
x
x (a) Parent function: f
x
x
(b) Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift 3 units up (b) Horizontal shift of 5 units to the left; vertical stretch
(each y-value is multiplied by 2)
(c) y
(d) g
x
3  f
x
6 (c) y (d) g
x
2 f
x  5

3 4
2
2
1
x x
− 3 −2 − 1 1 2 3 6 − 10 − 8 −6 −4 −2 2
−2
−2
−3 −4

−6

37. g
x
x  9 38. g
x
x  4  8

(a) Parent function: f
x
x (a) Parent function: f
x
x
(b) Horizontal shift 9 units to the right (b) Horizontal shift of 4 units to the left; vertical shift of
8 units upward
(c) y (d) g
x
f
x  9
15
(c) y (d) g
x
f
x  4  8
12
12

9
8
6
6
3
4
x
2
3 6 9 12 15
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6

39. g
x
7  x  2 or g
x

x  7  2

(a) Parent function: f
x
x (c) y (d) g
x
f
7  x  2
(b) Reflection in the y-axis, horizontal shift 7 units 4

to the right, and a vertical shift 2 units downward 2

x
−2 2 8
−2

−4

−6
74 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

40. g
x
 x  1  6 41. g
x
2 x  4

1

(a) Parent function: f
x
x (a) Parent function: f
x
x

(b) Reflection in the x-axis; horizontal shift of 1 unit (b) Horizontal stretch (each x-value is multiplied by 2)
to the left; vertical shift of 6 units downward and a vertical shift 4 units down
(d) g
x
f
x  1  6 (d) g
x
f
2 x  4
1
(c) y
(c) y

1 1
x x
−5 − 4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

−2 −2
−3 −3
−4
−4
−5
−5
−6
−7
−8
−8
−9
−9

42. g
x
3x  1

(a) Parent function: f
x
x (c) y (d) g
x
f
3x  1
9
(b) Horizontal shrink
each x-value is multiplied by 3 ;
1
8
7
vertical shift of 1 unit upward 6
5
4
3
2
1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

43. f
x
x2 moved 2 units to the right and 8 units down. 44. f
x
x2 moved 3 units to the left, 7 units upward, and
reflected in the x-axis (in that order)
g
x

x  22  8
g
x

x  32  7

45. f
x
x 3 moved 13 units to the right. 46. f
x
x3 moved 6 units to the left, 6 units downward,
and reflected in the y-axis (in that order)
g
x

x  133
g
x

x  63  6 or g
x

x  63  6


47. f
x
x moved 10 units up and reflected about the 
48. f
x
x moved 1 unit to the right and 7 units downward
x-axis.
g
x
x  1  7

g
x

x  10
 x  10 
49. f
x
x moved 6 units to the left and reflected 50. f
x
x moved 9 units downward and reflected in both
in both the x- and y-axes. the x-axis and the y-axis
g
x
 x  6 g
x

x  9

51. f
x
x2 52. f
x
x3

(a) Vertical shrink
each y-value is multiplied by 4 
1
(a) Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical stretch (each
y-value is multiplied by 3)
g
x
14 x 3
g
x
3x2
(b) Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical stretch
(b) Vertical shift 3 units upward and a vertical stretch (each y-value is multiplied by 2)
(each y-value is multiplied by 4)
g
x
2x3
g
x
4x  3 2
 Section 1.7 Transformations of Functions 75


53. f
x
x 54. f
x
x
(a) Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shrink
each (a) Vertical stretch (each y-value is multiplied by 8)
y-value is multiplied by 2 
1
g
x
8x
g
x
 12 x  (b) Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shrink
(b) Vertical stretch (each y-value is multiplied by 3) and
each y-value is multiplied by 14 
a vertical shift 3 units downward
g
x
 4x
1


g
x
3 x  3

55. Parent function: f
x
x 3

Vertical stretch (each y-value is multiplied by 2)
g
x
2x 3

56. Parent function: f
x
x  57. Parent function: f
x
x2 58. Parent function: y
x
Vertical stretch (each y-value is Reflection in the x-axis; vertical Horizontal stretch (each x-value is
multiplied by 6) shrink
each y-value is multiplied multiplied by 2)
by 12 
g
x
6 x  g
x
12 x
g
x
 12x2

59. Parent function: f
x
x 60. Parent function: f
x
x  61. Parent function: f
x
x3
Reflection in the y-axis; vertical Reflection in the x-axis; vertical Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal
shrink
each y-value is multiplied shift of 2 units downward; vertical shift 2 units to the right and a
by 2 
1
stretch (each y-value is multiplied vertical shift 2 units upward
by 2)
g
x
12x g
x

x  23  2
g
x
2 x  2 
62. Parent function: f
x
x  63. Parent function: f
x
x 64. Parent function: f
x
x 2
Horizontal shift of 4 units to the Reflection in the x-axis and a Horizontal shift of 2 units to the
left and a vertical shift of 2 units vertical shift 3 units downward right and a vertical shift of 4 units
downward upward.
g
x
 x  3

g
x
x  4  2  g
x

x  22  4

65. (a) g
x
f
x  2 (b) g
x
f
x  1 (c) g
x
f
x
Vertical shift 2 units upward Vertical shift 1 unit downward Reflection in the y-axis
y y y

7 4 7
6 3 6
5 2 5
4 1 4
x 3
2 g −4 −3 g 5 6 2
1 −2 g
x −3 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 −4 − 6 − 5 −4 − 3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4
−2 −5 −2
−3 −6 −3

—CONTINUED—
76 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

65. —CONTINUED—
(d) g
x
2f
x (e) g
x
f
4x (f) g
x
f
2x
1

Reflection in the x-axis and a Horizontal shrink
each x-value is Horizontal stretch (each x-value is
vertical stretch (each y-value multiplied by 14  multiplied by 2)
is multiplied by 2) y y

y
8
2
4 6
3 1 4
2 g 2 g
1 x x
x −2 −1 1 2 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−4 −3 −2 1 4 5 6 −2
g −1 −4
−2
−3 −6
−4 −2
−8
−5
−6

66. (a) g
x
f
x  5 (b) g
x
f
x  12 (c) g
x
f
x
1
Vertical shift 5 units downward Vertical shift unit upward 2 Reflection in the y-axis
y y y

1 7 7
x 6 6
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 5
5
−2 4 4
g
3
−4 2 2
−5 1 g
g
−6 x x
−7 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−8 −2 −2
−9 −3 −3

(d) g
x
4 f
x (e) g
x
f
2x  1 (f) g
x
f
14 x  2

Reflection in the x-axis and a Horizontal shrink
each x-value is Horizontal stretch (each x-value is
multiplied by 2  and a vertical shift
1
vertical stretch (each y-value multiplied by 4) and a vertical shift
is multiplied by 4) 1 unit upward 2 units downward
y y y

3 16
4
12
x 3 8
−6 −3 3 6 9
4
−3 2 x
g
g −8 −4 g
−6 1
−8
x − 12
−2 −1 1 2 3 − 16
− 12 −1 − 20

67. F
f
t
20.6  0.035t 2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 22

f
22  f
0 37.54  20.6
(a) A vertical shrink by 0.035 and a vertical shift of (b)

0.77
22  0 22
20.6 units upward
F
The average increase in fuel used by trucks was 0.77
billion gallons per year between 1980 and 2002.
40
(in billions of gallons)

35 (c) g
t
20.6  0.035
t  102
f
t  10

Amount of fuel

30
This represents a horizontal shift 10 units to the left.
25
20 (d) g
20
52.1 billion gallons
15
t
Yes. There are many factors involved here. The number of
4 8 12 16 20 trucks on the road continues to increase but are more fuel
Year (0 ↔ 1980) efficient. The availability and the cost of overseas and
domestic fuel also plays a role in usage.
 Section 1.7 Transformations of Functions 77

68. (a) The graph is a horizontal shift 20.396 units to the left (b) f
t
0.0054
t  30.3962
of the graph of the common function f
x
x 2 and a
By shifting the graph 10 units to the left, you obtain t
0
vertical shrink by a factor of 0.0054.
represents 1990.
M
Amount of mortgage debt

7
(in trillions of dollars)

6
5
4
3
2
1
t
2 4 6 8 10 12
Year (0 ↔ 1990)

  
69. True, since x
x , the graphs of f
x
x  6 and  70. False. The point
2, 67 lies on the transformation.
 
f
x
x  6 are identical.

71. (a) The profits were only 34 as large as expected: 72. If you consider the x-axis to be a mirror, each of the
y-values of the graph of y
f
x is the mirror image of
g
t
4 f
t
3
each of the y-values of the graph of y
f
x.
(b) The profits were $10,000 greater than predicted:
g
t
f
t  10,000
(c) There was a two-year delay: g
t
f
t  2

73. y
f
x  2  1 74. Answers will vary.

Horizontal shift 2 units to the left and a vertical shift (a) is probably simpler to graph by plotting points and (b)
1 unit downward is probably simpler to graph by translating the graph of
y
x 2.

0, 1 →
0  2, 1  1

2, 0

1, 2 →
1  2, 2  1

1, 1

2, 3 →
2  2, 3  1

0, 2

4 4 4
1  x  4x 4  4x  4x 4 2 2
75. 


76. 
x 1x x
1  x x
1  x x
1  x x5 x5
2 2 2
x  5  2
x  5


x5 x5
x  5
x  5
2x  10  2x  10 20




x  5
x  5
x  5
x  5

3 2 3x  2 x 1
77. 
78. 
x  1 x
x  1 x
x  1 x5 2
x 1 2x  x  5 3x  5



x5 2 2
x  5 2
x  5

x 1 4
xx4 4

x  x4  x4  4 x x x2

 2 x 2
79.
x  4 80.
2 2 2 2 4 x2
x2 x
x  2
x  1
x x
x 2

2
2
4 x2 x
x  2
x  2
x1

, x2
x
x  2
78 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

81.
x2
9  x 5 3 
x  3
1 x
3  x 5 3  5
x
3, x 
3

x2  3x
82. x 2
x

3x
28  
 2
x  5x  4 
x2  3x
x       x x 5x3x 4
x x 2
 2  2
2
3x
28 x  5x  4 x
3x
28 2

x
x  4
x  1 x1

  , x 
4,
1, 0

x
7
x  4x
x  3
x
7
x  3

83. f
x  x2
6x  11
(a) f

3 

32
6

3  11  38
(b) f

2  

2 
6

2   11  4  3  11  4
1 1 2 1 1 57

(c) f
x
3 
x
32
6
x
3  11  x2
6x  9
6x  18  11  x 2
12x  38

84. f
x  x  10
3
(a) f

10  
10  10
3 (b) f
26  26  10
3 (c) f
x
10  x
10  10
3

3  36
3  3  x
3

2 x
3
85. f
x  86. f
x 
11
x x
8
Domain: All real numbers except x  11 Domain: x ≥ 3, x  8 or 3, 8

8, 

87. f
x  81
x2 88. f
x  

3 4
x2

81
x2 ≥ 0 Domain: All real numbers

9  x
9
x ≥ 0
Critical numbers: x  ± 9
Test intervals:

,
9,

9, 9,
9, 
Test: Is 81
x2 ≥ 0?
Solution: 
9, 9
Domain of f
x:
9 ≤ x ≤ 9

Section 1.8 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions

■ Given two functions, f and g, you should be able to form the following functions (if defined):

1. Sum:
f  g
x  f
x  g
x

2. Difference:
f
g
x  f
x
g
x

3. Product:
fg
x  f
xg
x

4. Quotient:
fg
x  f
xg
x, g
x  0

5. Composition of f with g:
f  g
x  f
g
x

6. Composition of g with f :
g  f 
x  g
f
x

 Section 1.8 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions 79

Vocabulary Check
1. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division 2. composition
3. g
x 4. inner; outer

1. 2.
x 0 1 2 3 x
2
1 0 1 2
f 2 3 1 2 f
x
2 0
1
1 1
1
g
1 0 2 0 g
x 1 1 0 2 2
3
fg 1 3 2 2 h
x 
f  g
x
1 1
1 1 3

y y

4 3

3 2
h h
2 1

1 x
−2 −1 1 2

x −1
1 2 3 4

3. 4. The domain common to both functions is 
1, 1, which

x
2 0 1 2 4
is the domain of the sum.
f 2 0 1 2 4
x
1 0 1
g 4 2 1 0 2
fg f
x 0 1.5 3
6 2 2 2 6
g
x
1
2 1
y
h
x  f
x  g
x
1
0.5 4
7
6
y
5
h 4
3
2 2 h
1 1
x x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 − 4 −3 − 2 1 2 3 4

−2
−3
−4

5. f
x  x  2, g
x  x
2 6. f
x  2x
5, g
x  2
x

(a)
f  g
x  f
x  g
x 
x  2 
x
2  2x (a)
f  g
x  2x
5  2
x  x
3

(b)
f
g
x  f
x
g
x 
x  2

x
2  4 (b)
f
g
x  2x
5

2
x
(c)
fg
x  f
x  g
x 
x  2
x
2  x2
4  2x
5
2  x  3x
7

(d) gf 
x  gf

xx  xx
 22 (c)
fg
x 
2x
5
2
x

 4x
2x2
10  5x 
2x 2  9x
10
Domain: all real numbers x except x  2
 g 
x  2x2

x5
f
(d)

Domain: all real numbers x except x  2

80 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

7. f
x  x2, g
x  4x
5 8. f
x  2x
5, g
x  4

(a)
f  g
x  f
x  g
x (a)
f  g
x  2x
5  4  2x
1
 x2 
4x
5  x2  4x
5 (b)
f
g
x  2x
5
4  2x
9
(b)
f
g
x  f
x
g
x (c)
fg
x 
2x
5
4  8x
20
 x2

4x
5  x2
4x  5
 g 
x  2x 4
5  12 x
45
f
(d)
(c)
fg
x  f
x  g
x  x2
4x
5  4x3
5x2
Domain: all real numbers x
f
x
g 
x  g
x  4x
5
f x2
(d)

5
Domain: all real numbers x except x 
4

x2
9. f
x  x2  6, g
x  1
x 10. f
x  x2
4, g
x 
x2 1
(a)
f  g
x  f
x  g
x 
x2  6  1
x
x2
(b)
f
g
x  f
x
g
x 
x  6
1
x
2 (a)
f  g
x  x2
4 
x2 1
(c)
fg
x  f
x  g
x 
x2  61
x x2
(b)
f
g
x  x2
4

f
x 6
 61
x x2 1
g 
x  g
x  1
x 
f x2 x2
(d) ,
1
x x2x2
4
x 
x2
(c)
fg
x  x2
4 
Domain: x < 1
2 1 x2  1

x2  1x2
4

f x2
(d)
x  x2
4  2 
g x 1 x2
Domain: x2
4 ≥ 0
x2 ≥ 4 ⇒ x ≥ 2 or x ≤
2

Domain: x ≥ 2

1 1 x
11. f
x  , g
x  2 12. f
x  , g
x  x3
x x x1
1 1 x1 x x  x4  x3
(a)
f  g
x  f
x  g
x   2 (a)
f  g
x   x3 
x x x2 x1 x1
1 1 x
1 x x
x4
x3
(b)
f
g
x  f
x
g
x 
2 (b)
f
g
x 
x3 
x x x2 x1 x1

 
1 1 1 x x4
(c)
fg
x  f
x  g
x   3 (c)
fg
x 
x1
 x3  x  1
x x2 x
f
x
g 
x  g
x  1x g 
x  x  1  x
f 1x x2 f x x 1 1
(d) 2
 x (d) 3 
x1
 x3  x2
x  1
x
Domain: all real numbers x except x  0 Domain: all real numbers x except x  0 and x 
1

For Exercises 13–24, f

x  x2  1 and g
x  x  4.

13.
f  g
2  f
2  g
2 
22  1 
2
4  3 14.
f
g

1  f

1
g

1



12  1


1
4
 1  1


5
7
 Section 1.8 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions 81

15.
f
g
0  f
0
g
0 
02  1

0
4  5 16.
f  g
1  f
1  g
1


12  1 
1
4

1

17.
f
g
3t  f
3t
g
3t  
3t2  1

3t
4 18.
f  g
t
2  f
t
2  g
t
2

 9t2
3t  5 
t
22  1 
t
2
4
 t 2
4t  4  1  t
2
4
 t 2
3t
1

19.
fg
6  f
6g
6 
62  1
6
4  74 20.
fg

6  f

6  g

6
 

62  1

6
4

37

10

370

f
0
gf 
5  gf

55  55
 41  26 g 
0  g
0  0
4 
4
02  1
2 f 1
21. 22.

f

1
g 

1
g
3  g

1
g
3
f
23. 24.
fg
5  f
4  f
5g
5  f
4

52  1
5
4 
42  1


12  1


3
4

1
4  26  1  17

2 3  43

1
5 5

25. f
x  12x, g
x  x
1,
f  g
x  32x
1 26. f
x  13x, g
x 
x  4
y
f  g
x  13x
x  4 
23x  4
4 y
3
g
f+g 8
2
f 6
1

x f+g
−2 1 2 3 4 f
2

x
2 4 6
−2 g

27. f
x  x2, g
x 
2x,
f  g
x  x2
2x 28. f
x  4
x2, g
x  x
y
f  g
x  4
x2  x  4  x
x2
5 y
4
f
6
3
g
f+g

x x
–3 –2 –1 3 4 −6 −4 4 6
−2
−2
g f+g
f
−4

−6
82 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

x3 x3 x x
29. f
x  3x, g
x 
,
f  g
x  3x
30. f
x  , g
x  x,
f  g
x   x
10 10 2 2
10 10
f
f
f+g
g
− 15 15
f+g
−4 14

−10 g −2

For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, f
x contributes most to the magnitude. g
x contributes most to the magnitude of the sum for
0 ≤ x ≤ 2. f
x contributes most to the magnitude of
For x > 6, g
x contributes most to the magnitude.
the sum for x > 6.

31. f
x  x2, g
x  x
1 32. f
x  3x  5, g
x  5
x

(a)
f  g
x  f
g
x  f
x
1 
x
1 2
(a)
f  g
x  f
g
x
(b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x  g
x2  x2
1  f
5
x  3
5
x  5  20
3x
(c)
f  f 
x  f
f
x  f
x2 
x22  x4 (b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x
 g
3x  5  5

3x  5 
3x
(c)
f  f 
x  f
f
x
 f
3x  5  3
3x  5  5  9x  20

1
33. f
x  
3
x
1, g
x  x3  1 34. f
x  x3, g
x 
x
(a)
f  g
x  f
g
x
x  x
1 1 3 1
 f
x3  1 (a) ( f  g
x  f
g
x  f 
x3

3

x3  1
1 1
(b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x  g
x3 
 
3 3
x x x3

(b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x (c)
f  f 
x  f
f
x  f
x3 
x33  x9

 g

3
x
1

 x
1  1
3 3


x
1  1  x
(c)
f  f 
x  f
f
x
 f

3
x
1

33
x
1
1

35. f
x  x  4 Domain: x ≥
4 36. f
x  

3
x
5 Domain: all real numbers x
g
x  x2 Domain: all real numbers x g
x  x3 1 all real numbers x
(a)
f  g
x  f
g
x  f
x   x  42 2
(a)
f  g
x  f
g
x
Domain: all real numbers x  f
x3  1  x  1
5 
3 3
x
4
3 3

(b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x Domain: all real numbers x

 g
x  4  
x  4   x  4
2
(b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x
Domain: x ≥
4  g

3 x
5


 x
5  1
3 3

x
51x
4
Domain: all real numbers x
 Section 1.8 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions 83

37. f
x  x2  1 Domain: all real numbers x 38. f
x  x2 3 Domain: all real numbers x
g
x  x Domain: x ≥ 0 g
x  x6 Domain: all real numbers x
(a)
f  g
x  f
g
x  f
x 
x  1  x  1 (a)
f  g
x  f
g
x  f
x6 
x623  x 4
2

Domain: x ≥ 0 Domain: all real numbers x

(b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x  g
x2  1  x2  1 (b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x  g
x23 
x236  x 4
Domain: all real numbers x Domain: all real numbers x

39. f
x  x Domain: all real numbers x

40. f
x  x
4 Domain: all real numbers x
g
x  x  6 Domain: all real numbers x g
x  3
x Domain: all real numbers x

(a)
f  g
x  f
g
x  f
x  6  x  6 (a)
f  g
x  f
g
x
Domain: all real numbers x
 f
3
x 
3
x
4 
x
1

(b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x  g
x   x  6 Domain: all real numbers x
Domain: all real numbers x (b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x

 g
x
4   3

x
4   3
x
4
Domain: all real numbers x

1
41. f
x  Domain: all real numbers x except x  0
x
g
x  x  3 Domain: all real numbers x

(a)
f  g
x  f
g
x  f
x  3 

1
x3
(b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x  g
1
x
1
 3
x 
Domain: all real numbers x except x 
3 Domain: all real numbers x except x  0

3
42. f
x  Domain: all real numbers x except x  ± 1
x2
1
g
x  x  1 Domain: all real numbers x (b)
g  f 
x  g
f
x
(a)
f  g
x  f
g
x
 f
x  1
g x 2
3

1 
3
3  1
 x2
1

x  12
1
3  x2
1
3 
 x2
1
x2  2x  1
1
x2  2
3 
 2 x2
1
x  2x
Domain: all real numbers x except x  0 and x 
2 Domain: all real numbers x except x  ± 1

43. (a)
f  g
3  f
3  g
3  2  1  3 44. (a)
f
g
1  f
1
g
1  2
3 
1
f
2 (b)
fg
4  f
4  g
4  4  0  0
g
2  g
2  2  0
f 0
(b)

45. (a)
f  g
2  f
g
2  f
2  0 46. (a)
f  g
1  f
g
1  f
3  2
(b)
g  f 
2  g
f
2  g
0  4 (b)
g  f 
3  g
f
3  g
2  2
84 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

47. h
x 
2x 2  12 48. h
x 
1
x3

One possibility: Let f
x  x2 and g
x  2x  1, then One possibility: Let g
x  1
x and f
x  x3, then

f  g
x  h
x.
f  g
x  h
x.

49. h
x  
3 x2
4 50. h
x  9
x
One possibility: Let f
x  
3 x and g
x  x2
4, then One possibility: Let g
x  9
x and f
x  x, then

f  g
x  h
x.
f  g
x  h
x.

4
1 52. h
x 
51. h
x 
5x  22
x2
4
One possibility: Let f
x  1x and g
x  x  2, then One possibility: Let g
x  5x  2 and f
x  , then
x2

f  g
x  h
x.
f  g
x  h
x.

x2  3 27x3  6x
53. h
x  54. h
x 
4
x2 10
27x3
x3 27x  6 
3
x
One possibility: Let f
x  and g
x 
x2, then One possibility: Let g
x  x 3 and f
x  ,
4x 10
27x

f  g
x  h
x. then
f  g
x  h
x.

55. T
x  R
x  B
x  4x  15x2

3 1
56. (a) Total sales  R1  R2
 480
8t
0.8t 2  254  0.78t
300
 734
7.22t
0.8t 2
Distance traveled

250 T
(in feet)

200
B (b) 800
150
100 R3
R
50 R1
x
10 20 30 40 50 60 R2
Speed (in miles per hour) 0 6
0

p
t  b
t
d
t

57. (a) c
t 
100 58. (a) p
t  d
t  c
t
p
t
(b) p
5 represents the number of dogs and cats in 2005.
(b) c
5 represents the percent change in the population in
the year 2005. p
t d
t  c
t
(c) h
t  
n
t n
t
h
t represents the number of dogs and cats at time t
compared to the population at time t or the number of
dogs and cats per capita.

59. A
t  3.36t 2
59.8t  735, N
t  1.95t 2
42.2t  603

(a)
A  N
t  A
t  N
t  5.31t 2
102.0t  1338 (b)
A
N
t  A
t
N
t  1.41t 2
17.6t  132
This represents the combined Army and Navy personnel This represents the number of Army personnel
(in thousands) from 1990 to 2002, where t  0 (in thousands) more than the number of Navy personnel
corresponds to 1990. from 1990 to 2002, where t  0 corresponds to 1990.

A  N
4  1014.96 thousand
A
N
4  84.16 thousand

A  N
8  861.84 thousand
A
N
8  81.44 thousand

A  N
12  878.64 thousand
A
N
12  123.84 thousand
 Section 1.8 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions 85

E
t 25.95t 2
231.2t  3356

60. (a) h
t   (b) h
7  11.0169 dollars spent per person in 1997
P
t 3.02t  252.0
h
10  12.895 dollars spent per person in 2000
h
t represents the millions of dollars spent on exer-
cise equipment compared to the millions of people in h
12  14.982 dollars spent per person in 2002
the U.S., or the amount spent per capita.

61. (b) y1  y2  y3  2.892t 2
6.55t  479.6

Year y1 y2 y3
This sum represents the total spent on health services
1995 146.2 329.1 44.8
and supplies for the years 1995 through 2001. It includes
1996 152.0 344.1 48.1 out-of-pocket payments, insurance premiums, and other
types of payments.
1997 162.2 359.9 52.1
(c) 720

1998 175.2 382.0 55.6 y1 + y2 + y3

y2
1999 184.4 412.1 57.8 y1
y3
2000 194.7 449.0 57.4 0 10
0

2001 205.5 496.1 57.8

(d) For 2008 use t  18:

(a) y1  10.20t  92.7
y1  y2  y3
18  $1298.708 billion

y2  3.357t 2
26.46t  379.5 For 2010 use t  20:

y3 
0.465t 2  9.71t  7.4
y1  y2  y3
20  $1505.4 billion

62. (a) T is a function of t since for each time t there corresponds one and only one temperature T.
(b) T
4  60; T
15  72
(c) H
t  T
t
1; All the temperature changes would be one hour later.
(d) H
t  T
t
1; The temperature would be decreased by one degree.
(e) The points at the endpoints of the individual functions that form each “piece” appear to be
0, 60,

6, 60,
7, 72,
20, 72,
21, 60, and
24, 60. Note that the value t  24 is chosen for the last
ordered pair because that is when the day ends and the cycle starts over.
From t  0 to t  6: This is the constant function T
t  60.
From t  6 to t  7: Use the points
6, 60 and
7, 72.
72
60
m  12
7
6
y
60  12
x
6 ⇒ y  12x
12, or T
t  12t
12
From t  7 to t  20: This is the constant function T
t  72.
From t  20 to t  21: Use the points
20, 72 and
21, 60.
72
60
m 
12
20
21
y
60 
12
x
21 ⇒ y 
12x  312, or T
t 
12t  312
From t  21 to t  24: This is the constant function T
t  60.

60, 0 ≤ t ≤ 6
12t
12, 6 < t < 7
A piecewise-defined function is T
t  72, 7 ≤ t ≤ 20 .

12t  312, 20 < t < 21
60, 21 ≤ t ≤ 24
Note that the endpoints of each domain interval can be ascribed to the function on either side of it.
86 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

x
63. (a) r
x  64.
A  r
t  A
r
t  A
0.6t  
0.6t2  0.36 t 2
2
A  r represents the area of the circle at time t.
(b) A
r  r 2

 2    2 
x x 2
(c)
A  r
x  A
r
x  A

A  r
x represents the area of the circular

base of the tank on the square foundation with
side length x.

65. (a) N
T
t  N
3t  2 66. C
x  60x  750, x
t  50t
 10
3t  22
20
3t  2  600 (a)
C  x
t  C
x
t
 10
9t 2  12t  4
60t
40  600  C
50t
 90t 2  60t  600  60
50t  750
 30
3t 2  2t  20, 0 ≤ t ≤ 6  3000t  750
This represents the number of bacteria in the food as
C  x
t represents the cost of production as a
a function of time. function of time.
(b) 30
3t 2  2t  20  1500 (b) Find t when
C  x
t  15,000.
3t 2  2t  20  50 15,000  3000t  750
3t 2  2t
30  0 t  4.75 hours
By the Quadratic Formula, t 
3.513 or 2.846. The cost of production for 4 hours 45 minutes is
Choosing the positive value for t, we have t  2.846 $15,000.
hours.

67. (a) f
g
x  f
0.03x  0.03x
500,000

(b) g
f
x  g
x
500,000  0.03
x
500,000
g
f
x represents your bonus of 3% of an amount over $500,000.

68. (a) R
p  p
2000 the cost of the car after the factory (b) S
p  0.9p the cost of the car with the dealership
rebate discount
(c)
R  S
p  R
0.9p  0.9p
2000 (d)
R  S
p 
R  S
20,500

S  R
p  S
p
2000  0.9
20,500
2000  $16,450
 0.9
p
2000  0.9p
1800
S  R
p 
S  R
20,500

R  S
p represents the factory rebate after the deal-  0.9
20,500
1800  $16,650
ership discount.

S  R
p will always be larger. Observe the formulas

S  R
p represents the dealership discount after the in (c).
factory rebate.

69. False.
f  g
x  6x  1 and
g  f 
x  6x  6. 70. True. The range of g must be a subset of the domain of f
for
f  g
x to be defined.
 Section 1.8 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions 87

71. Let f
x and g
x be two odd functions and define 72. Let f
x be an odd function, g
x be an even function, and
h
x  f
xg
x. Then define h
x  f
xg
x. Then
h

x  f

xg

x h

x  f

xg

x
 
f
x
g
x since f and g are odd  
f
xg
x since f is odd and g is even
 f
xg
x 
f
xg
x
 h
x. 
h
x.
Thus, h
x is even. Thus, h is odd and the product of an odd function and an
even function is odd.
Let f
x and g
x be two even functions and define
h
x  f
xg
x. Then
h

x  f

xg

x
 f
xg
x since f and g are even
 h
x.
Thus, h
x is even.

73. f
x  3x
4 74. f
x  1
x2

f
x  h
f
x 3
x  h
4

3x
4 f
x  h  1

x  h2


h h  1

x2  2hx  h2
3x  3h
4
3x  4  1
x2
2hx
h2

h
f
x  h
f
x 1
x2
2hx
h2

1
x2
3h 
 h h
h

2hx
h2
 3, h  0  
2x
h, h  0
h

4
75. f
x 
x
4 4 4x
4
x  h


f
x  h
f
x xh x x
x  h
 
h h h
1
4x
4x
4h 1
4h 1
4

x
x  h
 h  x
x  h  h  x
x  h, h0

76. f
x  2x  1

f
x  h  2
x  h  1
f
x  h
f
x 2
x  h  1
2x  1

h h
2
x  h  1
2x  1 2
x  h  1  2x  1

h
 2(x  h  1  2x  1

2
x  h  1

2x  1

h
2
x  h  1  2x  1 
2x  2h  1
2x
1

h
2
x  h  1  2x  1 
2
 ,h0
2
x  h  1  2x  1
88 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

77. Point:
2,
4 y 78.

6, 3, m 
1

Slope: m  3 2 y
3 

1
x


6
x
y


4  3
x
2 −4 −2
−2
2 4 6 8 10
y
3 
x
6 y

−4 (2, − 4)
y  4  3x
6 xy30 (− 6, 3)
4
−6 3

3x
y
10  0 −8 2
− 10 1
x
− 7 − 6 −5 − 4 − 3 −1 1

−3
−4

79. Point:
8,
1 y 80.
7, 0, m  7

5 y

3
Slope: m 
2 y
0  57
x
7 4
10 2
y


1 
32
x
8 8 7y  5x
35 (7, 0)
x
3 6 −2 2 4 8 10
y1
2x  12 4 5x
7y
35  0 −2

−4
2y  2 
3x  24 2
x
−2 2 4 6 10 12
3x  2y
22  0 −2 (8, −1)
−8

Section 1.9 Inverse Functions

■ Two functions f and g are inverses of each other if f
g
x  x for every x in the domain of g and g
f
x  x for
every x in the domain of f.
■ A function f has an inverse function if and only if no horizontal line crosses the graph of f at more than one point.
■ The graph of f
1 is a reflection of the graph of f about the line y  x.
■ Be able to find the inverse of a function, if it exists.
1. Use the Horizontal Line Test to see if f
1 exists.
2. Replace f
x with y.
3. Interchange x and y and solve for y.
4. Replace y with f
1
x.

Vocabulary Check
1. inverse; f-inverse 2. range; domain 3. y  x
4. one-to-one 5. Horizontal

1. f
x  6x 1
2. f
x  x
3
x 1
f
1
x   x f
1
x  3x
6 6
1
 6   6 6   x
x x f
f
1
x  f
3x 
3x  x
f
f
1
x  f 3

f
1
f
x  f
1
6x 

6x
6
x f
1
f
x  f
1 13 x  313 x  x
 Section 1.9 Inverse Functions 89

3. f
x  x  9 4. f
x  x
4
f
1
x  x
9 f
1
x  x  4
f
f
1
x  f
x
9 
x
9  9  x f
f
1
x  f
x  4  x  4
4  x
f
1
f
x  f
1
x  9 
x  9
9  x f
1
f
x  f
1
x
4  x
4  4  x

5. f
x  3x  1 x
1
6. f
x 
5
x
1
f
1
x  f
1
x  5x  1
3
5x  1
1 5x
f
f
1
x  f x
3 1  3x
3 1  1  x f
f
1
x  f
5x  1 
5

5
x

f
1
f
x  f
1
3x  1 

3x  1
1
3
x f
1
f
x  f
1 x
5 1  5x
5 1  1
x
11x

7. f
x  
3
x 8. f
x  x5
f
1
x  x3 f
1
x  
5 x

f
f
1
x  f
 
5 x  x
5 x   5
f
f
1
x  f
x3  
3 x3  x

f
1
f
x  f
1
 
3 x  x f
1
f
x  f
1
x5  

5 x5  x
3 x   3

9. The inverse is a line through

1, 0. 10. The inverse is a line through
0, 6 and
6, 0.
Matches graph (c). Matches graph (b).

11. The inverse is half a parabola starting at
1, 0. 12. The inverse is a third-degree equation through
0, 0.
Matches graph (a). Matches graph (d).

x
13. f
x  2x, g
x  14. f
x  x
5, g
x  x  5
2
(a) f
g
x  f
x  5 
x  5
5  x
 
x x
(a) f
g
x  f 2 x g
f
x  g
x
5 
x
5  5  x
2 2
2x
g
f
x  g
2x  x (b) y
2 8
(b) y
6 g
3
2
2 f
x
−8 −4 −2 2 6 8
1 g
x −4 f
–3 –2 1 2 3

−8
–2

–3

x
1
15. f
x  7x  1, g
x  (b) y
7
5
x
1 x
1
(a) f
g
x  f  7
7
7 
1x   4
3
2

7x  1
1 1
g
f
x  g
7x  1  x x
7 1 2 3 4 5
g

f
90 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

3
x x3
16. f
x  3
4x, g
x  17. f
x  , g
x  
3 8x
4 8

3
x 3
x

3
8x3 8x
(a) f
g
x  f  4
3
4
4    (a) f
g
x  f
 
3 8x 
8

8
x

 8  8 8  
 3

3
x  x x3 x3
g
f
x  g 3 3 x3  x

3

3
4x 4x
g
f
x  g
3
4x   x (b) y
4 4
4 f
(b) y
3
g
2
f 1
4 x
g −4 −3 1 2 3 4
2 −1
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4
−3
−4 −4
−6
−8

1 1
18. f
x  , g
x  19. f
x  x
4, g
x  x 2  4, x ≥ 0
x x
(a) f
g
x  f
x2  4, x ≥ 0

1 1 1 x
(a) f
g
x  f  1 1 x
x 1x x 1  
x2  4
4  x
g
f
x  g
x
4 
 x   1x  1  x  1  1  x
1 1 1 x
g
f
x  g

x
4  4  x
2

(b) y
(b) y

3
10
2 g
f=g 8
1
6
x
1 2 3
4
f
2

x
2 4 6 8 10

20. f
x  1
x3, g
x  

3 1
x 21. f
x  9
x 2, x ≥ 0; g
x  9
x, x ≤ 9

(a) f
g
x  f
 
3 1
x
3 1
x  1
 3
(a) f
g
x  f
9
x , x ≤ 9
 9

9
x   x
2
 1

1
x  x
g
f
x  g
1
x3  
3 1

1
x3  
3 x3  x g
f
x  g
9
x2, x ≥ 0

(b) y  9

9
x2  x
6 (b) y
f
12
g
9
6 f
x
−6 −4 −2 6 g
−2 x
− 12 – 9 – 6 – 3 6 9 12
−4

−6 –6
–9
– 12
 Section 1.9 Inverse Functions 91

1 1
x
22. f
x  , x ≥ 0; g
x  , 0 < x ≤ 1 (b) y
1x x
5
1
x
 
1 1 1
(a) f
g
x  f    x 4
1
x x 1
x
 
x 1 g
1  3
x x x x
2
1x
 
1 1 x
1

1
f
1x 1x 1x x x1
 
1 1 x
g
f
x  g
1x
   
1x
 x x

 
1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5

1x 1x 1 x

x
1 5x  1
23. f
x  , g
x 
(b) y
x5 x
1
10
f
5x  1
 
8
(a) f
g
x  f
6
x
1 4
2 f
5x  1
  x
1

5x  1

x
1
6x
x


1 − 10 − 8 − 6 2 4 6 8 10
x
1
    x g −4
5x  1
  x
1

5x  1  5
x
1
6
−6 g

5 −8
x
1 − 10

g
f
x  g xx
 15

5xx
 15  1 x  5 5
x
1 
x  5 6x


x
1
 x  5 

x
1

x  5 

6  x
x  5 
1

x3 2x  3
24. f
x  , g
x  (b) y
x
2 x
1
6
2x  3 2x  3  3x
3
3 4
2x  3 x
1 x
1
  5x g
(a) f
g
x  f    x 2 f
x
1 2x  3 2x  3
2x  2 5 g

2 f x
x
1 x
1 −4 −2 4 6 8

x3
2 xx 
32  3 2x  6  3x
6
x
2
−4

g
f
x  g
x
2  x3

x3
x2

5x
5
x −6

1
x
2 x
2

25. No,

2,
1,
1, 0,
2, 1,
1, 2,

2, 3,

6, 4
26. Yes,
10,
3,
6,
2,
4,
1,
1, 0,

3, 2,
10, 2

does not represent a function.
2 and 1 are paired with does represent a function.
two different values.

27. 28.
x
2 0 2 4 6 8 x
10
7
4
1 2 5

f
1
x
2
1 0 1 2 3 f
1
x
3
2
1 0 1 2

29. Yes, since no horizontal line crosses the graph 30. No, because some horizontal lines intersect the graph
of f at more than one point, f has an inverse. twice, f does not have an inverse.

31. No, since some horizontal lines cross the graph 32. Yes, because no horizontal lines intersect the graph
of f twice, f does not have an inverse. at more than one point, f has an inverse.
92 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

4
x
33. g
x 
6
34. f
x  10 
35. h
x  x  4
x
4   
14 10
4

− 10 10
−4 8

− 12 12

−2 −10
−4
f does not pass the horizontal line h does not pass the horizontal line
g passes the horizontal line test, test, so f does not have an inverse. test, so h does not have an inverse.
so g has an inverse.

36. g
x 
x  53 37. f
x 
2x16
x2 38. f
x  18
x  22
1
4 20 24

−10 2 −12 12

− 24 24

−4 −20 −8

g passes the horizontal line test, f does not pass the horizontal line f does not pass the horizontal line
so g has an inverse. test, so f does not have an inverse. test, so f does not have an inverse.

39. (a) f
x  2x
3 (b) y 40. (a) f
x  3x  1 (b) y

y  2x
3 8 f y  3x  1 3 f
6 2
x  2y
3 4
f −1 x  3y  1 1 f −1

x3 2 x
1 x
y x
y −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
2 –2 2 4 6 8
3
−2
−2
x3 x
1
f
1
x  f
1
x  −3
2 3

(c) The graph of f
1 is the reflection of the graph of f (c) The graph of f
1 is the reflection of f in the line
about the line y  x. y  x.

(d) The domains and ranges of f and f
1 are all real (d) The domains and ranges of f and f
1 are all real
numbers. numbers.

41. (a) f
x  x5
2 (b) y 42. (a) f
x  x3  1 (b) y

f
y  x5
2 y  x3  1
3 f 6

2 4
x  y5
2 x  y3  1 f −1
2
f −1
y
5
x 2 x x
1  y3 −6 −4 2 4 6
x
−3 −1 2 3
−1
f
1
x  
5
x 2 3 x
1  y


−3
f
1
x  
3
x
1 −6

(c) The graph of f
1 is the reflection of the graph of f (c) The graph of f
1 is the reflection of f in the line
about the line y  x. y  x.
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f
1 are all real (d) The domains and ranges of f and f
1 are all real
numbers. numbers.
 Section 1.9 Inverse Functions 93

43. (a) f
x  x (b) y

44. (a) f
x  x2, x ≥ 0 (b) y

−1
y  x
5 f y  x2 5 f
4 4
x  y x  y2
3 3
x  y f −1
y  x2 2 f 2

1 f
1
x  x
f
1
x  x2, x ≥ 0
1

x x
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

(c) The graph of f
1 is the reflection of the graph of f (c) The graph of f
1 is the reflection of f in the line y  x.
about the line y  x.
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f
1 are 0, .
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f
1 are 0, .

45. (a) f
x  4
x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 46. (a) f
x  x2
2, x ≤ 0

y  4
x2 y  x2
2

x  4
y2 x  y2
2
± x  2  y
x2  4
y2
f
1
x 
x  2
y2  4
x2
(b) y

y  4
x2 4
f 3
f
1
x  4
x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 2
1
(b) y
x
−4 −3 1 2 3 4
3

−3 f −1
2 −4
f = f −1
1
(c) The graph of f
1 is the reflection of f in the line
y  x.
x
1 2 3
(d) 
2,  is the range of f and domain of f
1.
(c) The graph of f
1 is the same as the graph of f.

, 0 is the domain of f and the range of f
1.
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f
1 are 0, 2 .

4 2
47. (a) f
x  (b) y 48. (a) f
x 
(b) y
x x
4 3
f = f −1
4 3 2
y 2 y
2
x x 1
1
x
4 2 x
x –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2
y y −1
–2
−2 f = f −1
xy  4 –3
2
y
−3
x
4
y
x 2
f
1
x 

x
4
f
1
x 
x (c) The graphs are the same.
(c) The graph of f
1 is the same as the graph of f. (d)

, 0

0,  is the domain and range of f
and f
1.
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f
1 are all real
numbers except for 0.
94 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

x1
49. (a) f
x  (b) y
x
2
6
x1
y 4
f −1
x
2 2
f
y1 x
x −6 −4 −2 4 6
y
2 −2

−4
x
y
2  y  1 f −1
−6 f
xy
2x  y  1
xy
y  2x  1 (c) The graph of f
1 is the reflection of the graph of f about the line
y  x.
y
x
1  2x  1
(d) The domain of f and the range of f
1 is all real numbers except 2.
2x  1 The range of f and the domain of f
1 is all real numbers except 1.
y
x
1
2x  1
f
1
x 
x
1

x
3
50. (a) f
x  (b) y
x2
6
x
3
y f 4
x2
f
y
3 x
x 2 4 6
y2 f −1

xy  2x
y  3  0
f −1
y
x
1 
2x
3

2x
3 (c) The graph of f
1 is the reflection of the graph of f about the line
y y  x.
x
1

2x
3 (d) The domain of f and the range of f
1 is all real numbers except x 
2.
f
1
x  The range of f and the domain of f
1 is all real numbers except x  1.
x
1

51. (a) f
x  

3
x
1 (b) y 52. (a) f
x  x35 (b) y

f −1 f −1
y
3 x
1 6 y  x35 3

2
4
x
3 y
1
f x  y 35 1
f
2

x3  y
1 x x53 
y 3553 −3 −2 1 2 3
x
−6 −4 2 4 6

y  x3  1 x 53  y −2

f
1

x  x  1
3
−6 f
1
x  x 53 −3

(c) The graph of f
1 is the reflection of the graph

(c) The graph of f
1 is the reflection of the graph of f about the line y  x.
of f about the line y  x.
(d) The set of all real numbers is the domain and
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f
1 are all real range of f and f
1.
numbers.
 Section 1.9 Inverse Functions 95

6x  4
53. (a) f
x  (b) y
4x  5
3
6x  4
y 2
f
4x  5 f
1

6y  4 x
x −3 −2 1 2 3
4y  5
f −1
−2
x
4y  5  6y  4 f −1
−3
4xy  5x  6y  4
4xy
6y 
5x  4 (c) The graph of f
1 is the graph of f reflected about the line y  x.
5
y
4x
6 
5x  4 (d) The domain of f and the range of f
1 is all real numbers except
4.
3
The range of f and the domain of f
1 is all real numbers except 2.

5x  4
y
4x
6

5x  4 5x
4
f
1
x  
4x
6 6
4x

8x
4
54. (a) f
x  (b) y
2x  6
8x
4
y f
2x  6 8
f
4
8y
4 x
x 8 12 16
2y  6 f −1
f −1
2xy  6x  8y
4
y
2x
8 
6x
4

6x
4 (c) The graph of f
1 is the graph of f reflected about the line y  x.
y
2x
8 (d) The domain of f and the range of f
1 is the set of all real numbers x
except x 
3.
The domain of f
1 and the range of f is the set of all real numbers x
except x  4.

1 x
55. f
x  x4 56. f
x  57. g
x 
x2 8
y  x4
1 x
x  y4 y y
x2 8
y  ±
4 x
1 y
x x
This does not represent y as a y2 8
function of x. f does not have an 1 y  8x
inverse. y2 
x This is a function of x, so g has an

 1 inverse.
y±
x g
1
x  8x
This does not represent y as a
function of x. f does not have
an inverse.
96 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

3x  4
58. f
x  3x  5 59. p
x 
4 60. f
x 
5
y  3x  5 y 
4
3x  4
x  3y  5 Since y 
4 for all x, the graph y
5
is a horizontal line and fails the
x
5  3y 3y  4
Horizontal Line Test. p does not x
x
5 have an inverse. 5
y
3 5x  3y  4
This is a function of x, so f has 5x
4  3y
an inverse.
5x
4
x
5 y
f
1
x  3
3
This is a function of x, so f has
an inverse.
5x
4
f
1
x 
3

61. f
x 
x  32, x ≥
3 ⇒ y ≥ 0 62. q
x 
x
52

y 
x  32, x ≥
3, y ≥ 0 y 
x
52
x 
y  32, y ≥
3, x ≥ 0 x 
y
52
x  y  3, y ≥
3, x ≥ 0 ± x  y
5

y  x
3, x ≥ 0, y ≥
3 5 ± x  y
This is a function of x, so f has an inverse. This does not represent y as a function of x, so q does not
have an inverse.
f
1
x  x
3, x ≥ 0

63. f
x  x6 
3,x, xx <≥ 00 64. f
x  x
x,
3x,

2
x ≤ 0
x > 0
y y

9 4

6
2
3
x
x
−4 −2 2 4
−6 3 6 9
−3 −2

−6
−4

The graph fails the Horizontal Line Test, so f
x The graph fails the Horizontal Line Test, so f
does not have an inverse. does not have an inverse.

4
65. h
x 

x2  
66. f
x  x
2 , x ≤ 2 ⇒ y ≥ 0

The graph fails the Horizontal Line Test  

y  x
2 , x ≤ 2, y ≥ 0
so h does not have an inverse. x  y
2, y ≤ 2, x ≥ 0
x  y
2 or
x  y
2
2xy or 2
x  y
The portion that satisfies the conditions y ≤ 2 and x ≥ 0
is 2
x  y. This is a function of x, so f has an inverse.
f
1
x  2
x, x ≥ 0
 Section 1.9 Inverse Functions 97

3
67. f
x  2x  3 ⇒ x ≥
, y ≥ 0 68. f
x  x
2 ⇒ x ≥ 2, y ≥ 0
2
y  x
2, x ≥ 2, y ≥ 0
3
y  2x  3, x ≥
, y ≥ 0 x  y
2, y ≥ 2, x ≥ 0
2
3 x 2  y
2, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 2
x  2y  3, y ≥
, x ≥ 0
2 x 2  2  y, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 2
3 This is a function of x, so f has an inverse.
x2  2y  3, x ≥ 0, y ≥

2
f
1
x  x 2  2, x ≥ 0
x2
3 3
y , x ≥ 0, y ≥

2 2
This is a function of x, so f has an inverse.
x2
3
f
1
x  , x ≥ 0
2

In Exercises 69–74, f x  18x  3, f 1x  8x  3, gx  x3, g1x  
3 x.

69.
f
1  g
1
1  f
1
g
1
1 70.
g
1  f
1

3  g
1
f
1

3

 f
1

3 1
  g
1
8

3  3
 8
 
3 1  3  32  g
1
0  
3 0  0

71.
f
1  f
1
6  f
1
f
1
6 72.
g
1  g
1

4  g
1
g
1

4

 f
1
86  3   g
1

3

4 
 88
6  3  3  600  3
4  
3  9
4

73.
f  g
x  f
g
x  f
x3  18x3
3 74. g
1  f
1  g
1
f
1
x

y  18x3
3  g
1
8
x  3
x  18y3
3 3 8
x  3

1 3
x3 8y  2
3 x  3

8
x  3  y3

3
8
x  3  y

f  g
1
x  2
3
x3

x5
In Exercises 75–78, f x  x  4, f 1x  x  4, gx  2x  5, g1x  .
2

75.
g
1  f
1
x  g
1
f
1
x 76.
f
1  g
1
x  f
1
g
1
x 77.
f  g
x  f
g
x
 g
1
x
4 x5  f
2x
5

x
4  5
 f
1  2  
2x
5  4

2 x5

4  2x
1
2
x1
 x1
2 x5
8
f  g
1
x 
 2
2
Note: Comparing Exercises 75 and
x
3 77, we see that
f  g
1
x 

2
g
1  f
1
x.
98 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

78.
g  f 
x  g
f
x 79. (a) f
1
108,209  11

 g
x  4 (b) f
1 represents the year for a given number of house-
holds in the United States.
 2
x  4
5
(c) y  1578.68t  90,183.63
 2x  8
5
(d) y  1578.68t  90,183.63
 2x  3
y  2x  3 t  1578.68y  90,183.63

x  2y  3 t
90,183.63
y
1578.68
x
3  2y
t
90,183.63
x
3 f
1
t 
y 1578.68
2
(e) f
1
117,022  17
x
3

g  f 
1
x  (f) f
1
108,209  11.418
2
This is close to the value of 11 in the table.

80. (a) Yes, f
1 exists. 81. (a) Yes. Since the values of f increase each year, no two
f-values are paired with the same t-value so f does
(b) f
1 represents the time in years for a given total sales.
have an inverse.
(c) f
1
1825  10
(b) f
1 would represent the year that a given number of
(d) No. would not exist since f
12  2794 and
f
1 miles was traveled by motor vehicles.
f
14  2794. The function would fail the Horizontal
(c) Since f (8  2632, f
1(2632  8.
Line Test.
(d) No. Since the new value is the same as the value
given for 2000, f would not pass the Horizontal Line
Test and would not have an inverse.

82. (a) y  8  0.75x (b) x  hourly wage, y  number of units produced

x  8  0.75y 22.25
8
(c) y   19 units
x
8  0.75y 0.75

x
8
y
0.75
x
8
f
1
x 
0.75

83. (a) y  0.03x2  245.50, 0 < x < 100 (b) 100

⇒ 245.50 < y < 545.50

x  0.03y2  245.50
x
245.50  0.03y2 0
0
600

x
245.50
 y2 (c) 0.03x2  245.50 ≤ 500
0.03
0.03x2 ≤ 254.50
 x
245.50
0.03
 y, 245.50 < x < 545.50 x2 ≤ 8483.33
x ≤ 92.10
f
1
x  x
0.03
245.50
Thus, 0 < x ≤ 92.10.
x  temperature in degrees Fahrenheit
y  percent load for a diesel engine
 Section 1.9 Inverse Functions 99

84. (a) x  1.25y  1.60
50
y (b) 0 ≤ y ≤ 50

x  1.25y  80
1.60y 80
x
0 ≤ ≤ 50
0.35
x
80 
0.35y
0 ≤ 80
x ≤ 17.5
x
80
80 ≤
x ≤
62.5
y

0.35
62.5 ≤ x ≤ 80
80
x
y 80
73
0.35 (c)  y  20 pounds of the less expensive ground beef
0.35
x  total cost
y  number of pounds of less
expensive ground beef

85. False. f
x  x2 is even and does not have an inverse. 86. True. If f
x has an inverse and it has a y-intercept at

0, b, then the point
b, 0 must be a point on the graph
of f
1
x.

87. Let
f  g
x  y. Then x 
f  g
1
y. Also, 88. Let f
x be a one-to-one odd function. Then f
1
x exists
and f

x 
f
x. Letting
x, y be any point on the

f  g
x  y ⇒ f
g
x  y
graph of f
x ⇒

x,
y is also on the graph of f
x
g
x  f
1
y and f
1

y 
x 
f
1
y. Therefore, f
1
x is also
an odd function.
x  g
1
f
1
y
x 
g
1  f
1
y.
Since f and g are both one-to-one functions,

f  g
1  g
1  f
1.

89. 90.
x 1 3 4 6 x
2
1 1 3
f 1 2 6 7 f
x
5
2 2 3

x 1 2 6 7 x
5
2 2 3

f
1
x 1 3 4 6 f
1
x
2
1 1 3

y y

5
8
4

6 3
2
4 1
x
2 −5 − 4 −3 1 2 3
−1
−2
x
2 4 6 8 −3

91. y
x
2
1 3 4
6

f 6 0
2
3 5
4
3

x
3
2 0 6 2

f
1
x 4 3
1
2 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x

–2
–3
100 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

92.
x
4
2 0 3
f
x 3 4 0
1

The graph does not pass the Horizontal Line Test, so f
1
x does not exist.

93. If f
x  k
2
x
x3 has an inverse and 94. f
x  k
x3  3x
4
f
1
3 
2, then f

2  3. Thus,
y  k
x 3  3x
4
f

2  k
2


2


23  3
x  k
y 3  3y
4
k
2  2  8  3

5  k 
23  3
2
4
12k  3
3
5  10k
k  12  14
So, k  14.
12  k

95. x2  64 96.
x
52  8 97. 4x2
12x  9  0

2x
 ± 64  ± 8 x
5  ± 8 9

2x
32  0
x  5 ± 22 9
 2
2x
3  0
9

2
32x  32

98. 9x2  12x  3  0 99. x2
6x  4  0 Complete the square.

9x  3
x  1  0 x2
6x 
4
9x  3  0 ⇒ x 
13 x2
6x  9 
4  9
x  1  0 ⇒ x 
1
x
32  5
x
3  ± 5
x  3 ± 5

100. 2x2
4x
6  0 101. 50  5x  3x2 102. 2x2  4x
9  2
x
12

2
x2
2x
3  0 0  3x2
5x
50 2x2  4x
9  2
x2
2x  1

2
x  1)
x
3  0 0 
3x  10
x
5 2x2  4x
9  2x2
4x  2

x  1  0 ⇒ x 
1 3x  10  0 ⇒ x 
10 8x
11  0
3

3x
15  0 ⇒ x  5 8x  11
x
30 ⇒ x3
11
x 8

103. Let 2n  first positive even integer. Then 2n  2  next positive even integer.
2n
2n  2  288
4n2  4n
288  0
4
n2  n
72  0
4
n  9
n
8  0
n  9  0 ⇒ n 
9 Not a solution since the integers are positive.
n
80 ⇒ n8
So, 2n  16 and 2n  2  18.
 Section 1.10 Mathematical Modeling and Variation 101

104. Given h
2b and A
10

A
12bh
10
12b
2b
10
b2
10
b and h
2b
210

The base is 10 feet and the height is 210 feet.

Section 1.10 Mathematical Modeling and Variation

You should know the following the following terms and formulas.
■ Direct variation (varies directly, directly proportional)
(a) y
kx (b) y
kxn
as nth power
■ Inverse variation (varies inversely, inversely proportional)
(a) y
kx (b) y
k
xn
as nth power
■ Joint variation (varies jointly, jointly proportional)
(a) z
kxy (b) z
kxnym
as nth power of x and mth power of y
■ k is called the constant of proportionality.
■ Least Squares Regression Line y
ax  b. Use your calculator or computer to enter
the data points and to find the “best-fitting”linear model.

Vocabulary Check
1. variation; regression 2. sum of square differences 3. correlation coefficient
4. directly proportional 5. constant of variation 6. directly proportional
7. inverse 8. combined 9. jointly proportional

1. y
1767.0t  123,916 y

145,000
Number of employees

Year Actual Number Model

(in thousands)

140,000

(in thousands) (in thousands) 135,000

130,000
1992 128,105 127,450
125,000
1993 129,200 129,217 t
2 4 6 8 10 12
1994 131,056 130,984 Year (2 ↔ 1992)

1995 132,304 132,751 The model is a good fit for the actual data.
1996 133,943 134,518

1997 136,297 136,285

1998 137,673 138,052

1999 139,368 139,819

2000 142,583 141,586

2001 143,734 143,353

2002 144,863 145,120

102 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

y y
2. The model is not a “good 3.
Winning time (in minutes)
5.4 fit” for the actual data. It 5
5.0 appears that another type
4
4.8 of model may be a better
4.6
4.4 fit.
4.2 2
4.0
3.8 1
t
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 x
Year (0 ↔ 1950) 1 2 3 4 5

Using the points
0, 3 and
4, 4,

we have y
14x  3.

y
4. y 5. 6. y

5 5 5

4 4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1 1

x x x
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

The line appears to pass through Using the points
2, 2 and
4, 1, The line appears to pass through

2, 5.5 and
6, 0.5, so its equation we have y
 12x  3.
0, 2 and
3, 3 so its equation is
is y
 54x  8. y
13x  2.

7. (a) and (b) (c) y  1.03t  130.27

y
(d) The models are similar.
240
220 (e) When t
108, we have:
Length (in feet)

200
180 Model in part (b): 238 feet
160
Model in part (c): 241.51 feet
140
t (f) Answers will vary.
12 36 60 84 108
Year (12 ↔ 1912)

y  t  130

8. (a) and (b) (b) The line appears to pass through
7, 1151.6 and
y
10, 1906.0, so the equation is about y
251.5x  609.
3000
(c) y
251.56x  608.79
(in millions of dollars)

2500
Total revenues

2000 (d) Answers will vary.

1500
1000
(e) Using the model in (b), y
251.5
15  609
$3164.6 million.
500
Using the model in (c), y
251.56
15  608.79
$3165.2 million.
t
5 7 9 11 13
(f) Answers will vary.
Year (5 ↔ 1995)
 Section 1.10 Mathematical Modeling and Variation 103

9. (a) and (c) 10. (a) y
0.4306x  67.708

800 800
(b) 110

5 14 5 14 60 90
0 0 90

The model is a good fit to the actual data.
r  0.98
(b) S  38.4t  224
(d) For 2005, use t
15: S  $800.4 million
For 2007, use t
17: S  $877.3 million
(e) Each year the annual gross ticket sales for Broadway
shows in New York City increase by approximately
$38.4 million.
The model is a good fit to the data.
r  0.97
(c) y
0.4306
90  67.708
106.5 million
(d) For every increase of one million households with
cable TV, there is a 0.43 million increase in the
number of households with color TV.

11. The graph appears to represent y
4x, so y varies 3

12. The graph appears to represent y
2x which is a direct
inversely as x. variation.

13. k
1 14. k
2

x 2 4 6 8 10 x 2 4 6 8 10

y
kx2 4 16 36 64 100 y
kx2 8 32 72 128 200

y y

100 200

80 160

60 120

40 80

20 40

x x
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10

1
1
15. k
2 16. k
4

x 2 4 6 8 10 x 2 4 6 8 10
y
kx2 2 8 18 32 50 y
kx2 1 4 9 16 25
y y

50 25

40 20

30 15

20 10

10 5

x x
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
104 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

17. k
2 18. k
5

x 2 4 6 8 10 x 2 4 6 8 10

k 1 1 1 1 1 k 5 5 5 5 1
y
y

x2 2 8 18 32 50 x2 4 16 36 64 20
y y

5 5
10 4
4
10 1
3 3
10 4
2 2
10 4
1 1
10 4

x x
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10

19. k
10 20. k
20

x 2 4 6 8 10 x 2 4 6 8 10
k 5 5 5 5 1 k 5 5 5 1
y
y
5
x2 2 8 18 32 10 x2 4 9 16 5

y y

5 5
2

2 4

3
3
2

1 2

1
2
1

x x
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10

2
21. The table represents the equation y
5x. 22. The table represents the equation y
5 x.

k
23. y
kx 24. y
25. y
kx
x
7
k
10 12
k
5
k
7 24
12

k 5
k
10 5
120
k
7 12
y
 x Thus, y
120x. This equation y
x
10 5
checks with the other points given
This equation checks with the other in the table.
points given in the table.

26. y
kx 27. y
kx 28. y
kx 29. I
kP

14
k
2 2050
k
10 580
k
6 87.50
k
2500
290
7
k 205
k 3
k 0.035
k
290
y
7x y
205x y
3 x I
0.035P
 Section 1.10 Mathematical Modeling and Variation 105

30. I
kP 31. y
kx 32. y
kx

187.50
k
5000 33
k
13 53
k
14
33 53
0.0375
k 13
k 14
k
33
I
0.0375P y
13 x y
53
14 x

5 gallons: y
14
5  18.9 liters

53
When x
10 inches,
y  25.4 centimeters.
25 gallons: y
14
25  94.6 liters
53

When x
20 inches,
y  50.8 centimeters.

33. y
kx 34. y
kx 35. d
kF

5520
k
150,000 10.22
k
145.99 0.15
k
265

0.0368
k 0.07  k 3
5300
k
y
0.0368x y
0.07x 3
d
5300 F
y
0.0368
200,000 y
0.07
540.50 (a) d
5300
90  0.05 meter
3

$7360 y  37.84 3
(b) 0.1
5300F
530
The property tax is $7360. The sales tax is $37.84. 3
F
2
F
1763 newtons

36. d
kF 37. d
kF 38. d
kF

0.12
k
220 1.9
k
25 ⇒ k
0.076 1
k
15
3 1
5500
k d
0.076F k
15
1
3
d
5500 F When the distance compressed is d
15 F
3 3 inches, we have 8 1
0.16
5500 F 2
15 F
880 3
0.076F
3
F F
60 lb per spring
F  39.47.
The required force is 29313 newtons. Combined lifting force
2F
No child over 39.47 pounds should

120 lbs
use the toy.

k k kg
39. A
kr2 40. V
ke3 41. y
42. h
43. F

x2 s r2

k km1m2
44. z
kx2y3 45. P
46. R
k
T  Te 47. F
48. R
kS
S  L
V r2

49. A
2bh
1
50. S
4 r 2 51. V
43r3
The area of a triangle is jointly The surface area of a sphere The volume of a sphere varies
proportional to its base and height. varies directly as the square of directly as the cube of its radius.
the radius r.

52. V
 r 2h
The volume of a right circular
cylinder is jointly proportional to
the height and the square of the
radius.
53. r

d
t
54. 
kgW
Average speed is directly  varies directly as the square root
proportional to the distance and of g and inversely as the square
inversely proportional to the time. root of W.
Note: The constant of
proportionality is k.
106 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

k k
55. A
kr2 56. y
57. y
58. z
kxy
x x
9
k
3 2
64
k
4
8
k k
3
7


k 25 4 2
k
A
r 2 75
k 28
k z
2xy
75 28
y
y

x x

kx kx2
59. F
krs3 60. P
61. z

y2 y
4158
k
11
33
28 k
42 k
62

2 6

k
14 3 9 4
F
14rs3 28 81 24

k
3
 42
k 36
2
2  27
k
k
3
3
23x 2 2x2
18
k z


y 3y
18x
P

y2

kpq
62. v
63. d
kv2 64. d
kv 2
s2

4
1 2
If the velocity is doubled:
k
4.1
6.3 0.02
k
1.5
d
k
2v2

1.22
k
0.32

1.5
1.44 d
k  4v 2

k d
0.32v2

4.1
6.3
4kv 2
2.16 0.12
0.32v2
4

k kv 2
25.83 0.12 3
v2

d increases by a factor of 4 when
24 0.32 8
k
velocity is doubled.
287 3 6
v

 0.61 mihr
24pq 22 4
v

287s 2

kl d 2
65. r
, A
r 2
66. From Exercise 65:
A 4
4kl k  5.73  108.
r

d 2 4
5.73  108l
r

d 2
4
1000k
66.17


0.0126
12 
4
5.73 r 10 l
2
 8
d

k  5.73  108

4
5.73
0.05
10 
14
 8
4
5.73  108l d

r


0.0126
12 
2

d  0.0045 feet
0.054 inch

4
5.73  108l
33.5



0.0126 2
12

33.5

l
0.0126 2
12
4
5.73  108
l  506 feet
 Section 1.10 Mathematical Modeling and Variation 107

2
d 2
67. W
kmh 68. P
kA
k
r 2
k
2116.8
k
120
1.8
2
2
9
8.78
k
2116.8
k

9.8

120
1.8 4
8.78

k
W
9.8mh 81

When m
100 kilograms and h
1.5 meters, we have k  0.138

W
9.8
100
1.5
1470 joules. However, we do not obtain $11.78 when d
12 inches.

2
12 2
P
0.138  $15.61

11.78
Instead, k
 0.104.
36
4
14.18
For the 15-inch pizza, we have k
 0.080.
225
The price is not directly proportional to the surface area.
The best buy is the 15-inch pizza.

k
69. v

A


k 4 k
v


0.75A 3 A
The velocity is increased by one-third.

kwd 2
70. Load

l
k
2wd 2 kwd 2 k
2w
2d 2 8kwd 2
(a) load

(b) load


2l l l l
The safe load is unchanged. The safe load is eight times as great.
k
2w
2d 2
4kwd 2 kw
d22
14kwd2
(c) load

(d) load


2l l l l
The safe load is four times as great. The safe load is one-fourth as great.

71. (a) C

5
Temperature (in °C)

d
2000 4000
Depth (in meters)

(b) Yes, the data appears to be modeled (approximately) by the inverse proportion model.
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5
4.2
1.9
1.4
1.2
0.9

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
4200
k1 3800
k2 4200
k3 4800
k4 4500
k5

—CONTINUED—
108 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

71. —CONTINUED—
4200  3800  4200  4800  4500 4300
(c) Mean: k

4300, Model: C

5 d
4300
(d) 6 (e) 3

d
4300 1
d

1433 meters
3 3
0 6000
0

262.76 k
72. (a) y 73. y
74. I

x2.12 d2
7
6 (a) 0.2 When the distance is doubled:
(in centimeters)

5
Length

4 k k
I

.
3
2

2d2 4d 2
1
F
25 55 The illumination is one-fourth as
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 great. The model given in Exercise
Force (in pounds)
73 is very close to I
kd 2.
262.76 The difference is probably due to
(b) It appears to fit Hooke’s Law. (b) y


252.12 measurement error.
6.9
k
0.575  0.2857 microwatts per sq. cm.
12
(c) y
kF
9
0.575F
F  15.7 pounds

75. False. y will increase if k is 76. False. E is jointly proportional (not 

77. False. The closer the value of r is
positive and y will decrease “directly proportional”) to the to 1, the better the fit.
if k is negative. mass of an object and the square
of its velocity.

78. (a) The data shown could be represented by a linear model which would be a good approximation.
(b) The points do not follow a linear pattern. A linear model would be a poor approximation.
A quadratic model would be better.
(c) The points do not follow a linear pattern. A linear model would be a poor approximation.
(d) The data shown could be represented by a linear model which would be a good approximation.

79. The accuracy of the model in predicting prize winnings is 80. Answers will vary.
questionable because the model is based on limited data.

81. 3x  2 > 17 82. 7x  10 ≤ 1  x

3x > 15 8x ≤ 11
11
x > 5 x ≥ 8

x 11
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8
x
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Review Exercises for Chapter 1 109

83. 2x  1 < 9 

84. 4  3x  7 ≥ 12 
9 < 2x  1 < 9  4  3x ≥ 5 
8 < 2x < 10 4  3x ≤ 5 or 4  3x ≥ 5
4 < x < 5 3x ≤ 9 or 3x ≥ 1
x x ≥ 3 or x ≤  13
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
3
x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

x2  5
x  10, x ≥ 2
2
85. f x
86. f x

x3 6x  1, 2 x < 2
02  5 5 (a) f 2
 22  10
4  10
6
(a) f 0


03 3
(b) f 1
 12  10
1  10
9
3  5 14 27
(b) f 3


 (c) f 8
682  1
384  1
383
3  3 6 3
42  5
(c) f 4
4  3
21

87. Answers will vary.

Review Exercises for Chapter 1

y y
1. 2.
6 6
4 4
2
2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 x
−2 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
−6 −4

−8 −6

3. x > 0 and y
2 in Quadrant IV. 4. y > 0 in Quadrants I and II.

y y
5. (a) 6. (a)
(− 3, 8) (− 2, 6) 6
8

(1, 5) 2
4
x
−4 −2 2 4 6
2 −2
(4, − 3)
x −4
−4 −2 2 4

(b) d
3  12  8  52
16  9
5 (b) d
2  42  6  32

(c) Midpoint:
32 1, 8 2 5

1, 132
36  81
117
313

(c) Midpoint:
22 4, 6 2 3

1, 23

110 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

7. (a) y 8. (a) y

(0, 8.2) 1
8 (− 3.6, 0)
x
6 −4 −1 1

(0, − 1.2)
4
−2

2 −3
(5.6, 0)
x −4
−2 2 4 6

(b) d
5.6  02  0  8.22 (b) d
0  3.62  1.2  02

31.36  67.24
98.6  9.9
14.4  3.8

(c) Midpoint:
0 2 5.6, 8.2 2 0
2.8, 4.1 (c)
0 2 3.6, 1.22  0
1.8, 0.6
9. 4  2, 8  3
2, 5
6  2, 8  3
4, 5
4  2, 3  3
2, 0
6  2, 3  3
4, 0

10. Original: 0, 1, 3, 3, 0, 5, 3, 3

New: 0  4, 1  5, 3  4, 3  5, 0  4, 5  5, 3  4, 3  5
4, 6, 1, 8, 4, 10, 7, 8

11. 2001, 539.1, 2003, 773.8 12. (a) y

Apparent temperature (in °F)

150
2001  2003 539.1  773.8


140
,
2002, 656.45 130
2 2 120
110
In 2002, the sales were approximately $656.45 million. 100
90
80
70
x
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Actual temperature (in °F)

(b) Change in apparent temperature
150F  70F

80F

4 3
13.  r
47,712.94
3

r
47,712.94
4
3 3

r  22.5 centimeters

14. (a) (b) V
l  w h

h = 32 w
2304
3w  w  32w
2304
92 w 3
512
w3

l = 3w
8
w ⇒ w
8 inches
l
38
24 inches
w
h
28
12 inches
3
 Review Exercises for Chapter 1 111

15. y
3x  5 16. y
 12 x  2 17. y
x2  3x

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 4 2 0 2 4 x 1 0 1 2 3 4
y 11 8 5 2 1 y 4 3 2 1 0 y 4 0 2 2 0 4

y y y

1 10 5
4
x 8
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1 6

–2 4
x
–3 –3 –2 –1 1 2 4 5
–4 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 –2
–5 −2 –3

18. y
2x2  x  9 y

1
x
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 −5 −4 −3 −1 1 3 4 5
−2
y 1 6 9 8 3 6 −3
−4

−9

19. y  2x  3
0 20. 3x  2y  6
0 21. y
5  x

y
2x  3 2y
3x  6 Domain:  , 5
Line with x-intercept   32, 0 and y
 32x  3
y-intercept 0, 3 x 5 4 1 4
Line with x-intercept 2, 0 and
y
y-intercept 0, 3 y 0 1 2 3
6
y y
5
4 2 6
3 1 5
x
–5 –4 –3 1 2 3 4
1 3
x
–5 –4 –3 –1 1 2 3
–3 1
–2 –4 x
–5 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–6 –2

22. y
x  2, domain:
2,  23. y  2x2
0 24. y
x2  4x is a parabola.
y
2x2 is a parabola.
x 2 0 2 7 x 1 0 1 2 3 4
y 0 2 2 3 x 0 ±1 ±2 y 5 0 3 4 3 0

y
y 0 2 8 y

6
y
5
4 1
3 x
2 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x
–2 –1 1 2 3 5 6

x –2 –2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
–3 –3
−2 –4
–4

–5
112 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

25. y
2x  7  
26. y
x  1  3
x-intercept: Let y
0. 0
x  1  3
0
2x  7 For x  1 > 0, 0
x  1  3, or 2
x.
x
 72 For x  1 < 0, 0
 x  1  3, or 4
x.
 72, 0  
y
x1 3
y-intercept: Let x
0. y
0  1  3 or y
2
y
20  7 The x-intercepts are 2, 0 and 4, 0;
the y-intercept is 0, 2.
y
7
0, 7

27. y
x  32  4 28. y
x4  x2

x-intercepts: 0
x  32  4 ⇒ x  32
4 x-intercepts: 0
x4  x2
⇒ x  3
±2 x
0 4  x2
0

⇒ x
3 ± 2 4  x2
0
⇒ x
5 or x
1 x
±2
y-intercept: y
0  32  4 ⇒ y
9  4 ⇒ y
5 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0
The x-intercepts are 1, 0 and 5, 0. y-intercept: y
0  4  0
0
The y-intercept is 0, 5.
0, 0

29. y
4x  1 y

Intercepts: 14, 0, 0, 1 4

y
4x  1 ⇒ y
4x  1 ⇒ No y-axis symmetry

1
y
4x  1 ⇒ y
4x  1 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry x
−4 − 3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4
−1
y
4x  1 ⇒ y
4x  1 ⇒ No origin symmetry −2
−3
−4

30. y
5x  6 31. y
5  x2
Intercepts: 65, 0, 0, 6 Intercepts: ± 5, 0, 0, 5
No symmetry y
5  x2 ⇒ y
5  x2 ⇒ y-axis symmetry
y y
5  x2 ⇒ y
5  x2 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry
y
5  x2 ⇒ y
5  x2 ⇒ No origin symmetry
1
x
−2 −1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 y
−2
6
−3
−4
4
−5
3
−6
2
−7
1
x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
 Review Exercises for Chapter 1 113

32. y
x2  10 33. y
x3  3
Intercepts: ± 10, 0, 0, 10 Intercepts: 
3
3, 0, 0, 3
y-axis symmetry y
x3  3 ⇒ y
x3  3 ⇒ No y-axis symmetry
y y
x3  3 ⇒ y
x3  3 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry
2 y
x3  3 ⇒ y
x3  3 ⇒ No origin symmetry
x y
−6 −4 2 4 6 8
−2
7
−4
6
−6 5
4

− 12 2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
−1

34. y
6  x 3 35. y
x  5
Intercepts:  
3 6, 0 , 0, 6
Domain:
5, 
No symmetry Intercepts: 5, 0, 0, 5
y
y
x  5 ⇒ No y-axis symmetry
2
y
x  5 ⇒ y
x  5 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry
x
−6 −4 2 4 6
y
x  5 ⇒ y
x  5 ⇒ No origin symmetry
y

−8 6
5
−10
4
3

1
x
−6 −5 − 4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
−1


36. y
x  9 37. x2  y2
9 38. x2  y 2
4
Intercepts: 0, 9 Center: 0, 0 Center: 0, 0
y-axis symmetry Radius: 3 Radius: 2
y y y

15 4 3

12
2
9 1 1
(0, 0) (0, 0)
6 x x
–4 –2 –1 1 2 4 −3 −1 1 3
–1
3 −1
–2
x
−9 −6 −3 3 6 9
−3 –4 −3
114 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

39. x  22  y2
16 40. x2   y  82
81 41. x  12 2   y  12
36

x  22   y  02
42 Center: 0, 8 x  12 2   y  12
62
Center: 2, 0 Center: 2, 1
1
Radius: 9
Radius: 4 y Radius: 6
18
y y
16
6 14 8
12
10
8 (0, 8) 4
2
(−2, 0) 6 2
x 4 x
–8 –4 –2 4
2 −6 −4 −2 2 4 8
–2 −2
−8 −6 −4
−2
4 6 8 10
x
−4 ( 12, −1(
–6
−8

3

2
42. x  42  y 
100 43. Endpoints of a diameter: 0, 0 and 4, 6
2 15

x  42  y 
3

2

100
9 Center:
0 2 4, 0  26
2, 3
2 6
(− 4, 32 ( 3 Radius: r
2  02  3  02
4  9
13

3

x
Center: 4, − 15 −9 −6 −3
−3
3 9
Standard form: x  22   y  32
13
2
2
−6
Radius: 10 x  22   y  32
13

44. Endpoints of a diameter: 2, 3 and 4, 10

Center:
22 4, 3 210

1,  132

1  2 
 132  3
9  494
854
2
Radius: r
2

Standard form: x  1 
y 
 

 
2 2
13 85 2
2 4


2
13 85
x  12  y 

2 4

5
45. F
4x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 46. (a) N
Number of Target stores

1800
(a)
x 0 4 8 12 16 20 1600
1400
F 0 5 10 15 20 25 1200
1000
800
(b) F
t
30 4 6 8 10 12
Year (4 ↔ 1994)
Force (in pounds)

25

20

15 (b) z
9.94; The number of stores was 1300 in 2003.

10

5
x
4 8 12 16 20 24
Length (in inches)

50
(c) When x
10, F
4
12.5 pounds.
 Review Exercises for Chapter 1 115

47. y
6 48. x
3 49. y
3x  13

Horizontal line, m
0 Slope: m is undefined. Slope: m
3
31
y-intercept: 0, 6 y-intercept: none y-intercept: 0, 13
y y y

8 4 12
3
2
6
4 1
3
x
2 −4 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 x
x −9 −6 −3 3 6 9
−4 −2 2 4 6 −2 −3
−2 −3 −6
−4

50. y
10x  9 51. 3, 4, 7, 1 52. 1, 8, 6, 5
Slope: m
10 1  4 5 1 58 3
m


 m


7  3 10 2 6  1 7
y-intercept: 0, 9
y
y
y
4 10
(−7, 1) 2
12 x (−1, 8)
−8 −6 2 4 6
9
(3, −4) 4 (6, 5)
6 −4
2
3 −6
x
x −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−9 −6 −3 3 6 9 −2
−3

3
53. 4.5, 6, 2.1, 3 54. 3, 2, 8, 2 55. 0, 5, m

2
36 22 0 3
m
m


0 y  5
x  0
2.1  4.5 3  8 11 2
3 30 5 y 3



 y5
x
6.6 66 11 8 2
6 3
y
y
x5
(−3, 2)
4
(8, 2)
2
8
(−4.5, 6) y
6
x
(2.1, 3) −4 −2 2 4 6 8 2
–2
2 x
–4 −4 −2 2 4 6
x
−2
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−4
−4 (0, − 5)

−8
116 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

56. 2, 6, m
0 57. 10, 3, m
 21 58. 8, 5, m is undefined.
y  6
0x  2 y  3
 12x  10 The line is vertical.
y6
0 y3
 12x 5 x
8
y
6 y
 12x 2 y

y 8
y
6
10
(− 8, 5)
6 4
4 2
(−2, 6) x
− 12 − 10 −6 −4 −2 2 4
x −2
4 −2 2 4 8 10 12
−2 −4
2
−4 (10, − 3) −6
x −8
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 −6
–2 −8

59. 0, 0, 0, 10

10  0 10
m

, undefined
00 0
The line is vertical.
x
0

60. 2, 5, 2, 1 61. 1, 4, 2, 0 62. 11, 2, 6, 1
1  5 6 3 04 4 1  2 1
m


m

 m


2  2 4 2 2  1 3 6  11 5
3 4 1
y  5
x  2 y  4
 x  1 y  2
 x  11
2 3 5
2y  10
3x  6 4 4 5y  10
x  11
y4
 x
3 3
2y
3x  4 5y
x  1
4 8
3 y
 x 1 1
y
x2 3 3 y
 x
2 5 5

63. Point: 3, 2 64. Point: 8, 3, 2x  3y
5

5x  4y
8 ⇒ y
54 x  2 and m
54 3y
5  2x
5 5 2
(a) Parallel slope: m
4 y
3  3x
y  2
54x  3 2
(a) Parallel slope: m
 3
y  2
54 x  15
4 y  3
 23x  8
y
54 x  23
4 3y  9
2x  16
(b) Perpendicular slope: m
 45 3y
2x  7
y  2
 45x  3 y
 23 x  73
y  2
 45 x  12
5
3
(b) Perpendicular slope: m
2
4
y
5 x  5
2
y  3
32x  8
2y  6
3x  24
2y
3x  30
y
32 x  15
 Review Exercises for Chapter 1 117

65. 6, 12,500 m
850 66. 6, 72.95, m
5.15

y  12,500
850t  6 V  72.95
5.15t  6
y  12,500
850t  5100 V  72.95
5.15t  30.9
y
850t  7400, 6 ≤ t ≤ 11 V
5.15t  42.05, 6 ≤ t ≤ 11

67. 16x  y4
0 68. 2x  y  3
0

y4
16x 2x  3
y
y
± 2
4 x
Yes, the equation represents y as a function of x.
No, y is not a function of x. Some x-values correspond to
two y-values.

69. y
1  x 
70. y
x  2 corresponds to y
x  2 or y
x  2.
No, y is not a function of x. Some x-values correspond
Yes. Each x-value, x ≤ 1, corresponds to only one y-value
to two y-values.
so y is a function of x.

2xx  2,1,
x ≤ 1
71. f x
x2  1 72. h x
2
x > 1
(a) f 2
22  1
5
(a) h 2
22  1
3
(b) f 4
42  1
17
(b) h 1
21  1
1
(c) f t2
t 22  1
t 4  1
(c) h 0
02  2
2
(d) f t  1
t  12  1
(d) h 2
22  2
6

t  2t  2
2

73. f x
25  x2 y

Domain: 25  x2 ≥ 0 10

8
5  x5  x ≥ 0 6

Critical numbers: x
± 5
Test intervals:  , 5, 5, 5, 5,  2

x
Test: Is 25  x2 ≥ 0? −6 −4 −2
−2
2 4 6

Solution set: 5 ≤ x ≤ 5
Thus, the domain is all real numbers x such that 5 ≤ x ≤ 5, or
5, 5 .

x
74. f x
3x  4 75. hx

x2  x  6 
76. ht
t  1 
Domain: all real numbers x Domain: all real numbers


y x  2x  3 y

10 Domain: All real numbers x 7

8 except x
2, 3 6
5
6 y 4
3
4
6 2
4 1
x t
2 −5 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4
−6 −4 2 4 6
−2 x
−2
4 6
−2

−4

−6
118 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

77. vt
32t  48

(a) v1
16 feet per second
(b) 0
32t  48
t
48
32
1.5 seconds

(c) v2
16 feet per second

78. (a) Model: (40% of 50  x  100% of x
(amount of acid in final mixture)
Amount of acid in final mixture
f x
f x
0.450  x  1.0x
20  0.6x
(b) Domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 50 (c) 20  0.6x
50%50
Range: 20 ≤ y ≤ 50 20  0.6x
25
0.6x
5
1
x
8 3 liters

79. f x
2x2  3x  1

f x  h  f x
2x  h2  3x  h  1  2x2  3x  1


h h
2x2  4xh  2h2  3x  3h  1  2x2  3x  1


h
h4x  2h  3


h

4x  2h  3, h  0

80. f x
x 3  5x2  x

f x  h
x  h3  5x  h2  x  h

x 3  3x 2h  3xh2  h3  5x2  10xh  5h2  x  h
f x  h  f x x 3  3x 2 h  3xh2  h 3  5x 2  10xh  5h2  x  h  x 3  5x2  x


h h
3x 2 h  3xh2  h 3  10xh  5h2  h


h
h 3x 2  3xh  h2  10x  5h  1


h

3x 2  3xh  h 2  10x  5h  1, h  0

81. y
x  32 3
82. y
 5 x 3  2x  1
The graph passes the Vertical Line Test. y is a function A vertical line intersects the graph no more than once,
of x. so y is a function of x.

83. x  4
y 2 
84. x
 4  y 
The graph does not pass the Vertical Line Test. y is not a A vertical line intersects the graph more than once,
function of x. so y is not a function of x.
 Review Exercises for Chapter 1 119

8x  3
85. f x
3x 2  16x  21 86. f x
5x2  4x  1 87. f x

11  x
3x2  16x  21
0 5x2  4x  1
0
8x  3

0
3x  7x  3
0 5x  1x  1
0 11  x
3x  7
0 or x3
0 1 8x  3
0
5x  1
0 ⇒ x

5
7 3
x
or x
3 x

3 x  1
0 ⇒ x
1 8

88. f x
x 3  x2  25x  25  

89. f x
x  x  1 
x3  x2  25x  25
0 f is increasing on 0, .
x2 x  1  25x  1
0 f is decreasing on  , 1.
x  1 x2  25
0 f is constant on 1, 0.
x1
0 ⇒ x
1
x2  25
0 ⇒ x
± 5

90. Increasing on 2, 0 and 2, 

Decreasing on  , 2 and 0, 2

91. f x
x 2  2x  1 92. f x
x 4  4x 2  2

Relative maximum: 1, 2 Relative minimum: 1.41, 6, 1.41, 6
3 Relative maximum: 0, 2
(1, 2)
1

−6 6
−3 3
(0, −2)
−1

(− 1.41, −6) −7 (1.41, −6)

93. f x
x3  6x 4 94. f x
x3  4x 2  x  1

Relative maximum: 0.125, 0.000488  0.13, 0.00 Relative minimum: 2.54, 7.88
(0.1250, 0.000488) Relative maximum: 0.13, 0.94
0.25

1 (0.13, −0.94)
−0.75 0.75
−6 9

−0.75

−9 (2.54, −7.88)

95. f x
x 2  8x  4 96. f x
x3  12x  2, x1
0, x2
4

f 4  f 0 12  4 f x2  f x1 f 4  f 0


4

40 4 x2  x1 40
The average rate of change of f from x1
0 110  2 112



28
to x2
4 is 4. 4 4
The average rate of change from x
0 to x
4 is 28.
120 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

97. f x
2  x  1 98. f x
1  x  3, x1
1, x2
6

f 7  f 3 2  8   2  2 f x2  f x1 f 6  f 1



73 4 x2  x1 61
2  22 1  2 2  1 2  1 1






0.2
4 2 5 5 5
The average rate of change of f from x1
3 The average rate of change from x
1 to x
6 is 0.2.
to x2
7 is 1  2 2.

99. f x
x5  4x  7 100. f x
x 4  20x2

f x
x5  4x  7 f x
x4  20x2
x 4  20x2
f x

x5  4x  7 The function is even.
 f x
 f x
Neither even nor odd

101. f x
2xx2  3 102. f x


5 6x2

f x
2xx2  3 f x


5 6x2

5 6x2
f x

2xx2  3 The function is even.

f x
f is odd.

103. f 2
6, f 1
3 y

104. f 0
5, f 4
8 y

4 2
Points: 2, 6, 1, 3 3
0, 5, 4, 8 1

3  6 9 8  5 3 −7 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
x
m


3 m

 1
1  2 3 x 40 4 −2
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
y  6
3x  2 3 −3
−2 y  5
 x  0 −4
4
y  6
3x  6 −3 −5
−4 −6
3
y
3x y
 x5
4
3
f x
 x  5
4

105. f x
3  x2 106. h x
x 3  2 107. f x
 x

Intercepts: 0, 3, ± 3, 0 y Domain: x ≥ 0
y-axis symmetry 1 Intercepts: 0, 0
y x
−2 −1 1 2
6
x 0 1 4 9
−1
4 y 0 1 2 3

y
x −3
−6 −4 4 6
−2 3
2
−4 1
x
−6 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4 5 6

−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
 Review Exercises for Chapter 1 121

3 1
108. f x
x  1 109. gx
110. g x

x x5
y
y
No intercepts
3
6
Origin symmetry
2 4

3 1
2
x 1 3
x
− 10 − 8 −4 −2 2
x y 1 3 3 1 −2
−2 −1 1 2
−4
−1 y
−6
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6

111. f x
x  2 112. g x
 x  4 113. f x
5x4x3, 5, x ≥ 1

x < 1
y y
y
3 4
2
1
x 2
−3 −2 −1 3 4 5 6 6
1 3
−2 x
x −12−9 −6 −3 3 6 9 12 15
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1
−5
−6 −2 − 12
− 15


x2  2, x < 2
114. f x
5, 2 ≤ x ≤ 0 115. Common function: f x
x3 116. The graph of y
x was shifted
8x  5, x > 0 upward 4 units.
Horizontal shift 4 units to the left
y and a vertical shift 4 units upward
8
6
4
2
x
− 8 −6 − 4 − 2 2 4 6 8

−4
−6
−8

117. (a) f x
x2 (c) y

(b) h x
x2  9 2

x
−6 −4 2 4 6
Vertical shift 9 units downward 2

4 h

− 10

(d) hx
f x  9

122 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

118. (a) f x
x3 119. (a) f x
x

(b) h x
x  2  2 3 (b) h x
x  7
Horizontal shift of 2 units to the right; vertical shift Horizontal shift 7 units to the right
of 2 units upward
(c) y

(c) y
12

5 10

4 h 8

3 6

2 4

2 h
1
x
x 2 4 6 8 10 12
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
(d) hx
f x  7
(d) hx
f x  2  2

120. (a) f x
x  121. (a) f x
x2

(b) h x
x  3  5 (b) h x
 x  32  1
Horizontal shift of 3 units to the left; Reflection in the x-axis, a horizontal shift 3 units to
vertical shift of 5 units downward the left, and a vertical shift 1 unit upward
(c) y (c) y

6 4
4 2
h 2 x
x −8 −6 2 4
−10 − 8 −4 −2 2 4
−2
−4 h
−6
−6
−8
−8

(d) hx
f x  3  1
(d) hx
f x  3  5

122. (a) f x
x 3 123. (a) f x
x

(b) h x
 x  53  5 (b) hx
x  6
Reflection in the x-axis; horizontal shift of 5 units to Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift 6 units
the right; vertical shift of 5 units downward upward
(c) y (c) y

9
4

2 6
5
x
−2 2 4 6 8 10
4 h
3
−2
2
1
−4 h
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 9
−6
−2
−8 −3

(d) hx
f x  5  5 (d) hx
f x  6

 Review Exercises for Chapter 1 123

124. (a) f x
x 125. (a) f x
x 

(b) h x
 x  1  9 (b) h x
 x  4  6
Reflection in the x-axis, a horizontal shift 1 unit to Reflection in both the x- and y-axes; horizontal shift
the left, and a vertical shift 9 units upward of 4 units to the right; vertical shift of 6 units upward
(c) y (c) y

10 10

6 6
h
h
4
4
2
2
x
x −4 2 4 6 8
−4 −2 2 4 6 −2

(d) hx
f x  1  9
(d) hx
 f  x  4  6
 f x  4  6

126. (a) f x
x 2 127. (a) f x
x

(b) h x
 x  12  3 (b) hx
5x  9
Reflection in the x-axis; horizontal shift of 1 unit to Horizontal shift 9 units to the right and a vertical
the left; vertical shift of 3 units downward stretch (each y-value is multiplied by 5)
y
(c) y (c)
2 25
20
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 15
−2 10 h
−4 5
x
−6 h −2 2 4 6 10 12 14
−5
−8
− 10
−10 − 15

(d) hx
f x  1  3 (d) hx
5 f x  9

128. (a) f x
x 3 129. (a) f x
x

(b) h x
 3 x 3
1
(b) h x
2x  4
Reflection in the x-axis; vertical shrink each y-value Reflection in the x-axis, a vertical stretch (each
is multiplied by 3 
1
y-value is multiplied by 2), and a horizontal shift
y
4 units to the right
(c)
y
3 (c)
h 2 2

1 x
−2 2 6 8
x −2
−3 −2 −1 2 3
−1 −4 h
−2
−6
−3
−8

(d) hx
 3 f x

1
(d) hx
2 f x  4
124 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

130. (a) f x
x

(b) h x
2x  1
1

Vertical shrink each y-value is multiplied by 2 ; vertical shift of 1 unit downward

1

(d) hx
2 f x  1

y 1
(c)
3

1
h
x
−3 −2 2 3

−2

−3

131. f x
x2  3, gx
2x  1 132. f x
x 2  4, gx
3  x

(a)  f  gx
x2  3  2x  1
x2  2x  2 (a)  f  gx
f x  gx
x2  4  3  x
(b)  f  gx
x2  3  2x  1
x2  2x  4 (b)  f  gx
f x  gx
x2  4  3  x
(c)  fgx
x2  32x  1
2x3  x2  6x  3 (c)  fgx
f x gx
x 2  43  x 

gf x
2xx  31, f x x2  4

2
1
(d) Domain: x  (d)  fgx

, x < 3
2 gx 3  x

133. f x
3x  3, gx
3x  1 134. f x
x 3  4, gx


1 3x  7

The domains of f x and g x are all real numbers. The domains of f x and gx are all real numbers.
(a)  f  gx
f gx (a)  f  gx
f gx

f 3x  1
  4
3 x  7 3

13 3x  1  3
x74

x 3 1
3

x3

x 8 Domain: all real numbers

3
(b)  g  f x
g f x
Domain: all real numbers


3
x3  4  7
(b)  g  f x
g  f x
3 x3  3



g13x  3
Domain: all real numbers

313x  3  1

x91

x8
Domain: all real numbers

135. hx
6x  53 136. hx


3x  2

Answer is not unique. Answer is not unique.

One possibility: Let f x
x3 and gx
6x  5. One possibility: Let gx
x  2 and f x

3 x.

f  gx
f 6x  5
6x  53
hx f  gx
f x  2


3 x  2
hx
 Review Exercises for Chapter 1 125

137. vt
31.86t 2  233.6t  2594

dt
4.18t 2  571.0t  3706
(a) v  dt
vt  dt

36.04t 2  804.6t  1112
v  dt represents the combined factory sales (in millions of dollars) for VCRs and DVD players from 1997 to 2003.
(b) 4000 (c) v  d10
$3330 million
(v + d)(t)

v(t)

d(t)
7 13
0

138. (a) NTt
252t  12  502t  1  300, 2 ≤ t ≤ 20 (b) When N
750,

254t 2  4t  1  100t  50  300 750
100t 2  275

100t 2  100t  25  100t  250 100t 2
475

100t 2  275 t 2
4.75
The composition NTt represents the number of t
2.18 hours.
bacteria in the food as a function of time.
After about 2.18 hours, the bacterial count will reach 750.

139. f x
x  7 140. f x
x  5

f 1x
x  7 y
x5
f  f 1x
f x  7
x  7  7
x x
y5

f 1 f x
f 1x  7
x  7  7
x y
x5

f 1 x
x  5
f  f 1x
f x  5
x  5  5
x
f 1 f x
f 1x  5
x  5  5
x

141. The graph passes the Horizontal Line Test. 142. No, the function does not have an inverse because some
The function has an inverse. horizontal lines intersect the graph twice.

143. f x
4  13 x 144. No, the function does not have an inverse because some
horizontal lines intersect the graph twice.
The graph passes the Horizontal Line Test. The function
has an inverse. 6

−5 7

−4 8 −2

−2

2
145. ht
146. Yes, the function has an inverse because no horizontal
t3
lines intersect the graph at more than one point.
The graph passes the Horizontal Line Test. The function
has an inverse. 6

−8 4
−4 8

−2

−4
126 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

147. (a) f x
12x  3 (b) y

8 f −1
y
12x  3 6

x
12y  3 2 f
x  3
12y
x
− 10 − 8 − 6 −2 8

2x  3
y
−6

f 1x
2x  6 −8
− 10

(c) The graph of f 1 is the reflection of the graph

of f about the line y
x. (d) The domains and ranges of f and f 1 are the set of
all real numbers.

148. f x
5x  7 (b) y

8 f
(a) y
5x  7 6

x
5y  7 4 f −1
2
x  7
5y −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
x

x7 −4

y −6
5
−8
x7
x

f 1
5 (d) The domains and ranges of f and f 1 are the set of
(c) The graph of f 1
is the reflection of the graph all real numbers.
of f across the line y
x.

149. (a) f x
x  1 (b) y

y
x  1 5
f −1
4
x
y  1 3

x2
y1 2 f

x2  1
y x
–1 2 3 4 5
f 1 x
x2  1, x ≥ 0 –1

Note: The inverse must have a restricted domain.

(d) The domain of f and the range of f 1 is
1, .
1
(c) The graph of f is the reflection of the graph The range of f and the domain of f 1 is
0, .
of f about the line y
x.

150. f x
x3  2 (b) y

4
(a) y
x3  2 3
f

x
y3  2 f −1
1

x  2
y3 −4 −3 −2 1 3 4
x

3 x  2
y
 −2
−3
f 1x

3
x2 −4

(c) The graph of f 1

is the reflection of the graph
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f 1 are the set of
of f across the line y
x.
all real numbers.
 Review Exercises for Chapter 1 127

151. f x
2x  42 is increasing on

4, . 152. f x
x  2 
Let f x
2x  4 , x ≥ 4 and y ≥ 0. 2 Increasing on
2, 
y
2x  42 Let f x
x  2, x ≥ 2, y ≥ 0.
x
2 y  42, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 4 y
x2
x x
y  2, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 2

 y  42
2
x  2
y, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 2

 x
2

y4 f 1x
x  2, x ≥ 0

2x  4
y
f 1x
2x  4, x ≥ 0
153. I
2.09t  37.2 154. (a) 8000

y
(a)
(in thousands of dollars)

65
Median income

60
5 13
55 2000

50 (b) S
627t  346

45 The model is a good fit to the actual data.
t
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (c) S
627.0218  346
$10,940.36 million
Year (5 ↔ 1995)
(d) The factory sales of electronic gaming software in
(b) The model is a good fit to the actual data. the U.S. increases by $627.02 million each year.

155. D
km 156. P
kS 3 157. F
ks2

4
2.5k 750
k273 If speed is doubled,
1.6
k k
0.03810395 F
k2s2
In 2 miles: P
0.03810395403 F
4ks2.
D
1.62
3.2 kilometers
2438.7 kilowatts Thus, the force will be changed
In 10 miles: by a factor of 4.

D
1.610
16 kilometers

k k
158. x
159. T
160. C
khw2
p r
k 28.80
k1662
k 3

800

5 65 k
0.05
k
4000 k
365
195 C
0.051482
195
$44.80
4000 T

x
 667 boxes r
6
When r
80 mph,
195
T

2.4375 hours
80
 2 hours, 26 minutes.
128 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

161. False. The graph is reflected y 162. True. If f
x
x 3 and g
x

3
x, then the domain of
in the x-axis, shifted 9 units g is all real numbers, which is equal to the range of f
3
to the left, then shifted 13 x
and vice versa.
units down. − 12 − 9 − 6 − 3 3 6 9
−3

−6

−9

−12

−18

163. True. If y
kx, then 164. The Vertical Line Test is used to determine if a graph of
1 y is a function of x. The Horizontal Line Test is used to
x
y. determine if a function has an inverse function.
k

165. A function from a Set A to a Set B is a relation that assigns to each element x in the Set A exactly one
element y in the Set B.

Problem Solving for Chapter 1

1. (a) W1
0.07x  2000 (c) 5,000

(b) W2
0.05x  2300

(15,000, 3050)
(d) If you think you can sell $20,000 per month, keep
your current job with the higher commission rate. For 0 30,000
0
sales over $15,000 it pays more than the other job.
Point of intersection: (15,000, 3050)
Both jobs pay the same, $3050, if you sell $15,000
per month.

2. Mapping numbers onto letters is not a function. Each number between 2 and 9 is mapped to more than one letter.

2, A),
2, B,
2, C,
3, D),
3, E,
3, F,
4, G),
4, H,
4, I,
5, J),
5, K,
5, L,

6, M,
6, N,
6, O,
7, P,
7, Q,
7, R,
7, S,
8, T,
8, U,
8, V,
9, W,
9, X,
9, Y,
9, Z

Mapping letters onto numbers is a function. Each letter is only mapped to one number.

A, 2),
B, 2,
C, 2,
D, 3),
E, 3,
F, 3,
G, 4),
H, 4,
I, 4,
J, 5),
K, 5,
L, 5,

M, 6,
N, 6,
O, 6,
P, 7,
Q, 7,
R, 7,
S, 7,
T, 8,
U, 8,
V, 8,
W, 9,
X, 9,
Y, 9,
Z, 9

3. (a) Let f
x and g
x be two even functions. Then (c) Let f
x be odd and g
x be even. Then define
define h
x
f
x ± g
x. h
x
f
x ± g
x.
h
x
f
x ± g
x h
x
f
x ± g
x

f
x ± g
x since f and g are even
f
x ± g
x since f is odd and g is even

h
x  h
x
So, h
x is also even.  h
x
(b) Let f
x and g
x be two odd functions. Then define
So, h
x is neither odd nor even.
h
x
f
x ± g
x.
h
x
f
x ± g
x

f
x  g
x since f and g are odd

h
x
So, h
x is also odd.
If f
x  g
x
 Problem Solving for Chapter 1 129

4. f
x
x g
x
x
y y

3 3

2 2

1 1

x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 1 2 3
−1

−2

−3

f  f 
x
x and
g  g 
x
x

These are the only two linear functions that are their own inverse functions since m has to equal 1m for this to be true.

5. f
x
a2n x2n  a2n2 x2n2  . . .  a2 x2  a0

f
x
a2n
x2n  a2n2
x2n2  . . .  a2
x2  a0

a2n x2n  a2n2 x2n2  . . .  a2 x2  a0

f
x
Therefore, f
x is even.

6. It appears, from the drawing, that the triangles are equal; thus
x, y

6, 8. y
(x, y)
7 x  7 . The line between
9.5, 2
The line between
2.5, 2 and
6, 8 is y
12 16

and
6, 8 isy
 12 128

7 x  7 . The path of the ball is: 6 6


8 ft
12 16
7x  7, 2.5 ≤ x ≤ 6
f
x
(2.5, 2) (9.5, 2)
 12 128
7x  7 , 6 < x ≤ 9.5 x
12 ft

distance 2100 180 5

7. (a) April 11: 10 hours (b) Speed



25 mph
time 8123 7 7
April 12: 24 hours
(d) y

April 13: 24 hours 4000

Distance (in miles)

3500
2
April 14: 233 hours 3000
2500
Total: 8132 hours 2000
1500
1000
180
(c) D
 t  3400 500
7 x
30 60 90 120 150
1190 Hours
Domain: 0 ≤ t ≤
9
Range: 0 ≤ D ≤ 3400

f
x2  f
x1 f
2  f
1 1  0 f
x2  f
x1 f
1.125  f
1 0.234375  0

8. (a)


1 (d)


1.875
x2  x1 21 1 x2  x1 1.125  1 0.125
f
x2  f
x1 f
1.5  f
1 0.75  0 f
x2  f
x1 f
1.0625  f
1 0.12109375  0
(b)


1.5 (e)


1.9375
x2  x1 1.5  1 0.5 x2  x1 1.0625  1 0.625
f
x2  f
x1 f
1.25  f
1 0.4375  0
(c)


1.75 (f) Yes, the average rate of change appears to be approaching 2.
x2  x1 1.25  1 0.25

—CONTINUED—
130 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

8. —CONTINUED—
(g) a.
1, 0,
2, 1, m
1, y
x  1
0.75
b.
1, 0,
1.5, 0.75, m

1.5, y
1.5x  1.5
0.5
0.4375
c.
1, 0,
1.25, 0.4375, m

1.75, y
1.75x  1.75
0.25
0.234375
d.
1, 0,
1.125, 0.234375, m

1.875, y
1.875x  1.875
0.125
0.12109375
e.
1, 0,
1.0625, 0.12109375, m

1.9375, y
1.9375x  1.9375
0.0625

(h)
1, f
1

1, 0, m → 2, y
2
x  1, y
2x  2

9. (a)–(d) Use f
x
4x and g
x
x  6. 10. (a) The length of the trip in the water is 22  x2, and
the length of the trip over land is 1 
3  x2.
(a)
fg
x
f
x  6
4
x  6
4x  24
Hence, the total time is
x  24 1 4  x2 1 
3  x2
(b)
f  g1
x

x6
4 4 T
x
 hours.
2 4
1
(c) f 1
x
x (b) Domain of T
x: 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
4
(c) 3
g1
x
x  6

(d)
g1  f 1
x
g1 14x
41x  6

0 3
(e) f
x
x3  1 and g
x
2x 0

f  g
x
f
2x

2x3  1
8x3  1 (d) T
x is a minimum when x
1.

f  g1
x
 3
x1 1 3
8

x  1
2
(e) To reach point Q in the shortest amount of time, you
should row to a point one mile down the coast, and
f 1
x

3
x1 then walk the rest of the way.

1
g1
x
x
2
1 3

g1  f 1
x
g1
 
3 x  1
x  1
2
(f) Answers will vary.
(g) Conjecture:
f  g1
x

g1  f 1
x

11. H
x
1,0, x ≥ 0

x < 0
y

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

−2

−3

—CONTINUED—
 Problem Solving for Chapter 1 131

11. —CONTINUED—
(a) H
x  2 (b) H
x  2 (c) H
x
y y y

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

x x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1 −1

−2 −2

−3 −3 −3

(d) H
x (e) 2 H
x

1
(f) H
x  2  2
y y y

3 3 3

2 2

1 1

x x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1 −1

−2 −2 −2

−3 −3 −3

1
12. f
x
y
13.
f 
g  h
x
f

g  h 
x
1x
(a) Domain: all x  1
f
g
h
x
Range: all y  0

f  g  h
x


f  g  h
x

f  g
h
x
(b) f
f
x
f 1 1 x

f
g
h
x
1 1




f  g  h
x
1x1
1
1
1x 1x 
1x x1



x x
Domain: all x  0, 1

(c) f
f
f
x
f x x 1
1
x1
1


x
1 x 1
x
Domain: all x  0, 1
The graph is not a line. It has holes at
0, 0 and

1, 1.
y

x
−2 −1 1 2

−1

−2
132 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

14. (a) f
x  1 (b) f
x  1 (c) 2 f
x

y y y

4 4 4
3 3

1 1 1
x x x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −1 1 3 4 −4 −3 −2 2 3 4
−1
−2 −2 −2
−3 −3 −3
−4 −4 −4

(d) f
x (e) f
x

(f) f
x

y y y

4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1
x x x
− 4 −3 − 2 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2 −2 −2
−3 −3 −3
−4 −4 −4

(g) f
x 

4
3
2

x
− 4 − 3 −2 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4

15. (a) (b)

x f
x f 1
x x f
f 1
x x
f  f 1
x
4 — 2 4 f
f 1
4
f
2
4 3 f
3  f 1
3
4  1
5
3 4 1 2 f
f 1
2
f
0
2 2 f
2  f 1
2
1  0
1
2 1 0 0 f
f 1
0
f
1
0 0 f
0  f 1
0
2 
1
3
1 0 — 4 f
f 1
4
f
3
4 1 f
1  f 1
1
3 
2
5
0 2 1
(c) (d)
1 3 2
x
f  f 1
x x
f 1
x

2 4 —
3 f
3f 1
3

4
1
4 4
f1
4


2

2
3 — —
2 f
2f 1
2

1
0
0 3
f1
3


1

1
4 — 3
0 f
0f 1

0

2
1
2 0
f1
0


1

1
1 f
1f 1
1

3
2
6 4
f1
4


3

3
 Practice Test for Chapter 1 133

Chapter 1 Practice Test

1. Given the points

3, 4 and
5,
6, find (a) the midpoint of the line segment joining the points,
and (b) the distance between the points.

2. Graph y  7
x.

3. Write the standard equation of the circle with center

3, 5 and radius 6.

4. Find the equation of the line through
2, 4 and
3,
1.

5. Find the equation of the line with slope m  43 and y-intercept b 
3.

6. Find the equation of the line through
4, 1 perpendicular to the line 2x  3y  0.

7. If it costs a company $32 to produce 5 units of a product and $44 to produce

9 units, how much does it cost to produce 20 units? (Assume that the cost
function is linear.)

8. Given f
x  x2
2x  1, find f
x
3.

f
x
f
3
9. Given f
x  4x
11, find
x
3

10. Find the domain and range of f
x  36
x2.

11. Which equations determine y as a function of x?

(a) 6x
5y  4  0

(b) x2  y2  9

(c) y3  x2  6

12. Sketch the graph of f
x  x2
5.


13. Sketch the graph of f
x  x  3 . 

 x
x, if x < 0.
2x  1, if x ≥ 0,
14. Sketch the graph of f
x  2


15. Use the graph of f
x  x to graph the following:

(a) f
x  2

(b)
f
x  2
134 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

16. Given f
x  3x  7 and g
x  2x2
5, find the following:

(a)
g
f 
x

(b)
f g
x

17. Given f
x  x2
2x  16 and g
x  2x  3, find f
g
x.

18. Given f
x  x3  7, find f
1
x  .

19. Which of the following functions have inverses?


(a) f
x  x
6 
(b) f
x  ax  b, a  0

(c) f
x  x3
19

20. Given f
x  3
x x, 0 < x ≤ 3, find f
1
x.

Exercises 21–23, true or false?

1
21. y  3x  7 and y  3x
4 are perpendicular.

22.
f  g
1  g
1  f
1

23. If a function has an inverse, then it must pass both the Vertical Line Test and the
Horizontal Line Test.

24. If z varies directly as the cube of x and inversely as the square root of y,
and z 
1 when x 
1 and y  25, find z in terms of x and y.

25. Use your calculator to find the least square regression line for the data.

x
2
1 0 1 2 3

y 1 2.4 3 3.1 4 4.7

 C H A P T E R 2
Polynomial and Rational Functions

Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree . . . . . . . . . 151

Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Section 2.4 Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Section 2.5 Zeros of Polynomial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Section 2.6 Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Section 2.7 Nonlinear Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

C H A P T E R 2
Polynomial and Rational Functions
Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions and Models

You should know the following facts about parabolas.

■ f
x
ax2  bx  c, a  0, is a quadratic function, and its graph is a parabola.
■ If a > 0, the parabola opens upward and the vertex is the point with the minimum y-value.
If a < 0, the parabola opens downward and the vertex is the point with the maximum y-value.
■ The vertex is
b2a, f
b2a.
■ To find the x-intercepts (if any), solve
ax2  bx  c
0.

■ The standard form of the equation of a parabola is

f
x
a
x  h2  k
where a  0.
(a) The vertex is
h, k.
(b) The axis is the vertical line x
h.

Vocabulary Check
1. nonnegative integer; real 2. quadratic; parabola 3. axis or axis of symmetry
4. positive; minimum 5. negative; maximum

1. f
x

x  22 opens upward and has vertex
2, 0. 2. f
x

x  42 opens upward and has vertex
4, 0.
Matches graph (g). Matches graph (c).

3. f
x
x2  2 opens upward and has vertex
0, 2. 4. f
x
3  x2 opens downward and has vertex
0, 3.
Matches graph (b). Matches graph (h).

5. f
x
4 
x  22

x  22  4 opens downward 6. f
x

x  12  2 opens upward and has vertex
and has vertex
2, 4. Matches graph (f).
1, 2. Matches graph (a).

7. f
x

x  32  2 opens downward and has 8. f
x

x  42 opens downward and has vertex
4, 0.
vertex
3, 2. Matches graph (e). Matches graph (d).

136
 Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 137

1 1
9. (a) y
2x2 (b) y
 8 x2
y y

5 6

4 4

3 2

2 x
−6 −4 4 6
1 −2

x −4
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −6

Vertical shrink Vertical shrink and reflection in the x-axis

3 2
(c) y
2x (d) y
3x2
y y

5 6

4 4

3 2

2 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
1

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

Vertical stretch Vertical stretch and reflection in the x-axis

10. (a) y
x 2  1 (b) y
x2  1

y y

5 4

4 3

3 2

2 1

x
−3 −2 2 3
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −2

Vertical translation one unit upward Vertical translation one unit downward
(c) y
x2 3 (d) y
x2  3
y y

10 8

8 6

6 4

x
−6 –4 4 6
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −4

Vertical translation three units upward Vertical translation three units downward
138 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

11. (a) y

x  12 (b) y

3x2  1

y y

5 5
4 4
3 3

x x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1

Horizontal translation one unit to the right Horizontal shrink and a vertical translation one unit upward
(c) y

 (d) y

x  32
1 2
3x 3
y y

8 10

6 8

x 2
−6 −2 2 6
−2 x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4
−4 −2

Horizontal stretch and a vertical translation three units Horizontal translation three units to the left
downward

12. (a) y
 12
x  22  1 (b) y
2
x  1  3

1 2

y y

8 10
6 8
4 6
4
x
− 6 −4 − 2 2 6 8 10
x
−8 − 6 − 4 2 6 8

−4
−6

Horizontal translation two units to the right, vertical Horizontal translation one unit to the right, horizontal
shrink
each y-value is multiplied by 12 , reflection in stretch (each x-value is multiplied by 2), and vertical
the x-axis, and vertical translation one unit upward translation three units downward
(c) y
 2
x  22  1
1
(d) y
2
x  12  4
y y

6 7
4
2
4
x
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 3
2
−4 1
−6 x
− 4 − 3 − 2 −1 1 2 3 4
−8 −1

Horizontal translation two units to the left, vertical Horizontal translation one unit to the left, horizontal
shrink
each y-value is multiplied by 2 , reflection in shrink
each x-value is multiplied by 2 , and vertical trans-
1 1

x-axis, and vertical translation one unit downward lation four units upward
 Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 139

13. f
x
x2  5 14. h
x
25  x2

Vertex:
0, 5 Vertex:
0, 25
Axis of symmetry: x
0 or the y-axis Axis of symmetry: x
0
Find x-intercepts: y y
Find x-intercepts:
2 30
x2  5
0 1 25  x2
0
x
x2
5 − 4 −3 −1 1 3 4 x2
25
x
± 5 −2
x
±5
−3
x-intercepts: x-intercepts:
± 5, 0 − 20 − 10 10 20
x



 5, 0 , 5, 0  −6

15. f
x
12 x2  4
12
x  02  4 16. f
x
16
4 x2
 4 x2  16

1 1

Vertex:
0, 4 Vertex:
0, 16

Axis of symmetry: x
0 or the y-axis Axis of symmetry: x
0
Find x-intercepts: y y
Find x-intercepts:
1 2 3
4
0
18
2x 2 16  14 x2
0
x2
8 1
x2
64 12
x
− 4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4 9
x
± 8
± 22 x
±8
−2 6

x-intercepts: −3 x-intercepts:
± 8, 0 3

22, 0,
22, 0

x
−5 −9 − 6 − 3 3 6 9
−3

17. f
x

x  52  6 y

18. f
x

x  62  3 y

20
Vertex:
5, 6 Vertex:
6, 3 50
16
40
Axis of symmetry: x
5 12 Axis of symmetry: x
6
30
Find x-intercepts: Find x-intercepts: 20

x  52  6
0 − 20 − 12 4 8
x

x  62  3
0 10

x  52
6 −8
x  62
3 − 20 − 10 10 20 30
x

x  5
± 6 Not possible for real x

x
5 ± 6 No x-intercepts

x-intercepts:
5  6, 0,
5  6, 0

19. h
x
x2  8x  16

x  42 20. g
x
x2  2x  1

x  12

Vertex:
4, 0 y Vertex:
1, 0 y

Axis of symmetry: x
4 20
Axis of symmetry: x
1 6

5
16
x-intercept:
4, 0 x-intercept:
1, 0 4
12
3
8
2
4
1
x x
−4 4 8 12 16 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
140 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

5 1
21. f
x
x 2  x  22. f
x
x 2  3x 
4 4



x2  x  
1
4
1 5
 
4 4 

x 2  3x  
9
4
9 1
 
4 4

  1   2
2 2
1 3

x
x
2 2

Vertex: 12, 1 Vertex:  23, 2 4

y

1 3 3
Axis of symmetry: x
y Axis of symmetry: x
 2
2 2
5 1
Find x-intercepts: Find x-intercepts: x
4 − 5 − 4 − 3 −2 − 1 1 2
5 1
x2  x 
0 3
x 2  3x 
0 −2
4 4 −3

1 ± 1  5 1 3 ± 9  1
x
x

2 x 2
−2 −1 1 2 3
Not a real number 3

 ± 2
2
No x-intercepts
x-intercepts:  23 ± 2, 0
23. f
x
x2  2x  5 24. f
x
x2  4x  1

x2  4x  1


x2  2x  1 
1  5

x2  4x  4 
4  1


x  12  6

x  22  5
Vertex:
1, 6 Vertex:
2, 5
Axis of symmetry: x
1 Axis of symmetry: x
2
Find x-intercepts: Find x-intercepts: x2  4x  1
0
x2  2x  5
0 x2  4x  1
0
x2  2x  5
0 4 ± 16  4
x

2
2 ± 4  20
x

2
2 ± 5

1 ± 6 x-intercepts:
2 ± 5, 0
x-intercepts:
1  6, 0,
1  6, 0 y

5
y
4
6
2
1
x
−6 −5 − 3 −2 − 1 1 2
x
−4 2 6 −2
−2 −3

−4
 Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 141

25. h
x
4x2  4x  21 26. f
x
2x2  x  1



4 x2  x 
1
44
1
4 
 21  1

2 x2  x  1
2 
   20   161   1
2 1 2
1

4 x y
2 x 2
2 4

12, 20  
1 2 7
Vertex:
2 x  y
4 8
6

Axis of symmetry: x

1
2
20 Vertex: 14, 78 5

4
10
3
Find x-intercepts: 1
x Axis of symmetry: x

−8 −4 4 8 4
4x2  4x  21
0 1
Find x-intercepts:
4 ± 16  336 x
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
2
4 2x2 x1
0

Not a real number ⇒ No x-intercepts 1 ± 1  8

x

2
2
Not a real number
No x-intercepts

27. f
x
4x 2  2x  12
1
28. f
x
 13 x2  3x  6

14
x2  8x  16  14
16  12
 13
x2  9x  6

 13
x2  9x  81
4   3
4   6
1 81

14
x  42  16

 13
x  92   34
2
Vertex:
4, 16
Axis of symmetry: x
4 Vertex:
92, 34 
9
Find x-intercepts: y Axis of symmetry: x
2 y

1 2
 2x  12
0
4 2
4x Find x-intercepts:
x x
−8
x2  8x  48
0 4 8 16
 13 x2  3x  6
0 −2
−2
4 6 8 10

x  4
x  12
0 x2  9x  18
0 −4
− 12 −6
x
4 or x
12 − 16

x  3
x  6
0
x-intercepts:
4, 0,
12, 0 − 20 x-intercepts:
3, 0,
6, 0

29. f
x

x2  2x  3

x  12  4 30. f
x

x2  x  30

Vertex:
1, 4 5

x2  x  30
Axis of symmetry: x
1

x2  x  14   14  30
−8


x  12   121
7
2
x-intercepts:
3, 0,
1, 0 4
35

−5 Vertex:
 12, 121

4  − 10 10

Axis of symmetry: x
 12
x-intercepts:
6, 0,
5, 0 − 80
142 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

31. g
x
x2  8x  11

x  42  5 32. f
x
x2  10x  14

Vertex:
4, 5 14

x2  10x  25  25  14
Axis of symmetry: x
4

x  52  11 5

x-intercepts:
4 ± 5, 0 −18 12 Vertex:
5, 11 −20 10

−6 Axis of symmetry: x
5
x-intercepts:
5 ± 11, 0 − 15

33. f
x
2x2  16x  31 48 34. f
x
4x2  24x  41

2
x  42  1
4
x2  6x  41
Vertex:
4, 1
4
x2  6x  9  36  41
−6 12

Axis of symmetry: x
4 −12

4
x  32  5 0
0
6

x-intercepts:
4 ± 1
2 2, 0 Vertex:
3, 5
Axis of symmetry: x
3
No x-intercepts −20

35. g
x
12
x2  4x  2
12
x  22  3 36. f
x
35
x2  6x  5

Vertex:
2, 3 4
35
x2  6x  9  27
5  3

Axis of symmetry: x
2
35
x  32  42

5
6
−8 4
x-intercepts:
2 ± 6, 0 Vertex:
3,  5 
42
− 14 10

−4 Axis of symmetry: x
3
x-intercepts:
3 ± 14, 0 − 10

37.
1, 0 is the vertex. 38.
0, 1 is the vertex.

y
a
x  1  0
a
x  1
2 2 f
x
a
x  02  1
ax2  1
Since the graph passes through the point
0, 1, we have: Since the graph passes through
1, 0,
1
a
0  12 0
a
12  1
1
a 1
a.
y
1
x  12

x  12 So, y
x2  1.

39.
1, 4 is the vertex. 40.
2, 1 is the vertex.

y
a
x  1  4
2 f
x
a
x  22  1
Since the graph passes through the point
1, 0, we have: Since the graph passes through
0, 3,
0
a
1  12  4 3
a
0  22  1
4
4a 3
4a  1
1
a 4
4a
y
1
x  12  4

x  12  4 1
a.
So, y

x  22  1.
 Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 143

41.
2, 2 is the vertex. 42.
2, 0 is the vertex.

y
a
x  22  2 f
x
a
x  22  0
a
x  22
Since the graph passes through the point
1, 0, we have: Since the graph passes through
3, 2,
0
a
1  2  2 2 2
a
3  22
2
a 2
a.
y
2
x  22  2 So, y
2
x  22.

43.
2, 5 is the vertex. 44.
4, 1 is the vertex.

f
x
a
x  22  5 f
x
a
x  42  1
Since the graph passes through the point
0, 9, we have: Since the graph passes through
2, 3,
9
a
0  2  5 2 3
a
2  42  1
4
4a 3
4a  1
1
a 4
4a
f
x
1
x  22  5

x  22  5 1
a.
So, f
x

x  42  1.

45.
3, 4 is the vertex. 46.
2, 3 is the vertex.

f
x
a
x  3  4 2 f
x
a
x  22  3
Since the graph passes through the point
1, 2, we have: Since the graph passes through
0, 2,
2
a
1  32  4 2
a
0  22  3
2
4a 2
4a  3
 12
a 1
4a
f
x
 12
x  32  4  14
a.
So, f
x
 4
x  22  3.
1

47.
5, 12 is the vertex. 48.
2, 2 is the vertex.
f
x
a
x  5  12 2 f
x
a
x  22  2
Since the graph passes through the point
7, 15, we have: Since the graph passes through
1, 0,
15
a
7  52  12 0
a
1  22  2
3
4a ⇒ a
34 0
a2
f
x
4
x
3
 5  12
2 2
a.
So, f
x
2
x  22  2.

49.
 4, 2  is the vertex.

1 3
50.
52,  34  is the vertex.
f
x
a
x  14   32 f
x
a
x  52   34
2 2

Since the graph passes through the point
2, 0, Since the graph passes through
2, 4,
we have:
4
a
2  52   34
2

0
a
2  
1 2 3
 81
4 2
4
4a  34
 32 49

16 a ⇒ a
 24 19
49
4
81
4a
f
x
 24
49
x   1 2
4  3
2 19

a.
81

So, f
x
81
x  2   4.
19 5 32
144 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

51.
 52, 0 is the vertex. 52.
6, 6 is the vertex.

f
x
a
x  
5 2
2 f
x
a
x  62  6
Since the graph passes through the point
 2,  3 , Since the graph passes through
10, 2 ,
7 16 61 3

we have:

a
61
10  6  6
3 2
2

a

5 2
 16  72  3 1
3 2
2
100 a6
 16
a 9 1
3  2
100 a
f
x
 16
3
x   5 2
2 450
a.
So, f
x
450
x  62  6.

53. y
x2  16 54. y
x2  6x  9
x-intercepts:
± 4, 0 x-intercept:
3, 0
0
x2  16 0
x2  6x  9
x2
16 0

x  32
x
±4 x3
0 ⇒ x
3

55. y
x2  4x  5 56. y
2x2  5x  3

x-intercepts:
5, 0,
1, 0 x-intercepts:
12, 0,
3, 0
0
x2  4x  5 0
2x2  5x  3
0

x  5
x  1 0

2x  1
x  3
x
5 or x
1 2 x  1
0 ⇒ x
12
x  3
0 ⇒ x
3

57. f
x
x2  4x 4 58. f
x
2x2  10x 14

x-intercepts:
0, 0, (4,0 x-intercepts:
0, 0,
5, 0

−4 8
0
x2  4x 0
2x2  10x −1 6

0
x
x  4) −4 0
2x
x  5 −6

x
0 or x
4 2x
0 ⇒ x
0

The x-intercepts and the solutions of f
x
0 are the same. x5
0 ⇒ x
5
The x-intercepts and the solutions of f
x
0 are the same.

59. f
x
x2  9x  18 12 60. f
x
x2  8x  20 10

x-intercepts:
3, 0,
6, 0 x-intercepts:
2, 0,
10, 0 −4 12

0
x2  9x  18 −8 16
0
x2  8x  20
0

x  3)
x  6 −4 0

x  2
x  10 −40

x
3 or x
6 x  2
0 ⇒ x
2
The x-intercepts and the solutions of f
x
0 are the same. x  10
0 ⇒ x
10
The x-intercepts and the solutions of f
x
0 are the same.
 Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 145

61. f
x
2x2  7x  30 10 62. f
x
4x2  25x  21 10

−9

0,
6, 0 x-intercepts:
7, 0,
0
2
 52, −5 10 3
x-intercepts: 4,

0
2x2  7x  30 0
4x2  25x  21

0

2x  5)
x  6 −40 0

x  7
4x  3 − 70

x
 52 or x
6 x  7
0 ⇒ x
7
The x-intercepts and the solutions of f
x
0 are the same. 4x  3
0 ⇒ x
43
The x-intercepts and the solutions of f
x
0 are the same.

64. f
x
10
x2  12x  45

7
63. f
x
 12
x2  6x  7 10 10

−18 4
x-intercepts:
1, 0,
7, 0 x-intercepts:
15, 0,
3, 0
0
 12
x2  6x  7 −10 14
0
10
x  12x  45
7 2

0
x2  6x  7 −6 0

x  15
x  3 − 60

0

x  1
x  7 x  15
0 ⇒ x
15
x
1 or x
7 x3
0 ⇒ x
3

The x-intercepts and the solutions of f
x
0 are the same. The x-intercepts and the solutions of f
x
0 are the same.

65. f
x
x 
1
x  3 opens upward 66. f
x
x 
5
x  5

x  1
x  3

x  5
x  5

x2  2x  3
x2  25, opens upward
g
x
 x 
1
x  3 opens downward g
x
f
x, opens downward


x  1
x  3 g
x
x2  25


x2  2x  3 Note: f
x
a
x2  25 has x-intercepts
5, 0 and

5, 0 for all real numbers a  0.

x2  2x  3
Note: f
x
a
x  1
x  3 has x-intercepts
1, 0
and
3, 0 for all real numbers a  0.

67. f
x

x  0
x  10 opens upward 68. f
x

x  4
x  8

x2  10x
x2  12x  32, opens upward
g
x

x  0
x10 opens downward g
x
f
x, opens downward

x2  10x g
x
x2  12x  32
Note: f
x
a
x  0
x  10
ax
x  10 has Note: f
x
a
x  4
x  8 has x-intercepts
4, 0 and
x-intercepts
0, 0 and
10, 0 for all real numbers
8, 0 for all real numbers a  0.
a  0.

69. f
x
x 
3x 
 2 
2 70. f
x
2x 
 2 
x  2

1 5
opens upward


x  3
x  12 
2
2
x  52 
x  2


x  3
2x  1
2
x2  12 x  5

2x2  7x  3
2x2  x  10, opens upward
g
x

2x2  7x  3 opens downward g
x
f
x, opens downward

2x2  7x  3 g
x
2x2  x  10
Note: f
x
a
x  3
2x  1 has x-intercepts Note: f
x
a
x  2 
x  2 has x-intercepts
 2, 0
5 5

3, 0 and
 12, 0 for all real numbers a  0. and
2, 0 for all real numbers a  0.
146 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

71. Let x
the first number and y
the second number. 72. Let x
first number and y
second number. Then,
Then the sum is x  y
S, y
S  x. The product is
x  y
110 ⇒ y
110  x. P
x
xy
x
S  x.
The product is P
x
xy
x
110  x
110x  x2. P
x
Sx  x2
P
x
x2  110x
x2  Sx


x2  110x  3025  3025


 x2  Sx 
S2 S2
4

4 

 
x  552  3025

 
S 2 S2


x  552  3025
 x 
2 4
The maximum value of the product occurs at the vertex of
The maximum value of the product occurs at the vertex
P
x and is 3025. This happens when x
y
55.
of P
x and is S 24. This happens when x
y
S2.

73. Let x
the first number and y
the second number. 74. Let x
the first number and y
the second number.
Then the sum is
42  x
Then the sum is x  3y
42 ⇒ y
.
24  x 3
x  2y
24 ⇒ y
.
2
24  x
The product is P
x
xy
x 42 3 x.
The product is P
x
xy
x
2 . 
1
1 P
x

x2  42x
P
x

x2  24x 3
2
1
1

x2  42x  441  441


x2  24x  144  144 3
2
1 1
1 1
 
x  212  441

x  212  147

 
x  122  144

x  122  72 3 3
2 2
The maximum value of the product occurs at the vertex
The maximum value of the product occurs at the vertex of P
x and is 147. This happens when x
21 and
of P
x and is 72. This happens when x
12 and 42  21
y

24  122
6. Thus, the numbers are 12 and 6. y

7. Thus, the numbers are 21 and 7.
3

75. (a) (b) This area is maximum when

x A
x
25 feet and y
100 1
3
33 3 feet.
y 5 600
10 106632
x x
15 1400
1 4
4x  3y
200 ⇒ y

200  4x

50  x 20 1600
3 3
8x
50  x 25 166632
4
3 8
3

A
2xy
2x
50  x
x
50  x

3 30 1600
(c) 2000

0 60
0

This area is maximum when x
25 feet and

y
100 1
3
33 3 feet.

—CONTINUED—
 Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 147

75. — CONTINUED —
8
(d) A
x
50  x (e) They are all identical.
3
8 x
25 feet and y
3313 feet


x2  50x
3
8


x2  50x  625  625
3
8

 
x  252  625
3
8 5000


x  252 
3 3
The maximum area occurs at the vertex and is 50003
square feet. This happens when x
25 feet and
y

200  4
253
1003 feet. The dimensions
are 2x
50 feet by 3313 feet.

1
76. (a) Radius of semicircular ends of track: r
y (c) Area of rectangular region:
2
Distance around two semicircular parts of track:
A
xy
x 200  2x
d
2 r
2 12 y
 y 1


200x  2x2

(b) Distance traveled around track in one lap:
2
d
 y  2x
200

x2  100x

 y
200  2x
2


x2  100x  2500  2500
200  2x 
y


2 5000


x  502 
 
The area is maximum when x
50 and
200  2
50 100
y

.
 

4 24
77. y
 x2  x  12
9 9
b 249 4 24
The vertex occurs at 

3. The maximum height is y
3

32 
3  12
16 feet.
2a 2
49 9 9

16 2 9
78. y
 x  x  1.5
2025 5
(a) The ball height when it is punted is the y-intercept.
16 9
y

02 
0  1.5
1.5 feet
2025 5
b 95 3645
(b) The vertex occurs at x


.
2a 2
162025 32

3645
32  2025  32   
2
16 3645 9 3645
The maximum height is f
   1.5
5 32
6561 6561 6561 13,122 96 6657

   1.5
  
feet  104.02 feet.
64 32 64 64 64 64

—CONTINUED—
148 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

78. —CONTINUED—
(c) The length of the punt is the positive x-intercept.
16 2 9
0
 x  x  1.5
2025 5

95 ± 
952 
4
1.5
162025 1.8 ± 1.81312
x

322025 0.01580247
x  0.83031 or x  228.64
The punt is approximately 228.64 ft.

79. C
800  10x  0.25x2
0.25x2  10x  800 80. C
100,000  110x  0.045x2
b 10 110
The vertex occurs at x


20. The vertex occurs at x
  1222.
2a 2
0.25 2
0.045
The cost is minimum when x
20 fixtures. The cost is minimum when x  1222 units.

81. P
0.0002x2  140x  250,000 82. P
230  20x  0.5x2

b 140 b 20
The vertex occurs at x


350,000. The vertex occurs at x


20.
2a 2
0.0002 2a 2
0.5
The profit is maximum when x
350,000 units. Because x is in hundreds of dollars, 20  100
2000
dollars is the amount spent on advertising that gives
maximum profit.

83. R
p
25p 2  1200p 84. R
p
12p2  150p

(a) R
20
$14,000 thousand (a) R
$4
12
$42  150
$4
$408
R
25
$14,375 thousand R
$6
12
$62  150
$6
$468
R
30
$13,500 thousand R
$8
12
$82  150
$8
$432
(b) The revenue is a maximum at the vertex. (b) The vertex occurs at
b 1200 b 150


24 p


$6.25
2a 2
25 2a 2
12
R
24
14,400 Revenue is maximum when price
$6.25 per pet.
The unit price that will yield a maximum revenue of The maximum revenue is
$14,400 thousand is $24.
f
$6.25
12
$6.252  150
$6.25
$468.75.

85. C
4299  1.8t  1.36t 2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 43

(a) 5000
(b) Vertex 
0, 4299
The vertex occurs when y  4299 which is the
maximum average annual consumption. The warnings
may not have had an immediate effect, but over time
0 43
0 they and other findings about the health risks and the
increased cost of cigarettes have had an effect.
(c) C
40
2051
209,128,094
2051
Annually:  8879 cigarettes
48,308,590
8879
Daily:  24 cigarettes
366
 Section 2.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 149

86. (a) and (c) 87. (a) 25

950

0 100

−5
4 12
650
(b) 0.002s2  0.005s  0.029
10
(b) y
4.303x  49.948x  886.28
2
2s2  5s  29
10,000
(d) 1996
2s2  5s  10,029
0
(e) Vertex occurs at
a
2, b
5, c
10,029
b 49.948
x


5.8 5 ± 52  4
2
10,029
2a 2
4.303 s

2
2
Minimum occurs at year 1996.
5 ± 80,257
s

(f) x
18 4
y
4.303
182  49.948
18  886.28
1381.388 s  72.1, 69.6
There will be approximately 1,381,000 hairdressers The maximum speed if power is not to exceed
and cosmetologists in 2008. 10 horsepower is 69.6 miles per hour.

88. (a) and (c) (b) y
0.0082x2  0.746x  13.47

31 (d) The maximum of the graph is at x  45.5, or about 45.5 mi/h.
Algebraically, the maximum occurs at
b 0.746
x

 45.5 mi/h.
2a 2
0.0082
10 80
20

90. True. The vertex of f
x is
 4,  and the vertex of g
x

5 53
89. True. The equation 12x2  1
0 has no real solution, 4
is
 4,  4 .
5 71
so the graph has no x-intercepts.

91. f
x
ax2  bx  c

b


a x2  x  c
a 
b

b2 b2

a x2  x  2  2  c
a 4a 4a 
 
b 2 b2

a x  c
2a 4a
4ac  b2
  
2
b

a x  
2a 4a


f 
b
2a

a
b2
4a2b 
b
2a  
c  
b2 b2

 c
4a 2a
b2  2b2  4ac 4ac  b2



4a 4a
b 4ac  b2
So, the vertex occurs at   2a
,
4a   b

 , f 
2a 
b
2a .
150 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

92. Conditions (a) and (d) are preferable because profits 93. Yes. A graph of a quadratic equation whose vertex is
would be increasing.
0, 0 has only one x-intercept.

94. If f
x
ax2  bx  c has two real zeros, then by the Quadratic Formula they are
b ± b2  4ac
x
.
2a
The average of the zeros of f is
b  b2  4ac b  b2  4ac 2b

2a 2a 2a b


 .
2 2 2a
This is the x-coordinate of the vertex of the graph.

95.
4, 3 and
2, 1 96. 72, 2, m
23

13 2 1
m



2 
4 6 3 y2

3
2 
x
7
2 
1
y  1

x  2 3 21
3 y2
x
2 4
1 2
y1
 x 3 13
3 3 y
x
2 4
1 5
y
 x
3 3

97. 4x  5y
10 ⇒ y
 45x  2 and m
 45 98. y
3x  2

The slope of the perpendicular line through
0, 3 is m
3
m
54 and the y-intercept is b
3.
For a parallel line, m
3. So, for
8, 4, the line is
y
54x  3
y  4
3
x 
8
y  4
3x  24
y
3x  20.

For Exercises 99–104, let f x
14x  3, and gx
8x2.

99.
f  g
3
f
3  g
3 100.
g  f 
2
8
22  14
2  3
32  28  3
7

14
3  3  8
32
27

 74
f  74g 74 g 
1.5
14
81.5  3 24

f 4
101.
fg  102.



1.5 2
18 3

 74  3
8 74

2

14 

11 128
49 


1408
49

103.
f  g
1
f
g
1
f
8
14
8  3
109 104.
g  f 
0
g
f
0
g
14
0  3
g
3

8
32
72

105. Answers will vary.

 Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree 151

Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree

You should know the following basic principles about polynomials.

■ f x  a xn  a xn1  . . .  a x2  a x  a , a
0, is a polynomial function of degree n.
n n1 2 1 0 n

■ If f is of odd degree and

(a) an > 0, then (b) an < 0, then
1. f x →  as x → . 1. f x →   as x → .
2. f x →   as x →  . 2. f x →  as x →  .
■ If f is of even degree and
(a) an > 0, then (b) an < 0, then
1. f x →  as x → . 1. f x →   as x → .
2. f x →  as x →  . 2. f x →   as x →  .
■ The following are equivalent for a polynomial function.
(a) x  a is a zero of a function.
(b) x  a is a solution of the polynomial equation f x  0.
(c) x  a is a factor of the polynomial.
(d) a, 0 is an x-intercept of the graph of f.
■ A polynomial of degree n has at most n distinct zeros and at most n  1 turning points.
■ A factor x  ak, k > 1, yields a repeated zero of x  a of multiplicity k.
(a) If k is odd, the graph crosses the x-axis at x  a.
(b) If k is even, the graph just touches the x-axis at x  a.
■ If f is a polynomial function such that a < b and f a
f b, then f takes on every value between f a and f b in the
interval
a, b.
■ If you can find a value where a polynomial is positive and another value where it is negative, then there is at least one real
zero between the values.

Vocabulary Check
1. continuous 2. Leading Coefficient Test 3. n; n  1
4. solution; x  a; x-intercept 5. touches; crosses 6. standard
7. Intermediate Value

1. f x  2x  3 is a line with y-intercept 0, 3. 2. f x  x2  4x is a parabola with intercepts 0, 0 and
Matches graph (c). 4, 0 and opens upward. Matches graph (g).

3. f x  2x2  5x is a parabola with x-intercepts 4. f x  2x3  3x  1 has intercepts 0, 1, 1, 0,
0, 0 and  52, 0 and opens downward. Matches  12  123, 0 and  12  123, 0. Matches graph (f).
graph (h).

5. f x   4x4  3x2 has intercepts 0, 0 and ± 23, 0. 6. f x   13 x 3  x 2  43 has y-intercept 0,  43 .
1

Matches graph (a). Matches graph (e).

8. f x  5 x 5  2x 3  5 x has intercepts 0, 0, 1, 0,

1 9
7. f x  x4  2x3 has intercepts 0, 0 and 2, 0.
Matches graph (d). 1, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0. Matches graph (b).
152 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

9. y  x3
(a) f x  x  23 (b) f x  x3  2
y y

4 3
3 2
2 1
1 x
−4 −3 −2 2 3 4
x
−3 −2 2 3 4 5

−2
−3 −4
−4 −5

Horizontal shift two units to the right Vertical shift two units downward
(c) f x   12x3 (d) f x  x  23  2
y y

4 3
3 2
2 1
1 x
−3 −2 1 2 4 5
x
−4 −3 −2 2 3 4
−2
−2 −3
−3 −4
−4 −5

Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shrink Horizontal shift two units to the right and
a vertical shift two units downward

10. y  x5
(a) f x  x  15 (b) f x  x5  1
y y

4 4
3 3
2 2
1
x x
− 4 −3 1 2 3 4 − 4 − 3 −2 1 2 3 4

−3 −3
−4 −4

Horizontal shift one unit to the left Vertical shift one unit upward
(c) f x  1 
1 5
(d) f x   2 x  15
1
2x
y y

4 4
3 3
2 2
1
x x
− 4 − 3 −2 2 3 4 −5 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3

−3 −3
−4 −4

Reflection in the x-axis, vertical shrink  each y-value Reflection in the x-axis, vertical shrink  each y-value is
is multiplied by 2 , and vertical shift one unit upward multiplied by 2 , and horizontal shift one unit to the left
1 1
 Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree 153

11. y  x4
(a) f x  x  34 (b) f x  x4  3
y y

6 4
5 3
4 2
3 1
2 x
− 4 − 3 −2 2 3 4
1
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3

−2 −4

Horizontal shift three units to the left Vertical shift three units downward
(c) f x  4  x4 (d) f x  12x  14
y y

6
5

3
2
1
x x
− 4 − 3 −2 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2 −2

Reflection in the x-axis and then a vertical Horizontal shift one unit to the right and a vertical shrink
shift four units upward each y-value is multiplied by 12 
(f) f x  12x  2
4
(e) f x  2x4  1
y y

6 6
5 5
4
3
2
1
x x
− 4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −1 1 3 4
−1 −1
−2

Vertical shift one unit upward and a horizontal shrink Vertical shift two units downward and a horizontal stretch
each y-value is multiplied by 12  each y-value is multiplied by 12 

12. y  x 6
(a) f x   8 x6
1
(b) f x  x  2 6  4
y y

4
3
2
1
x x
−4 −3 −2 2 3 4 −5 −4 −2 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
−4 −4

Vertical shrink  each y-value is multiplied by 8  and

1
Horizontal shift two units to the left and vertical shift four
reflection in the x-axis units downward

—CONTINUED—
154 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

12. —CONTINUED—
(c) f x  x 6  4 (d) f x   4 x 6  1
1

y y

4 4
3 3
2 2
1
x x
−4 −3 −2 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4

Vertical shift four units downward Reflection in the x-axis, vertical shrink  each y-value is
multiplied by 4 , and vertical shift one unit upward
1
(e) f x   
1 6
4x 2
y (f) f x  2x6  1
y

x
−8 − 6 −2 2 6 8
x
−4 − 4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
Horizontal stretch (each x-value is multiplied by 4),
Horizontal shrink  each x-value is multiplied by 2 , and
1
and vertical shift two units downward
vertical shift one unit downward

13. f x  3x3  5x

1
14. f x  2x2  3x  1
Degree: 3 Degree: 2
1
Leading coefficient: 3 Leading coefficient: 2
The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is positive. The degree is even and the leading coefficient is positive.
The graph falls to the left and rises to the right. The graph rises to the left and rises to the right.

15. gx  5  72x  3x2 16. hx  1  x6

Degree: 2 Degree: 6
Leading coefficient: 3 Leading coefficient: 1
The degree is even and the leading coefficient is negative. The degree is even and the leading coefficient is negative.
The graph falls to the left and falls to the right. The graph falls to the left and falls to the right.

17. f x  2.1x5  4x3  2 18. f x  2x5  5x  7.5

Degree: 5 Degree: 5
Leading coefficient: 2.1 Leading coefficient: 2
The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is negative. The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is positive.
The graph rises to the left and falls to the right. The graph falls to the left and rises to the right.

3x4  2x  5
19. f x  6  2x  4x2  5x3 20. f x 
4
Degree: 3 Degree: 4
Leading coefficient: 5 Leading coefficient:
3
4
The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is negative. The degree is even and the leading coefficient is positive.
The graph rises to the left and falls to the right. The graph rises to the left and rises to the right.
 Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree 155

22. f s   8 s3  5s2  7s  1

7
21. ht   3t2  5t  3
2

Degree: 2 Degree: 3
7
Leading coefficient:  23 Leading coefficient:  8
The degree is even and the leading coefficient is The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is negative.
negative. The graph falls to the left and falls to the right. The graph rises to the left and falls to the right.

23. f x  3x3  9x  1; gx  3x3 24. f x   13 x3  3x  2, gx   13 x3
8 6

g f g
f
−4 4 −9 9

−8 −6

25. f x   x4  4x3  16x; gx  x4 26. f x  3x 4  6x 2, gx  3x 4
12 5

f
−8 8
g
g −6 6

f
−20 −3

27. f x  x2  25 28. (a) f x  49  x2

(a) 0  x 2  25  x  5x  5 0  7  x7  x
Zeros: x  ± 5 x  ± 7, both with multiplicity 1
(b) Each zero has a multiplicity of 1 (odd multiplicity). (b) Multiplicity of x  7is 1.
Turning point: 1 (the vertex of the parabola) Multiplicity of x  7 is 1.
(c) 10
There is one turning point.
−30 30
(c) 55

−30
−30 30
−5

29. ht  t 2  6t  9 30. (a) f x  x2  10x  25

(a) 0  t2  6t  9  t  32 0  x  5 2
Zero: t  3 x  5, with multiplicity 2
(b) t  3 has a multiplicity of 2 (even multiplicity). (b) The multiplicity of x  5 is 2.
Turning point: 1 (the vertex of the parabola) There is one turning point.
(c) 4 (c) 25

−18 18

−25 15

−20 −5
156 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

31. f x  13x2  13x  23

(a) 0  13 x 2  13 x  23 (c) 4

 13 x 2  x  2
−6 6

 3 x  2x  1
1

Zeros: x  2, x  1 −4

(b) Each zero has a multiplicity of 1 (odd multiplicity).

Turning point: 1 (the vertex of the parabola)

1 5 3 5  37
32. (a) f x  x 2  x  (b) The multiplicity of is 1.
2 2 2 2
1 5 3 5   37
a ,b ,c The multiplicity of is 1.
2 2 2 2
5
2 ±  522  4 12 32  There is one turning point.
x
1
(c) 3

5
 ±
2  37
4
−8 4

5 ± 37
 , both with multiplicity 1
2 −5

33. f x  3x 3  12x 2  3x

(a) 0  3x3  12 x 2  3x  3xx 2  4x  1 (c) 8

−6
Zeros: x  0, x  2 ± 3 (by the Quadratic 6

Formula)
(b) Each zero has a multiplicity of 1 (odd multiplicity).
−24

Turning points: 2

34. (a) gx  5x x 2  2x  1 (b) The multiplicity of x  0 is 1.

0  5x x 2  2x  1 The multiplicity of x  1  2 is 1.
0  x x2  2x  1 The multiplicity of x  1  2 is 1.
For x2  2x  1, a  1, b  2, c  1. There are two turning points.
 2 ± 2 2  411 (c) 12
x
21
−1 3
2 ± 8

2
−16
 1 ± 2
The zeros are 0, 1  2, and 1  2, all with
multiplicity 1.

35. f t  t3  4t2  4t

(a) 0  t 3  4t 2  4t  tt 2  4t  4  t t  22 (c) 5

Zeros: t  0, t  2
−7 8
(b) t  0 has a multiplicity of 1 (odd multiplicity).
t  2 has a multiplicity of 2 (even multiplicity).
−5

Turning points: 2
 Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree 157

36. (a) f x  x 4  x 3  20x 2 37. gt  t5  6t3  9t

0  x 2 x 2  x  20 (a) 0  t 5  6t 3  9t  t t 4  6t 2  9  t t 2  32
 t t  3  t  3 
2 2
0  x 2 x  4x  5
x  0, 4, 5 Zeros: t  0, t  ± 3
0 with multiplicity 2, 4 and 5 with multiplicity 1. (b) t  0 has a multiplicity of 1 (odd multiplicity).
(b) The multiplicity of x  0 is 2. t  ± 3 each have a multiplicity of 2
(even multiplicity).
The multiplicity of x  5 is 1.
Turning points: 4
The multiplicity of x  4 is 1.
(c) 6
There are three turning points.
(c) 25
−9 9
−6 6

−6

−150

38. (a) f x  x 5  x 3  6x 39. f x  5x4  15x2  10

0  x  x 4  x 2  6 (a) 0  5x 4  15x 2  10
0  x  x 2  3x 2  2  5x 4  3x2  2
x  0, ± 2, all with multiplicity 1  5x 2  1x 2  2
(b) The multiplicity of x  0 is 1. No real zeros
The multiplicity of x  2 is 1. (b) Turning point: 1

The multiplicity of x   2 is 1. (c) 40

There are two turning points.

(c) 6
−4 4

−5
−9 9

−6

40. (a) f x  2x4  2x2  40 41. gx  x3  3x2  4x  12

0  2x 4  2x 2  40 (a) 0  x 3  3x 2  4x  12  x 2 x  3  4x  3
0  2x2  4x  5 x  5   x 2  4x  3  x  2x  2x  3
x  ± 5, both with multiplicity 1 Zeros: x  ± 2, x  3
(b) The multiplicity of x  5 is 1. (b) Each zero has a multiplicity of 1 (odd multiplicity).
The multiplicity of x   5 is 1. Turning points: 2
There is one turning point. (c) 4

−8 7
(c) 20

−6 6

−16

−60
158 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

42. (a) f x  x 3  4x 2  25x  100 43. y  4x3  20x2  25x

0  x 2x  4  25x  4 (a) 12

0  x 2  25x  4
0  x  5x  5x  4 −2 6

x  ± 5, 4, all with multiplicity 1 −4

(b) The multiplicity of x  5 is 1. (b) x-intercepts: 0, 0, 2, 0

5

The multiplicity of x  5 is 1. (c) 0  4x3  20x2  25x

The multiplicity of x  4 is 1. 0  x2x  52
There are two turning points. x  0 or x  2
5

(c) 140
(d) The solutions are the same as the x-coordinates
of the x-intercepts.

−9 9

−20

44. y  4x 3  4x 2  8x  8 45. y  x5  5x3  4x

(a) 2 (a) 4

−3 3

−6 6

−11 −4

(b) (1, 0, 1.414214, 0, 1.414214, 0 (b) x-intercepts: 0, 0, ± 1, 0, ± 2, 0
(c) 0  4x 3  4x 2  8x  8 (c) 0  x5  5x3  4x
0  4x2x  1  8x  1 0  xx2  1x2  4
0  4x 2  8 x  1 0  xx  1x  1x  2x  2
0  4 x2  2x  1 x  0, ± 1, ± 2
x  ± 2, 1 (d) The solutions are the same as the x-coordinates
of the x-intercepts.
(d) The intercepts match part (b).

46. y  14 x 3 x 2  9
(a) 12 (c) 0  14 x 3x 2  9
x  0, ± 3
−18 18
x-intercepts: 0, 0, ± 3, 0

−12 (d) The intercepts match part (b).

(b) 0, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0

47. f x  x  0x  10 48. f x  x  0x  3

f x  x2  10x  xx  3
Note: f x  ax  0x  10  axx  10  x 2  3x
has zeros 0 and 10 for all real numbers a
0.
Note: f x  axx  3 has zeros 0 and 3 for all real
numbers a.
 Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree 159

49. f x  x  2x  6 50. f x  x  4x  5

f x  x  2x  6  x  4x  5
f x  x2  4x  12  x 2  x  20
Note: f x  ax  2x  6 has zeros 2 and 6 Note: f x  a x  4x  5 has zeros 4 and 5 for all
for all real numbers a
0. real numbers a.

51. f x  x  0x  2x  3 52. f x  x  0x  2x  5

 xx  2x  3  xx  2x  5
 x3  5x2  6x  x x 2  7x  10
Note: f x  axx  2x  3 has zeros 0, 2, 3 for  x 3  7x 2  10x
all real numbers a
0.
Note: f x  a xx  2x  5 has zeros 0, 2, 5 for all
real numbers a.

53. f x  x  4x  3x  3x  0 54. f x  x  2x  1x  0x  1x  2
 x  4x2  9x  xx  2x  1x  1x  2
 x4  4x3  9x2  36x  xx 2  4x 2  1
Note: f x  ax4  4x3  9x2  36x has these zeros  xx 4  5x 2  4
for all real numbers a
0.
 x 5  5x 3  4x
Note: f x  a xx  2x  1x  1x  2 has
zeros 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 for all real numbers a.

55. f x 
x  1  3 
x  1  3  56. f x  x  2
x  4  5 
x  4  5 


x  1  3
x  1  3  x  2
 x  4  5
x  4  5
 x  1  3   x  2
x  4 2  5
2
2

 x2  2x  1  3  xx  4 2  5x  2x  4 2  10
 x2  2x  2  x 3  8x 2  16x  5x  2x 2  16x  32  10
Note: f x  a x2  2x  2 has these zeros for all real  x 3  10x 2  27x  22
numbers a
0.
Note: f x  ax 3  10x 2  27x  22 has these zeros
for all real numbers a.

57. f x  x  2x  2 58. f x 
x  8
x  4

 x  22  x2  4x  4  x  8x  4  x2  12x  32
Note: f x  ax2  4x  4, a
0, has degree 2 and Note: f x  ax2  12x  32, a
0, has degree 2
zero x  2. and zeros x  8 and 4.

59. f x  x  3x  0x  1 60. f x  x  2x  4x  7

 xx  3x  1  x  2x  3x 3 2
 x  2x2  11x  28  x 3  9x2  6x  56
Note: f x  ax3  2x2  3x, a
0, has degree 3 and Note: f x  ax 3  9x2  6x  56, a
0, has degree
zeros x  3, 0, 1. 3 and zeros x  2, 4, and 7.

61. f x  x  0x  3 x   3  62. f x  x  93  x 3  27x2  243x  729
 xx  3x  3  x3  3x Note: f x  ax 3  27x2  243x  729, a
0, has
degree 3 and zero x  9.
Note: f x  ax3  3x, a
0, has degree 3 and zeros
x  0, 3,  3.
160 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

63. f x  x  52x  1x  2  x 4  7x3  3x2  55x  50

or f x  x  5x  12x  2  x 4  x3  15x2  23x  10
or f x  x  5x  1x  22  x4  17x2  36x  20
Note: Any nonzero scalar multiple of these functions would also have degree 4 and zeros x  5, 1, 2.

64. f x  x  4x  1x  3x  6  x 4  4x 3  23x2  54x  72

Note: f x  ax 4  4x 3  23x2  54x  72, a
0, has degree 4 and zeros x  4, 1, 3, and 6.

65. f x  x4x  4  x5  4x 4

or f x  x3x  42  x5  8x 4  16x3
or f x  x2x  43  x5  12x4  48x3  64x2
or f x  xx  44  x5  16x 4  96x3  256x2  256x
Note: Any nonzero scalar multiple of these functions would also have degree 5 and zeros x  0 and 4.

66. f x  x  32x  1x  5x  6  x5  6x4  22x3  108x2  189x  270
or f x  x  3x  12x  5x  6  x 5  10x 4  14x 3  88x2  183x  90
or f x  x  3x  1x  52x  6  x 5  14x 4  50x 3  68x2  555x  450
or f x  x  3x  1x  5x  62  x 5  15x 4  59x 3  63x2  648x  540
Note: Any nonzero multiple of these functions would also have degree 5 and zeros x  3, 1, 5, and 6.

67. f x  x3  9x  xx2  9  xx  3x  3 68. gx  x 4  4x2  x2x  2x  2
(a) Falls to the left; rises to the right (a) Rises to the left; rises to the right
(b) Zeros: 0, 3, 3 (b) Zeros: 2, 0, 2
(c) (c)
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x 0.5 1 1.5 2.5
f x 0 10 8 0 8 10 0 gx 0.94 3 3.94 14.1

(d) y
(d) y

12 4
3
(0, 0)
2
4
(−3, 0) (3, 0) 1
(−2, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0)
x x
−12 − 8 −4 4 8 12 −4 −3 −1 1 3 4
−4

−8

−4

69. f t  4t2  2t  15  4t  12  2

1 1 7

(a) Rises to the left; rises to the right (d) The graph is a parabola with vertex 1, 72 .
y
(b) No real zero (no x-intercepts)
(c) 8
t 1 0 1 2 3
6
f t 4.5 3.75 3.5 3.75 4.5

t
−4 −2 2 4
 Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree 161

70. gx  x2  10x  16   x  2x  8 71. f x  x3  3x2  x2x  3

(a) Falls to the left; falls to the right (a) Falls to the left; rises to the right
(b) Zeros: 2, 8 (b) Zeros: 0, 3
(c) (c)
x 1 3 5 7 9 x 1 0 1 2 3
gx 7 5 9 5 7 f x 4 0 2 4 0
y y
(d) (d)
10 1
(0, 0) (3, 0)
8 x
−1 1 2 4
6

2 −3
(2, 0) (8, 0)
x −4
4 6 10

72. f x  1  x 3 73. f x  3x3  15x2  18x  3xx  2x  3

(a) Rises to the left; falls to the right (a) Falls to the left; rises to the right
(b) Zero: 1 (b) Zeros: 0, 2, 3
(c) (c)
x 2 1 0 1 2 x 0 1 2 2.5 3 3.5
f x 9 2 1 0 7 f x 0 6 0 1.875 0 7.875

y (d) y
(d)
7
3
6
5
2
4
3
2
(1, 0)
x (0, 0) 1 (2, 0) (3, 0)
−2 −1 2 x
−3 − 2 − 1 1 4 5 6
−1
−1
−2

74. f x  4x 3  4x2  15x 75. f x  5x2  x3  x25  x

 x4x2  4x  15 (a) Rises to the left; falls to the right
 x2x  52x  3 (b) Zeros: 0, 5
(a) Rises to the left; falls to the right (c)
x 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
 32, 5
(b) Zeros: 0, 2
f x 0 16 18 12 4 0 6
(c)
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 y
(d)
f x 99 18 7 0 15 14 27 5
(−5, 0) (0, 0)
x
y −15 − 10
(d) 5 10

20

16

12

8
− 20
(− 32, 0( 4
(0, 0) ( 52, 0(
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
162 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

76. f x  48x2  3x 4

 3x2x2  16
y
(a) Rises to the left; rises to the right (d) (− 4, 0)

(b) Zeros: 0, ± 4 100

(0, 0) (4, 0)
(c) x
−6 −2
x 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 6

f x 675 0 189 144 45 0 45 144 189 0 675

− 200

− 300

78. hx  3 x 3x  42

1
77. f x  x2x  4
(a) Falls to the left; rises to the right (a) Falls to the left; rises to the right
(b) Zeros: 0, 4 (b) Zeros: 0, 4
(c) (c)
x 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
hx 25 32 125
f x 5 0 3 8 9 0 25 3 0 3 3 9 0 3

y y
(d) (d)
2 14
(0, 0) (4, 0) 12
x
−4 −2 2 6 8 10
8
6
4

(0, 0) (4, 0)
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12

79. g t   14t  22t  22 80. gx  10 x  12x  33

1

(a) Falls to the left; falls to the right (a) Falls to the left; rises to the right
(b) Zeros: 2, 2 (b) Zeros: 1, 3
(c) (c)
t 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x 2 1 0 1 2 4
gt  25
4 0  94 4  94 0  25
4 g x 12.5 0 2.7 3.2 0.9 2.5

(d) y y
(d)
(−2, 0) (2, 0)
t 6
−3 −1 1 2 3
−1 4

−2 2
(−1, 0) (3, 0)
x
−6 −4 −2 4 6 8

−5

−6
 Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree 163

81. f x  x3  4x  xx  2x  2 82. f x  4x 4  2x 2

1

6 6

−9 9 −9 9

−6 −6

Zeros: 0, 2, 2 all of multiplicity 1 Zeros: 2.828 and 2.828 with multiplicity 1; 0, with
multiplicity 2

83. gx  5x  12x  32x  9

1
84. h x  15x  2 2 3x  5 2
14 21

−12 18
− 12 12

−6 −3

Zeros: 1 of multiplicity 2; 3 of multiplicity 1; Zeros: 2, 53, both with multiplicity 2

9
2 of multiplicity 1

85. f x  x3  3x2  3 86. f x  0.11x 3  2.07x 2  9.81x  6.88

x y1
10 The function has three zeros. They are in the intervals
3 51
0, 1, 6, 7, and 11, 12. They are approximately 0.845,
−5 5
2 17 6.385, and 11.588.
x y x y
1 1 10

0 6.88 7 1.91
−10
0 3
−4 16 1 0.97 8 4.56
The function has three zeros. 1 1
They are in the intervals 2 5.34 9 6.07
1, 0, 1, 2 and 2, 3. They 2 1 −10

3 6.89 10 5.78
are x  0.879, 1.347, 2.532.
3 3
4 6.28 11 3.03
4 19
5 4.17 12 2.84

6 1.12

87. gx  3x4  4x3  3 88. h x  x 4  10x 2  3

x y1 x y
10 The function has four zeros. They are
4 509 4 99
in the intervals 4, 3, 1, 0, 0, 1,
−5 5
3 132 and 3, 4. They are approximately 3 6
± 3.113 and ± 0.556.
2 13 2 21
10
−10
1 4 1 6
−4 4
The function has two zeros. 0 3 0 3
They are in the intervals
2, 1 and 0, 1. They 1 4 1 6
−30
are x  1.585, 0.779.
2 77 2 21
3 348 3 6

4 99
164 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

89. (a) Volume  l  w h (c)

Box Box Box
height  x Height Width Volume, V

length  width  36  2x 1 36  21 1
36  212  1156

Thus, Vx  36  2x36  2xx  x36  2x2. 2 36  22 2
36  222  2048
(b) Domain: 0 < x < 18 3 36  23 3
36  232  2700
The length and width must be positive. 4 36  24 4
36  242  3136
(d) 3600
5 36  25 5
36  252  3380
6 36  26 6
36  262  3456
7 36  27 7
36  272  3388
0 18
0
The volume is a maximum of 3456 cubic inches when the
The maximum point on the graph occurs at x  6. height is 6 inches and the length and width are each
This agrees with the maximum found in part (c). 24 inches. So the dimensions are 6  24  24 inches.

90. (a) Volume  l  w  h  24  2x24  4xx (c) V

 212  x  46  xx 720

600
 8x12  x6  x 480

(b) x > 0, 12  x > 0, 6x > 0 360

240
x < 12 x < 6
120

Domain: 0 < x < 6 x

1 2 3 4 5 6

x  2.6 corresponds to a maximum of about

665 cubic inches.

91. (a) A  l  w  12  2xx  2x 2  12x square inches (e) 4000

(b) 16 feet  192 inches

Vlw h
0 6
 12  2xx192 0

 384x 2  2304x cubic inches Maximum: 3, 3456

(c) Since x and 12  2x cannot be negative, we have
0 < x < 6 inches for the domain.
(d) When x  3, the volume is a
x V
maximum with V  3456 in.3. The
0 0 dimensions of the gutter cross-section
are 3 inches  6 inches  3 inches.
1 1920
The maximum value is the same.
(f) No. The volume is a product of the constant length and
the cross-sectional area. The value of x would remain the
same; only the value of V would change if the length was
changed.

2 3072

3 3456

4 3072

5 1920

6 0
 Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree 165

92. (a) V  3 r 3  r 24r

4
(b) r ≥ 0
V 4
3 r
3
 4 r 3 (d) V  120 ft 3  16
3 r
3

 16
3 r
3 r  1.93 ft
(c) 150
length  4r  7.72 ft

0 2
0

93. y1  0.139t 3  4.42t 2  51.1t  39 94. y  0.056t 3  1.73t 2  23.8t  29

200 180

7 13 7 13
140 120

The model is a good fit to the actual data. The data fit the model closely.

95. Midwest: y118  $259.368 thousand  $259,368 96. Answers will vary.
South: y218  $223.472 thousand  $223,472 Example: The median price of homes in the South are
all lower than those in the Midwest. The curves do
Since the models are both cubic functions with positive
not intersect.
leading coefficients, both will increase without bound
as t increases, thus should only be used for short term
projections.

97. G  0.003t 3  0.137t 2  0.458t  0.839, 2 ≤ t ≤ 34

(a) 60 (c) y  0.009t 2  0.274t  0.458
b 0.274
   15.222
2a 20.009
− 10 45
y15.222  2.543
−5

Vertex  15.22, 2.54

(b) The tree is growing most rapidly at t  15.
(d) The x-value of the vertex in part (c) is approximately
equal to the value found in part (b).

100,000 x  600x 2

1
98. R  3
99. False. A fifth degree polynomial can have at most four
turning points.
The point of diminishing returns (where the graph
changes from curving upward to curving downward)
occurs when x  200. The point is 200, 160 which
corresponds to spending $2,000,000 on advertising to
obtain a revenue of $160 million.

101. True. A polynomial of degree 7 with a negative leading

100. True. f x  x  16 has one repeated solution.
coefficient rises to the left and falls to the right.

102. (a) Degree: 3 (c) Degree: 4

Leading coefficient: Positive Leading coefficient: Positive
(b) Degree: 2 (d) Degree: 5
Leading coefficient: Positive Leading coefficient: Positive
166 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

103. f x  x4; f x is even. y

(a) gx  f x  2

5

4
Vertical shift two units upward 3

gx  f x  2 2

1
 f x  2 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
 gx −1

Even
(b) gx  f x  2 (c) gx  f x  x4  x 4
Horizontal shift two units to the left Reflection in the y-axis. The graph looks the same.
Neither odd nor even Even
(e) gx  f 12 x  16
1 4
(d) gx  f x  x 4 x
Reflection in the x-axis Horizontal stretch
Even Even
(f) gx  f x  (g) gx  f x 34  x 344  x 3, x ≥ 0
1 1 4
2 2x

Vertical shrink Neither odd nor even

Even
(h) gx   f
f x  f  f x  f x 4  x 44  x16
Even

104. (a) y1   3x  25  1 is decreasing.

1
(c) Hx  x5  3x3  2x  1
y2  35x  25  3 is increasing. Since Hx is not always increasing or always decreasing,
Hx cannot be written in the form ax  h5  k.
8

−12 12
y2 y1
−9 9

−8

−6
(b) The graph is either always increasing or always
decreasing. The behavior is determined by a. If
a > 0, gx will always be increasing. If a < 0,
gx will always be decreasing.

105. 5x2  7x  24  5x  8x  3 106. 6x3  61x2  10x  x6x2  61x  10
 x6x  1x  10

107. 4x 4  7x 3  15x 2  x 24x 2  7x  15 108. y3  216  y3  63

 x24x  5x  3   y  6 y2  6y  36

109. 2x2  x  28  0 110. 3x2  22x  16  0

2x  7x  4  0 3x  2x  8  0
2x  7  0 ⇒ x   72 3x  2  0 or x80
x40 ⇒ x4 x  23 or x8
 Section 2.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree 167

111. 12x2  11x  5  0 112. x2  24x  144  0

3x  14x  5  0 x  122  0
3x  1  0 ⇒ x  13 x  12  0
4x  5  0 ⇒ x   54 x  12

113. x2  2x  21  0 114. x2  8x  2  0
x2  2x  12  21  1  0 x2  8x  2
x  12  22  0 x2  8x  16  2  16
x  12  22 x  42  14
x  1  ± 22 x  4  ± 14
x  1 ± 22 x  4 ± 14

115. 2x2  5x  20  0 116. 3x2  4x  9  0


5 4
2 x2  x  20  0 x2  x  3  0
2 3

   20  258  0
2 4
5 5
2 x2  x  x2  x  3
2 4 3


5 2 185 4 4 4
2 x  0 x2  x   3 
4 8 3 9 9

x  45 x  32 31
2 2
185
 
16 9

x
5
4
±
185
4
x
2
3
± 319
5 ± 185 2 31
x x ±
4 3 3
2 ± 31
x
3

117. f x  x  42 y

118. f x  3  x 2 y

7
Common function: y  x2 6
Reflection in the x-axis
4

5 and vertical shift of three

Transformation: Horizontal 2
4 units upward of y  x2 1
shift four units to the left 3 x
2 − 4 −3 −1 1 3 4
−1
1 −2
x −3
− 7 − 6 − 5 −4 − 3 − 2 − 1 1
−1 −4

119. f x  x  1  5 y
120. f x  7  x  6 y

Common function: y  x 1
Horizontal shift of six units 15
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 to the right, reflection in the 12
Transformation: Horizontal −1
x-axis, and vertical shift of 9
shift one unit to the left and −2 seven units upward 6
a vertical shift five units
−3 of y  x 3
downward
x
−3 3 6 9 12 15
−5 −3
168 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

121. f x

2x  9 y

122. f x

10  3 x  3
1 y

6 9
Common function: y
x 5
Horizontal shift of three units 8

4 to the left, vertical shrink 7

Transformation: Vertical
stretch each y-value is
3  each y-value is multiplied
6
5
2 by 13
, reflection in the x-axis 4
multiplied by 2
, then a 1 3
and vertical shift of ten
vertical shift nine units x 2
−6 −3 −2 −1 1 2 units upward of y
x 1
upward x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division

You should know the following basic techniques and principles of polynomial division.
■ The Division Algorithm (Long Division of Polynomials)
■ Synthetic Division
■ f k
is equal to the remainder of f x
divided by x  k
(the Remainder Theorem).
■ f k

0 if and only if x  k
is a factor of f x
.

Vocabulary Check
1. f x
is the dividend; dx
is the divisor; gx
is the quotient; rx
is the remainder
2. improper; proper 3. synthetic division 4. factor 5. remainder

x2 4 x4  3x2  1 39
1. y1
and y2
x  2  2. y1
and y2
x2  8  2
x2 x2 x2  5 x 5
x2 x2  8
x2) x2  0x  0 x2 5) x4  3x2  1
x2  2x x4  5x2
 2x  0 8x2  1
 2x  4 8x2  40
4 39
x2

x2
4
and y1
y2. x4  3x2  1 39
Thus,
x2 x2 Thus,
x2  8  2 and y1
y2.
x2  5 x 5

x5  3x3 4x
3. y1
and y2
x3  4x  2
x2  1 x 1
x3  4x
(a) and (b) (c) x2  0x  1 ) x5  0x 4  3x3  0x2  0x  0
6 x5  0x 4  x3
 4x3  0x2  0x
−9 9  4x3  0x2  4x
4x  0
−6
x5  3x3 4x
Thus,
x3  4x  2 and y1
y2.
x2  1 x 1
 Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 169

x 3  2x 2  5 2x  4

4. y1
and y2
x  3  2
x2  x  1 x x1 x3
(a) and (b) (c) x2  x  1 ) x 3  2x 2  0x  5
8 x3  x2  x
3x 2  x  5
−12 12 3x 2  3x  3
2x  8
−8
x3 5
2x 2 2x  4

Thus,
x3 2 and y1
y2.
x2  x  1 x x1

5. 2x  4 6. 5x  3
x  3 ) 2x  10x  12
2
x  4 ) 5x  17x  12
2

2x2  6x 5x2  20x

4x  12 3x  12
4x  12 3x  12
0 0
2x2  10x  12 5x  17x  12
2

2x  4
5x  3
x3 x4

7. x2  3x  1 8. 2x2  4x  3
4x  5 ) 4x3  7x2  11x  5 3x  2 ) 6x3  16x2  17x  6
4x3  5x2 6x3  4x2
 12x2  11x 12x2  17x
 12x2  15x 12x2  8x
4x  5 9x  6
4x  5 9x  6
0 0
4x3  7x2  11x  5 6x3  16x2  17x  6

x2  3x  1
2x2  4x  3
4x  5 3x  2

9. x3  3x2
1 10. x2  7x  18
x  2 ) x4  5x3  6x2  x  2 x  3 ) x3  4x2  3x  12
x4  2x3 x3  3x2
3x3  6x2 7x2  3x
3x3  6x2 7x2  21x
x2 18x  12
x2 18x  54
0 42
x4  5x3  6x2  x  2 x3  4x2  3x  12 42

x3  3x2  1
x2  7x  18 
x2 x3 x3
170 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

11. 7 12. 4
x  2 ) 7x  3 2x  1 ) 8x  5
7x  14 8x  4
 11 9
7x  3 11 8x  5 9

7
4
x2 x2 2x  1 2x  1

13. 3x  5 14. x
2x2  0x  1 ) 6x3  10x2  x  8 x2  0x1 ) x3  0x2  0x  9
6x3  0x2  3x x3  0x2  x
10x2  2x  8 x  9
10x2  0x  5 x3  9 x9

x 2
 2x  3 x2  1 x 1
6x3  10x2  x  8 2x  3

3x  5  2
2x2  1 2x  1

15. x2  2x  4
x4  3x2  1 2x  11
x2  2x  3 ) x4  0x3  3x2  0x  1 ⇒
x2  2x  4  2
x2  2x  3 x  2x  3
x4  2x3  3x2
2x3  0x2  0x
2x3  4x2  6x
4x2  6x  1
4x2  8x  12
2x  11

16. x2 17. x3

x 3  0x2  0x  1 ) x5  0x4  0x3  0x2  0x  7 x3  3x2  3x  1 ) x4  0x3  0x2  0x  0
x5  0x4  0x3  x2 x4  3x3  3x2  x
3x3  3x2  x  0
x2 7
3x3  9x2  9x  3
x5  7 x2  7 6x2  8x  3

x2  3
x 1
3 x 1
x4 6x2  8x  3

x3
x  1
3 x  1
3

18. 2x 19. 5 3 17 15 25

x2  2x  1 ) 2x3  4x2  15x  5 15 10 25
3 2 5 0
2x3  4x2  2x
3x  17x2  15x  25
3
17x  5
3x2  2x  5
x5
2x 3  4x 2  15x  5 17x  5

2x  2
x  1
2 x  2x  1
 Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 171

20. 3 5 18 7 6 21.  2 4 8 9 18

15 9 6 8 0 18
5 3 2 0 4 0 9 0
5x 3  18x 2  7x  6 4x3  8x2  9x  18

5x 2  3x  2
4x2  9
x3 x2

22. 2 9 18 16 32 23. 10 1 0 75 250

18 0 32 10 100 250
9 0 16 0 1 10 25 0
9x 3  18x 2  16x  32 x3  75x  250

9x 2  16
x2  10x  25
x2 x  10

24. 6 3 16 0 72 25. 4 5 6 0 8

18 12 72 20 56 224
3 2 12 0 5 14 56 232
3x  3  72
16x 2 5x 3
8 6x2 232

3x 2  2x  12
5x2  14x  56 
x6 x4 x4

26. 2 5 0 6 8 27. 6 10 50 0 0 800

10 20 52 60 60 360 2160
5 10 26 44 10 10 60 360 1360
5x  6x  8
3
44 10x  4
50x3  800 1360

5x 2  10x  26 
10x3  10x2  60x  360 
x2 x2 x6 x6

28. 3 1 13 0 0 120 80

3 48 144 432 936
1 16 48 144 312 856
x5  13x 4  120x  80 856

x 4  16x 3  48x 2  144x  312 
x3 x3

29. 8 1 0 0 512 30. 9 1 0 0 729

8 64 512 9 81 729
1 8 64 0 1 9 81 0
x3  512 x3  729

x2  8x  64
x2  9x  81
x8 x9

31. 2 3 0 0 0 0 32. 2 3 0 0 0 0
6 12 24 48 6 12 24 48
3 6 12 24 48 3 6 12 24 48
3x4 48 3x 4 48

3x3  6x2  12x  24 
3x 3  6x 2  12x  24 
x2 x2 x2 x2

33. 6 1 0 0 180 0 34. 1 1 2 3 5

6 36 216 216 1 3 6
1 6 36 36 216 1 3 6 11
180x  x4 216 5  3x  2x  2 x3 11

x3  6x2  36x  36 
x2  3x  6 
x6 x6 x1 x1
172 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1 3
35.  2 4 16 23 15 36. 2 3 4 0 5
2 7 15 9
2
3
4
9
8
4 14 30 0 3 1 3 49
2 4 8
4x3  16x2 23x  15

4x2  14x  30 3x 3  4x 2  5 1 3 49
x  12

3x 2  x  
x  32
2 4 8x  12

37. f x

x3  x2  14x  11, k
4 38. f x

x 3  5x2  11x  8, k
2

4 1 1 14 11 2 1 5 11 8
4 12 8 2 14 6
1 3 2 3 1 7 3 2
f x

x  4
x  3x  2
 3
2 f x

x  2
x  7x  3
 2
2

f 4

4  4  144
 11
3
3 2 f 2

2
3  52
2  112
 8

8  20  22  8
2

39. f x

15x4  10x3  6x2  14, k
 23 40. f x

10x 3  22x2  3x  4, k
15
 23 15 10 6 0 14 1
5
10 22 3 4
8 7
10 0 4 3 2 4 5
13
15 0 6 4 34
3
10 20 7 5

f x

x  23
15x3  6x  4
 34
3 f x

x  15
10x2  20x  7
 13
5

f  23

15 23
 10 23
 6 23
 14
34 f 15

1015
 2215
 315
 4

4 3 2 3 2
3
2
 22 3 65 13

25 25  5  4
25
5

41. f x

x3  3x2  2x  14, k
2 42. f x

x 3  2x2  5x  4, k
 5

2 1 3 2 14  5 1 2 5 4
2 2  32 6  5 25  5 10
1 3  2 32 8 1 2  5 25 6
f x

x  2
x2  3  2
x  32  8 f x

x  5
x2  2  5
x  25  6
f 2

2
 32
 22  14
8 f  5

 5
3  2 5
2  5 5
 4
3 2

55  10  55  4
6

43. f x

4x3  6x2  12x  4, k
1  3

1  3 4 6 12 4
4  43 10  23 4
4 2  43 2  23 0
f x

x  1  3
4x2  2  43
x  2  23
  0
f 1  3

41  3
 61  3
 121  3
 4
0
3 2

44. f x

3x 3  8x2  10x  8, k
2  2 f x

x  2  2
3x2  2  32
x  8  42  0

2  2 3 8 10 8 f 2  2

32  2
3  82  2
2  102  2
 8
6  32 2  42

320  142
 86  42
 102  2
 8
8
3 2  32 8  42 0
60  422  48  322  20  102  8

0
 Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 173

45. f x

4x3  13x  10 46. g x

x 6  4x 4  3x 2  2

(a) 1 4 0 13 10 (a) 2 1 0 4 0 3 0 2
4 4 9 2 4 0 0 6 12
4 4 9 1
1 2 0 0 3 6 14
f 1

1 g2

14
(b) 2 4 0 13 10 (b) 4 1 0 4 0 3 0 2
8 16 6 4 16 48 192 780 3120
4 8 3 4
1 4 12 48 195 780 3122
f 2

4 g4

3122
1
(c) 2 4 0 13 10 (c) 3 1 0 4 0 3 0 2
2 1 6
3 9 15 45 144 432
4 2 12 4
1 3 5 15 48 144 434
f 1


4
2
g3

434
(d) 8 4 0 13 10
(d) 1 1 0 4 0 3 0 2
32 256 1944
1 1 3 3 0 0
4 32 243 1954
1 1 3 3 0 0 2
f 8

1954
g1

2

47. h x

3x3  5x2  10x  1 48. f x

0.4x 4  1.6x 3  0.7x 2  2
(a) 3 3 5 10 1 (a) 1 0.4 1.6 0.7 0 2
9 42 96 0.4 1.2 0.5 0.5
3 14 32 97 0.4 1.2 0.5 0.5 2.5
h3

97 f 1

2.5
1
(b) 3 3 5 10 1 (b) 2 0.4 1.6 0.7 0 2
1 2  83 0.8 4.8 11 22
3 6 8 3
5
0.4 2.4 5.5 11 20
h13

 53 f 2

20

(c) 2 3 5 10 1 (c) 5 0.4 1.6 0.7 0 2

6 2 16 2.0 2.0 13.5 67.5
3 1 8 17 0.4 0.4 2.7 13.5 65.5
h2

17 f 5

65.5

(d) 5 3 5 10 1 (d) 10 0.4 1.6 0.7 0 2

15 50 200 4.0 56.0 567 5670
3 10 40 199 0.4 5.6 56.7 567 5668
h5

199 f 10

5668

49. 2 1 0 7 6 50. 4 1 0 28 48

2 4 6 4 16 48
1 2 3 0
1 4 12 0
x  7x  6
x  2
x2  2x  3

3
x 3  28x  48
x  4
x 2  4x  12


x  2
x  3
x  1

x  4
x  6
x  2

Zeros: 2, 3, 1 Zeros: 4, 2, 6
174 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1 2
51. 2 2 15 27 10 52. 3 48 80 41 6
1 7 10 32 32 6
2 14 20 0
48 48 9 0
2x3  15x2  27x  10 48x 3  80x 2  41x  6
x  23
48x 2  48x  9


x 
  14x  20

1
2x2
2
x  23
4x  3
12x  3


2x  1
x  2
x  5


3x  2
4x  3
4x  1

1
Zeros: 2, 2, 5 2 3 1
Zeros: 3, 4, 4

53. 3 1 2 3 6 54. 2 1 2 2 4
3 3  23 6 2 22  2 4
1 2  3 23 0 1 2  2 22 0
 3 1 2  3 23
 2 1 2  2 22
 3 23  2 22
1 2 0
1 2 0
x3  2x  3x  6
x  3
x  3
x  2

2
x3  2x 2  2x  4
x  2
x  2
x  2

Zeros: ± 3, 2
Zeros: 2,  2, 2

55. 1  3 1 3 0 2
1  3 1  3 2
1 2  3 1  3 0
1  3 1 2  3 1  3
1  3 1  3
1 1 0
x3  3x2  2
x  1  3
 x  1  3
x  1


x  1
x  1  3
x  1  3

Zeros: 1, 1 ± 3

56. 2  5 1 1 13 3
2  5 7  35 3
1 1  5 6  35 0
2  5 1 1  5 6  35
2  5 6  35
1 3 0

x  x  13x  3
x  2  5 x  2  5 x  3

3 2



Zeros: 2  5, 2  5, 3

57. f x

2x3  x2  5x  2; Factors: x  2
, x  1

(a) 2 2 1 5 2 (b) The remaining factor of f x
is 2x  1
.
4 6 2 (c) f x

2x  1
x  2
x  1

2 3 1 0
(d) Zeros: 12, 2, 1
1 2 3 1
(e) 7
2 1
2 1 0
Both are factors of f x
since the remainders are zero.
−6 6

−1
 Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 175

58. f x

3x 3  2x2  19x  6; Factors: x  3
, x  2

(a) 3 3 2 19 6 (c) f x

3x 3  2x2  19x  6
9 21 6
3x  1
x  3
x  2

3 7 2 0 (d) Zeros: 13, 3, 2
2 3 7 2
6 2 (e) 35

3 1 0
(b) The remaining factor is 3x  1
. −4 3

−10

59. f x

x4  4x3  15x2  58x  40; Factors: x  5
, x  4

(a) 5 1 4 15 58 40 (c) f x

x  1
x  2
x  5
x  4

5 5 50 40
(d) Zeros: 1, 2, 5, 4
1 1 10 8 0
(e) 20
4 1 1 10 8 −6 6

4 12 8
1 3 2 0
Both are factors of f x
since the remainders are zero.
− 180

(b) x2  3x  2
x  1
x  2

The remaining factors are x  1
and x  2
.

60. f x

8x 4  14x 3  71x2  10x  24; Factors: x  2
, x  4

(a) 2 8 14 71 10 24 (c) f x

4x  3
2x  1
x  2
x  4

16 60 22 24 (d) Zeros:  34, 12, 2, 4
8 30 11 12 0 (e) 40
−3 5
4 8 30 11 12
32 8 12
8 2 3 0
− 380
(b) 8x2  2x  3
4x  3
2x  1

The remaining factors are 4x  3
and 2x  1
.

61. f x

6x3  41x2  9x  14; Factors: 2x  1
, 3x  2

(a)  12 6 41 9 14 (b) 6x  42
6x  7

3 19 14
f x

6 38 28 0 This shows that
6x  7
,
2
x  12
x  23

6 38 28
3 f x

4 28 so
x  7.
2x  1
3x  2

6 42 0
The remaining factor is x  7
.
Both are factors since the remainders are zero.
1 2
(c) f x

x  7
2x  1
3x  2
(d) Zeros: 7,  ,
2 3
(e) 320

−9 3

− 40
176 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

62. f x

10x 3  11x2  72x  45; 63. f x

2x3  x2  10x  5;

Factors: 2x  5
, 5x  3
Factors: 2x  1
, x  5

1
(a)  52 10 11 72 45 (a) 2 2 1 10 5
25 90 45 1 0 5
2 0 10 0
10 36 18 0
3  5 2 0 10
5 10 36 18
6 18 25 10
2 25 0
10 30 0
(b) 10x  30
10x  3
Both are factors since the remainders are zero.

f x
(b) 2x  25
2x  5

This shows that
10x  3
,
x 
x 

5 3
f x


2x  5
,
2 5
This shows that
f x
x  12
x  5

so
x  3.
2x  5
5x  3
f x

so
x  5.
The remaining factor is x  3
. 2x  1
x  5

(c) f x

x  3
2x  5
5x  3
The remaining factor is x  5
.

5 3 (c) f x

x  5
x  5
2x  1

(d) Zeros: 3,  ,
2 5 1
(d) Zeros:  5, 5,
(e) 100 2
(e) 14

−4 4

−6 6
− 80

−6

64. f x

x 3  3x2  48x  144; Factors: x  43
, x  3

(a) 3 1 3 48 144 (c) f x

x  43
x  43
x  3

3 0 144 (d) Zeros: ± 43, 3
1 0 48 0 (e) 60

43 1 0 48 −8 8

43 48
1 43 0
(b) The remaining factor is x  43
.
−240

65. f x

x3  2x2  5x  10 66. g x

x 3  4x 2  2x  8

(a) The zeros of f are 2 and ± 2.236. (a) The zeros of g are x
4, x 1.414, x 1.414.
(b) An exact zero is x
2. (b) x
4 is an exact zero.
(c) 2 1 2 5 10 (c) 4 1 4 2 8
2 0 10 4 0 8
1 0 5 0
1 0 2 0
f x

x  2
x2  5
f x

x  4
x 2  2


x  2
x  5
x  5

x  4
x  2
x  2

 Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 177

67. ht

t3  2t2  7t  2 68. f s

s 3  12s 2  40s  24

(a) The zeros of h are t
2, t 3.732, t 0.268. (a) The zeros of f are s
6, s 0.764, s 5.236
(b) An exact zero is t
2. (b) s
6 is an exact zero.
(c) 2 1 2 7 2 (c) 6 1 12 40 24
2 8 2 6 36 24
1 4 1 0
1 6 4 0
ht

t  2
t2  4t  1
f s

s  6
 s2  6s  4

By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of t  4t  1
s  6
s  3  5
s  3  5

2

are 2 ± 3. Thus,

ht

t  2
t  2  3
t  2  3


t  2
t  2  3
t  2  3
.

4x3  8x2  x  3 x3  x2  64x  64

69. 70.
2x  3 x8
3
2 4 8 1 3 8 1 1 64 64
6 3 3 8 56 64
4 2 2 0 1 7 8 0
4x3  8x2 x3 x3  x2  64x  64

4x2  2x  2
22x 2  x  1

x 2  7x  8, x  8
x  32 x8
4x3  8x2  x  3 3
Thus,
2x2  x  1, x  .
2x  3 2

x 4  6x3  11x2  6x x 4  6x3  11x2  6x x 4  9x 3  5x 2  36x  4 x 4  9x 3  5x 2  36x  4

71.
72.

x2  3x  2 x  1
x  2
x2  4 x  2
x  2

1 1 6 11 6 0 2 1 9 5 36 4
1 5 6 0 2 22 34 4
1 5 6 0 0
1 11 17 2 0
2 1 5 6 0 2 1 11 17 2
2 6 0 2 18 2
1 3 0 0
1 9 1 0
x4  6x3  11x2  6x x  4
9x 3   36x  4
5x 2

x2  3x, x  2, 1
x 2  9x  1, x  ± 2
x  1
x  2
x2  4

73. (a) and (b)

1800

3 13
1200

—CONTINUED—
178 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

73. —CONTINUED—
(c) M 0.242t 3  12.43t 2  173.4t  2118 (d) 18 0.242 12.43 173.4 2118
4.356 145.332 505.224
Year, t Military Personnel M
0.242 8.074 28.068 1612.776
3 1705 1703
M18
1613 thousand
4 1611 1608
No, this model should not be used to predict the
5 1518 1532 number of military personnel in the future. It
predicts an increase in military personnel until 2024
6 1472 1473
and then it decreases and will approach negative
7 1439 1430 infinity quickly.

8 1407 1402

9 1386 1388

10 1384 1385

11 1385 1393
12 1412 1409

13 1434 1433
The model is a good fit to the actual data.

74. (a) and (b) 75. False. If 7x  4
is a factor of f, then  47 is a zero of f.
40

2 12
0

(b) R
0.0026t 3  0.0292t 2  1.558t  15.632

(c) 18 0.0026 0.0292 1.558 15.632
0.0468 0.3168 33.7464
0.0026 0.0176 1.8748 49.3784
For the year 2008, the model predicts a monthly rate
of about $49.38.

76. True. 77. True. The degree of the numerator is greater than the
1
6 1 92 45 184 4 48 degree of the denominator.
2
3 2 45 0 92 48
6 4 90 0 184 96 0
f x

2x  1
x  1
x  2
x  3
3x  2
x  4

78. f x

x  k
qx
 r

(a) k
2, r
5, qx

any quadratic ax2  bx  c (b) k
3, r
1, qx

any quadratic ax2  bx  c
where a > 0. One example: where a < 0. One example:
f x

x  2
x2  5
x3  2x2  5 f x

x  3
x2
 1
x3  3x2  1
 Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 179

79. x2n  6xn  9 80. x2n  x n  3

xn 3) x3n  9x2n  27xn  27 xn  2 ) x  3x2n  5xn  6
3n

x3n  3x2n x3n  2x2n

6x2n  27xn x2n  5x n
6x2n  18xn x2n  2xn
9xn  27 3x n  6
9xn  27 3xn  6
0 0
x3n  9x2n  27xn  27 x3n  3x  5x  6
2n n

x2n  6xn  9
x2n  x n  3
xn  3 xn  2

81. A divisor divides evenly into a dividend if the remainder 82. You can check polynomial division by multiplying the
is zero. quotient by the divisor. This should yield the original
dividend if the multiplication was performed correctly.

83. 5 1 4 3 c 84. 2 1 0 0 2 1 c
5 45 210 2 4 8 20 42
1 9 42 c  210
1 2 4 10 21 c  42
To divide evenly, c  210 must equal zero. Thus, c must To divide evenly, c  42 must equal zero. Thus, c must
equal 210. equal 42.

85. f x

x  3
2x  3
x  1
3
The remainder when k
3 is zero since x  3

is a factor of f x
.
86. In this case it is easier to evaluate f 2
directly because
f x
is in factored form. To evaluate using synthetic
division you would have to expand each factor and then
multiply it all out.

87. 9x2  25
0 88. 16x2  21
0

3x  5
3x  5

0 16x2
21
5 21
3x  5
0 ⇒ x
x2

3 16

3x  5
0 ⇒ x

5
3
x
± 2116
21
x
±
4

89. 5x2  3x  14
0 90. 8x2  22x  15
0

5x  7
x  2

0 4x  5
2x  3

0
5x  7
0 ⇒ x
 57 4x  5
0 or 2x  3
0
x
54 3
x2
0 ⇒ x
2 or x
2

91. 2x2  6x  3
0
b ± b2  4ac 6 ± 62  42
3
6 ± 12
x



2a 22
4
3 ± 3


2
180 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

92. x2  3x
3  0

3 ±
32
41
3
3 ±
21
x 
21 2

93. f x  x
0x
3x
4 94. f x  x

6x
1

 xx
3x
4  x x2
7x  12  x  6x
1
 x 3
7x2  12x  x2  5x
6
Note: Any nonzero scalar multiple of f x would also Note: Any nonzero scalar multiple of f x would also
have these zeros. have these zeros.

95. f x  x

3x
1 
2 x
1

2  96. f x  x
1x

2x
2 
3x
2

3
 x  3x
1

2x
1 
2  x
1x  2x
2

3x
2 
3
 x  3x
12

2 2  x2  x
2x
22

3  
2

 x  3x2
2x
1  x2  x
2x2
4x  1

 x 3  x2
7x
3  x4
3x3
5x2  9x
2
Note: Any nonzero scalar multiple of f x would also Note: Any nonzero scalar multiple of f x would also have
have these zeros. these zeros.

Section 2.4 Complex Numbers

■ Standard form: a  bi .
If b  0, then a  bi is a real number.
If a  0 and b  0, then a  bi is a pure imaginary number.
■ Equality of Complex Numbers: a  bi  c  di if and only if a  c and b  d
■ Operations on complex numbers
(a) Addition: a  bi  c  di  a  c  b  di
(b) Subtraction: a  bi
c  di  a
c  b
di
(c) Multiplication: a  bic  di  ac
bd  ad  bci
a  bi a  bi c
di ac  bd bc
ad
(d) Division:
c  di

c  di
 c
di  c2  d 2
 2
c  d2
i

■ The complex conjugate of a  bi is a
bi:

a  bia
bi  a2  b2
■ The additive inverse of a  bi is
a
bi.
■

a 
a i for a > 0.

Vocabulary Check
1. (a) iii (b) i (c) ii 2.

1;
1
3. principal square 4. complex conjugates
 Section 2.4 Complex Numbers 181

1. a  bi 
10  6i 2. a  bi  13  4i 3. a
1  b  3i  5  8i
a 
10 a  13 a
15 ⇒ a6
b6 b4 b38 ⇒ b5

4. a  6  2bi  6
5i 5. 4 

9  4  3i 6. 3 

16  3  4i

2b 
5
b 
52
a66
a0

7. 2


27  2

27i 8. 1 

8  1  2
2i 9.

75 
75 i  5
3 i

 2
3
3 i

10.

4  2i 11. 8  8  0i  8 12. 45

13.
6i  i 2 
6i
1 14.
4i 2  2i 
4
1  2i 15.

0.09 
0.09 i


1
6i  4  2i  0.3i

16.

0.0004  0.02i 17. 5  i  6
2i  11
i 18. 13
2i  
5  6i  8 4i

19. 8
i
4
i  8
i
4  i 20. 3  2i
6  13i  3  2i
6
13i

4 
3
11i

21. 
2 

8   5


50  
2  2
2 i  5
5
2 i

 3
3
2 i

22. 8 

18 
4  3
2i  8  3
2i
4
3
2i 23. 13i
14
7i  13i
14  7i
4 
14  20i

24. 22  
5  8i  10i  17  18i 25.
32  52i  53  11

3 i 
2
2 i  3  3 i
3 5 5 11


96
15 10 22
6i  6  6i

 16  76i

26. 1.6  3.2i  
5.8  4.3i 
4.2  7.5i 27. 1  i3
2i  3
2i  3i
2i 2
3i25i

28. 6
2i2
3i  12
18i
4i  6i 2 29. 6i5
2i  30i
12i2  30i  12
 12
22i
6  6
22i  12  30i

30.
8i9  4i 
72i
32i 2 31. 
14 
10 i
14

10 i  14
10i2
 32
72i  14  10  24
182 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

32. 
3 
15 i
3

15 i  3
15i 2 33. 4  5i2  16  40i  25i 2
 3
15
1  16  40i
25
 3  15  18 
9  40i

34. 2
3i2  4
12i  9i 2 35. 2  3i2  2
3i2  4  12i  9i2  4
12i  9i2
 4
9
12i  4  12i
9  4
12i
9

5
12i 
10

36. 1
2i2
1  2i2  1
4i  4i 2
1  4i  4i 2 37. The complex conjugate of 6  3i is 6
3i.

 1
4i  4i 2
1
4i
4i 2 6  3i6
3i  36
3i2  36  9  45

8i

38. The complex conjugate of 7
12i is 7  12i. 39. The complex conjugate of
1

5i is
1 
5i.
7
12i7  12i  49
144i 2 
1

5i
1 
5i  
12

5i2
 49

144 156
 193

40. The complex conjugate of
3 
2 i is
3

2i. 41. The complex conjugate of

20  2
5i is
2
5i.

3 
2 i
3

2 i  9
2i 2 2
5i
2
5i 
20i2  20
 9

2
 11

42. The complex conjugate of

15 
15i is

15 i. 43. The complex conjugate of
8 is
8.

15 i

15i 
15i 2 

15  15 
8
8  8

5 5
i
5i
44. The complex conjugate of 1 
8 is 1 
8. 45.
i

i

i  1

5i
1 
81 
8  1  2
8  8
 9  4
2

14
2i 28i 28i 2 2 4  5i

46.

2i

2i 
4i 2  4
 7i 47. 
4
5i 4
5i
 4  5i
24  5i 8  10i 8 10
    i
16  25 41 41 41

5 1i 5  5i 5  5i 5 5 3i 3i 3i

48.  1  i  1
i2    i 49. 
3
i 3
i
3i
1
i 2 2 2
9  6i  i 2 8  6i 4 3
    i
91 10 5 5

6
7i 1  2i 6  12i
7i
14i 2 6
5i 6
5i
i
50.
1
2i
 1  2i  1
4i 2
51.
i

i

i
20  5i 20 5
6i  5i 2
   i4i  
5
6i
5 5 5 1
 Section 2.4 Complex Numbers 183

8  16i
2i
16i
32i2

52.
2i

2i 
4i2
 8
4i

3i 3i 3i
9  40i 5i 5i
53.   
4
5i2 16
40i  25i2
9
40i
9  40i
54. 
2  3i2 4  12i  9i2

27i  120i2
120
27i 5i
5
12i

81  1600

1681


5  12i

5
12i
120 27
25i
60i2


i 
1681 1681 25
144i2
60
25i 60 25
 
i
169 169 169

2 3 21
i
31  i 2i 5 2i2
i 52  i

55.
 56.   
1i 1
i 1  i1
i 2  i 2
i 2  i2
i 2  i2
i
2
2i
3
3i 4i
2i 2  10  5i
 
11 4
i2

1
5i 12  9i
 
2 5
1 5 12 9


i   i
2 2 5 5

i 2i i3  8i  2i3
2i 1i 3 1  i4
i
3i

57.   58.

3
2i 3  8i 3
2i3  8i i 4
i i4
i
3i  8i2  6i
4i2 4
i  4i
i 2
3i
 
9  24i
6i
16i2 4i
i 2
4i2  9i 5 1
4i
 
1  4i
 1
4i
9  18i  16

4  9i 25
18i 5
20i
  25
18i 
25  18i 1
16i 2

100  72i  225i
162i2 5 20

 
i
625  324 17 17

100  297i  162


949
62  297i 62 297
   i
949 949 949

59.

6 

2  
6i
2i 
12i 2  2
3 
1 60.

5 

10  
5i
10i

2
3 
50i 2  5
2
1 
5
2

61. 

10   
10i   10i2 
10 62. 

75   
75 i  75i 2 
75
2 2 2 2

63. 3 

5 7


10   3 
5 i7

10 i

 21
3
10 i  7
5 i

50 i 2
 21 
50   7
5
3
10 i
 21  5
2   7
5
3
10 i
184 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

64. 2


6   2

6i2

6i

2
65. x2
2x  2  0; a  1, b 
2, c  2
 4
2
6i
2
6i  6i 2

2 ±

22
412
x
 4
2
6i
2
6i  6
1 21

 4
6
4
6i 2 ±

4

2

2
4
6i
2 ± 2i

2
1 ± i

66. x2  6x  10  0; a  1, b  6, c  10 67. 4x2  16x  17  0; a  4, b  16, c  17

6 ±
62
4110
16 ±
16 2
4417
x x
21 24

6 ±

4
16 ±

16
 
2 8

3 ± i
16 ± 4i 1
 
2 ± i
8 2

68. 9x2
6x  37  0; a  9, b 
6, c  37 69. 4x2  16x  15  0; a  4, b  16, c  15


6 ±

62
4937
16 ±
162
4415
x x
29 24
6 ±

1296
16 ±
16
16 ± 4
  
18 8 8
1 36i 1 12 3 20 5
 ±  ± 2i x

or x 


3 18 3 8 2 8 2

3 2
70. 16t2
4t  3  0; a  16, b 
4, c  3 71. x
6x  9  0 Multiply both sides by 2.
2


4 ±

42
4163
t 3x2
12x  18  0
216


12 ±

122
4318
4 ±

176 x
 23
32
12 ±

72
4 ± 4
11i 
 6
32
12 ± 6
2i
1
11   2 ±
2i
 ± i 6
8 8

7 2 3 5
72. x
x 0 73. 1.4x2
2x
10  0 Multiply both sides by 5.
8 4 16
14x2
12x  5  0; a  14, b 
12, c  5 7x2
10x
50  0


12 ±

122
4145

10 ±

102
47
50

x x
214 27

12 ±

136 10 ±
1500 10 ± 10
15

  
28 14 14

12 ± 2i
34 5 ± 5
15 5 5
15

   ±
28 7 7 7
3
34
 ± i
7 14
 Section 2.4 Complex Numbers 185

74. 4.5x2
3x  12  0; a  4.5, b 
3, c  12 75.
6i 3  i 2 
6i2i  i2


3 ±

32
44.512 
6
1i  
1
x
24.5
 6i
1
3 ±

207 3 ± 3i
23 1
23
   ± i 
1  6i
9 9 3 3

76. 4i 2
2i 3 
4  2i 77.
5i5 
5i2i2i 78. 
i3  
1i 3  
1
i  i


5
1
1i 
5i

79. 

75 3  5
3 i 3 80. 

2   
2 i  8i 6  8i 4i 2 
8

6 6

 53
3  i 3
3

 1253
3  
1i

375
3 i

1 1 1 i i i 1 1 1 8i 8i 1
81.  
i3
i
i
 i 
i2  1  i 82.      i
2i3 8i 3
8i 8i
64i 2 8

83. (a) z1  9  16i, z2  20
10i

1 1 1 1 1 20
10i  9  16i 29  6i
(b)      
z z1 z2 9  16i 20
10i 9  16i20
10i 340  230i

z 34029230i 29
6i
6i  29
6i 

11,240  4630i 11,240 4630
877

877

877
i

84. (a) 23  8

(b) 
1 
3i  
1 3  3
1 2
3i  3
1
3i  
3i
3 2 3


1  3
3 i
9i2  3
3 i 3


1  3
3 i  9
3
3 i
8
(c) 
1

3i  
13  3
12 

3i  3
1

3 i  

3i
3 2 3


1
3
3i
9i2
3
3i3


1
3
3 i  9  3
3i
8

85. (a) 24  16 86. (a) i 40  i 410  110  1

(b) 
24  16 (b) i 25  i 46  i  16i  i
(c) 2i 
4 24i 4  161  16 (c) i50  i 412i 2  1
1 
1
(d) 
2i  
2
4 4i 4  161  16 (d) i67  i 416i 3  1
i 
i

87. False, if b  0 then a  bi  a
bi  a. 88. True

That is, if the complex number is real, the number equals x 4
x2  14  56
its conjugate.

i
6  4


i
6   14  56
2 ?
?
36  6  14  56
56  56
186 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

89. False
i44  i150
i 74
i109  i61  i 411  i 437i2
i 418i2
i427i  i415i
 111  137
1
118
1
127i  115i
 1  
1  1
i  i  1

90.

6

6 
6i
6i  6i 2 
6

91. a1  b1ia2  b2i  a1a2  a1b2i  a2b1i  b1b2i 2

 a1a2
b1b2  a1b2  a2b1i
The complex conjugate of this product is a1a2
b1b2
a1b2  a2b1i.
The product of the complex conjugates is:
a1
b1ia2
b2i  a1a2
a1b2i
a2b1i  b1b2i 2
 a1a2
b1b2
a1b2  a2b1i
Thus, the complex conjugate of the product of two complex numbers is the product of their complex conjugates.

92. a1  b1i  a2  b2i  a1  a2  b1  b2i

The complex conjugate of this sum is a1  a2
b1  b2i.
The sum of the complex conjugates is a1
b1i  a2
b2i  a1  a2
b1  b2i.
Thus, the complex conjugate of the sum of two complex numbers is the sum of their complex conjugates.

93. 4  3x  8
6x
x2 
x2
3x  12

94. x3
3x2
6
2x
4x2  x3
3x2
6  2x  4x2 95. 3x
12 x  4  3x 2  12x
12 x
2
 x3  x2  2x
6  3x 2  23
2 x
2

96. 2x
52  2x2
22x5  52 97.
x
12  19 98. 8
3x 
34

 4x2
20x  25
x  31
3x 
42
x 
31 x  14

4
99. 45x
6
36x  1  0 100. 5x
3x  11  20x
15 101. V  a2b
3
20x
24
18x
3  0 5x
15x
55  20x
15
3V  4a2b
2x
27  0
30x  40
3V
 a2
2x  27 40 4 4b
x 


30 3

43Vb  a
27
x
2

3Vb 
1
3Vb
a
2 2b

m1m2
102. F   103. Let x  # liters withdrawn and replaced.
r2
m m 0.505
x  1.00x  0.605
r2   1 2
F 2.50
0.50x  1.00x  3.00

mFm

m1m2
F
m1m2F 0.50x  0.50
r 1 2


F

F  F x  1 liter
 Section 2.5 Zeros of Polynomial Functions 187

Section 2.5 Zeros of Polynomial Functions

■ You should know that if f is a polynomial of degree n > 0, then f has at least one zero in the complex number system.
■ You should know the Linear Factorization Theorem.
■ You should know the Rational Zero Test.
factors of constant term
■ You should know shortcuts for the Rational Zero Test. Possible rational zeros 
factors of leading coefficient
(a) Use a graphing or programmable calculator.
(b) Sketch a graph.
(c) After finding a root, use synthetic division to reduce the degree of the polynomial.
■ You should know that if a  bi is a complex zero of a polynomial f, with real coefficients, then a
bi is also a complex
zero of f.
■ You should know the difference between a factor that is irreducible over the rationals (such as x2
7) and a factor that is
irreducible over the reals (such as x2  9).
■ You should know Descartes’s Rule of Signs. (For a polynomial with real coefficients and a non-zero constant term.)
(a) The number of positive real zeros of f is either equal to the number of variations of sign of f or is less than
that number by an even integer.
(b) The number of negative real zeros of f is either equal to the number of variations in sign of f

x or is less than
that number by an even integer.
(c) When there is only one variation in sign, there is exactly one positive (or negative) real zero.
■ You should be able to observe the last row obtained from synthetic division in order to determine upper or lower bounds.
(a) If the test value is positive and all of the entries in the last row are positive or zero, then the test value is an upper
bound.
(b) If the test value is negative and the entries in the last row alternate from positive to negative, then the test value is a
lower bound. (Zero entries count as positive or negative.)

Vocabulary Check
1. Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 2. Linear Factorization Theorem 3. Rational Zero
4. conjugate 5. irreducible; reals 6. Descarte’s Rule of Signs
7. lower; upper

1. f
x  x
x
62 2. f
x  x2
x  3
x2
1  x2
x  3
x  1
x
1

The zeros are: x  0, x  6 The five zeros are: 0, 0,
3, ± 1

3. g
x 
x
2
x  43 4. f
x 
x  5
x
82 5. f
x 
x  6
x  i
x
i

The zeros are: x  2, x 
4 The three zeros are:
5, 8, 8 The three zeros are:
x 
6, x 
i, x  i

6. h
t 
t
3
t
2
t
3i
t  3i 7. f
x  x3  3x2
x
3

The four zeros are: 3, 2, ± 3i Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 3
Zeros shown on graph:
3,
1, 1
188 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

8. f
x  x 3
4x 2
4x  16 9. f
x  2x4
17x3  35x2  9x
45

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 8, ± 16 Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ± 9, ± 15, ± 45,
1 3 5 9 15 45
± 2, ± 2, ± 2, ± 2, ± 2 , ± 2
Zeros shown on graph:
2, 2, 4
Zeros shown on graph:
1, 32, 3, 5

10. f
x  4x 5
8x 4
5x 3  10x 2  x
2 11. f
x  x3
6x2  11x
6

1 1
Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 2, ± 4 Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6
1 1
Zeros shown on graph:
1,
2, 2, 1, 2 1 1
6 11
6
1
5 6
1
5 6 0
x3
6x2  11x
6 
x
1
x2
5x  6

x
1
x
2
x
3
Thus, the rational zeros are 1, 2, and 3.

12. f
x  x 3
7x
6 13. g
x  x3
4x2
x  4  x2
x
4
1
x
4

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6 
x
4
x2
1
3 1 0
7
6 
x
4
x
1
x  1
3 9 6 Thus, the rational zeros of g
x are 4 and ± 1.
1 3 2 0
f
x 
x
3
x 2  3x  2 
x
3
x  2
x  1
Thus, the rational zeros are
2,
1, 3.

14. h
x  x 3
9x 2  20x
12 15. h
t  t3  12t2  21t  10

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, ± 12 Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 5, ± 10
1 1
9 20
12
1 1 12 21 10
1
8 12
1
11
10
1
8 12 0 1 11 10 0

h
x 
x
1
x 2
8x  12 t3  12t2  21t  10 
t  1
t2  11t  10


x
1
x
2
x
6 
t  1
t  1
t  10

Thus, the rational zeros are 1, 2, 6. 
t  12
t  10

Thus, the rational zeros are
1 and
10.

16. p
x  x 3
9x 2  27x
27 17. C
x  2x3  3x2
1

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 3, ± 9, ± 27 Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 12
3 1
9 27
27
1 2 3 0
1
3
18 27
2
1 1
2 1
1 0
1
6 9 0
f
x 
x
3
x 2
6x  9 2x3  3x2
1 
x  1
2x2  x
1


x
3
x
3
x
3 
x  1
x  1
2x
1

Thus, the rational zero is 3. 
x  12
2x
1

1
Thus, the rational zeros are
1 and 2.
 Section 2.5 Zeros of Polynomial Functions 189

18. f
x  3x3
19x 2  33x
9

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 3, ± 9, ± 13
3 3
19 33
9
9
30 9
3
10 3 0
f
x 
x
3
3x 2
10x  3 
x
3
3x
1
x
3
Thus, the rational zeros are 3, 13.

19. f
x  9x4
9x3
58x2  4x  24 20. f
x  2x 4
15x 3  23x 2  15x
25
1 5 25
Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, ± 8, ± 12, ± 24, Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 5, ± 25, ± 2, ± 2, ± 2
1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8
± 3, ± 3, ± 3, ± 3, ± 9, ± 9, ± 9, ± 9
5 2
15 23 15
25

2 9
9
58 4 24 10
25
10 25

18 54 8
24
2
5
2 5 0
9
27
4 12 0
1 2
5
2 5
3 9
27
4 12 2
3
5
27 0
12
2
3
5 0
9 0
4 0

1 2
3
5
9x4
9x3
58x2  4x
24

2 5

x  2
x
3
9x2
4 2
5 0

x  2
x
3
3x
2
3x  2 f
x 
x
5
x
1
x  1
2x
5
2
Thus, the rational zeros are
2, 3, and ± 3. Thus, the rational zeros are 5, 1,
1, 52.

21. z4
z3
2z
4  0 22. x 4
13x 2
12x  0

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4 x
x 3
13x
12  0

1 1
1 0
2
4 Possible rational zeros of x 3
13x
12:

1 2
2 4 ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, ± 12
1
2 2
4 0
1 1 0
13
12

1 1 12
2 1
2 2
4
2 0 4 1
1
12 0
1 0 2 0 x
x  1
x2
x
12  0
z4
z3
2z
4 
z  1
z
2
z2  2 x
x  1
x
4
x  3  0
The only real zeros are
1 and 2. The real zeros are 0,
1, 4,
3.

23. 2y4  7y3
26y2  23y
6  0

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6, ± 12, ± 32
1 2 7
26 23
6
2 9
17 6
2 9
17 6 0

6 2 9
17 6

12 18
6
2
3 1 0
2y  7y3
26y2  23y
6 
y
1
y  6
2y2
3y  1 
y
1
y  6
2y
1
y
1 
y
12
y  6
2y
1
4

The only real zeros are 1,
6, and 12.

190 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

24. x 5
x 4
3x 3  5x 2
2x  0 25. f
x  x3  x2
4x
4

x
x 4
x 3
3x 2  5x
2  0 (a) Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4
Possible rational zeros of x 4
x 3
3x2  5x
2: (b) y

± 1, ± 2 4

1 1
1
3 5
2 2

1 0
3 2 −6 −4 4 6
x

1 0
3 2 0
−4

2 1 0
3 2 −6

2 4
2 −8

1
2 1 0
x
x
1
x  2
x 2
2x  1  0 (c) The zeros are:
2,
1, 2

x
x
1
x  2
x
1
x
1  0

The real zeros are
2, 0, 1.

26. f
x 
3x 3  20x 2
36x  16 27. f
x 
4x3  15x2
8x
3

(a) Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 8, ± 16, ± 3,
1
(a) Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 3, ± 12, ± 32, ± 14, ± 34
2 4 8 16
± 3, ± 3, ± 3, ± 3 y
y
(b)
(b)
10
8
6
4
4
2
2
x
x −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−4 −2 6 8 10 12
−4
−4
−6
−6

1
(c) Real zeros: 3, 2, 4
2
(c) The zeros are:
4, 1, 3

28. f
x  4x 3
12x 2
x  15 29. f
x 
2x4  13x3
21x2  2x  8

1 3 1
(a) Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ± 15, ± 2, ± 2, (a) Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 8, ± 2
5 15 1 3 5 15
± 2, ± 2 , ± 4, ± 4, ± 4, ± 4
(b) 16
y
(b)
15
12 −4 8

−8

1
x (c) The zeros are:
2, 1, 2, 4
− 9 −6 − 3 6 9 12

3 5
(c) Real zeros:
1, 2, 2

30. f
x  4x 4
17x 2  4 31. f
x  32x3
52x2  17x  3

1 3 1 3
(a) Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 2, ± 4
1 1 (a) Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 3, ± 2, ± 2, ± 4, ± 4,
1 3 1 3 1 3
± 6 , ± 8 , ± 16 , ± 16 , ± 32 , ± 32
(b) 9

(b) 6

−8 8

−1 3
−15
−2
1
(c) Real zeros: ± 2, ± 2 1 3
(c) The zeros are:
8, 4, 1
 Section 2.5 Zeros of Polynomial Functions 191

32. f
x  4x 3  7x 2
11x
18 33. f
x  x4
3x2  2

(a) Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6, ± 9, ± 18, (a) From the calculator we have x  ± 1 and x  ± 1.414.
1 3 9 1 3 9
± 2, ± 2, ± 2, ± 4, ± 4, ± 4 (b) An exact zero is x  1.
(b) 8
1 1 0
3 0 2
−8 8 1 1
2
2
1 1
2
2 0
(c)
1 1 1
2
2
− 24

1 0 2
1 0
2 0
1 145
(c) Real zeros:
2, ±
8 8 f
x 
x
1
x  1
x2
2

x
1
x  1
x
2 
x  2 

34. P
t  t 4
7t 2  12 35. h
x  x5
7x4  10x3  14x2
24x

(a) t  ± 2, ± 1.732 (a) h
x  x
x4
7x3  10x2  14x
24
(b) 2 1 0
7 0 12 From the calculator we have x  0, 3, 4 and x  ± 1.414.
2 4
6
12
(b) An exact zero is x  3.
1 2
3
6 0
3 1
7 10 14
24

2 1 2
3
6
3
12
6 24

2 0 6
1
4
2 8 0
1 0
3 0
(c) 4 1
4
2 8
(c) P
t 
t
2
t  2
t2
3
4 0
8

t
2
t  2
t
3 
t  3  1 0
2 0
h
x  x
x
3
x
4
x2
2
 x
x
3
x
4
x
2 
x  2 

36. g
x  6x 4
11x 3
51x 2  99x
27 37. f
x 
x
1
x
5i
x  5i
(a) x  ± 3, 1.5, 0.333 
x
1
x2  25
(b) 3 6
11
51 99
27  x3
x2  25x
25
18 21
90 27
Note: f
x  a
x3
x2  25x
25, where a is any
6 7
30 9 0 nonzero real number, has the zeros 1 and ± 5i.

3 6 7
30 9

18 33
9
6
11 3 0
(c) g
x 
x
3
x  3
6x 2
11x  3

x
3
x  3
3x
1
2x
3

38. f
x 
x
4
x
3i
x  3i  39. f
x 
x
6x


5  2ix


5
2i

x
4
x2  9 
x
6
x  5
2i
x  5  2i
 x 3
4x 2  9x
36 
x
6
x  52

2i2
Note: f
x  a
x 3
4x 2  9x
36, where a is 
x
6
x2  10x  25  4
any real number, has the zeros 4, 3i and
3i.

x
6
x2  10x  29
 x3  4x2
31x
174
Note: f
x  a
x3  4x2
31x
174, where a is any
nonzero real number, has the zeros 6, and
5 ± 2i.
192 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

40. f
x 
x
2
x
4
i
x
4  i 41. If 3  2i is a zero, so is its conjugate, 3
2i.

x
2
x 2
8x  17 f
x 
3x
2
x  1x

3  2ix

3
2i

 x 3
10x 2  33x
34 
3x
2
x  1
x
3
2i
x
3  2i


3x2  x
2
x
32

2i 
2
Note: f
x  a
x 3
10x 2  33x
34 where a is
any real number, has the zeros 2, 4 ± i. 
3x2  x
2
x2
6x  9  2

3x2  x
2
x2
6x  11
 3x4
17x3  25x2  23x
22
Note: f
x  a
3x4
17x3  25x2  23x
22, where a is
2
any nonzero real number, has the zeros 3,
1, and 3 ± 2i.

42. If 1  3i is a zero, so is its conjugate, 1
3i. 43. f
x  x4  6x2
27

f
x 
x  5 2
x
1
3 i
x
1  3 i (a) f
x 
x2  9
x2
3

x 2  10x  25
x 2
2x  4 (b) f
x 
x2  9
x  3
x
3
 x 4  8x 3  9x 2
10x  100 (c) f
x 
x  3i
x
3i
x  3
x
3
Note: f
x  a
x 4  8x 3  9x 2
10x  100, where
a is any real number, has the zeros
5,
5,1 ± 3i.

44. f
x  x 4
2x 3
3x 2  12x
18

x2
2x  3
x
6 )x4
2x3
3x2  12x
18 (a) f
x 
x 2
6
x 2
2x  3
x4
6x2 (b) f
x 
x  6 
x
6 
x 2
2x  3
x4
2x3  3x2  12x
6 (c) f
x 
x  6 
x
6 
x
1
2i
x
1  2i

2x3  12x

2x3  3x2
18
3x 2
18
3x2
0

45. f
x  x 4
4x 3  5x 2
2x
6
x2
2x  3
x2
2x
2 ) x4
4x3  5x2
2x
6 (a) f
x 
x2
2x
2
x2
2x  3
x4
2x3
2x2 (b) f
x 
x
1  3 
x
1
3 
x2
2x  3
x4
2x3  7x2
2x
6
(c) f
x 
x
1  3 
x
1
3 
x
1  2 i 
x
1
2 i 

2x3  4x2  4x
Note: Use the Quadratic Formula for (b) and (c).

2x3  3x2
6x
6
 3x2
6x
6
 3x2
6x
0
f
x 
x2
2x
2
x2
2x  3

46. f
x  x 4
3x 3
x 2
12x
20

x 2
3x
5
x2  4 ) x 4
3x 3
x 2
12x
20 (a) f
x 
x 2  4
x 2
3x
5
 4x2
 3  29
x
3
2 29 
x4 
(b) f
x 
x 2  4 x


3x
3 5x2
12x 2

(c) f
x 
x  2i
x
2ix
x
3
2 29

3x3
12x 3  29
 
2

5x2
20

5x2
20
0
 Section 2.5 Zeros of Polynomial Functions 193

47. f
x  2x3  3x2  50x  75 Alternate Solution

Since 5i is a zero, so is
5i. Since x  ± 5i are zeros of f
x,
x  5i
x
5i  x2  25 is a
factor of f
x. By long division we have:
5i 2 3 50 75
10i
50  15i
75  02x  3
2 3  10i 15i 0 x2  0x  25 )2x3  3x2  50x  75

5i 2 3  10i 15i 2x3  0x2  50x

10i
15i 2x3  3x2  50x  75
2 3 0 3x2  50x  75
The zero of 2x  3 is x 
32. The zeros of f
x 3x2  50x  70
are x 
32 and x  ± 5i.
Thus, f
x 
x2  25
2x  3 and the zeros of f are x  ± 5i and x 
32.

48. f
x  x 3  x 2  9x  9
Since 3i is a zero, so is
3i.
3i 1 1 9 9
3i
9  3i
9
1 1  3i 3i 0

3i 1 1  3i 3i

3i
3i
1 1 0
The zero of x  1 is x 
1. The zeros of f are x 
1 and x  ± 3i.

49. f
x  2x4
x3  7x2
4x
4 Alternate Solution

Since 2i is a zero, so is
2i. Since x  ± 2i are zeros of f
x,
x  2i
x
2i  x2  4 is a factor
2i 2
1 7
4
4 of f
x. By long division we have:
4i
8
2i 4
2i 4 2x 2
x
1
2
1  4i
1
2i
2i 0
x 2  0x  4 ) 2x4
x3  7x2
4x
4

2i 2
1  4i
1
2i
2i 2x4  0x3  8x2

4i 2i 2i

x3
x 2
4x
2
1
1 0

x3  0x2
4x
The zeros of 2x2
x
1 
2x  1
x
1

x 2  0x
4
are x 
2 and x  1. The zeros of f
x are
1

x  ± 2i, x 
12, and x  1.
x2  0x
4

0
Thus, f
x 
x  4
2x
x
1
2 2

f
x 
x  2i
x
2i
2x  1
x
1

and the zeros of f
x are x  ± 2i, x 
2, and x  1.
1

50. g
x  x 3
7x 2
x  87
Since 5  2i is a zero, so is 5
2i.
5  2i 1
7
1 87
5  2i
14  6i
87
1
2  2i
15  6i 0
5
2i 1
2  2i
15  6i
5
2i 15
6i
1 3 0
The zero of x  3 is x 
3. The zeros of f are x 
3, 5 ± 2i.
194 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

51. g
x  4x3  23x2  34x
10 Alternate Solution

Since
3  i is a zero, so is
3
i. Since
3 ± i are zeros of g
x,

3  i 4 23 34
10 x


3  i x


3
i  
x  3
i
x  3  i

12  4i
37
i 10 
x  32
i2
4 11  4i
3
i 0  x2  6x  10
is a factor of g
x. By long division we have:

3
i 4 11  4i
3
i
 34x
1

12
4i 3i
x2  6x  10 )4x3  23x2  34x
10
4
1 0
4x3  24x2  40x
The zero of 4x
1 is x  1
4. The zeros of g
x are
1 4x324
x2
36x
10
x 
3 ± i and x  4.

x2
36x
10
0
Thus, g
x 
x  6x  10
4x
1 and the zeros of g
x
2
1
are x 
3 ± i and x  4.

52. h
x  3x3
4x 2  8x  8

Since 1
3 i is a zero, so is 1  3 i.
1
3i 3
4 8 8
3
33i
10
23i
8
3
1
33i
2
23i 0

1  3i 3
1
33i
2
23i

3  33i 2  23i
3 2 0
The zero of 3x  2 is x 
23. The zeros of f are x 
23, 1 ± 3i.

53. f
x  x 4  3x3
5x2
21x  22

Since
3  2 i is a zero, so is
3
2 i, and
x


3  2 i x


3
2 i  
x  3
2 i
x  3  2 i

x  32

2 i
2

 x 2  6x  11
is a factor of f
x. By long division, we have:
x2
3x  2
x2  6x  11 ) x4  3x3
5x2
21x  22
x4  6x3  11x2

3x3
16x2
21x

3x3
18x2
33x
2x2  12x  22
2x2  12x  22
0
Thus,
f
x 
x2  6x  11
x2
3x  2

x 2  6x  11
x
1
x
2
and the zeros of f are x 
3 ± 2 i, x  1, and x  2.
 Section 2.5 Zeros of Polynomial Functions 195

54. f
x  x 3  4x 2  14x  20 55. f
x  x2  25

Since
1
3i is a zero, so is
1  3i. 
x  5i
x
5i

1
3i 1 4 14 20 The zeros of f
x are x  ± 5i.

1
3i
12
6i
20
1 3
3i 2
6i 0

1  3i 1 3
3i 2
6i

1  3i
2  6i
1 2 0
The zero of x  2 is x 
2.
The zeros of f are x 
2,
1 ± 3i.

56. f
x  x 2
x  56 57. h
x  x2
4x  1

By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of f
x are By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of h
x are
1 ± 1
224 1 ± 223i 4 ± 16
4
x  . x  2 ± 3.
2 2 2
h
x  x

2  3  x

2
3 
 1
223i
x
1  2 223i

f
x  x


x
2
3 
x
2  3 
2

58. g
x  x 2  10x  23 59. f
x  x4
81

By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of f
x are 
x2
9
x2  9

10 ± 100
92
10 ± 8 
x  3
x
3
x  3i
x
3i
x  
5 ± 2.
2 2 The zeros of f
x are x  ± 3 and x  ± 3i.


g
x  x  5  2 x  5
2


60. f
y  y 4
625 61. f
z  z2
2z  2


y2  25
y2
25 By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of f
z are
Zeros: y  ± 5, ± 5i 2 ± 4
8
z  1 ± i.
f
y 
y  5
y
5
y  5i
y
5i 2
f
z  z

1  iz

1
i

z
1
i
z
1  i

62. h
x  x 3
3x 2  4x
2 63. g
x  x3
6x2  13x
10

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2 Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 5, ± 10
1 1
3 4
2 2 1
6 13
10
1
2 2 2
8 10
1
4 5 0
1
2 2 0
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x2
2x  2 By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x2
4x  5 are

2 ± 4
8 4 ± 16
20
are x   1 ± i. x  2 ± i.
2 2
Zeros: x  1, 1 ± i The zeros of g
x are x  2 and x  2 ± i.
h
x 
x
1
x
1
i
x
1  i g
x 
x
2x

2  ix

2
i

x
2
x
2
i
x
2  i
196 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

64. f
x  x 3
2x 2
11x  52

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 13, ± 26

4 1
2
11 52

4 24
52
1
6 13 0

6 ± 36
52
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x2
6x  13 are x   3 ± 2i.
2
Zeros: x 
4, 3 ± 2i
f
x 
x  4
x
3
2i
x
3  2i

65. h
x  x3
x  6 66. h
x  x 3  9x2  27x  35

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6 Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 5, ± 7, ± 35

2 1 0
1 6
5 1 9 27 35

2 4
6
5
20
35
1
2 3 0
1 4 7 0
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x2
2x  3 are By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x2  4x  7
2 ± 4
12
4 ± 16
28
x  1 ± 2 i. are x  
2 ± 3i.
2 2
The zeros of h
x are x 
2 and x  1 ± 2 i. Zeros:
5,
2 ± 3i
h
x  x


2x

1  2 i x

1
2 i  h
x 
x  5
x  2  3i
x  2
3i

x  2
x
1
2 i
x
1  2 i

67. f
x  5x3
9x2  28x  6 68. g
x  3x 3
4x 2  8x  8

Possible rational zeros: Possible rational zeros:
1 2 3 6 1 2 4 8
± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6, ± 5 , ± 5 , ± 5 , ± 5 ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 8, ± 3 , ± 3 , ± 3 , ± 3

15 5
9 28 6
23 3
4 8 8

1 2
6
2 4
8
5
10 30 0 3
6 12 0
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of
5x2
10x  30  5
x2
2x  6 are 3x2
6x  12  3
x2
2x  4 are
2 ± 4
24 2 ± 4
16
x  1 ± 5 i. x  1 ± 3i.
2 2

The zeros of f
x are x 
15 and x  1 ± 5 i. Zeros: x 
23, 1 ± 3i

f
x  x


15 
5x

1  5 i x

1
5 i  g
x 
3x  2
x
1  3i
x
1
3 i


5x  1
x
1
5 i
x
1  5 i

 Section 2.5 Zeros of Polynomial Functions 197

69. g
x  x4
4x3  8x2
16x  16 70. h
x  x 4  6x 3  10x 2  6x  9

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 8, ± 16 Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 3, ± 9
2 1
4 8
16 16
3 1 6 10 6 9
2
4 8
16
3
9
3
9
1
2 4
8 0
1 3 1 3 0
2 1
2 4
8

3 1 3 1 3
2 0 8
1 0 4 0
3 0
3

g
x 
x
2
x
2
x 2  4 
x
22
x  2i
x
2i 1 0 1 0

The zeros of g
x are 2 and ± 2i. The zeros of x2  1 are x  ± i.

Zeros: x 
3, ± i
h
x 
x  3 2
x  i
x
i

71. f
x  x 4  10x 2  9 72. f
x  x 4  29x 2  100


x 2  1
x2  9 
x 2  25
x 2  4

x  i
x
i
x  3i
x
3i Zeros: x  ± 2i, ± 5i
The zeros of f
x are x  ± i and x  ± 3i. f
x 
x  2i
x
2i
x  5i
x
5i

73. f
x  x3  24x2  214x  740 74. f
s  2s 3
5s 2  12s
5

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 5, ± 10, ± 20, ± 37, Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 5, ± 12, ± 52
± 74, ± 148, ± 185, ± 370, ± 740
10

2000

−10 10

−20 10
−10

−1000
Based on the graph, try s  12 .
Based on the graph, try x 
10. 1
2
5 12
5
2

10 1 24 214 740 1
2 5

10
140
740 2
4 10 0
1 14 74 0
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of 2
s 2
2s  5 are
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x2  14x  74 are
2 ± 4
20

14 ± 196
296 s  1 ± 2i.
x 
7 ± 5i. 2
2
The zeros of f
s are s  2 and s  1 ± 2i.
1
The zeros of f
x are x 
10 and x 
7 ± 5i.
198 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

75. f
x  16x3
20x2
4x  15 76. f
x  9x 3
15x 2  11x
5

Possible rational zeros: Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 5, ± 13, ± 53, ± 19, ± 59

1 3 5 15 1 3
± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ± 15, ± 2 , ± 2 , ± 2 , ± 2 , ± 4 , ± 4 , 5
5 15 1 3 5 15 1 3 5 15
± 4 , ± 4 , ± 8 , ± 8 , ± 8 , ± 8 , ± 16 , ± 16 , ± 16 , ± 16

20 −5 5

−5

−3
Based on the graph, try x  1.
3

−5
1 9
15 11
5
Based on the graph, try x 
34. 9
6 5
9
6 5 0

34 16
20
4 15

12 24
15 By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of 9x 2
6x  5 are
16
32 20 0
6 ± 36
180 1 2
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x  ± i.
18 3 3
16x2
32x  20  4
4x2
8x  5 are The zeros of f
x are x  1 and x  3 ± 3i.
1 2

8 ± 64
80 1
x  1 ± i.
8 2
The zeros of f
x are x 
34 and x  1 ± 12i.

77. f
x  2x4  5x3  4x2  5x  2 Based on the graph, try x 
2 and x 
12.
1
Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 2
2 2 5 4 5 2

4
2
4
2
20
2 1 2 1 0

12 2 1 2 1

1 0
1
−4 4
2 0 2 0
−5
The zeros of 2x2  2  2
x2  1 are x  ± i.
The zeros of f
x are x 
2, x 
2, and x  ± i.
1

78. g
x  x 5
8x 4  28x 3
56x 2  64x
32 2 1
8 28
56 64
32

2
12 32
48 32
Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 8, ± 16, ± 32
10
1
6 16
24 16 0
2 1
6 16
24 16
−10 10 2
8 16
16
1
4 8
8 0
−10
2 1
4 8
8
Based on the graph, try x  2. 2
4 8
1
2 4 0

By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x2
2x  4 are

2 ± 4
16
x  1 ± 3i.
2
The zeros of g
x are x  2 and x  1 ± 3 i.
 Section 2.5 Zeros of Polynomial Functions 199

79. g
x  5x5  10x  5x
x4  2 80. h
x  4x 2
8x  3

Let f
x  x4  2. Sign variations: 2, positive zeros: 2 or 0
Sign variations: 0, positive zeros: 0 h

x  4x 2  8x  3
f

x  x4  2 Sign variations: 0, negative zeros: 0
Sign variations: 0, negative zeros: 0

81. h
x  3x4  2x2  1 82. h
x  2x 4
3x  2

Sign variations: 0, positive zeros: 0 Sign variations: 2, positive zeros: 2 or 0
h

x  3x4  2x2  1 h

x  2x 4  3x  2
Sign variations: 0, negative zeros: 0 Sign variations: 0, negative zeros: 0

83. g
x  2x3
3x2
3 84. f
x  4x 3
3x 2  2x
1

Sign variations: 1, positive zeros: 1 Sign variations: 3, positive zeros: 3 or 1
g

x 
2x3
3x2
3 f

x 
4x 3
3x 2
2x
1

Sign variations: 0, negative zeros: 0 Sign variations: 0, negative zeros: 0

85. f
x 
5x3  x2
x  5 86. f
x  3x 3  2x 2  x  3

Sign variations: 3, positive zeros: 3 or 1 Sign variations: 0, positive zeros: 0
f

x  5x3  x2 x5 f

x 
3x 3  2x 2
x  3
Sign variations: 0, negative zeros: 0 Sign variations: 3, negative zeros: 3 or 1

87. f
x  x4
4x3  15 88. f
x  2x 3
3x 2
12x  8

(a) 4 1
4 0 0 15 (a) 4 2
3
12 8
4 0 0 0 8 20 32
1 0 0 0 15 2 5 8 40
4 is an upper bound. 4 is an upper bound.
(b)
1 1
4 0 0 15 (b)
3 2
3
12 8

1 5
5 5
6 27
45
1
5 5
5 20 2
9 15
37

1 is a lower bound.
3 is a lower bound.

89. f
x  x 4
4x 3  16x
16 90. f
x  2x 4
8x  3

(a) 5 1
4 0 16
16 (a) 3 2 0 0
8 3
5 5 25 205 6 18 54 138
1 1 5 41 189 2 6 18 46 141
5 is an upper bound. 3 is an upper bound.
(b)
3 1
4 0 16
16 (b)
4 2 0 0
8 3

3 21
63 141
8 32
128 544
1
7 21
47 125 2
8 32
136 547

3 is a lower bound.
3 is a lower bound.
200 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

91. f
x  4x3
3x
1 92. f
z  12z 3
4z 2
27z  9

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 12, ± 14 1 3 9
Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 3, ± 9, ± 2, ± 2, ± 2, ± 3,
1
1 3 9 1 1
± 4 , ± 4 , ± 4 , ± 6 , ± 12
1 4 0
3
1
3
4 4 1 2 12
4
27 9
4 4 1 0 18 21
9
4x3
3x
1 
x
1
4x2  4x  1 12 14
6 0


x
1
2x  12 f
z  2
z
32 
6z 2  7z
3

Thus, the zeros are 1 and
12. 
2z
3
3z
1
2z  3
3 1 3
Real zeros:
2, 3, 2

93. f
y  4y3  3y2  8y  6 94. g
x  3x3
2x 2  15x
10

1 3 1 3
Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6, ± 2, ± 2, ± 4, ±4 Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 5, ± 10, ± 13, ± 23,± 53, ± 10
3

34 4 3 8 6 2
3 3
2 15
10

3 0
6 2 0 10
4 0 8 0
3 0 15 0
4y3  3y2  8y  6 
y  34 
4y2  8 g
x 
x
23 
3x 2  15 
3x
2
x2  5

y  34 4
y2  2 Thus, the only real zero is 3.
2


4y  3
y2  2
3
Thus, the only real zero is
4.

95. P
x  x4
25
4x  9
2
96. f
x  2
2x 3
3x 2
23x  12
1

 14
4x4
25x2  36

1 3
Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, ± 12, ± 2, ± 2
 14
4x2
9
x2
4 4 2
3
23 12
8 20
12
4
2x  3
2x
3
x  2
x
2
1

2 5
3 0
The rational zeros are ± 32 and ± 2.
f
x  2
x
1

4
2x  5x
3  12
x
4
2x
1
x  3
2

The rational zeros are
3, 12, and 4.

97. f
x  x3
4x2
x  4

1 1
98. f
z  16
6z 3  11z 2
3z
2
 14
4x3
x2
4x  1 Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 12, ± 13, ± 23, ± 16
 14x2
4x
1
1
4x
1
2 6 11
3
2
 14
4x
1
x2
1
12 2 2

 14
4x
1
x  1
x
1 6
1
1 0

f
x  16
x  2
6x 2
x
1
The rational zeros are 14 and ± 1.
 16
x  2
3x  1
2x
1
1 1
Rational zeros:
2,
3, 2
 Section 2.5 Zeros of Polynomial Functions 201

99. f
x  x3
1 
x
1
x2  x  1 100. f
x  x 3
2

Rational zeros: 1
x  1 
x
 

3 2 x2  
3 2x  
3 4

Irrational zeros: 0 Rational zeros: 0
Matches (d).
Irrational zeros: 1
x  
3 2

Matches (a).

101. f
x  x3
x  x
x  1
x
1 102. f
x  x 3
2x

Rational zeros: 3
x  0, ± 1  x
x 2
2
Irrational zeros: 0  x
x  2 
x
2 
Matches (b).
Rational zeros: 1
x  0
Irrational zeros: 2
x  ± 2 
Matches (c).

103. (a) 15 (b) V  l  w  h 
15
2x
9
2xx

9
x  x
9
2x
15
2x
9− − 2x
x 2x 15 Since length, width, and height must be positive,
x 9
we have 0 < x < 2 for the domain.
(c) V
(d) 56  x
9
2x
15
2x
125

56  135x
48x2  4x3

Volume of box

100

75
50  4x3
48x2  135x
56
50
1 7
25 The zeros of this polynomial are 2, 2, and 8.
x x cannot equal 8 since it is not in the domain of V.
1 2 3 4 5
Length of sides of [The length cannot equal
1 and the width cannot
squares removed equal
7. The product of
8

1

7  56 so it
The volume is maximum when x  1.82. showed up as an extraneous solution.]

The dimensions are: length  15
2
1.82  11.36 Thus, the volume is 56 cubic centimeters when
x  12 centimeter or x  72 centimeters.
width  9
2
1.82  5.36
height  x  1.82
1.82 cm  5.36 cm  11.36 cm

104. (a) Combined length and width: (c) 13,500  4x 2
30
x

4x  y  120 ⇒ y  120
4x 4x 3
120x 2  13,500  0
Volume  l  w  h  x 2y x 3
30x 2  3375  0
 x 2
120
4x 15 1
30 0 3375
 4x 2
30
x 15
225
3375
1
15
225 0
(b) 18,000

x
15
x2
15x
225  0
15 ± 155
Using the Quadratic Formula, x  15, .
2
0 30
0 15
155
The value of is not possible because
Dimensions with maximum volume: 2
it is negative.
20 in.  20 in.  40 in.
202 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

105. P 
76x3  4830x2
320,000, 0 ≤ x ≤ 60

2,500,000 
76x3  4830x2
320,000
76x3
4830x2  2,820,000  0
The zeros of this equation are x  46.1, x  38.4, and x 
21.0. Since 0 ≤ x ≤ 60, we
disregard x 
21.0. The smaller remaining solution is x  38.4. The advertising expense is $384,000.

106. P 
45x 3  2500x 2
275,000 107. (a) Current bin: V  2  3  4  24 cubic feet
800,000 
45x 3  2500x 2
275,000 New bin: V  5
24  120 cubic feet
0  45x 3
2500x 2  1,075,000 V 
2  x
3  x
4  x  120
0  9x
3 500x 2  215,000 (b) x3  9x  26x  24  120
2

The zeros of this equation are x 
18.0, x  31.5, and
x  42.0. Because 0 ≤ x ≤ 50, disregard x 
18.02.
The smaller remaining solution is x  31.5, or an
advertising expense of $315,000.
x3  9x2  26x
96  0
The only real zero of this polynomial is x  2. All the
dimensions should be increased by 2 feet, so the new
bin will have dimensions of 4 feet by 5 feet by 6 feet.

108. (a) A 
250  x
160  x 
1.5
160
250 (c) A 
250  2x
160  x  60,000

 60,000 2x2  570x
20,000  0
(b) 60,000  x2  410x  40,000
570 ± 5702

4
2

20,000
x
2
2
0  x2  410x
20,000
x must be positive, so

410 ± 4102

4
1

20,000
x
2
1
570  484,900
x  31.6.
4

410 ± 248,100

2 The new length is 250  2
31.6  313.2 ft and the new
width is 160 
31.6  191.6 ft, so the new dimensions
x must be positive, so
are 191.6 ft  313.2 ft.

410  248,100
x
2
 44.05.
The new length is 250  44.05  294.05 ft and the
new width is 160  44.05  204.05 ft, so the new
dimensions are 204.05 ft  294.05 ft.

110. h(t 
16t2  48t  6

x 
200 x
109. C  100  ,x ≥ 1
2 x  30
Let h  64 and solve for t.
C is minimum when 3x3
40x2
2400x
36000  0.
64 
16t2  48t  6
The only real zero is x  40 or 4000 units.
16t2
48t  58  0
48 ± i1408
By the Quadratic Formula we have t  .
32
Since the equation yields only imaginary zeros, it is not
possible for the ball to have reached a height of 64 feet.
 Section 2.5 Zeros of Polynomial Functions 203

111. P  R
C  xp
C 112. (a) A  0.0167t3
0.508t2  5.60t
13.4

 x
140
0.0001x

80x  150,000 (b) 12 The model is a good fit to
the actual data.

0.0001x 2  60x
150,000
9,000,000 
0.0001x2  60x
150,000
7 13
Thus, 0  0.0001x 2
60x  9,150,000. 0

60 ± 
60
x  300,000 ± 10,00015i (c) A  8.5 when t  10 which corresponds to the
0.0002 year 2000.
Since the solutions are both complex, it is not possible (d) A  9 when t  11 which corresponds to the
to determine a price p that would yield a profit of year 2001.
9 million dollars.
(e) Yes. The degree of A is odd and the leading
coefficient is positive, so as x increases, A will increase.
This implies that attendance will continue to grow.

113. False. The most nonreal complex zeros it can have is 114. False. f does not have real coefficients.
two and the Linear Factorization Theorem guarantees
that there are 3 linear factors, so one zero must be real.

115. g
x 
f
x. This function would have the same zeros 116. g
x  3 f
x. This function has the same zeros as f
as f
x so r1, r2, and r3 are also zeros of g
x. because it is a vertical stretch of f. The zeros of g are
r1, r2, and r3.

117. g
x  f
x
5. The graph of g
x is a horizontal shift 118. g
x  f
2x. Note that x is a zero of g if and only if 2x
r1 r2 r3
of the graph of f
x five units to the right so the zeros is a zero of f. The zeros of g are , , and .
of g
x are 5  r1, 5  r2, and 5  r3. 2 2 2

119. g
x  3  f
x. Since g
x is a vertical shift of the graph 120. g
x  f

x. Note that x is a zero of g if and only if
of f
x, the zeros of g
x cannot be determined.
x is a zero of f. The zeros of g are
r1,
r2, and
r3.

121. f
x  x4
4x2  k

4 ± 

42
4
1
k 4 ± 24
k
x2    2 ± 4
k
2
1 2
x  ± 2 ± 4
k
(a) For there to be four distinct real roots, both 4
k and 2 ± 4
k must be positive. This occurs
when 0 < k < 4. Thus, some possible k-values are k  1, k  2, k  3, k  12, k  2, etc.
(b) For there to be two real roots, each of multiplicity 2, 4
k must equal zero. Thus, k  4.

(c) For there to be two real zeros and two complex zeros, 2  4
k must be positive and 2
4
k
must be negative. This occurs when k < 0. Thus, some possible k-values are k 
1, k 
2, k 
12, etc.
(d) For there to be four complex zeros, 2 ± 4
k must be nonreal. This occurs when k > 4. Some possible
k-values are k  5, k  6, k  7.4, etc.

122. (a) g
x  f
x
2 (b) g
x  f
2x

No. This function is a horizontal shift of f
x. No. Since x is a zero of g if and only if 2x is a zero of f,
Note that x is a zero of g if and only if x
2 is a the number of real and complex zeros of g is the same as
zero of f; the number of real and complex zeros is the number of real and complex zeros of f.
not affected by a horizontal shift.
204 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1
123. Zeros:
2, 2, 3 124. y

50
f
x 

x  2
2x
1
x
3
(− 1, 0)

2x3  3x2  11x
6
y
10
(1, 0) (4, 0)
x
(3, 0) 4 5
8

4
( ( 1
2
,0
(−2, 0) (3, 0)
x
−8 −4 4 8 12

Any nonzero scalar multiple of f would have the same

three zeros. Let g
x  af
x, a > 0. There are infinitely
many possible functions for f.

125. Answers will vary. Some of the factoring techniques are: 126. (a) Zeros of f
x:
2, 1, 4
1. Factor out the greatest common factor. (b) The graph touches the x-axis at x  1
2. Use special product formulas. (c) The least possible degree of the function is 4 because
a2
b2 
a  b
a
b there are at least 4 real zeros (1 is repeated) and a
function can have at most the number of real zeros
a2  2ab  b2 
a  b2 equal to the degree of the function. The degree
a2
2ab  b2 
a
b2 cannot be odd by the definition of multiplicity.

a3  b3 
a  b
a2
ab  b2 (d) The leading coefficient of f is positive. From the

information in the table, you can conclude that the
a3
b3 
a
b
a2  ab  b2 graph will eventually rise to the left and to the right.
3. Factor by grouping, if possible. (e) Answers may vary. One possibility is:
4. Factor general trinomials with binomial factors f
x 
x
12
x


2
x
4
by “guess-and-test” or by the grouping method.

x
12
x  2
x
4
5. Use the Rational Zero Test together with synthetic
division to factor a polynomial. 
x2
2x  1
x2
2x
8
6. Use Descartes’s Rule of Signs to determine the  x 4
4x3
3x2  14x
8
number of real zeros. Then find any zeros and y
use them to factor the polynomial. (f) (−2, 0)
2 (1, 0) (4, 0)
7. Find any upper and lower bounds for the real zeros x
−3 −1 2 3 5
to eliminate some of the possible rational zeros. −4
Then test the remaining candidates by synthetic −6
−8
division and use any zeros to factor the polynomial. − 10

127. (a) f
x 
x
b i
x  b i  x2  b
(b) f
x  x

a  bi x

a
bi
 
x
a
bi 
x
a  bi

x
a2

bi2
 x2
2ax  a2  b2
128. (a) f
x cannot have this graph since it also has a zero at
x  0.
(b) g
x cannot have this graph since it is a quadratic
function. Its graph is a parabola.
(c) h
x is the correct function. It has two real zeros,
x  2 and x  3.5, and it has a degree of four,
needed to yield three turning points.
(d) k
x cannot have this graph since it also has a zero at
x 
1. In addition, since it is only of degree three,
it would have at most two turning points.
 Section 2.6 Rational Functions 205

129.
3  6i 
8  3i
3  6i  8  3i
11  9i 130.
12  5i  16i
12  11i

131.
6  2i
1  7i
6  42i  2i  14i2
20  40i 132.
9  5i
9  5i
81  25i 2
81  25
106

133. g
x
f
x  2 134. g
x
f
x  2 135. g
x
2f
x

y y y
(6, 4)
4 3 10
(4, 2) (4, 8)
3 2 8
(2, 2)
2 6
(4, 2) (0, 0) (2, 0)
1 x (0, 4)
−2 − 1 1 2 3 4 (2, 4)
x
(0, 0) 2 3 4 5 6
−1 −2 x
(−2, − 2) (− 2, 0) 2 4 6 8
−2 −3 −2

Horizontal shift two units Vertical shift two units downward Vertical stretch (each y-value is
to the right multiplied by 2)

136. g
x
f
x 137. g
x
f
2x 138. g
x
f
2 x

1

y y y
(−4, 4) (2, 4)
4 10
4
3 8
(0, 2) 3
6
(−2, 2) (8, 4)
1 4
(2, 0) (0, 2)
(1, 2) (0, 2) (4, 2)
x
− 4 − 3 − 2 −1 1 2
−1 x
(−1, 0) (− 4, 0) 2 4 6 8
−2 −2
x
−2 −1 1 2

Horizontal stretch
each x-value

Horizontal shrink
each x-value is
Reflection in the y-axis
is multiplied by 2
multiplied by 12 

Section 2.6 Rational Functions

■ You should know the following basic facts about rational functions.
(a) A function of the form f
x
N
xD
x, D
x  0, where N
x and D
x are polynomials, is called
a rational function.
(b) The domain of a rational function is the set of all real numbers except those which make the denominator zero.
(c) If f
x
N
xD
x is in reduced form, and a is a value such that D
a
0, then the line x
a is a
vertical asymptote of the graph of f. f
x →  or f
x →  as x→a.
(d) The line y
b is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of f if f
x → b as x →  or x →  .
N
x a xn  an1xn1  . . .  a1x  a0
(e) Let f
x

nm where N
x and D
x have no common factors.
D
x b x  b xm1  . . .  b x  b
m m1 1 0

1. If n < m, then the x-axis
y
0 is a horizontal asymptote.

an
2. If n
m, then y
is a horizontal asymptote.
bm
3. If n > m, then there are no horizontal asymptotes.

Vocabulary Check
1. rational functions 2. vertical asymptote 3. horizontal asymptote 4. slant asymptote
206 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1
1. f
x

x1
(a) (b) The zero of the denominator is x
1, so x
1 is a
x f
x x f
x x f
x
vertical asymptote. The degree of the numerator is less
0.5 2 1.5 2 5 0.25 than the degree of the denominator so the x-axis, or
y
0, is a horizontal asymptote.
0.9 10 1.1 10 10 0.1
(c) The domain is all real numbers except x
1.
0.99 100 1.01 100 100 0.01
0.999 1000 1.001 1000 1000 0.001

5x
2. f
x

x1
(a) (b) The zero of the denominator is x
1, so x
1 is a
x f
x x f
x x f
x
vertical asymptote. The degree of the numerator is equal
0.5 5 1.5 15 5 6.25 to the degree of the denominator, so the line y
51
5
is a horizontal asymptote.
0.9 45 1.1 55 10 5.55
(c) The domain is all real numbers except x
1.
0.99 495 1.01 505 100 5.05

0.999 4995 1.001 5005 1000 5.005

3x2
3. f
x

x2 1
(a) (b) The zeros of the denominator are x
± 1 so both
x f
x x f
x x f
x
x
1 and x
1 are vertical asymptotes. Since
0.5 1 1.5 5.4 5 3.125 the degree of the numerator equals the degree
of the denominator, y
31
3 is a horizontal
0.9  12.79 1.1 17.29 10 3.03 asymptote.
0.99  147.8 1.01 152.3 100 3.0003 (c) The domain is all real numbers except x
± 1.
0.999  1498 1.001 1502 1000 3

4x
4. f
x

x2  1
(a) (b) The zeros of the denominator are x
± 1 so both
x f
x x f
x x f
x
x
1 and x
1 are vertical asymptotes.
0.5 2.66 1.5 4.8 5 0.833 Because the degree of the numerator is less than
the degree of the denominator, the x-axis or y
0
0.9 18.95 1.1 20.95 10 0.40 is a horizontal asymptote.
0.99 199 1.01 201 100 0.04 (c) The domain is all real numbers except x
± 1.
0.999 1999 1.001 2001 1000 0.004

1 4
5. f
x
6. f
x

x2
x  23
Domain: all real numbers except x
0 Domain: all real numbers except x
2
Vertical asymptote: x
0 Vertical asymptote: x
2
Horizontal asymptote: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: y
0
Degree of N
x < degree of D
x Degree of N
x < degree of D
x
 Section 2.6 Rational Functions 207

2x x2 1  5x 5x  1

7. f
x

8. f
x


2  x x  2 1  2x 2x  1
Domain: all real numbers except x
2 1
Domain: all real numbers except x

2
Vertical asymptote: x
2
1
Horizontal asymptote: y
1 Vertical asymptote: x

2
Degree of N
x
degree of D
x
5
Horizontal asymptote: y

2
Degree of N
x
degree of D
x

x3 2x2
9. f
x
10. f
x

x2  1 x1
Domain: all real numbers except x
± 1 Domain: all real numbers except x
1
Vertical asymptotes: x
± 1 Vertical asymptote: x
1
Horizontal asymptote: None Horizontal asymptote: None
Degree of N
x > degree of D
x Degree of N
x > degree of D
x

3x2  1 3x2  x  5
11. f
x
12. f
x

x2x9 x2  1
Domain: All real numbers. The denominator has no real Domain: All real numbers. The denominator has
zeros. [Try the Quadratic Formula on the no real zeros. [Try the Quadratic Formula
denominator.] on the denominator.]
Vertical asymptote: None Vertical asymptote: None
Horizontal asymptote: y
3 Horizontal asymptote: y
3
Degree of N
x
degree of D
x Degree of N
x
degree of D
x

2 1 x1
13. f
x
14. f
x
15. f
x

x3 x5 x4
Vertical asymptote: y
3 Vertical asymptote: x
5 Vertical asymptote: x
4
Horizontal asymptote: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: y
1
Matches graph (d). Matches graph (a). Matches graph (c).

x2 x2  1
x  1
x  1 5
16. f
x
 17. g
x

18. h
x
2 
x4 x1 x1 x2  2
Vertical asymptote: x
4 The only zero of g
x is x
1. 5
0
2
x2  2
Horizontal asymptote: y
1 x
1 makes g
x undefined.
5
Matches graph (b). 2

x2  2
2
x2  2
5
5
x2
  2
2
No real solution, h
x has no real
zeros.
208 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

19. f
x
1 
3 x3  8
x3 20. g
x

x2  1

1
3

0 x3  8
x3
0
x2  1

1

3 x3  8
0
x3
x3
8
x3
3
x
2
x
6 is a zero of f
x.
x
2 is a real zero of g
x.

x4 1 x3 x3 1

21. f
x

, x4 22. f
x


, x  3
x2  16 x4 x2  9
x  3
x  3 x  3
Domain: all real numbers x except x
± 4 Domain: all real numbers x except x
± 3
Horizontal asymptote: y
0 The degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the
denominator, so the graph has the line y
0 as a
Degree of N
x < degree of D
x horizontal asymptote.
Vertical asymptote: x
4
Since x  4 is a common Vertical asymptote: x
3
Since x  3 is a common
factor of N
x and D
x, x
4 is not a vertical asymptote factor of N
x and D
x, x
3 is not a vertical asymp-
of f
x. tote of f
x.

x2  1
x  1
x  1 x  1 x2  4
23. f
x


, x  1 24. f
x

x2  2x  3
x  1
x  3 x  3 x2  3x  2
Domain: all real numbers x except x
1 and x
3
x  2
x  2 x  2


, x2

x  2
x  1 x  1
Horizontal asymptote: y
1
Domain: all real numbers x except x
1 and x
2
Degree of N
x
degree of D
x
Horizontal asymptote: y
1
Vertical asymptote: x
3

Since x  1 is a common factor of N
x and D
x, x
1 Degree of N
x
degree of D
x
is not a vertical asymptote of f
x.
Vertical asymptote: x
1
Since x  2 is a common
factor of N
x and D
x, x
2 is not a vertical asymptote
of f
x.

x2  3x  4 6x2  11x  3
25. f
x
26. f
x

2x2  x  1 6x2  7x  3

x  1
x  4 x4
2x  3
3x  1 3x  1 3


, x  1

, x

2x  1
x  1 2x  1
2x  3
3x  1 3x  1 2
1 3 1
Domain: all real numbers x except x
and x
1 Domain: all real numbers x except x
or x

2 2 3
1 Horizontal asymptote: y
1
Horizontal asymptote: y

2
Degree of N
x
degree of D
x
Degree of N
x
degree of D
x
Vertical asymptote: x
 13
Since 2x  3 is a common
Vertical asymptote: x
12
Since x  1 is a common factor of N
x and D
x, x
32 is not a vertical asymptote
factor of N
x and D
x, x
1 is not a vertical asymp- of f
x.
tote of f
x.
 Section 2.6 Rational Functions 209

1 1
27. f
x
28. f
x

x2 x3
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
2 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
3

(b) y-intercept: 0, 12 (b) y-intercept: 0,  3

1

(c) Vertical asymptote: x
2 (c) Vertical asymptote: x
3

Horizontal asymptote: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: y
0
(d) (d)
x 4 3 1 0 1 x 0 1 2 4 5 6
 13  12
1 1
y  12 1 1
1
2
1
3 y 1 1 2 3

y y

2 3

2
1 (0, 12 ( 1
x x
−3 −1 2 4 5 6
−1 −1

−2 (0, − 13(
−2
−3

1 1 1
29. h
x
30. g
x


x2 3x x3
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
2 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
3

0,  2 0, 3
1 1
(b) y-intercept: (b) y-intercept:

(c) Vertical asymptote: x
2 (c) Vertical asymptote: x
3

Horizontal asymptote: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: y
0
(d) (d)
x 4 3 1 0 x 0 1 2 4 5 6
1 1
y 2 1 1 2 y
1
3
1
2 1 1  12 3
1

y y

2 3

2
1 (0, 13(
( 0, − 1
2 ( x
1

x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 4
−1
−1
−2
−2 −3

1 1
Note: This is the graph of f
x
Note: This is the graph of f
x

x2 x3
(Exercise 27) reflected about the x-axis. (Exercise 28) reflected about the x-axis.
210 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

5  2x 2x  5 1  3x 3x  1
31. C
x

32. P
x


1x x1 1x x1
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
1 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
1

 2, 0  3, 0
5 1
(b) x-intercept: (b) x-intercept:

y-intercept:
0, 5 y-intercept:
0, 1

(c) Vertical asymptote: x
1 (c) Vertical asymptote: x
1
Horizontal asymptote: y
2 Horizontal asymptote: y
3
(d) (d)
x 4 3 2 0 1 2 x 1 0 2 3

C
x 1 7 y 2 1 5 4
1 2 1 5 2 3

y y

5
6
(0, 5) 4

(− 52 , 0(
x
−6 −4 2 4 (0, 1)
( 13 , 0)
x
−2 −1 2 3 4

x2 1  2t 2t  1
33. f
x
34. f
t


x2 9 t t
(a) Domain: all real numbers x (a) Domain: all real numbers t except t
0
(b) Intercept:
0, 0
 2, 0
1
(b) t-intercept:
(c) Horizontal asymptote: y
1
(d) (c) Vertical asymptote: t
0
x ±1 ±2 ±3 Horizontal asymptote: y
2
1 4 1 (d)
y 10 13 2 1
t 2 1 2 1 2
y 5 3
y 2 3 0 1 2
3
y

2 ( 12 , 0)
t
−2 −1 1 2

−1
(0, 0)
x
−2 −1 1 2

−1
−3
 Section 2.6 Rational Functions 211

s 1
35. g
s
36. f
x

s2  1
x  22
(a) Domain: all real numbers s (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
2
(b) Intercept:
0, 0
0,  4
1
(b) y-intercept:
(c) Horizontal asymptote: y
0
(d) (c) Vertical asymptote: x
2
s 2 1 0 1 2 Horizontal asymptote: y
0
g
s  25  12
1 2
0 2 5 (d)
1 3 5 7
y x 0 2 1 2 2 3 2 4
2 y  14  49 1 4 4 1  49  14
1 y
(0, 0)
s
(0, − 14 (
x
1 2
1 3
−1
−1

−2
−2

−3

−4

x2  5x  4
x  1
x  4 x2  2x  8
x  4
x  2
37. h
x

38. g
x


x2  4
x  2
x  2 x2  9
x  3
x  3
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
± 2 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
± 3
(b) x-intercepts:
1, 0,
4, 0
y-intercept:
0, 1
(b) y-intercept: 0, 89
x-intercepts:
4, 0,
2, 0
(c) Vertical asymptotes: x
2, x
2
Horizontal asymptote: y
1 (c) Vertical asymptotes: x
± 3
Horizontal asymptote: y
1
(d)
x 4 3 1 0 1 3 4
(d)
10 28 x 5 4 2 0 2 4 5
 10 2
y 3 5 3 1 0 5 0
27 16 8 8 7
y 16 7 0 9 5 0 16
y

y
6 (0, 0.88)
4 6

2 4
(1, 0)
x 2 (4, 0)
−6 −4 (4, 0) 6
x
−6 −4 2 4 6
(−2, 0) −2

−4

−6
212 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

2x2  5x  3
2x  1
x  3 x2  x  2
x  1
x  2

39. f
x

40. f
x


x3  2x2  x  2
x  2
x  1
x  1 x3  2x2  5x  6
x  1
x  2
x  3
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
2, x
± 1 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
1, x
2,
or x
3
(b) x-intercepts:  21, 0,
3, 0 (b) x-intercepts:
1, 0,
2, 0
y-intercept: 0,    
3 1
y-intercept: 0, 
2 3
(c) Vertical asymptotes: x
2, x
1 and x
1 (c) Vertical asymptotes: x
2, x
1, x
3
Horizontal asymptotes: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: y
0
(d) (d)
x 3 2 0 1.5 3 4 x 4 3 1 0 2 4
9 5
 13 5
f
x  43  45  23 48 3
5 0 10 y  35  12 0 0 9

y y

4
9 3
(2, 0)
(− 12 , 0( 6
3 (−1, 0)
2
1
(3, 0) x
x
−4 −3 3 4 2 4 5

( 0, − 1
3 ( −2
(0, − 32( −3
−4
−5

x2  3x x
x  3 x 5
x  4 5
x  4 5

41. f
x


, x  3 42. f
x


, x  4
x2x6
x  3
x  2 x  2 x2  x  12
x  4
x  3 x  3
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
3 and x
2 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
4 or x
3
(b) Intercept:
0, 0
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
2
(b) y-intercept: 0,  35
x-intercept: none
Horizontal asymptote: y
1
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
3
(d)
x 1 0 1 3 4 Horizontal asymptote: y
0
1
y 3 0 1 3 2 (d)
x 2 0 2 5 7

 53 5 5
y y 1 5 2 4
6
y
4

2 6

x 4
−6 −4 −2 4 6
(0, 0) 2

−4 x
2 4 6 8
−6 (0, −1.66)
−4

−6
 Section 2.6 Rational Functions 213

2x2  5x  2 3x2  8x  4
43. f
x
44. f
x

2x2  x  6 2x2  3x  2

2x  1
x  2 2x  1
x  2
3x  2 3x  2


, x2

, x2

2x  3
x  2 2x  3
x  2
2x  1 2x  1
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
2 and 1
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
2 or x

3 2
x

2
(b) y-intercept:
0, 2
(b) x-intercept:   1
2
,0 x-intercept: 23, 0
y-intercept: 0,  
1
3 1
(c) Vertical asymptote: x

2
3 3
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
 Horizontal asymptote: y

2 2
Horizontal asymptote: y
1
(d) 2
(d) x 3 1 0 3 3
x 3 2 1 0 1 11
y 5 5 2 0 1
7
 13 1
y 3 5 3 5
y
y

4
3
2
1 1
x x
− 5 − 4 − 3 −2

)
0, −
1
)
) 12 , 0) 2 3 −4 −3 −2 −1
( 23, 0( 3 4

3
(0, −2)

t 2  1
t  1
t  1 x2  16
x  4
x  4
45. f
t


t  1, t  1 46. f
x


x  4, x  4
t1 t1 x4 x4
(a) Domain: all real numbers t except t
1 (a) Domain: all real numbers x  4
(b) t-intercept:
1, 0 (b) y-intercept:
0, 4
y-intercept:
0, 1 x-intercept:
4, 0
(c) Vertical asymptote: none (c) Vertical asymptote: none
Horizontal asymptote: none Horizontal asymptote: none
(d) (d)
t 3 2 0 1 x 6 4 0 5
y 4 3 1 0 y 2 0 4 9

y y

3 10

2 8

1 6
(1, 0)
t 4
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 (0, 4)
−1
(0, − 1) 2
(− 4, 0)
−2 x
−6 −2 2 4 6
−3 −2
214 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x2  1 x2
x  2
47. f
x
, g
x
x  1 48. f
x
, g
x
x
x1 x2  2x
(a) Domain of f : all real numbers x except x
1 (a) Domain of f : all real numbers x except 0 and 2
Domain of g: all real numbers x
Domain of g: all real numbers x
(b) Because
x  1 is a factor of both the numerator
(b) Since x2  2x is a factor of both the numerator
and the denominator of f, x
1 is not a vertical
and the denominator of f, neither x
0 nor x
2
asymptote. f has no vertical asymptotes.
is a vertical asymptote of f. Thus, f has no
(c) vertical asymptotes.
x 3 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1
(c)
f
x 4 3 2.5 Undef. 1.5 1 0 x 1 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

g
x 4 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0 f
x 1 Undef. 1 1.5 Undef. 2.5 3

g(x) 1 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

(d) 1

−4 2 (d) 2

−2 4

−3

(e) Because there are only a finite number of pixels, −2

the utility may not attempt to evaluate the function
(e) Because there are only a finite number of pixels,
where it does not exist.
the utility may not attempt to evaluate the function
where it does not exist.

x2 1 2x  6 2
49. f
x
, g
x
50. f
x
, g
x

x2  2x x x2  7x  12 x4
(a) Domain of f : all real numbers x except x
0 and (a) Domain of f : all real numbers x except 3 and 4
x
2
Domain of g: all real numbers x except 4
Domain of g: all real numbers x except x
0
(b) Since x  3 is a factor of both the numerator and the
(b) Because
x  2 is a factor of both the numerator and denominator of f, x
3 is not a vertical asymptote
the denominator of f, x
2 is not a vertical asymptote. of f. Thus, f has x
4 as its only vertical asymptote.
The only vertical asymptote of f is x
0.
(c)
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(c)
x 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3
f
x  12  23 1 Undef. Undef. 2 1
f
x 2 1
2 Undef. 2 1 Undef. 1 2
3 3
g(x) 2 3 1 2 Undef. 2 1
g
x 2 1 1
2 Undef. 2 1 3 2 3
(d) 3

(d) 2

−1 8

−3 3

−3

−2 (e) Because there are only a finite number of pixels, the

(e) Because there are only a finite number of pixels, utility may not attempt to evaluate the function where
the utility may not attempt to evaluate the function it does not exist.
where it does not exist.
 Section 2.6 Rational Functions 215

x2  4 4 x2  5 5
51. h
x

x 52. g
x

x
x x x x
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
0 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
0
(b) Intercepts:
2, 0,
2, 0 (b) No intercepts
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
0 (c) Vertical asymptote: x
0
Slant asymptote: y
x Slant asymptote: y
x
(d) (d)
x 3 1 1 3 x 3 2 1 1 2 3
 14  92 9 14
 53 5
y 3 3 3 y 3 6 6 2 3

y y

y=x 6

2 2 y=x
(− 2, 0)
x x
−6 −4 (2, 0) 6 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −2

−4 −4

−6

2x2  1 1 1  x2 1
53. f
x

2x  54. f
x

x 
x x x x
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
0 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
0
(b) No intercepts
(b) x-intercepts:
1, 0,
1, 0
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
0
Slant asymptote: y
2x (c) Vertical asymptote: x
0
Slant asymptote: y
x
(d)
x 4 2 2 4 6 (d)
x 6 4 2 2 4 6
f
x  33  92 9 33 73
4 2 4 6
f
x 35
6
15
4
3
2  32  15
4  35
6
y
y
6
y = −x
8
4
6
2 y = 2x 4
x 2
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 (− 1, 0) (1, 0)
x
− 8 − 6 −4 − 2 4 6 8

−4
−6 −6
−8

x2  1 1
55. g
x

x
x x
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
0 (d) y
x 4 2 2 4 6
6
(b) No intercepts
g
x  17  52 5 17 37
4 2 4 6 4
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
0 2 y=x
Slant asymptote: y
x x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6

−6
216 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x2 1 t2  1 26
56. h
x

x1 57. f
t

t  5 
x1 x1 t5 t5
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
1 (a) Domain: all real numbers t except t
5
(b) Intercept:
0, 0
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
1
(b) Intercept: 0,  51
Slant asymptote: y
x  1 (c) Vertical asymptote: t
5
(d) Slant asymptote: y
t  5
x 4 2 2 4 6
(d)
t 7 6 4 3 0
h
x  16  43 16 36
5 4 3 5
y 25 37 17 5  15
y

8 y

6 25
4 20
y=x+1 15
2
(0, 0) y=5−t
x
−4 2 4 6 8
5
−2 (0, − 0.2)
t
−4 − 20 − 15 − 10 − 5 10

x2 1 1 1 x3 x
58. f
x

x  59. f
x

x 2
3x  1 3 9 9
3x  1 x2 1 x 1
1 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
± 1
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x

3 (b) Intercept:
0, 0
(b) Intercept:
0, 0 (c) Vertical asymptotes: x
± 1
Slant asymptote: y
x
1
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
 (d)
3 x 4 2 0 2 4
1 1
Slant asymptote: y
x  f
x  64  83 0 8 64
3 9 15 3 15

(d) y
x 3 2 1  12 0 2
 98  45  12  12 4
y 0 7
y=x
2
y (0, 0)
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
1
2
3
y = 1x − 1 1 (0, 0)
3 9 3
x
−1 1 2 1 4
3 3 3
 Section 2.6 Rational Functions 217

x3 1 4x x2  x  1 1
60. g
x

x 2 61. f
x

x
2x2  8 2 2x  8 x1 x1
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
± 2 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
1

(b) Intercept:
0, 0 (b) y-intercept:
0, 1

(c) Vertical asymptotes: x
± 2 (c) Vertical asymptote: x
1

Slant asymptote: y
x
1
Slant asymptote: y
x
2 (d)
x 4 2 0 2 4
(d)
x 6 4 1 1 4 6 f
x  21
5  73 1 3 13
3

g
x  27  83 1
 16 8 27
8 6 3 8 y

y 8

6
8
y=x
6 4

4 2
(0, 0) (0, −1)
x
x −4 −2 2 4 6 8
− 8 −6 −4 4 6 8

y = 12 x −4

2x2  5x  5 3 2x3  x2  2x  1
62. f
x

2x  1  63. f
x

x2 x2 x2  3x  2
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
2
2x  1
x  1
x  1



x  1
x  2
0,  2
5
(b) y-intercept:
2x  1
x  1

, x  1
x2
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
2
Slant asymptote: y
2x  1 2x2  3x  1


x2
(d)
x 6 3 1 3 6 7 15

2x  7  , x  1
x2
 107  38 47 68
y 8 5 2 8 4 5
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
1 and x
2
y

15
12
(b) y-intercept: 0, 12
x-intercepts:  , 0,
1, 0
9
1
6 2
y = 2x − 1
3
x (c) Vertical asymptote: x
2
−9 −6 − 3 3 6 9 12 15 Slant asymptote: y
2x  7
(0, − 52 (
(d)
−9 x 4 3  32 0 1

 45 1
y 2 28 20 2 0

18
12 (0, 0.5)
6 (1, 0)
x
−6 − 5 − 4 −3 −1 3

− 12 (0.5, 0)
− 18 y = 2x − 7
− 24
− 30
− 36
218 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

2x3  x2  8x  4
x  2
x  2
2x  1 x2  5x  8 2

64. f
x

65. f
x

x2
x2  3x  2
x  2
x  1 x3 x3

2x  7 
9
,x2 Domain: all real numbers x except x
3
x1
0, 3
8
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
1 or x
2 y-intercept:
(b) y-intercept:
0, 2
Vertical asymptote: x
3
1
x-intercepts:
2, 0,  , 0
2   Slant asymptote: y
x  2

(c) Vertical asymptote: x
1 Line: y
x  2

Slant asymptote: y
2x  7 8

(d) 1 3
x 3 2 1 0 2 2 3 4
− 14 10

 54 1 35
y 0 2 2 10 28 2 18
−8
y

30

24

18

12
y = 2x + 7
(− 2, 0)
(− 12, 0(
x
−6 −2 2 4 6
(0, − 2)

2x2  x 1 1  3x2  x3 1 1
66. f
x

2x  1  67. g
x

2  3  x
x  3  2
x1 x1 x2 x x
Domain: all real numbers x except x
1 Domain: all real numbers x except x
0
Vertical asymptote: x
1 6 Vertical asymptote: x
0 12

Slant asymptote: y
2x  1 −12 12

Slant asymptote: y
x  3
Line: y
2x  1 Line: y
x  3 − 12 12

−10 −4

12  2x  x2 1 2 x1
68. h
x

 x1 69. y

2
4  x 2 4x x3

Domain: all real numbers x except x
4 (a) x-intercept:
1, 0

Vertical asymptote: x
4 10 x1

(b) 0

x3
1
Slant asymptote: y
 x  1
2 −16 8 0
x1

1 1
x
Line: y
 x  1 −6
2

1
70. (a) x-intercept:
0, 0 71. y
x
x
2x 1
(b) 0
(a) x-intercepts:
± 1, 0 (b) 0
x
x3 x
1
0
2x x

x
0
x x2
1
x
±1
 Section 2.6 Rational Functions 219

255p
72. (a) x-intercepts:
1, 0,
2, 0 73. C
, 0 ≤ p < 100
100  p
2
(b) 0
x  3  (a) 2,000
x
0
x2  3x  2
0

x  1
x  2
0 100
0
x
1, x
2
255
10
(b) C
10
 28.33 million dollars
100  10
255
40
C
40

170 million dollars
100  40
255
75
C
75

765 million dollars
100  75
(c) C →  as x → 100. No, it would not be possible
to remove 100% of the pollutants.

25,000p 20
5  3t

74. C
, 0 ≤ p < 100 75. N
, t ≥ 0
100  p 1  0.04t
(a) 300,000
(a) N
5  333 deer
N
10
500 deer
N
25
800 deer
0 100
0 (b) The herd is limited by the horizontal asymptote:

25,000
15 N

60

1500 deer
(b) C
 4411.76 0.04
100  15
The cost would be $4411.76.
25,000
50
C

25,000
100  50
The cost would be $25,000.
25,000
90
C

225,000
100  90
The cost would be $225,000.
(c) C →  as x → 100. No. The model is undefined for
p
100.

76. (a) 0.25
50  0.75
x
C
50  x (c) C

12.50  0.75x 4 1.0

C

50  x
4 0.8

50  3x 3x  50 0.6
C


4
50  x 4
x  50 0.4

(b) Domain: x ≥ 0 and x ≤ 1000  50

0.2

x
Thus, 0 ≤ x ≤ 950. Using interval notation, the 200 400 600 800 1000

domain is 0, 950.

(d) As the tank is filled, the concentration increases
more slowly. It approaches the horizontal asymptote
of C
34
0.75.
220 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

77. (a) A
xy and

x  4
y  2
30
30
y2

x4
30 2x  22
y
2

x4 x4
2x  22 2x
x  11
Thus, A
xy
x  x4 
x4
.

(b) Domain: Since the margins on the left and right are each 2 inches, x > 4. In interval notation, the domain is
4, .
(c) 200
x 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

y1 (Area) 160 102 84 76 72 70 69.143 69 69.333 70 70.909

4 40
0

The area is minimum when x  11.75 inches and y  5.87 inches.

The area is minimum when x is approximately 12.

78. A
xy and

x  3
y  2
64 200

64
y2

x3
64 2x  58 3 39
y
2

x3 x3
0

Thus, A
xy
x 2xx  358
2x
xx  329, x > 3.

By graphing the area function, we see that A is minimum when x  12.8 inches and y  8.5 inches.

79. (a) Let t1
time from Akron to Columbus and t2
time (b) Vertical asymptote: x
25
from Columbus back to Akron.
Horizontal asymptote: y
25
100
xt1
100 ⇒ t1
(c) 200
x
100
yt2
100 ⇒ t2

y
50
t1  t2
200
25 65
0

t1  t2
4 (d)
x 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
100 100

4
x y y 150 87.5 66.67 56.25 50 45.83 42.86
100y  100x
4xy
(e) Yes. You would expect the average speed for the round
25y  25x
xy trip to be the average of the average speeds for the two
parts of the trip.
25x
xy  25y
(f) No. At 20 miles per hour you would use more time in
25x
y
x  25
one direction than is required for the round trip at an
25x average speed of 50 miles per hour.
Thus, y
.
x  25
 Section 2.6 Rational Functions 221

80. (a) 600

8 13
0

5.816
182  130.68
(b) S

763.81
0.004
182  1.00
The sales in 2008 is estimated to be $763,810,000.
5.816
(c) Probably not. The graph has a horizontal asymptote at S
 1454 million dollars.
0.004
Future sales may exceed this limiting value.

x
81. False. Polynomial functions do not have vertical 82. False. The graph of f
x
2 crosses y
0, which
x 1
asymptotes. is a horizontal asymptote.

83. Vertical asymptote: None ⇒ The denominator is not 84. Vertical asymptotes: x
2, x
1 ⇒
x  2
x  1
zero for any value of x (unless the numerator is also zero are factors of the denominator.
there).
Horizontal asymptotes: None ⇒ The degree of the
Horizontal asymptote: y
2 ⇒ The degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator.
numerator equals the degree of the denominator.
x3
f
x
is one possible function. There are
2x2
x  2
x  1
f
x
2 is one possible function. There are many
x 1 many correct answers.
correct answers.

85. x2  15x  56

x  8
x  7 86. 3x2  23x  36

3x  4
x  9

87. x 3  5x2  4x  20

x  5
x2  4 88. x3  6x2  2x  12
x2
x  6  2
x  6

x  5
x  2i
x  2i

x  6
x2  2


x  6
x  2
x  2

89. 10  3x ≤ 0 10 90. 5  2x > 5
x  1 x

3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
3x ≥ 10 x 5  2x > 5x  5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

x ≥ 10
3
7x > 0
x < 0

91. 4
x  2 < 20

−3 7
x
92. 1
2
2x  3
≥ 5 − 13
2
7
2

2x  3
≥ 10
x
20 < 4x  8 < 20 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 − 8 −6 −4 − 2 0 2 4

12 < 4x < 28 2x  3 ≤ 10 or 2x  3 ≥ 10

3 < x < 7 2x ≤ 13 2x ≥ 7
 13 7
x ≤ 2 x ≥ 2

93. Answers will vary.

222 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Section 2.7 Nonlinear Inequalities

■ You should be able to solve inequalities.

(a) Find the critical number.
1. Values that make the expression zero
2. Values that make the expression undefined
(b) Test one value in each test interval on the real number line resulting from the critical numbers.
(c) Determine the solution intervals.

Vocabulary Check
1. critical; test intervals 2. zeros; undefined values 3. P
R  C

1. x2  3 < 0
3
(a) x
3 (b) x
0 (c) x
2 (d) x
5
?

32  3 < 0
?

02  3 < 0

3 2
2
?
3 < 0
?

52  3 < 0
6 < 0 3 < 0  34 < 0 22 < 0
3
No, x
3 is not a Yes, x
0 is a solution. Yes, x
is a solution.
2 No, x
5 is not a
solution. solution.

2. x2  x  12 ≥ 0
(a) x
5 (b) x
0 (c) x
4 (d) x
3
? ? ? ?

52 
5  12 ≥ 0
02  0  12 ≥ 0
4 
4  12 ≥ 0
2
32 
3  12 ≥ 0
? ?
8 ≥ 0 12 ≥ 0 16  4  12 ≥ 0 9  3  12 ≥ 0
Yes, x
5 is a No, x
0 is not a 8 ≥ 0 0 ≥ 0
solution. solution. Yes, x
3 is a solution.
Yes, x
4 is a solution.

x2
3. ≥ 3
x4
9 9
(a) x
5 (b) x
4 (c) x
 (d) x

2 2
52 ? 42 ?
≥ 3 ≥ 3  92  2 ? 9
2 ?
54 44 ≥ 3 2
≥ 3
 92  4 9
2 4
7 ≥ 3 6
is undefined. 5
≥ 3
13 ≥ 3
0
Yes, x
5 is a 17 9
Yes, x
2 is a solution.
solution. No, x
4 is not a No, x

9
2 is not a
solution. solution.
 Section 2.7 Nonlinear Inequalities 223

3x2
4. < 1
x2  4
(a) x
2 (b) x
1 (c) x
0 (d) x
3
3
2 ? 2 3
1 2
? 3
02
? 3
32 ?
< 1 < 1 < 1 < 1

22  4
12  4
02  4
32  4
12 3 0 < 1 27
< 1 < 1 < 1
8 5 13
Yes, x
0 is a
No, x
2 is not Yes, x
1 is a solution. No, x
3 is not a
a solution. solution. solution.

3 2
x  5  3
5. 2x2  x  6

2x  3
x  2 6. 9x3  25x2
0 7. 2 

x5 x5
3 x2
9x  25
0
2x  3
0 ⇒ x
 2x  7
2

x2
0 ⇒ x
0 x5
x2
0 ⇒ x
2
25 7
9x  25
0 ⇒ x
2x  7
0 ⇒ x

3 9 2
Critical numbers: x
 , x
2
2
25 x5
0 ⇒ x
5
The critical numbers are 0 and .
9 7
Critical numbers: x
, x
5
2

x 2 x
x  1  2
x  2
8. 
9. x2 ≤ 9
x2 x1
x  2
x  1
x2  9 ≤ 0
x2  x  2x  4


x  3
x  3 ≤ 0

x  2
x  1

x  4
x  1 Critical numbers: x
± 3



x  2
x  1 Test intervals:
 , 3,
3, 3,
3, 

x  4
x  1
0 Test: Is
x  3
x  3 ≤ 0?
x4
0 ⇒ x
4 Interval x-Value Value of x2  9 Conclusion
x  1
0 ⇒ x
1
 , 3 x
4 16  9
7 Positive

x  2
x  1
0
3, 3 x
0 0  9
9 Negative
x  2
0 ⇒ x
2
3,  x
4 16  9
7 Positive
x1
0 ⇒ x
1 Solution set: 3, 3
The critical numbers are 2, 1, 1, 4. x
−3 −2 − 1 0 1 2 3

10. x2 < 36
x2  36 < 0

x  6
x  6 < 0
Critical numbers: x
6, x
6
Test intervals:
 , 6 ⇒
x  6
x  6 > 0

6, 6 ⇒
x  6
x  6 < 0

6,  ⇒
x  6
x  6 > 0
Solution interval:
6, 6
x
− 8 − 6 −4 − 2 0 2 4 6 8
224 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

11.
x  22 < 25 12.
x  32 ≥ 1

x2  4x  4 < 25 x2  6x  8 ≥ 0
x2  4x  21 < 0
x  2
x  4 ≥ 0

x  7
x  3 < 0 Critical numbers: x
2, x
4
Critical numbers: x
7, x
3 Test intervals:
 , 2 ⇒
x  2
x  4 > 0
Test intervals:
 , 7,
7, 3,
3, 
2, 4 ⇒
x  2
x  4 < 0
Test: Is
x  7
x  3 < 0?
4,  ⇒
x  2
x  4 > 0
Interval x-Value Value of Conclusion Solution intervals:
 , 2
4, 

x  7
x  3
x

 , 7 x
10
3
13
39 Positive 1 2 3 4 5

7, 3 x
0
7
3
21 Negative

3,  x
5
12
2
24 Positive
Solution set:
7, 3 −7 3
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4

13. x2  4x  4 ≥ 9 14. x2  6x  9 < 16

x2  4x  5 ≥ 0 x2  6x  7 < 0

x  5
x  1 ≥ 0
x  1
x  7 < 0
Critical numbers: x
5, x
1 Critical numbers: x
1, x
7
Test intervals:
 , 5,
5, 1,
1,  Test intervals:
 , 1 ⇒
x  1
x  7 > 0
Test: Is
x  5
x  1 ≥ 0?
1, 7 ⇒
x  1
x  7 < 0
Interval x-Value Value of Conclusion
7,  ⇒
x  1
x  7 > 0

x  5
x  1
Solution interval:
1, 7

 , 5 x
6
1
7
7 Positive
−1 7

5, 1 x
0
5
1
5 Negative −2 0 2 4 6 8
x

1,  x
2
7
1
7 Positive

Solution set:
 , 5
1, 
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 − 2 − 1 0 1 2

15. x2  x < 6 16. x2  2x > 3

x2  x  6 < 0 x2  2x  3 > 0

x  3
x  2 < 0
x  3
x  1 > 0
Critical numbers: x
3, x
2 Critical numbers: x
3, x
1
Test intervals:
 , 3,
3, 2,
2,  Test intervals:
 , 3 ⇒
x  3
x  1 > 0
Test: Is
x  3
x  2 < 0?
3, 1 ⇒
x  3
x  1 < 0
Interval x-Value Value of Conclusion
1,  ⇒
x  3
x  1 > 0

x  3
x  2
Solution intervals:
 , 3

1, 

 , 3 x
4
1
6
6 Positive
x

3, 2 x
0
3
2
6 Negative −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2

2,  x
3
6
1
6 Positive

Solution set:
3, 2 x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2
 Section 2.7 Nonlinear Inequalities 225

17. x2  2x  3 < 0 18. x2  4x  1 > 0

x  3
x  1 < 0 4 ± 16  4
x

2 ± 5
2
Critical numbers: x
3, x
1
Critical numbers: x
2  5, x
2  5
Test intervals:
 , 3,
3, 1,
1, 
Test intervals:
 , 2  5  ⇒ x2  4x  1 > 0
Test: Is
x  3
x  1 < 0?
Interval x-Value Value of Conclusion
2  5, 2  5  ⇒ x2  4x  1 < 0

x  3
x  1
2  5,  ⇒ x2  4x  1 > 0

 , 3 x
4
1
5
5 Positive Solution intervals:
 , 2  5

2  5, 

3, 1 x
0
3
1
3 Negative 2− 5 2+ 5
x

1,  x
2
5
1
5 Positive −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8

Solution set:
3, 1 x

−3 −2 −1 0 1

19. x2  8x  5 ≥ 0
x2  8x  5
0 Complete the square.
x2  8x  16
5  16

x  42
21
x  4
± 21
x
4 ± 21

Critical numbers: x
4 ± 21

Test intervals:
 , 4  21 ,
4  21, 4  21,
4  21, 
Test: Is x2  8x  5 ≥ 0?
Interval x-Value Value of x2  8x  5 Conclusion

 , 4  21  x
10 100  80  5
15 Positive

4  21, 4  21  x
0 0  0  5
5 Negative

4  21,  x
2 4  16  5
15 Positive −4 − 21 −4 + 21

Solution set:
  < 4  21
4  21, 

x
− 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 0 2

20. 2x2  6x  15 ≤ 0
2x2  6x  15 ≥ 0

6 ± 
62  4
2
15 6 ± 156 6 ± 239 3 39
x



±
2
2 4 4 2 2
3 39 3 39
Critical numbers: x
 ,x

2 2 2 2

Test intervals: 3 39

 , 
2
2
⇒ 2x2  6x  15 < 0

32  239, 32  239 ⇒ 2x  6x  15 > 0

  2

32  239,  ⇒ 2x  6x  15 < 0

 2

2  2
Solution interval:  ,  , 
3 39 3 39 

3
− 39 3
+ 39
2 2 2 2 2 2
x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
226 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

21. x3  3x2  x  3 > 0 22. x 3  2x2  4x  8 ≤ 0

x2
x  3  1
x  3 > 0 x2
x  2  4
x  2 ≤ 0

x2  1
x  3 > 0
x  2
x2  4 ≤ 0

x  1
x  1
x  3 > 0 Critical numbers: x
2, x
2

Critical numbers: x
± 1, x
3 Test intervals:
 , 2 ⇒ x 3  2x2  4x  8 < 0

Test intervals:
 , 1,
1, 1,
1, 3,
3, 
2, 2 ⇒ x 3  2x2  4x  8 < 0

Test: Is
x  1
x  1
x  3 > 0 ?
2,  ⇒ x 3  2x2  4x  8 > 0

Interval x-Value Value of Conclusion Solution interval:
 , 2

x  1
x  1
x  3 x

 , 1 x
2
1
3
5
15 Negative 0 1 2 3 4

1, 1 x
0
1
1
3
3 Positive

1, 3 x
2
3
1
1
3 Negative

3,  x
4
5
3
1
15 Positive
Solution set:
1, 1

3,  x
−1 0 1 2 3 4

23. x3  2x2  9x  2 ≥ 20

x3  2x2  9x  18 ≥ 0
x2
x  2  9
x  2 ≥ 0

x  2
x2  9 ≥ 0

x  2
x  3
x  3 ≥ 0
Critical numbers: x
2, x
± 3
Test intervals:
 , 3,
3, 2,
2, 3,
3, 
Test: Is
x  2
x  3
x  3 ≥ 0?
Interval x-Value Value of
x  2
x  3
x  3 Conclusion

 , 3 x
4
6
1
7
42 Negative

3, 2 x
0
2
3
3
18 Positive

2, 3 x
2.5
0.5
5.5
0.5
1.375 Negative

3,  x
4
2
7
1
14 Positive x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Solution set: 3, 2
3, 

24. 2x3  13x2  8x  46 ≥ 6

2x3  13x2  8x  52 ≥ 0
x2
2x  13  4
2x  13 ≥ 0

2x  13
x2  4 ≥ 0
13
Critical numbers: x
 2 , x
2, x
2
Test intervals:
 ,  2  ⇒ 2x3  13x2  8x  52 < 0
13
− 13
2

 13
2, 2 ⇒ 2x3  13x2  8x  52 > 0 − 8 − 6 − 4 −2 0 2 4
x

2, 2 ⇒ 2x3  13x2  8x  52 < 0

2,  ⇒ 2x3  13x2  8x  52 > 0
Solution interval:  2 , 2, 2, 
13
 Section 2.7 Nonlinear Inequalities 227

25. 4x 2  4x  1 ≤ 0 26. x 2  3x  8 > 0

2x  12 ≤ 0 The critical numbers are imaginary:
1 3 i23
Critical number: x
 ±
2 2 2

Test intervals:  , 12 , 12,  So the set of real numbers is the solution set.
x
− 3 −2 − 1 0 1 2 3
Test: Is
2x  12 ≤ 0?
Interval x-Value Value of
2x  12 Conclusion

 , 12 x
0
12
1 Positive

12,  x
1
12
1 Positive

1
Solution set: x
1
2 2
x
−2 −1 0 1 2

27. 4x3  6x2 < 0 28. 4x3  12x2 > 0

2x2
2x  3 < 0 4x2
x  3 > 0
Critical numbers: x
0, x
23 Critical numbers: x
0, x
3
Test intervals:
 , 0,
0, ,
3
2
3
2,  Test intervals:
 , 0 ⇒ 4x2
x  3 < 0
Test: Is 2x2
2x  3 < 0?
0, 3 ⇒ 4x2
x  3 < 0
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
3,  ⇒ 4x2
x  3 > 0
we see that the solution set is:
 , 0

0, 32 
Solution interval:
3, 

29. x3  4x ≥ 0 30. 2x3  x4 ≤ 0

x
x  2
x  2 ≥ 0 x3
2  x ≤ 0
Critical numbers: x
0, x
± 2 Critical numbers: x
0, x
2
Test intervals:
 , 2,
2, 0,
0, 2,
2,  Test intervals:
 , 0 ⇒ x3
2  x < 0
Test: Is x
x  2
x  2 ≥ 0?
0, 2 ⇒ x3
2  x > 0
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
2,  ⇒ x 3
2  x < 0
we see that the solution set is: 2, 0
2, 
Solution intervals:
 , 0
2, 

31.
x  12
x  23 ≥ 0 32. x4
x  3 ≤ 0

Critical numbers: x
1, x
2 Critical numbers: x
0, x
3
Test intervals:
 , 2,
2, 1,
1, ) Test intervals:
 , 0 ⇒ x4
x  3 < 0
Test: Is
x  12
x  33 ≥ 0?
0, 3 ⇒ x4
x  3 < 0
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
3,  ⇒ x4
x  3 > 0
we see that the solution set is: 2, 
Solution intervals:
 , 0
0, 3 or
 , 3
228 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

33. y
x2  2x  3 (a) y ≤ 0 when x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 3.

6 (b) y ≥ 3 when 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

−5 7

−2

1
34. y
x2  2x  1 (a) y ≤ 0 (b) y ≥ 7
2
1 2 1 2
12 x  2x  1 ≤ 0 x  2x  1 ≥ 7
2 2
x 2  4x  2 ≤ 0 x2  4x  12 ≥ 0
−10 14 
4 ± 
42  4
1
2
x  6
x  2 ≥ 0
x

2
1
−4
y ≥ 7 when x ≤ 2, x ≥ 6.
4 ± 8


2 ± 2
2
y ≤ 0 when 2  2 ≤ x ≤ 2  2.

.
1 1
35. y
8x3  2x (a) y ≥ 0 when 2 ≤ x ≤ 0, 2 ≤ x <
8 (b) y ≤ 6 when x ≤ 4.

−12 12

−8

36. y
x3  x2  16x  16 (a) y ≤ 0 (b) y ≥ 36

48 x3  x2  16x  16 ≤ 0 x3  x2  16x  16 ≥ 36
x2
x  1  16
x  1 ≤ 0 x3  x2  16x  20 ≥ 0
−12 12
x  1
x2  16 ≤ 0
x  2
x  5
x  2 ≥ 0

−24
y ≤ 0 when   < x ≤ 4, 1 ≤ x ≤ 4. y ≥ 36 when x
2, 5 ≤ x < .

1 1
37. x > 0 38. 4 < 0
x x
1  x2 1  4x
> 0 < 0
x x
1
Critical numbers: x
0, x
± 1 Critical numbers: x
0, x

4
Test intervals:
 , 1,
1, 0,
0, 1,
1,  1  4x
Test intervals:
 , 0 ⇒ < 0
1  x2 x
Test: Is > 0?
1  4x
0, 4 ⇒
x 1
> 0
x
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
1  4x
we see that the solution set is:
 , 1

0, 1
 4,  ⇒
1
< 0
x
x

 4, 
−2 −1 0 1 2 1
Solution interval:
 , 0

1
4
x
−1 0 1
 Section 2.7 Nonlinear Inequalities 229

x6 x  12
39. 2 < 0 40. 3 ≥ 0
x1 x2
x  6  2
x  1 x  12  3
x  2
< 0 ≥ 0
x1 x2

4x 6  2x
< 0 ≥ 0
x1 x2
Critical numbers: x
2, x
3
Critical numbers: x
1, x
4
6  2x
Test intervals:
 , 1,
1, 4,
4,  Test intervals:
 , 2 ⇒ < 0
x2
4x
Test: Is < 0? 6  2x
x1
2, 3 ⇒ > 0
x2
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality, 6  2x
we see that the solution set is:
 , 1

4, 
3,  ⇒ < 0
x2

−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x
Solution interval:
2, 3
x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3

3x  5 5  7x
41. > 4 42. < 4
x5 1  2x
3x  5 5  7x  4
1  2x
4 > 0 < 0
x5 1  2x
3x  5  4
x  5 1x
> 0 < 0
x5 1  2x
15  x 1
> 0 Critical numbers: x
 , x
1
x5 2
Critical numbers: x
5, x
15 1x
 ⇒
1
Test intervals:  ,  < 0
Test intervals:
 , 5,
5, 15,
15,  2 1  2x
1x
 2, 1 ⇒
15  x 1
> 0
Test: Is
x5
> 0? 1  2x
1x
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
1,  ⇒ < 0
we see that the solution set is:
5, 15 1  2x

 ,  2

1, 
5
1
x
Solution intervals:
3 6 9 12 15 18

−1
2
x
−2 −1 0 1 2
230 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

4 1 5 3
43. > 44. >
x  5 2x  3 x6 x2
4 1 5
x  2  3
x  6
 > 0 > 0
x  5 2x  3
x  6
x  2
4
2x  3 
x  5 2x  28
> 0 > 0

x  5
2x  3
x  6
x  2
7x  7 Critical numbers: x
14, x
2, x
6
> 0

x  5
2x  3 2x  28
Test intervals:
 , 14 ⇒ < 0
3
x  6
x  2
Critical numbers: x
1, x
5, x

2
2x  28

14, 2 ⇒ > 0

x  6
x  2

3
Test intervals:
 , 5, 5,  ,
2
2x  28

2, 6 ⇒ < 0

x  6
x  2
 2, 1 ,
1, 
3
2x  28

6,  ⇒ > 0
7
x  1
x  6
x  2
Test: Is > 0?

x  5
2x  3 Solution intervals:
14, 2

6, 
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
− 14 −2
we see that the solution set is:
5,  2 

1, 
3 6
x
− 15 − 10 −5 0 5 10
−3
2
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0

1 9 1 1
45. ≤ 46. ≥
x  3 4x  3 x x3
1 9 1
x  3  1
x
 ≤ 0 ≥ 0
x  3 4x  3 x
x  3
4x  3  9
x  3 3
≤ 0 ≥ 0

x  3
4x  3 x
x  3
30  5x Critical numbers: x
3, x
0
≤ 0

x  3
4x  3 3
Test intervals:
 , 3 ⇒ > 0
3 x
x  3
Critical numbers: x
3, x
 , x
6
4 3

3, 0 ⇒ < 0
x
x  3
 
3 3
Test intervals:  ,  ,  , 3 ,
3, 6,
6, 
4 4 3

0,  ⇒ > 0
30  5x x
x  3
Test: Is ≤ 0?

x  3
4x  3 Solution intervals:
 , 3

0, 
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
we see that the solution set is:
 4, 3
6, 
3 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1

−3
4 3
x
−4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
 Section 2.7 Nonlinear Inequalities 231

x2  2x x2  x  6
47. ≤ 0 48. ≥ 0
x2  9 x
x
x  2
x  3
x  2
≤ 0 ≥ 0

x  3
x  3 x
Critical numbers: x
0, x
2, x
± 3 Critical numbers: x
3, x
0, x
2
Test intervals:
x  3
x  2
Test intervals:
 , 3 ⇒ < 0

, 3,
3, 2,
2, 0,
0, 3,
3,  x
x
x  2
x  3
x  2
Test: Is ≤ 0?
3, 0 ⇒ > 0

x  3
x  3 x
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
x  3
x  2
we see that the solution set is:
3, 2
0, 3
0, 2 ⇒ < 0
x
x
x  3
x  2
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
2,  ⇒ > 0
x
Solution intervals: 3, 0
2, 
x
−3 − 2 − 1 0 1 2 3

5 2x 3x x
49.  < 1 50. ≤ 3
x1 x1 x1 x4
5 2x 3x
x  4  x
x  1  3
x  4
x  1
 1 < 0 ≤ 0
x1 x1
x  1
x  4
5
x  1  2x
x  1 
x  1
x  1 x2  4x  12
< 0 ≤ 0

x  1
x  1
x  1
x  4
5x  5  2x2  2x  x2  1 
x  6
x  2
< 0 ≤ 0

x  1
x  1
x  1
x  4
3x2  7x  6 Critical numbers: x
4, x
2, x
1, x
6
< 0

x  1
x  1 
x  6
x  2
Test intervals:
 , 4 ⇒ < 0

3x  2
x  3
x  1
x  4
< 0

x  1
x  1 
x  6
x  2

4, 2 ⇒ > 0
2
x  1
x  4
Critical numbers: x
 , x
3, x
± 1
3 
x  6
x  2

2, 1 ⇒ < 0

x  1
x  4
2
3
2

Test intervals:
, 1, 1,  ,  , 1 ,
1, 3,
3, 
3  
x  6
x  2

1, 6 ⇒ > 0

3x  2
x  3
x  1
x  4
Test: Is < 0?

x  1
x  1 
x  6
x  2

6,  ⇒ < 0
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
x  1
x  4
we see that the solution set is:
 , 1

 3, 1

3, 
2
Solution intervals:
 , 4, 2, 1, 6, 
− 23
x 1
x
−1 0 1 2 3 4
−4 −2 0 2 4 6

3x (a) y ≤ 0 when 0 ≤ x < 2.

51. y

x2 (b) y ≥ 6 when 2 < x ≤ 4.
8

−6 12

−4
232 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

2
x  2
52. y
(a) y ≤ 0 (b) y ≥ 8
x1
2
x  2 2
x  2
14 ≤0 ≥ 8
x1 x1
y ≤ 0 when 1 < x ≤ 2. 2
x  2  8
x  1
≥ 0
−15 15 x1
−6 6x  12
≥ 0
x1
6
x  2
≥ 0
x1
y ≥ 8 when 2 ≤ x < 1.

2x2 5x
53. y
54. y

x 4
2 x2  4
6 (a) y ≥ 1
5x
≥ 1
x2 4
−6 6
5x 
x2  4
−2 ≥ 0
x2  4
(a) y ≥ 1 when x ≤ 2 or x ≥ 2. 
x  4
x  1
≥ 0

This can also be expressed as x ≥ 2. x2  4

(b) y ≤ 2 for all real numbers x. y ≥ 1 when 1 ≤ x ≤ 4.

This can also be expressed as   < x < . (b) y ≤ 0 4

5x
≤ 0 −6
x2  4 6

y ≤ 0 when   < x ≤ 0.
−4

55. 4  x2 ≥ 0 56. x2  4 ≥ 0

2  x
2  x ≥ 0
x  2
x  2 ≥ 0
Critical numbers: x
± 2 Critical numbers: x
2, x
2
Test intervals:
 , 2,
2, 2,
2,  Test intervals:
 , 2 ⇒
x  2
x  2 > 0
Test: Is 4  x2 ≥ 0?
2, 2 ⇒
x  2
x  2 < 0
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
2,  ⇒
x  2
x  2 > 0
we see that the domain set is: 2, 2
Domain:
 , 2
2, 

57. x2  7x  12 ≥ 0 58. 144  9x2 ≥ 0

x  3
x  4 ≥ 0 9
4  x
4  x ≥ 0
Critical numbers: x
3, x
4 Critical numbers: x
4, x
4
Test intervals:
 , 3,
3, 4,
4,  Test intervals:
 , 4 ⇒ 9
4  x
4  x < 0
Test: Is
x  3
x  4 ≥ 0?
4, 4 ⇒ 9
4  x
4  x > 0
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
4,  ⇒ 9
4  x
4  x < 0
we see that the domain set is:
 , 3
4, 
Domain: 4, 4
 Section 2.7 Nonlinear Inequalities 233

x x
59. ≥ 0 60. ≥ 0
x  2x  35
2 x2  9

x x
≥ 0 ≥ 0

x  5
x  7
x  3
x  3
Critical numbers: x
0, x
5, x
7 Critical numbers: x
3, x
0, x
3
Test intervals:
 , 5,
5, 0,
0, 7,
7,  x
Test intervals:
 , 3 ⇒ < 0

x  3
x  3
x
Test: Is ≥ 0?

x  5
x  7 x

3, 0 ⇒ > 0
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequali-

x  3
x  3
ty, we see that the domain set is:
5, 0

7,  x

0, 3 ⇒ < 0

x  3
x  3
x

3,  ⇒ > 0

x  3
x  3
Domain:
3, 0

3, 

61. 0.4x2  5.26 < 10.2 62. 1.3x2  3.78 > 2.12
0.4x2  4.94 < 0 1.3x2  1.66 > 0
0.4
x2  12.35 < 0 Critical numbers: ± 1.13
Critical numbers: x  ± 3.51 Test intervals:
 , 1.13,
1.13, 1.13,
1.13, 
Test intervals:
 , 3.51,
3.51, 3.51,
3.51,  Solution set:
1.13, 1.13
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
we see that the solution set is:
3.51, 3.51

63. 0.5x2  12.5x  1.6 > 0 64. 1.2x2  4.8x  3.1 < 5.3
12.5 ± 
12.52  4
0.5
1.6 1.2x2  4.8x  2.2 < 0
The zeros are x
.
2
0.5 Critical numbers: 4.42, 0.42
Critical numbers: x  0.13 , x  25.13 Test intervals:
 , 4.42,
4.42, 0.42,
0.42, 
Test intervals:
 , 0.13,
0.13, 25.13,
25.13,  Solution set:
4.42, 0.42
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
we see that the solution set is:
0.13, 25.13

1 2
65. > 3.4 66. > 5.8
2.3x  5.2 3.1x  3.7
1 2  5.8
3.1x  3.7
 3.4 > 0 > 0
2.3x  5.2 3.1x  3.7
1  3.4
2.3x  5.2 23.46  17.98x
> 0 > 0
2.3x  5.2 3.1x  3.7
7.82x  18.68 Critical numbers: x  1.19, x  1.30
> 0
2.3x  5.2 23.46  17.98x
Test intervals:
 , 1.19 ⇒ < 0
Critical numbers: x  2.39, x  2.26 3.1x  3.7
Test intervals:
 , 2.26,
2.26, 2.39,
2.39,  23.46  17.98x

1.19, 1.30 ⇒ > 0
3.1x  3.7
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
we see that the solution set is:
2.26, 2.39 23.46  17.98x

1.30,  ⇒ < 0
3.1x  3.7
Solution interval:
1.19, 1.30
234 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

67. s
16t2  v0t  s0
16t2  160t 68. s
16t2  v0t  s0
16t 2  128t

(a) 16t2  160t
0 (a) 16t2  128t
0

16t
t  10
0 16t
t  8
0

t
0, t
10 16t
0 ⇒ t
0

It will be back on the ground in 10 seconds. t8
0 ⇒ t
8

(b) 16t2  160t > 384 It will be back on the ground in 8 seconds.

16t2  160t  384 > 0 (b) 16t2  128t < 128

16
t2  10t  24 > 0 16t2  128t  128 < 0

t2  10t  24 < 0 Critical numbers: 4  22, 4  22

t  4
t  6 < 0 Test intervals:

 , 4  22,
4  22, 4  22,
4 < t < 6 seconds

4  22, 
Solution set: 0 seconds ≤ t < 4  22 seconds
and 4  22 seconds < t ≤ 8 seconds

69. 2L  2W
100 ⇒ W
50  L 70. 2L  2W
440 ⇒ W
220  L

LW ≥ 500 LW ≥ 8000
L
50  L ≥ 500 L
220  L ≥ 8000
L2  50L  500 ≥ 0 L2  220L  8000 ≥ 0
By the Quadratic Formula we have: By the Quadratic Formula we have:
Critical numbers: L
25 ± 55 Critical numbers: L
110 ± 1041

Test: Is L2  50L  500 ≥ 0? Test: Is L2  220L  8000 ≥ 0?

Solution set: 25  55 ≤ L ≤ 25  55 Solution set: 110  1041 ≤ L ≤ 110  1041

13.8 meters ≤ L ≤ 36.2 meters 45.97 feet ≤ L ≤ 174.03 feet

71. R
x
75  0.0005x and C
30x  250,000 72. What is the price per unit?
P
RC When x
90,000:

75x  0.0005x 2 
30x  250,000 2,880,000

R
$2,880,000 ⇒
$32 per unit
90,000

0.0005x 2  45x  250,000
When x
100,000:
P ≥ 750,000
3,000,000
0.0005x 2  45x  250,000 ≥ 750,000 R
$3,000,000 ⇒
$30 per unit
100,000
0.0005x 2  45x  1,000,000 ≥ 0
Solution interval: $30.00 ≤ p ≤ $32.00
Critical numbers: x
40,000, x
50,000 (These were
obtained by using the Quadratic Formula.)
Test intervals:
0, 40,000,
40,000, 50,000,
50,000, 
By testing x-values in each test interval in the inequality, we
see that the solution set is 40,000, 50,000 or
40,000 ≤ x ≤ 50,000. The price per unit is
R
p

75  0.0005x.
x
For x
40,000, p
$55. For x
50,000, p
$50.
Therefore, for 40,000 ≤ x ≤ 50,000, $50.00 ≤ p ≤ $55.00.
 Section 2.7 Nonlinear Inequalities 235

73. C
0.0031t3  0.216t 2  5.54t  19.1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 23

(a) 80 (d) C will be between 85% and 100%
t C
when t is between 37 and 42. These
36 83.2 values correspond to the years 2017 to
2022.
0 23
37 85.4
0
38 87.8
(b) C will be greater than 75% when 39 90.5
t C
t  31, which corresponds to 2011.
24 70.5 40 93.5

26 71.6 41 96.8

28 72.9 42 100.4

30 74.6 43 104.4

32 76.8 (e) 85 ≤ C ≤ 100 when 36.82 ≤ t ≤ 41.89 or 37 ≤ t ≤ 42.

34 79.6 (f) The model is a third-degree polynomial and as
t → , C → .
(c) C
75 when t  30.41.

1 1 1
74. (a) 75.

d 4 6 8 10 12 R R1 2
Load 2223.9 5593.9 10,312 16,378 23,792 2R1
2R  RR1
2R1
R
2  R1
L
2R1

R
Maximum safe load

25,000

20,000
2  R1
15,000 Since R ≥ 1, we have
10,000
2R1
5,000 ≥ 1
d
2  R1
4 6 8 10 12
Depth of the beam 2R1
1 ≥ 0
2  R1
(b) 2000 ≤ 168.5d 2  472.1
R1  2
2472.1 ≤ 168.5d 2 ≥ 0.
2  R1
14.67 ≤ d2 Since R1 > 0, the only critical number is R1
2. The
3.83 ≤ d inequality is satisfied when R1 ≥ 2 ohms.

The minimum depth is 3.83 inches.

76. (a) N
0.03t 2  9.6t  172 (b) and (d)

220 ⇒ t
5 N

320
Master's degrees earned

So the number of master’s degrees earned by women N = 320

280
(in thousands)

exceeded 220,000 in 1995.

240
(c) N
0.03t 2  9.6t  172 200 N = 220

320 ⇒ t
16.2 160

t
So the number of master’s degrees earned by women 2 6 10 14 18
Year (0 ↔ 1990)
will exceed 320,000 in 2006.
236 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

77. True 78. True

x3  2x2  11x  12

x  3
x  1
x  4 The y-values are greater than zero for all values of x.
The test intervals are
 , 3,
3, 1,
1, 4, and

4, .

79. x2  bx  4
0 80. x2  bx  4
0
To have at least one real solution, b2  16 ≥ 0. This To have at least one real solution,
occurs when b ≤ 4 or b ≥ 4. This can be written as
b2  4
1
4 ≥ 0

 , 4
4, .
b2  16 ≥ 0.
This inequality is true for all real values of b. Thus, the
interval for b such that the equation has at least one real
solution is
 , .

81. 3x2  bx  10
0 82. 2x2  bx  5
0

To have at least one real solution, b2  4
3
10 ≥ 0. To have at least one real solution,
b2  120 ≥ 0 b2  4
2
5 ≥ 0

b  120 
b  120  ≥ 0 b2  40 ≥ 0.
Critical numbers: b
± 120
± 230 This occurs when b ≤ 210 or b ≥ 210. Thus,
the interval for b such that the equation has at least
one real solution is
 , 210
210, .
Test intervals:

 , 230 ,
230, 230 ,
230, 
Test: Is b2  120 ≥ 0?
Solution set:
 , 230
230, 

83. (a) If a > 0 and c ≤ 0, then b can be any real number. If 84. (a) x
a, x
b
a > 0 and c > 0, then for b2  4ac to be greater than or
(b) − + +
equal to zero, b is restricted to b < 2ac or − − +
b > 2ac. + − +
x
(b) The center of the interval for b in Exercises 79–82 is 0. a b

(c) The real zeros of the polynomial

85. 4x2  20x  25

2x  52 86.
x  32  16

x  3  4
x  3  4

x  7
x  1

87. x2
x  3)  4
x  3

x2  4
x  3 88. 2x 4  54x
2x
x3  27

x  2
x  2
x  3
2x
x  3
x2  3x  9

89. Area

length
width 90. Area
12
base
height

2x  1
x
12
b
3b  2
3

2x2  x
2 b2  b
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 237

Review Exercises for Chapter 2

1. (a) y
2x2 (b) y
2x2

Vertical stretch Vertical stretch and a reflection in the x-axis
y y

4 4
3 3
2 2
1
x x
− 4 − 3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 − 4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3 −3
−4 −4

(c) y
x2  2 (d) y

x  22

Vertical shift two units upward Horizontal shift two units to the left
y y
(a)
4 4
3

1 1
x x
− 4 − 3 −2 − 1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

2. (a) y
x 2  4 (b) y
4  x 2
Vertical shift four units downward Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift
y four units upward
3 y

2 5

x
3
−4 −3 −1 1 3 4
−1
2
−2
1
x
−4 −3 −1 1 3 4
−1
−5 −2
−3

(c) y

x  3 2 (d) y
12 x 2  1
Vertical shrink (each y-value is multiplied by 2 ,
Horizontal shift three units to the right 1
y
and a vertical shift one unit downward
5
y
4
3 4
2 3
1 2
x 1
− 3 −2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5
−1 x
−4 −3 −2 2 3 4
−2
−3 −2
−3
−4
238 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

3. g
x
x2  2x y 4. f
x
6x  x2 y


x2  6x  9  9
7 10

x2  2x  1  1 6
8


x  12  1
5
4


x  32  9 6

Vertex:
1, 1

3
Vertex:
3, 9 4

2
Axis of symmetry: x
1 Axis of symmetry: x
3
x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 −2
0
x 2  2x
x
x  2 −1 0
6x  x2
x
6  x −2
2 4 8 10
−2

x-intercepts:
0, 0,
2, 0 x-intercepts:
0, 0,
6, 0

5. f
x
x2  8x  10 6. h
x
3  4x  x2

x2  8x  16  16  10

x2  4x  3


x  42  6 y

x2  4x  4  4  3
y

Vertex:
4, 6
 
x  22  7 10

Axis of symmetry: x
4
2


x  22  7 8
x
0

x  42  6 Vertex:
2, 7
6
−8 −4 2
−2 4

x  42
6 Axis of symmetry: x
2 2
−4

x  4
± 6 −6
0
3  4x  x2 x
−2 2 4 6 8 10

x
4 ± 6 0
x2  4x  3
x-intercepts:
4 ± 6, 0 
4 ± 
42  4
1
3
x

2
1
4 ± 28


2 ± 7
2
x-intercepts:
2 ± 7, 0

7. f
t
2t2  4t  1 8. f
x
x2  8x  12

2
t2  2t  1  1  1
x2  8x  16  16  12

2
t  12  1  1

x  42  4

2
t  12  3 y
Vertex:
4, 4 y

6 8
Vertex:
1, 3 5 Axis of symmetry: x
4
6
4
Axis of symmetry: t
1 3 0
x2  8x  12 4

0
2
t  1  3
2
2
1
0

x  2
x  6 2

t x
2
t  12
3 − 3 −2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x-intercepts:
2, 0,
6, 0 −2 4 8 10
−2

t1
± 32 −4

6
t
1 ±
2

t-intercepts: 1 ±
6
2
,0 
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 239

9. h
x
4x2  4x  13 10. f
x
x2  6x  1

4
x2  x  13
x2  6x  9  9  1



4 x2  x 
1 1

4 4
 13 

x  32  8
Vertex:
3, 8

4  x2 x
1
4
 1  13  Axis of symmetry: x
3
0
x2  6x  1
 
1 2

4 x  12 y
2 
6 ± 
62  4
1
1
20 x

2
1
Vertex:  21, 12 15
6 ± 32


3 ± 22 y
1 2
Axis of symmetry: x
 10
2
5 x-intercepts:
3 ± 22, 0 2
1
 
2
0
4 x  12 x −2
x
2 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
2 4 8 10
−2

x  21
2
−4

3
−6

No real zeros −8

x-intercepts: none

11. h
x
x2  5x  4 12. f
x
4x2  4x  5

 
25 25 1 1 5

x2  5x   4
4 x2  x   
4 4 4 4 4

   x  2 
5 2 25 16 1 2

x   y
4 1 y
2 4 4
x 12

 
−8 −6 −4 −2

 
5 2 41 2 1 2

x  −2
4 x 4 10

2 4 2 8
−4

Vertex:  25,  414 Vertex:  21, 4

2

5 1 x
Axis of symmetry: x
 − 10
Axis of symmetry: x
 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
2 2 −2

0
x 2  5x  4 0
4x 2  4x  5
5 ± 41 4 ± 8i 1
By the Quadratic Formula, x
. By the Quadratic Formula, x

 ± i.
2 8 2
The equation has no real zeros.
5 ±2 
41
x-intercepts: ,0
x-intercepts: None

1 y
13. f
x

x2  5x  4
3 4

 
1 2 25 25

x  5x   4 2
3 4 4 x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2
1 5
 
41

2

x 
3 2 4 −4

 
1 5 2 41 −6

x 
3 2 12 0
x2  5x  4

  5 ± 41
5 41
Vertex:  , By the Quadratic Formula, x
.
2 12 2

5 ±2 
5 41
Axis of symmetry: x
 x-intercepts: ,0
2
240 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1 y
14. f
x

6x2  24x  22
2 14

3x2  12x  11 12
10

3
x2  4x  4  4  11 8
6

3
x  22  3
4  11 4
2

3
x  2  1 2
x
–6 –4 –2 4 6 8 10
Vertex:
2, 1
Axis of symmetry: x
2
0
3x2  12x  11

12 ± 
122  4
3
11 12 ± 12 3
x


2 ±
2
3 6 3

2 ± 
3
x-intercepts: ,0
3

15. Vertex:
4, 1 ⇒ f
x
a
x  42  1 16. Vertex:
2, 2 ⇒ f
x
a
x  2 2  2
Point:
2, 1 ⇒ 1
a
2  42  1 Point:
0, 3 ⇒ 3
a
0  22  2
2
4a 3
4a  2

 12
a 1
4a
1
Thus, f
x
 2
x  42  1.
1
4
a
f
x
14
x  2 2  2

17. Vertex:
1, 4 ⇒ f
x
a
x  12  4 18. Vertex:
2, 3 ⇒ f
x
a
x  2 2  3
Point:
2, 3 ⇒ 3
a
2  12  4 Point:
1, 6 ⇒ 6
a
1  2 2  3
1
a 6
9a  3

Thus, f
x

x  12  4. 3
9a

1
3
a
f
x
3
x  2 2  3
1

19. (a) (b) 2x  2y
200 (c) Area
100x  x2

x  y
100

x2  100x  2500  2500
y

y
100  x
 
x  502  2500

x Area
xy

x  502  2500

x
100  x The maximum area occurs at the vertex when x
50
and y
100  50
50. The dimensions with the

100x  x2 maximum area are x
50 meters and y
50 meters.

20. R
10p2  800p

(a) R
20
$12,000 (b) The maximum revenue occurs at the vertex of the parabola.
R
25
$13,750 b 800


$40
2a 2
10
R
30
$15,000
R
40
$16,000
The revenue is maximum when the price is $40 per unit.
The maximum revenue is $16,000.
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 241

21. C
70,000  120x  0.055x2 22. 26
0.107x2  5.68x  48.5

The minimum cost occurs at the vertex of the parabola. 0
0.107x2  5.68x  74.5
b 120 5.68 ± 
5.682  4
0.107
74.5
Vertex: 

1091 units x

2a 2
0.055 2
0.107
Approximately 1091 units should be produced each day to x
23.7, 29.4 y

yield a minimum cost. 27

The age of the bride is
26

Age of groom
approximately 24 years
25
when the age of the groom
24
is 26 years.
23
22
x
20 21 22 23 24 25
Age of bride

23. y
x3, f
x

x  43 24. y
x3, f
x
4x3 25. y
x 4, f
x
2  x 4
y y y

5 3 3
4
2
3
2 1 1
1
x x x
−2 1 2 3 4 6 7 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 1 2 3
−1 −1

−3 −2 −2
−4
−3 −3

Transformation: Reflection in f
x is a reflection in the x-axis Transformation: Reflection in

the x-axis and a horizontal shift and a vertical stretch of the graph the x-axis and a vertical shift
four units to the right of y
x3. two units upward

26. y
x4, f
x
2
x  24 27. y
x5, f
x

x  35 28. y
x5, f
x
12x5  3
y y y

5
6 8
4
5
3 6
4
2
3 4
1
2 x
1 −2 1 3 4 5 6 7
x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6

−2
−3 −5

f
x is a shift to the right two Transformation: Horizontal shift f
x is a vertical shrink and a
units and a vertical stretch of the three units to the right vertical shift three units upward
graph of y
x4. of the graph of y
x5.

30. f
x
2x3  2x

1
29. f
x
x2  6x  9
The degree is even and the leading coefficient is negative. The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is positive.
The graph falls to the left and falls to the right. The graph falls to the left and rises to the right.

31. g
x
4
x4  3x2  2

3
32. h
x
x5  7x2  10x
The degree is even and the leading coefficient is positive. The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is negative.
The graph rises to the left and rises to the right. The graph rises to the left and falls to the right.
242 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

33. f
x
2x2  11x  21 20

34. f
x
x
x  3 2 3

0
2x2  11x  21 −9 9 0
x
x  32 −6 6

2x  3
x  7 Zeros: x
0 of multiplicity 1

(odd multiplicity)
Zeros: x
32, 7, all of −40 −5
x
3 of multiplicity 2
multiplicity 1 (odd multiplicity)
(even multiplicity)
Turning points: 1
Turning points: 2

35. f
t
t 3  3t 3 36. f
x
x3  8x2 10

−10 10
0
t 3  3t 0
x3  8x2
−5 4
0
t
t 2  3 0
x 2
x  8
Zeros: x
0 of multiplicity 2
Zeros: t
0, ± 3 all of −3 −80
(even multiplicity)
multiplicity 1 (odd multiplicity)
Turning points: 2 x
8 of multiplicity 1
(odd multiplicity)
Turning points: 2

37. f
x
12x 3  20x2 10 38. g
x
x4  x3  2x2 3

0
12x 3  20x2 0
x4  x3  2x2

−4 5
0
4x2
3x  5 −5 5 0
x2
x2  x  2

Zeros: x
0 of multiplicity 2 −5

x2
x  1
x  2 −3
(even multiplicity) Zeros: x
0 of multiplicity 2 (even multiplicity)
5
x
3 of multiplicity 1 x
1 of multiplicity 1 (odd multiplicity)
(odd multiplicity)
x
2 of multiplicity 1 (odd multiplicity)
Turning points: 2 Turning points: 3

39. f
x
x3  x2  2 40. g
x
2x3  4x2

(a) The degree is odd and the leading coefficient is (a) The degree is odd and the leading coefficient, 2, is
negative. The graph rises to the left and falls to positive. The graph rises to the right and falls to the left.
the right.
(b) g
x
2x3  4x2
(b) Zero: x
1 0
2x3  4x2
(c) 0
2x2
x  2
x 3 2 1 0 1 2
0
x2
x  2
f
x 34 10 0 2 2 6
The zeros are 0 and 2.
(d) y
(c)
4
x 3 2 1 0 1
g
x 18
3
0 2 0 6
2
1
(−1, 0)
y
x (d)
− 4 − 3 −2 1 2 3 4
4
3
−3 2
−4
(− 2, 0) (0, 0)
x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 243

41. f
x
x
x3  x2  5x  3 42. h
x
3x2  x4

(a) The degree is even and the leading coefficient is (a) The degree is even and the leading coefficient, 1 , is
positive. The graph rises to the left and rises to negative. The graph falls to the left and falls to the right.
the right.
(b) g
x
3x2  x4
(b) Zeros: x
0, 1, 3
0
3x2  x4
(c)
x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 0
x2
3  x2

f
x 100 0 18 8 0 0 10 72 The zeros are 0,  3, and 3.

(c)
(d) y
x 2 1 0 1 2
(−3, 0) 3 (1, 0)
h
x 4 2 0 2 4
x
−4 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
(0, 0) y
(d)
4
3 (0, 0)
−15 2
−18
(− 3, 0( ( 3, 0(
−21 x
−4 −3 −1 1 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4

43. (a) f
x
3x3  x2  3 44. (a) f
x
0.25x3  3.65x  6.12

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x 6 5 4 3 2

f
x 87 25 1 3 5 23 75 f
x 25.98 6.88 4.72 10.32 11.42

(b) The zero is in the interval 1, 0. x 1 0 1 2 3 4

Zero: x
0.900 f
x 9.52 6.12 2.72 0.82 1.92 7.52

(b) The only zero is in the interval
5, 4.

It is x
4.479.

45. (a) f
x
x4  5x  1 46. (a) f
x
7x4  3x3  8x2  2

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x 3 2 1 0 1 2
f
x 95 25 5 1 5 5 65 f
x 416 58 2 2 4 106

(b) There are two zeros, one in the interval 1, 0 and (b) There are zeros in the intervals
2, 1 and
1, 0.
one in the interval 1, 2 They are x
1.211 and x
0.509.
Zeros: x
0.200, x
1.772

47. 8x  5 48. 4
3
3x  2 ) 24x  2
x 8 3x  2 ) 4x  7
24x2  16x 4x  83
29
15x  8 3

15x  10 4x  7 4 29


2 3x  2 3 3
3x  2

24x2  x  8 2
Thus,
8x  5  .
3x  2 3x  2
244 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

49. 5x  2 50. 3x2 3

x  3x  1 ) 5x3  13x2  x  2
2
x  1 ) 3x  0x  0x  0x  0
2 4 3 2

5x3  15x2  5x 3x4  3x2

2x2  6x  2 3x2 0
2x2  6x  2 3x2 3
0 3
5x 
3 x2
13x2 3x 4 3
Thus,
5x  2.
3x2  3  2
x2  3x  1 x2  1 x 1

51. x2  3x  2 52. 3x2  5x  8

x2  0x  2 ) x  3x  4x  6x  3
4 3 2 2x2  0x  1 ) 6x4  10x3  13x2  5x  2
x4  0x  2x
3 2 6x4  0x3  3x2
3x 3  2x2  6x 10x3  16x2  5x
3x3  0x2  6x 10x3  0x2  5x
2x  0x  3
2 16x2  0x  2
2x2  0x  4 16x2  0x  8
1 10

x4  3x3  4x2  6x  3 1 6x4  10x3   5x  2

13x2 10
Thus,
x2  3x  2  2 .
3x2  5x  8  2
x 2
2 x 2 2x2  1 2x  1

53. 2 6 4 27 18 0 54. 5 0.1 0.3 0 0.5

12 16 22 8 0.5 4 20
0.1 0.8 4 19.5
6 8 11 4 8
0.1x3  0.3x2  0.5 19.5
Thus,
0.1x 2  0.8x  4 
x5 x5
6x4  4x3  27x2  18x 8

6x3  8x2  11x  4  .
x2 x2

55. 4 2 19 38 24 56. 3 3 20 29 12

8 44 24 9 33 12
3 11 4 0
2 11 6 0
3x3  20x2  29x  12
2x3  19x2  38x  24
3x2  11x  4
Thus,
2x2  11x  6. x3
x4

57. f
x
20x 4  9x 3  14x2  3x

3
(a) 1 20 9 14 3 0 (b) 4 20 9 14 3 0
20 11 3 0 15 18 3 0
20 11 3 0 0 20 24 4 0 0
3
Yes, x
1 is a zero of f. Yes, x
is a zero of f.
4

(c) 0 20 9 14 3 0 (d) 1 20 9 14 3 0

0 0 0 0 20 29 15 12
20 9 14 3 0 20 29 15 12 12
Yes, x
0 is a zero of f. No, x
1 is not a zero of f.
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 245

58. f
x
3x3  8x2  20x  16

(a) 4 3 8 20 16 (b) 4 3 8 20 16
12 16 16 12 80 240
3 4 4 0 3 20 60 224

Yes, x
4 is a zero of f. No, x
4 is not a zero of f.

(c) 2
3 3 8 20 16 (d) 1 3 8 20 16
2 4 16 3 11 9
3 6 24 0 3 11 9 25
2
Yes, x
3 is a zero of f. No, x
1 is not a zero of f.

59. f
x
x4  10x3  24x2  20x  44

(a) 3 1 10 24 20 44 (b) 1 1 10 24 20 44
3 21 135 465 1 9 33 53
1 7 45 155 421 1 9 33 53 9

Thus, f
3
421. f
1
9

60. g
t
2t5  5t4  8t  20

(a) 4 2 5 0 0 8 20
8 52 208 832 3296
2 13 52 208 824 3276
Thus, g
4
3276.
(b) 2 2 5 0 0 8 20
22 52  4 10  42 102  8 20
2 5  22 5 2  4 10  42 102 0
Thus, g
2
0.

61. f
x
x 3  4x2  25x  28; Factor:
x  4 62. f
x
2x3  11x2  21x  90
(a) 4 1 4 25 28 (a) 6 2 11 21 90
4 32 28 12 6 90
1 8 7 0 2 1 15 0

Yes, x  4 is a factor of f
x. Yes,
x  6 is a factor of f
x.

(b) x2  8x  7

x  7
x  1 (b) 2x2  x  15

2x  5
x  3

The remaining factors of f are
x  7 and
x  1. The remaining factors are
2x  5 and
x  3.

(c) f
x
x 3  4x2  25x  28 (c) f
x

2x  5
x  3
x  6

5


x  7
x  1
x  4 (d) Zeros: x
 2, 3, 6

(d) Zeros: 7, 1, 4 (e) 50

(e) 80 −7 5

−8 5
− 100

− 60
246 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

63. f
x
x 4  4x 3  7x2  22x  24 64. f
x
x4  11x3  41x2  61x  30

Factors:
x  2,
x  3 (a) 2 1 11 41 61 30
2 18 46 30
(a) 2 1 4 7 22 24
2 12 10 24 1 9 23 15 0

1 6 5 12 0 5 1 9 23 15
5 20 15
3 1 6 5 12 1 4 3 0
3 9 12
Yes,
x  2 and
x  5 are both factors of f
x.
1 3 4 0
(b) x2  4x  3

x  1
x  3
Both are factors since the remainders are zero.
The remaining factors are
x  1 and
x  3.
(b) x2  3x  4

x  1
x  4
(c) f
x

x  1
x  3
x  2
x  5
The remaining factors are
x  1 and
x  4.
(d) Zeros: x
1, 2, 3, 5
(c) f
x

x  1
x  4
x  2
x  3
(e) 4
(d) Zeros: 2, 1, 3, 4
−6 12
(e) 40

−8
−3 5

− 10

65. 6  4
6  2i 66. 3  25
3  5i 67. i2  3i
1  3i

68. 5i  i 2
1  5i 69.
7  5i 
4  2i

7  4 
5i  2i
3  7i

 22  22 i   22  22 i
 22 i

    2 2 2 2 
70.  i  i
2 2i
2 2 2 2

71. 5i
13  8i
65i  40i2
40  65i 72.
1  6i
5  2i
5  2i  30i  12i2

5  28i  12

17  28i

73.
10  8i
2  3i
20  30i  16i  24i2 74. i
6  i
3  2i
i
18  12i  3i  2i2

4  46i
i
20  9i

20i  9i2

9  20i

6i 6i 4i 3  2i 3  2i 5i

75.

4i 4i
4i 76.
5i


5i
5i
24  10i  i2 15  3i  10i  2i 2



16  1 25  i 2
23  10i 17  7i



17 26
23 10 17 7i

 i

17 17 26 26
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 247

4 2 4 2  3i 2 1i 1 5
1  4i  5
2  i

77. 

2  3i 1  i 2  3i
 2  3i  1  i  1  i 78. 

2  i 1  4i
2  i
1  4i
8  12i 2  2i 1  4i  10  5i



49 11 2  8i  i  4i2
8 12 9  i
2  9i

 i1i
13 13


2  9i

2  9i

138  1  12
13
i  i

18  81i  2i  9i2
4  81i2
21 1 9  83i 9 83i

 i


13 13 85 85 85

79. 3x2  1
0 80. 2  8x2
0

3x2
1 8x2
2
1 1
x2
 x2

3 4

 31
1
x
± x
± i
2

13 i
± 33i


±

81. x2  2x  10
0 82. 6x2  3x  27
0

x2  2x  1
10  1 b ± b2  4ac
x

2a

x  12
9
x  1
± 9 3 ± 32  4
6
27


2
6
x
1 ± 3i
3 ± 639


12
3 ± 3i71 1 71


 ± i
12 4 4

83. f
x
3x
x  22 84. f
x

x  4
x  92 85. f
x
x2  9x  8 86. f
x
x 3  6x
Zeros: x
0, x
2 Zeros: x
9, 4

x  1
x  8
x
x2  6
Zeros: x
1, x
8 Zeros: x
0, ± 6i

87. f
x

x  4
x  6
x  2i
x  2i 88. f
x

x  8
x  52
x  3  i
x  3  i

Zeros: x
4, x
6, x
2i, x
2i Zeros: x
5, 8, 3 ± i

89. f
x
4x3  8x2  3x  15 90. f
x
3x4  4x3  5x2  8

1 3 5 15
Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ± 15, ± 2, ± 2, ± 2, ± 2 , Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 8, ± 13, ± 23, ± 43, ± 83
1 3 5 15
± 4, ± 4, ± 4, ± 4
248 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

91. f
x
x3  2x2  21x  18 92. f
x
3x 3  20x2  7x  30

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6, ± 9, ± 18 Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 5, ± 6, ± 10, ± 15,
1 2 5 10
± 30, ± 3 , ± 3 , ± 3 , ± 3
1 1 2 21 18
1 3 18 1 3 20 7 30
1 3 18 0 3 23 30

x3  2x2  21x  18

x  1
x2  3x  18 3 23 30 0

So, f
x
3x 3  20x2  7x  30


x  1
x  6
x  3


x  1
3x2  23x  30
The zeros of f
x are x
1, x
6, and x
3.


x  1
3x  5
x  6
0

x  1
3x  5
x  6.
5
Zeros: x
1, 3, 6

93. f
x
x3  10x2  17x  8 94. f
x
x 3  9x2  24x  20

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 8 Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 5, ± 10, ± 20
1 1 10 17 8 5 1 9 24 20
1 9 8 5 20 20
1 9 8 0
1 4 4 0
x3  10x2  17x  8

x  1
x2  9x  8 So, f
x
x 3  9x2  24x  20


x  1
x  1
x  8

x  5
x2  4x  4


x  12
x  8

x  5
x  22.
The zeros of f
x are x
1 and x
8. Zeros: x
5, 2

95. f
x
x4  x3  11x2  x  12

Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, ± 12
3 1 1 11 1 12
3 12 3 12
1 4 1 4 0
4 1 4 1 4
4 0 4
1 0 1 0
x4  x3  11x2  x  12

x  3
x  4
x2  1
The real zeros of f
x are x
3, and x
4.

96. f
x
25x 4  25x 3  154x2  4x  24

1 2 3 4 6 8 12
Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 6, ± 8, ± 12, ± 24, ± 5, ± 5, ± 5, ± 5, ± 5, ± 5, ± 5 ,
24 1 2 3 4 6 8 12 24
± 5 , ± 25 , ± 25 , ± 25 , ± 25 , ± 25 , ± 25 , ± 25 , ± 25

3 25 25 154 4 24
75 150 12 24
25 50 4 8 0
2 25 50 4 8
50 0 8
25 0 4 0
So, f
x
25x 4  25x 3  154x2  4x  24


x  3
x  2
25x2  4


x  3
x  2
5x  2
5x  2.
2
Zeros: x
3, 2, ± 5
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 249

97. f
x
3
x  23 
x  4
x  3 i
x  3 i Since 3i is a zero, so is  3i.


3x  2
x  4
x2  3 Multiply by 3 to clear the fraction.


3x2  14x  8
x2  3

3x4  14x3  17x2  42x  24
Note: f
x
a
3x4  14x3  17x2  42x  24, where a is any real nonzero number, has zeros 3, 4, and ± 3 i.
2

98. Since 1  2i is a zero and the coefficients are real, 99. f
x
x3  4x2  x  4, Zero: i
1  2i must also be a zero.
Since i is a zero, so is i.
f
x

x  2
x  3
x  1  2i
x  1  2i
i 1 4 1 4


x2  x  6
x  12  4 i 1  4i 4


x2  x  6
x2  2x  5 1 4  i 4i 0

x4  x  3x  17x  30
3 2
i 1 4  i 4i
i 4i
1 4 0
f
x

x  i
x  i
x  4, Zeros: x
± i, 4

100. h
x
x3  2x2  16x  32 101. g
x
2x 4  3x 3  13x2  37x  15, Zero: 2  i
Since 4i is a zero, so is 4i. Since 2  i is a zero, so is 2  i
4i 1 2 16 32 2i 2 3 13 37 15
4i 16  8i 32 4  2i 5i 31  3i 15
1 2  4i 8i 0 2 1  2i 13  5i 6  3i 0

4i 1 2  4i 8i 2i 2 1  2i 13  5i 6  3i

4i 8i 4  2i 10  5i 6  3i

1 2 0 2 5 3 0
h
x

x  4i
x  4i
x  2 g
x
x 
2  ix 
2  i
2x2  5x  3

Zeros: x
± 4i, 2

x  2  i
x  2  i
2x  1
x  3

Zeros: x
2 ± i, 12, 3

102. f
x
4x4  11x3  14x2  6x 103. f
x
x3  4x2  5x

x
4x  11x  14x  6
3 2

x
x2  4x  5
One zero is x
0. Since 1  i is a zero, so is 1  i.
x
x  5
x  1
1i 4  11 14 6 Zeros: x
0, 5, 1
4  4i 11  3i 6
4 7  4i 3  3i 0

1i 4  7  4i 3  3i
4  4i 3  3i
4 3 0
f
x
xx 
1  ix 
1  i
4x  3

x
x  1  i
x  1  i
4x  3
Zeros: 0, 34, 1  i, 1  i
250 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

104. g
x
x3  7x2  36

2 1 7 0 36
2 18 36
1 9 18 0

The zeros of x2  9x  18

x  3
x  6 are x
3, 6. The zeros of g
x are 2, 3, 6.

g
x

x  2
x  3
x  6

105. g
x
x 4  4x 3  3x2  40x  208, Zero: x
4 106. f
x
x4  8x3  8x2  72x  153
4 1 4 3 40 208 3 1 8 8 72 153
4 0 12 208 3 33 123 153
1 0 3 52 0 1 11 41 51 0
4 1 0 3 52 3 1 11 41 51
4 16 52 3 24 51
1 4 13 0 1 8 17
g
x

x  4
2
x2  4x  13 By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x2  8x  17 are
By the Quadratic Formula the zeros of x2  4x  13 are 8 ± 
82  4
1
17 8 ± 4
x
2 ± 3i. The zeros of g
x are x
4 of multiplicity x


4 ± i.
2
1 2
2, and x
2 ± 3i.
The zeros of f
x are 3, 3, 4  i, 4  i.
g
x

x  42x 
2  3ix 
2  3i
f
x

x  3
x  3
x  4  i
x  4  i


x  42
x  2  3i
x  2  3i

107. g
x
5x3  3x2  6x  9 108. h
x
2x5  4x3  2x2  5

g
x has two variations in sign, so g has either two or no h
x has three variations in sign, so h has either three or
positive real zeros. one positive real zeros.

g
x
5x3  3x2  6x  9 h
x
2
x5  4
x3  2
x2  5

g
x has one variation in sign, so g has one negative
2x5  4x3  2x2  5
real zero.
h
x has two variations in sign, so h has either two or
no negative real zeros.

109. f
x
4x3  3x2  4x  3 110. g
x
2x3  5x2  14x  8

(a) 1 4 3 4 3 (a) 8 2 5 14 8
4 1 5 16 88 592

4 1 5 2 2 11 74 600
Since the last row has all positive entries, Since the last row has all positive entries, x
8 is an
x
1 is an upper bound. upper bound.

(b)  4 2 5 14 8
(b)  14 4 3 4 3
8 52 152
1 1  54
2 13 38 144
4 4 5  17
4 Since the last row entries alternate in sign, x
4 is a
Since the last row entries alternate in sign, lower bound.
x
 41 is a lower bound.
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 251

5x 3x2 8
111. f
x
112. f
x
113. f
x

x  12 1  3x x2  10x  24
Domain: all real numbers x 1  3x
0 8


except x
12
x  4
x  6
3x
1
Domain: all real numbers x
1
x
 except x
4 and x
6
3
Domain: all real numbers x
except x
 13

x2  x  2 4 2x2  5x  3
114. f
x
115. f
x
116. f
x

x2  4 x3 x2  2
Domain: all real numbers Vertical asymptote: x
3 Vertical asymptote: none
Horizontal asymptote: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: y
2

2x  10 x3  4x2 x2
x  4
117. h
x
118. h
x


x2  2x  15 x2  3x  2
x  2
x  1
2
x  5 Vertical asymptotes: x
2, x
1



x  3
x  5
Horizontal asymptotes: none
2

, x5
x3
Vertical asymptote: x
3
Horizontal asymptote: y
0

5 4
119. f
x
120. f
x

x2 x
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
0 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
0

(b) No intercepts (b) No intercepts

(c) Vertical asymptote: x
0 (c) Vertical asymptote: x
0

Horizontal asymptote: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: y
0

(d) (d)
x ±3 ±2 ±1 x 3 2 1 1 2 3

 43 4
y  59 4
5
5
y 2 4 4 2 3

y y

1 4

x 3
−1 1 2 2

−2 1
x
−3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

−2
−3
252 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

2x x2 x3

121. g
x

 122. h
x

1x x1 x2
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
1 (a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
2

(b) x-intercept:
2, 0 (b) x-intercept:
3, 0

y-intercept:
0, 2
 
3
y-intercept: 0,
2
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
1
Horizontal asymptote: y
1 (c) Vertical asymptote: x
2
Horizontal asymptote: y
1
(d)
x 1 0 2 3 (d)
x 1 0 1 3 4 5
1 5
y 2 2 4 2 4 3 1 2
y 3 2 2 0 2 3
y
y
6
5
4
(0, 2) 4
(−2, 0) 2 3
x
( (3
0, 2
−2
−4 x
−2 −1 1 4 5 6
−6
(3, 0)
−8 −2
−3

x2 2x
123. p
x
124. f
x

x2  1 x2  4

(a) Domain: all real numbers x (a) Domain: all real numbers x

(b) Intercept:
0, 0 (b) Intercept:
0, 0

(c) Horizontal asymptote: y
1 (c) Horizontal asymptote: y
0

(d) (d)
x ±3 ±2 ±1 0 x 2 1 0 1 2

 12  25 2 1
y 9 4 1
0 y 0 5 2
10 5 2

y y

4 3

3 2

2 1
(0, 0)
x
1 2 3
x −1
−3 −2 −1 (0, 0) 2 3
−2

−2 −3

x
125. f
x

x2  1
(a) Domain: all real numbers x (d) y
x 2 1 0 1 2
(b) Intercept:
0, 0 2
 25  12 1 2
y 0 2 5
(c) Horizontal asymptote: y
0 1
(0, 0)
x
1 2

−1

−2
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 253

126. h
x

4 6x2
127. f
x


x  12 x2  1
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
1 (a) Domain: all real numbers x
(b) y-intercept:
0, 4 (b) Intercept:
0, 0
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
1 (c) Horizontal asymptote: y
6
Horizontal asymptote: y
0
(d)
(d) x ±3 ±2 ±1 0
x 2 1 0 2 3 4
 27 24
4 4
y 5 5 3 0
y 9 1 4 4 1 9
y
y
4
7
2
6 (0, 0)
5 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
(0, 4)
3

1
x
−8
− 3 − 2 −1 2 3 4 5

2x2 6x2  11x  3

128. y
129. f
x

x2 4 3x2  x
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
± 2
3x  1
2x  3 2x  3 1


, x
(b) Intercept:
0, 0 x
3x  1 x 3

(c) Vertical asymptotes: x
2, x
2 1

(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
0 and x

Horizontal asymptote: y
2 3

(d)
x ±5 ±4 ±3 ±1 0
(b) x-intercept: 32, 0
y-intercept: none
50 8 18 2
y 21 3 5 3 0 (c) Vertical asymptote: x
0
y
Horizontal asymptote: y
2

6 (d)
x 2 1 1 2 3 4
4
7 1 5
y 2 5 1 2 1 4
(0, 0)
x
−6 −4 4 6 y

2
x
−8 −6 − 4 − 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
( (
3
2
,0

−6
−8
254 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

6x2  7x  2 2x3 2x
130. f
x
131. f
x

2x  2
4x2  1 x 1 2
x 1

2x  1
3x  2 3x  2 1 (a) Domain: all real numbers x


, x

2x  1
2x  1 2x  1 2 (b) Intercept:
0, 0
1 (c) Slant asymptote: y
2x
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x  ±
2
(d)
(b) y-intercept:
0, 2 x 2 1 0 1 2
2
   16 16
x-intercept: ,0 y 5 1 0 1 5
3
y
1
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
 3
2
3 2
Horizontal asymptote: y

2 1
(0, 0)
x
(d) 2 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x 3 2 1 0 3 1 2
11 8 1 4 −2
y 5 3 5 2 0 3 5
−3

x
−3 −2 −1 2 3
( ( 2
3
,0

x2  1
132. f
x

x1
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
1
(b) y-intercept:
0, 1
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
1
x2  1 2
Using long division, f
x

x1 .
x1 x1
Slant asymptote: y
x  1
(d)
x 6 2  32  12 0 4
 37  13 5 17
y 5 5 2 2 1 5

4
(0, 1)

x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 255

3x3  2x2  3x  2 3x3  4x2  12x  16

133. f
x
134. f
x

3x2  x  4 3x2  5x  2

3x  2
x  1
x  1
x  2
x  2
3x  4




3x  4
x  1
x  2
3x  1

3x  2
x  1
x  2
3x  4


, x  2
3x  4 3x  1
1 23 1

x  , x  1 (a) Domain: all real x except x
2 or x

3 3x  4 3

(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x
1, x

4 (b) y-intercept:
0, 8
3
2
(b) x-intercepts:
1, 0 and , 0  
x-intercepts: 43, 0,
2, 0
3
1
y-intercept: 0, 
1
2   (c) Vertical asymptote: x

3
Using long division,
4
(c) Vertical asymptote: x
3x2  10x  8 5
3 f
x

x3 .
3x  1 3x  1
1
Slant asymptote: y
x 
3 Slant asymptote: y
x  3
(d) (d)
x 3 2 0 1 2 3 x 4 1 0 1 2 4
 44  12  12 14
 96  21 1
y 16
13 5 0 2 5
y 13 4 8 2 0 11

y y

4 4
3 2 ( 43, 0(
( 23 , 0(
2 x
−6 −4 −2 4 6
(0, − 1
2
1
( (1, 0)
−2 (2, 0)
x
−2 −1 2 3 4
−6
−2 (0, −8)

C 0.5x  500 528p

135. C

, 0 < x 136. C
, 0 ≤ p < 100
x x 100  p
0.5 (a) 4000
Horizontal asymptote: C

0.5
1
As x increases, the average cost per unit approaches the
horizontal asymptote, C
0.5
$0.50.
0 100
0

528
25
(b) When p
25, C

$176 million.
100  25
528
50
When p
50, C

$528 million.
100  50
528
75
When p
75, C

$1584 million.
100  75
(c) As p → 100, C → . No, it is not possible.
256 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

137. (a) (c) Because the horizontal margins total 4 inches, x must be
2 in.
greater than 4 inches. The domain is x > 4.
y
2 in. 2 in. (d) 200

2 in.
x

(b) The area of print is
x  4
y  4, which is 4 32

0
30 square inches.
The minimum area occurs when x
9.477 inches, so

x  4
y  4
30
30 y

2
2  9.477  7
9.477 inches.
y4
9.477  4
x4
30 The least amount of paper used is for a page size of about
y
4 9.48 inches by 9.48 inches.
x4
30  4
x  4
y

x4
4x  14
y

x4
2
2x  7
y

x4

 2
2xx 47

2x
2x  7
Total area
xy
x
x4

18.47x  2.96
138. y
, 0 < x 139. 6x2  5x < 4
0.23x  1
6x2  5x  4 < 0
The limiting amount of CO2 uptake is determined
by the horizontal asymptote,
3x  4
2x  1 < 0
4 1
18.47 Critical numbers: x
 3, x
2
y

80.3 mgdm2hr.
0.23 Test intervals:
 ,  3, ,
 3, 2 ,
2, 
4 4 1 1

90
Test: Is
3x  4
2x  1 < 0?
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the
inequality, we see that the solution set is:
 3, 2 
4 1

0 100
0

140. 2x2  x ≥ 15 141. x3  16x ≥ 0

2x2  x  15 ≥ 0 x
x  4
x  4 ≥ 0

2x  5
x  3 ≥ 0 Critical numbers: x
0, x
± 4
Critical numbers: x
5
2, x
3 Test intervals:
 , 4,
4, 0,
0, 4,
4, 
Test intervals:
 , 3 ⇒
2x  5
x  3 > 0 Test: Is x
x  4
x  4 ≥ 0?

3,  ⇒
2x  5
x  3 < 0
5
2 By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
we see that the solution set is: 4, 0
4, .

52,  ⇒
2x  5
x  3 > 0
Solution interval:
 , 3
52, 
 Review Exercises for Chapter 2 257

2 3
142. 12x3  20x 2 < 0 143. ≤
x1 x1
4x 2
3x  5 < 0
2
x  1  3
x  1
5
Critical numbers: x
0, x
3 ≤ 0

x  1
x  1
Test intervals:
 , 0 ⇒ 12x3  20x 2 < 0 2x  2  3x  3
≤ 0

0,  ⇒
5
3 12x3  20x 2 < 0
x  1
x  1)

53,  ⇒ 12x  20x > 0

3 2 
x  5
≤ 0

x  1
x  1
Solution interval:
 , 0

0, 3 
5

Critical numbers: x
5, x
± 1

Test intervals:
 , 5,
5, 1,
1, 1,
1, 

x  5
Test: Is ≤ 0?

x  1
x  1
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
we see that the solution set is: 5, 1

1, 

x5 x2  7x  12
144. < 0 145. ≥ 0
3x x
Critical numbers: x
5, x
3
x  4
x  3
≥ 0
x
x5
Test intervals:
 , 3 ⇒ < 0
3x Critical numbers: x
4, x
3, x
0
x5 Test intervals:
 , 4,
4, 3,
3, 0,
0, 

3, 5 ⇒ > 0
3x

x  4
x  3
Test: Is ≥ 0?
x5 x

5,  ⇒ < 0
3x
By testing an x-value in each test interval in the inequality,
Solution intervals:
 , 3

5,  we see that the solution set is: 4, 3

0, 

1 1
146. > 147. 5000
1  r2 > 5500
x2 x

1  r2 > 1.1
1 1
 > 0
x2 x 1  r > 1.0488
Critical numbers: x
2, x
0 r > 0.0488
1 1 r > 4.9%
Test intervals:
 , 0 ⇒  > 0
x2 x
1 1

0, 2 ⇒  < 0
x2 x
1 1

2,  ⇒  > 0
x2 x
Solution interval:
 , 0

2, 

1000
1  3t
148. P
149. False. A fourth-degree polynomial 150. False. (See Exercise 123.)
5t can have at most four zeros and The domain of
1000
1  3t complex zeros occur in conjugate
2000 ≤ 1
5t pairs. f
x

x2  1
2000
5  t ≤ 1000
1  3t
is the set of all real numbers x.
10,000  2000t ≤ 1000  3000t
1000t ≤ 9000
t ≥ 9 days
258 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

151. The maximum (or minimum) value of a quadratic 152. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
function is located at its graph’s vertex. To find the
Polynomials of degree n > 0 with real coefficients can
vertex, either write the equation in standard form or
be written as the product of linear and quadratic factors
use the formula
with real coefficients, where the quadratic factors have

 2ab , f  2ab .

If the leading coefficient is positive, the vertex is a
minimum. If the leading coefficient is negative, the
vertex is a maximum.
no real zeros.
Setting the factors equal to zero and solving for the
variable can find the zeros of a polynomial function.
To solve an equation is to find all the values of the
variable for which the equation is true.

153. An asymptote of a graph is a line to which the graph becomes arbitrarily close as x increases or decreases without bound.

Problem Solving for Chapter 2

1. f
x
ax3  bx2  cx  d

ax2 
ak  bx 
ak2  bk  c
x  k) ax3  bx2  cx d
ax3  akx2

ak  bx2  cx

ak  bx2 
ak2  bkx

ak2  bk  cx  d

ak2  bk  cx 
ak3  bk2  ck

ak3  bk2  ck  d
Thus, f
x
ax3  bx2  cx  d

x  kax2 
ak  bx 
ak2  bx  c  ak3  bk2  ck  d and
f
k
ak3  bk2  ck  d. Since the remainder r
ak3  bk2  ck  d, f
k
r.

a2
2. (a) (d) 3x3  x2
90; a
3, b
1 ⇒
9
y y3  y2 b3

1 2 9
3 x 3 9x2
9
90

2 12
3x3 
3x2
810 ⇒ 3x
9 ⇒ x
3

a2 4
3 36 (e) 2x3  5x2
2500; a
2, b
5 ⇒

b3 125
4 80
4 4 4

2 x 3 
5x2

2500
5 150 125 125 125

2x5   2x5  2x
3 2
6 252
80 ⇒
4 ⇒ x
10
5
7 392
a2 49
(f) 7x3  6x2
1728; a
7, b
6 ⇒

8 576 b3 216
49 49 49
9 810
7 x 3 
6x2

1728
216 216 216
10 1100
7x6   7x6  7x
3 2

392 ⇒
7 ⇒ x
6
6
(b) x3  x2
252 ⇒ x
6
a2 100
a2 1 (g) 10x3  3x2
297; a
10, b
3 ⇒

(c) x3  2x2
288; a
1, b
2 ⇒
b3 27
b3 8
100 100 2 100
1 3 1 2 1
x 
2x 

288
10x3 
3x 

297
8 8 8 27 27 27

10x3   10x3  10x

3 2

 
x x x
3 2

36 ⇒
3 ⇒ x
6
1100 ⇒
10 ⇒ x
3
2 2 2 3
 Problem Solving for Chapter 2 259

3. V
l  w  h
x2
x  3
x2
x  3
20
x3  3x2  20
0
Possible rational zeros: ± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 5, ± 10, ± 20
x
2 1 3 0 20 x+3

2 10 20 x

1 5 10 0

x  2
x2  5x  10
0 Choosing the real positive value for x we have: x
2 and x  3
5.
The dimensions of the mold are 2 inches  2 inches  5 inches.
5 ± 15i
x
2 or x

2

f
x r
x
4. False. Since f
x
d
xq
x  r
x, we have
q
x  .
d
x d
x
f
x f
1
The statement should be corrected to read f
1
2 since
q
x  .
x1 x1

94
5. (a) y
ax 2  bx  c 6. (a) Slope

5
32

0, 4: 4
a
02  b
0  c Slope of tangent line is less than 5.
4
c 41
(b) Slope

3

4, 0: 0
a
42  b
4  4 21

0
16a  4b  4
4
4a  b  1 Slope of tangent line is greater than 3.

0
4a  b  1 or b
1  4a 4.41  4
(c) Slope

4.1
2.1  2

1, 0: 0
a
12  b
1  4
Slope of tangent line is less than 4.1.
4
ab
f
2  h  f
2
4
a 
1  4a (d) Slope


2  h  2
4
1  3a
2  h2  4


3
3a h

a
1 4h  h2


h
b
1  4
1
5

4  h, h  0
y
x 2  5x  4
(e) Slope
4  h, h0
(b) Enter the data points
0, 4,
1, 0,
2, 2,
4, 0,

6, 10 and use the regression feature to obtain 4 
1
3
y
x 2  5x  4. 41
5
4  0.1
4.1
The results are the same as in (a)–(c).
(f) Letting h get closer and closer to 0, the slope
approaches 4. Hence, the slope at
2, 4 is 4.
260 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1
7. f
x

x  kq
x  r 8. (a) zm

z
(a) Cubic, passes through
2, 5, rises to the right 1 1 1i


1i


1i
1i
One possibility:
1i 1 1
f
x

x  2x 2  5

 i
2 2 2

x3  2x 2  5 1
(b) zm

(b) Cubic, passes through
3, 1, falls to the right z
1 1 3i
One possibility:

3i


3i
3i
f
x

x  3x 2  1 3i 3 1


 i

x3  3x 2  1 10 10 10
1 1
(c) zm


z 2  8i
1 2  8i


2  8i
 2  8i
2  8i 1 2


  i
68 34 17

9.
a  bi
a  bi
a2  abi  abi  b2i2
a2  b2

Since a and b are real numbers, a2  b2 is also a real number.

ax  b ax
10. f
x
11. f
x

cx  d
x  b2
d (a) b  0 ⇒ x
b is a vertical asymptote.
Vertical asymptote: x

c 
a causes a vertical stretch if a > 1 and a vertical
 
shrink if 0 < a < 1. For a > 1, the graph
Horizontal asymptote: y

a
c

becomes wider as a increases. When a is negative
the graph is reflected about the x-axis.
(i) a > 0, b < 0, c > 0, d < 0 (b) a  0. Varying the value of b varies the vertical
Both the vertical asymptote and the horizontal asymptote of the graph of f. For b > 0, the graph
asymptote are positive. Matches graph (d). is translated to the right. For b < 0, the graph is
reflected in the x-axis and is translated to the left.
(ii) a > 0, b > 0, c < 0, d < 0
Both the vertical asymptote and the horizontal
asymptote are negative. Matches graph (b).
(iii) a < 0, b > 0, c > 0, d < 0
The vertical asymptote is positive and the horizontal
asymptote is negative. Matches graph (a).
(iv) a > 0, b < 0, c > 0, d > 0
The vertical asymptote is negative and the horizontal
asymptote is positive. Matches graph (c).
 Problem Solving for Chapter 2 261

12. (a) 50 (c)

Age, x Near point, y Age, x Near point, y Quadratic Rational
Model Model
16 3.0
16 3.0 3.66 3.05
32 4.7 0 70
0 32 4.7 2.32 4.63
44 9.8
44 9.8 11.83 7.58
50 19.7
50 19.7 19.97 11.11
60 39.4
60 39.4 38.54 50.00
y 0.0313x 2  1.586x  21.02
The models are fairly good fits to the data. The quadratic
1 model seems to be a better fit for older ages and the
(b) 0.007x  0.44 50
y rational model a better fit for younger ages.

1 (d) For x
25, the quadratic model yields y 0.9325 inches

y and the rational model yields y 3.774 inches.
0.007x  0.44
0 70
0 (e) The reciprocal model cannot be used to predict the near
point for a person who is 70 years old because it results in
a negative value
y 20. The quadratic model yields
y 63.37 inches.
262 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Chapter 2 Practice Test

1. Sketch the graph of f
x
x 2  6x  5 and identify the vertex and the intercepts.

2. Find the number of units x that produce a minimum cost C if

C
0.01x2  90x  15,000.

3. Find the quadratic function that has a maximum at
1, 7 and passes through the point
2, 5.

4. Find two quadratic functions that have x-intercepts
2, 0 and
43, 0.

5. Use the leading coefficient test to determine the right and left end behavior of the graph
of the polynomial function f
x
3x5  2x3  17.

6. Find all the real zeros of f
x
x 5  5x 3  4x.

7. Find a polynomial function with 0, 3, and 2 as zeros.

8. Sketch f
x
x 3  12x.

9. Divide 3x 4  7x 2  2x  10 by x  3 using long division.

10. Divide x 3  11 by x 2  2x  1.

11. Use synthetic division to divide 3x 5  13x 4  12x  1 by x  5.

12. Use synthetic division to find f
6 given f
x 
7x 3  40x 2  12x  15.

13. Find the real zeros of f
x
x3  19x  30.

14. Find the real zeros of f
x
x4  x3  8x2  9x  9.

15. List all possible rational zeros of the function f
x
6x3  5x2  4x  15.

16. Find the rational zeros of the polynomial f
x
x3  20 10

3 x  9x  3 .
2

17. Write f
x
x4  x3  5x  10 as a product of linear factors.

18. Find a polynomial with real coefficients that has 2, 3  i, and 3  2i as zeros.
 Practice Test for Chapter 2 263

19. Use synthetic division to show that 3i is a zero of f
x
x3  4x2  9x  36.

x1
20. Sketch the graph of f
x
and label all intercepts and asymptotes.
2x

8x2  9
21. Find all the asymptotes of f
x
.
x2  1

4x2  2x  7
22. Find all the asymptotes of f
x
.
x1

23. Given z1
4  3i and z 2
2  i, find the following:

(a) z1  z 2

(b) z 1 z 2

(c) z1z 2

24. Solve the inequality: x 2  49 ≤ 0

x3
25. Solve the inequality: ≥ 0
x7
 C H A P T E R 3
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs . . . . . . . . . 265

Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs . . . . . . . . 273

Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations . . . . . . . . . 289

Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models . . . . . . . . . . 303

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

C H A P T E R 3
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs

■ You should know that a function of the form f x
a x, where a > 0, a  1, is called an exponential
function with base a.
■ You should be able to graph exponential functions.
■ You should know formulas for compound interest.

.
r nt
(a) For n compoundings per year: A
P 1 
n
(b) For continuous compoundings: A
Pert.

Vocabulary Check
1. algebraic 2. transcendental 3. natural exponential; natural


nt
r
4. A
P 1  5. A
Pert
n

1. f 5.6
3.45.6  946.852 2. f x
2.3x
2.332  3.488 3. f  
5  0.006

4. f x
23 
23 

5x 50.3
 0.544 5. gx
50002x
500021.5 6. f x
2001.212x
 1767.767
2001.212  24
 1.274  1025

7. f x
2x 8. f x
2x  1 rises to the right. 9. f x
2x

Increasing Asymptote: y
1 Decreasing
Asymptote: y
0 Intercept: 0, 2 Asymptote: y
0
Intercept: 0, 1 Matches graph (c). Intercept: 0, 1
Matches graph (d). Matches graph (a).

11. f x
12 

x
10. f x
2x2 rises to the right. y

Asymptote: y
0 5

x 2 1 0 1 2 4
Intercept: 0, 4 
1
3
f x 4 2 1 0.5 0.25
Matches graph (b). 2

Asymptote: y
0 1

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

265
266 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

12. f x
12 

x

2x 13. f x
6x

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 2 1 0 1 2
f x 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 f x 36 6 1 0.167 0.028

Asymptote: y
0 Asymptote: y
0
y y

5 5

4 4

3 3

x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1

14. f x
6x 15. f x
2x1

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 2 1 0 1 2
f x 0.028 0.167 1 6 36 f x 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2

Asymptote: y
0 Asymptote: y
0
y y

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1

16. f x
4x3  3 y

x 1 0 1 2 3 6
5
f x 3.004 3.016 3.063 3.25 4 4

Asymptote: y
3 2
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5

17. f x
3x, gx
3x4 18. f x
4x, gx
4x  1

Because gx
f x  4, the graph of g can be obtained Because gx
f x  1, the graph of g can be obtained
by shifting the graph of f four units to the right. by shifting the graph of f one unit upward.

19. f x
2x, gx
5  2x 20. f x
10x, gx
10x3

Because gx
5  f x, the graph of g can be obtained Because gx
f x  3, the graph of g can be
by shifting the graph of f five units upward. obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the y-axis and
shifting f three units to the right. (Note: This is equivalent
to shifting f three units to the left and then reflecting the
graph in the y-axis.)
 Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs 267

21. f x
72  , gx
 72 

x x6
22. f x
0.3x, gx
0.3x  5
Because gx
f x  6, the graph of g can be gx
f x  5, hence the graph of g can be obtained
obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and shifting the
y-axis and shifting f six units to the right. (Note: This is resulting graph five units upward.
equivalent to shifting f six units to the left and then
reflecting the graph in the x-axis and y-axis.)

23. y
2x 24. y
3x

2
25. f x
3x2  1 26. y
4x1  2
3 3 4 3

−6 3

−3 3 −3 3

−1 5
−1 −1 0 −3

27. f 4 
e34  0.472

3
28. f x
ex
e3.2  24.533 29. f 10
2e510  3.857  1022

30. f x
1.5e12x 31. f 6
5000e0.066  7166.647 32. f x
250e0.05x

1.5e120  1.956  1052
250e0.0520  679.570

33. f x
e x 34. f x
ex

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 2 1 0 1 2

f x 0.135 0.368 1 2.718 7.389 f x 7.389 2.718 1 0.368 0.135

Asymptote: y
0 Asymptote: y
0
y y

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1

35. f x
3e x4 36. f x
2e0.5x

x 8 7 6 5 4 x 2 1 0 1 2
f x 0.055 0.149 0.406 1.104 3 f x 5.437 3.297 2 1.213 0.736

Asymptote: y
0 Asymptote: y
0
y y

8 6
7
5
6
5 4
4 3
3 2
2
1
1
x x
− 8 − 7 − 6 − 5 − 4 −3 −2 − 1 1 − 3 − 2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
268 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

37. f x
2e x2  4 38. f x
2  ex5

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 0 2 4 5 6
f x 4.037 4.100 4.271 4.736 6 f x 2.007 2.050 2.368 3 4.718

Asymptote: y
4 Asymptote: y
2
y y

9 8
8 7
7
6
6
5
5
4

3 3
2
1 1
x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

39. y
1.085x 40. y
1.085x 41. st
2e0.12t

7 6 22

−4 8
−7 5
−10 23
−1 −2 0

42. st
3e0.2t 43. gx
1  ex 44. hx
ex2

20 4 4

− 16 17
−3 3 −2 4
−2 0 0

1
45. 3x1
27 46. 2x3
16 47. 2x2
32
3x1
33 2x3
24 2x2
25
x1
3 x3
4 x  2
5
x
2 x
7 x
3

48. 15 x1
125 49. e3x2
e3 50. e2x1
e4

15 x1
53 3x  2
3 2x  1
4
15 x1
15 3 3x
1 2x
5
x  1
3 x

1
3 x
52

x
4

2 3 2 6
51. ex
e2x 52. ex
e5x
x 2  3
2x x 2  6
5x
x 2  2x  3
0 x 2  5x  6
0
x  3x  1
0 x  3x  2
0
x
3 or x
1 x
3 or x
2
 Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs 269

53. P
$2500, r
2.5%, t
10 years



10n
r nt 0.025
Compounded n times per year: A
P 1 
2500 1 
n n
Compounded continuously: A
Pert
2500e0.02510

Continuous
n 1 2 4 12 365 Compounding

A $3200.21 $3205.09 $3207.57 $3209.23 $3210.04 $3210.06

54. P
$1000, r
4%, t
10 years


0.04 10n
Compounded n times per year: A
1000 1 
n
Compounded continuously: A
1000e0.0410

Continuous
n 1 2 4 12 365 Compounding

A $1480.24 $1485.95 $1488.86 $1490.83 $1491.79 $1491.82

55. P
$2500, r
3%, t
20 years



20n
r nt 0.03
Compounded n times per year: A
P 1 
2500 1 
n n
Compounded continuously: A
Pert
2500e0.0320

Continuous
n 1 2 4 12 365 Compounding

A $4515.28 $4535.05 $4545.11 $4551.89 $4555.18 $4555.30

56. P
$1000, r
6%, t
40 years


0.06 40n
Compounded n times per year: A
1000 1 
n
Compounded continuously: A
1000e0.0640

Continuous
n 1 2 4 12 365 Compounding

A $10,285.72 $10,640.89 $10,828.46 $10,957.45 $11,021.00 $11,023.18

57. A
Pert
12,000e0.04t

t 10 20 30 40 50

A $17,901.90 $26,706.49 $39,841.40 $59,436.39 $88,668.67

58. A
Pert
12,000e0.06t

t 10 20 30 40 50
A $21,865.43 $39,841.40 $72,595.77 $132,278.12 $241,026.44
270 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

59. A
Pert
12,000e0.065t

t 10 20 30 40 50
A $22,986.49 $44,031.56 $84,344.25 $161,564.86 $309,484.08

60. A
Pert
12,000e0.035t

t 10 20 30 40 50

A $17,028.81 $24,165.03 $34,291.81 $48,662.40 $69,055.23

61. A
25,000e0.087525 62. A
5000e0.07550 63. C10
23.951.0410  $35.45

 $222,822.57  $212,605.41


4
64. p
5000 1  65. Vt
100e4.6052t
4  e0.002x
(a) V1  10,000.298 computers
(a) 1200

(b) V1.5  10,004.472 computers

(c) V2  1,000,059.63 computers

0 2000
0

(b) When x
500:


4
p
5000 1   $421.12
4  e0.002500
(c) Since 600, 350.13 is on the graph in part (a), it
appears that the greatest price that will still yield a
demand of at least 600 units is about $350.

67. Q
2512 
t1599
66. (a) P
152.26e0.0039t
Since the growth rate is negative, 0.0039
0.39%, (a) Q0
25 grams
the population is decreasing.
(b) Q1000  16.21 grams
(b) In 1998, t
8 and the population is given by
(c) 30
P8
152.26e0.00398
147.58 million.
In 2000, t
10 and the population is given by
P10
152.26e0.003910
146.44 million.
0 5000
(c) In 2010, t
20 and the population is given by 0
P20
152.26e0.003920
140.84 million.

68. Q
1012 
t5715

(a) When t
0: Q
1012 

05715
(c) Q

101
10 grams
Mass of 14C (in grams)

12
10
(b) When t
2000: Q
102  1 20005715
8
6
 7.85 grams 4
2
t
4000 8000
Time (in years)
 Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs 271

100
69. y

1  7e0.069x
(a) 110 (b) (c) When x
36:
x Sample Data Model
100
0 12 12.5 y
 63.14%.
1  7e0.06936
25 44 44.5
0 120 2 100
0
50 81 81.82 (d) 100
when
3 1  7e0.069x
75 96 96.19 x  38 masses.
100 99 99.3

70. (a) P (b) p
107,428e0.150h

120,000

107,428e0.1508
Atmospheric pressure

100,000
(in pascals)

80,000
32,357 pascals

60,000
40,000
20,000
h
5 10 15 20 25
Altitude (in km)

271,801
71. True. The line y
2 is a horizontal asymptote for the 72. False, e  99,990 . e is an irrational number.
graph of f x
10x  2.

73. f x
3x2 74. gx
22x6

3x32
22x  26

6422x

3 
1

3x 2

6422x
1
644x

3x
9

hx

hx
Thus, gx
hx but gx  f x.
Thus, f x  gx, but f x
hx.

75. f x
164x and f x
164x 76. f x
5x  3

424x
1622x gx
53x
53  5x

42x
1622x hx
5x3
 5x  53
2x

14 
hx Thus, none are equal.

4  1 x2

gx
Thus, f x
gx
hx.
272 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

77. y
3x and y
4x
y
x 2 1 0 1 2
3
y = 3x 1 1
y = 4x 3x 1 3 9
9 3
2
1 1
4x 16 4 1 4 16
1

x
−2 −1 1 2 (a) 4x < 3x when x < 0.
−1
(b) 4x > 3x when x > 0.

78. (a) f x
x2ex (b) gx
x23x

5 6

−2 10
−2 7

−1 −2

Decreasing:  , 0, 2,  Decreasing: 1.44, 

Increasing: 0, 2 Increasing:  , 1.44
Relative maximum: 2, 4e2 Relative maximum: 1.44, 4.25
Relative minimum: 0, 0

 and gx
e
x
0.5
79. f x
1  0.5
(Horizontal line) 80. The functions (c) 3x and (d) 2x are exponential.
x
4

g
−3 3
0

As x → , f x → gx.
As x →  , f x → gx.

81. x2  y2
25 
82. x  y
2
y2
25  x2 x2
y 
y
± 25  x2 y
x  2 and y
 x  2, x ≥ 2

2
83. f x
y
9x
12
Vertical asymptote: x
9 9

6
Horizontal asymptote: y
0
3
x
x 11 10 8 7 −18 − 15 −6 −3
−3
3

f x 1 2 2 1 −6

−9
 Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 273

84. f x
7  x y
85. Answers will vary.
Domain:  , 7 6

x 9 2 3 6 7 2

x
y −4 −2 2 4 6 8
4 3 2 1 0 −2

−4

−6

Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs

■ You should know that a function of the form y
loga x, where a > 0, a  1, and x > 0, is called
a logarithm of x to base a.
■ You should be able to convert from logarithmic form to exponential form and vice versa.
y
loga x ⇔ ay
x
■ You should know the following properties of logarithms.
(a) loga 1
0 since a0
1.
(b) loga a
1 since a1
a.
(c) loga ax
x since ax
ax .
(d) aloga x
x Inverse Property
(e) If loga x
loga y, then x
y.
■ You should know the definition of the natural logarithmic function.
loge x
ln x, x > 0
■ You should know the properties of the natural logarithmic function.
(a) ln 1
0 since e0
1.
(b) ln e
1 since e1
e.
(c) ln ex
x since ex
ex .
(d) eln x
x Inverse Property
(e) If ln x
ln y, then x
y.
■ You should be able to graph logarithmic functions.

Vocabulary Check
1. logarithmic 2. 10 3. natural; e
4. aloga x
x 5. x
y

1
1. log4 64
3 ⇒ 43
64 2. log3 81
4 ⇒ 34
81 3. log7 49
2 ⇒ 72
491

1 1 2
4. log 1000
3 ⇒ 103
1000 5. log32 4
5 ⇒ 322
5
4 6. log16 8
34 ⇒ 163
4
8

1
7. log36 6
2 ⇒ 36 1
2
6 8. log8 4
23 ⇒ 82
3
4 9. 53
125 ⇒ log5 125
3

1 3
10. 82
64 ⇒ log8 64
2 11. 811
4
3 ⇒ log81 3
4 12. 93
2
27 ⇒ log9 27
2
274 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1 1 1 1
13. 62
36 ⇒ log6 36
2 14. 43
64 ⇒ log4 64
3 15. 70
1 ⇒ log7 1
0

16. 103
0.001 ⇒ log10 0.001
3 17. f x
log2 x 18. f x
log16 x

f 16
log2 16
4 since 24
16 f 4
log16 4
12 since 161
2
4

19. f x
log7 x 20. f x
log x 21. gx
loga x

f 1
log7 1
0 since 70
1 f 10
log 10
1 since 101
10 ga2
loga a2

2 by the Inverse Property

22. gx
logb x 23. f x
log x 24. f x
log x

gb3 
logb b3
3 since f 4
5 
log   0.097
4
5 f 500
1

log 5001  2.699
b3
b3

25. f x
log x 26. f x
log x 27. log3 34
4 since 34
34

f 12.5  1.097 f 75.25  1.877

28. log1.5 1 29. log 
1 since 1
. 30. 9log9 15

Since 1.50
1, log1.5 1
0. Since aloga x
x, 9log9 15
15.

31. f x
log4 x 32. gx
log6 x y

Domain: x > 0 ⇒ The domain is 0, . Domain: 0,  2

x-intercept: 1, 0 y
x-intercept: 1, 0 1

Vertical asymptote: x
0 2 Vertical asymptote: x
0 −1 1 2 3

x

y
log4 x ⇒ 4 y
x 1 y
log6 x ⇒ 6 y
x −1

x −2
1 −1 1 2 3 1
x 4 1 4 2 x 6 1 6 6
−1
f x 1
1 0 1 2 y 1 0 1
2 1
−2

33. y
log3 x  2 y 34. hx
log4x  3

Domain: 0,  6 Domain: x  3 > 0 ⇒ x > 3
4
x-intercept: The domain is 3, . y
2
log3 x  2
0 x x-intercept: 6
2 4 6 8 10 12
4
2
log3 x −2
log4x  3
0
−4 2
32
x −6
40
x  3 x
2 4 6 8 10
9
x 1
x3 −2

The x-intercept is 9, 0. 4
x −4

Vertical asymptote: x
0 The x-intercept is 4, 0.

y
log3 x  2 Vertical asymptote: x  3
0 ⇒ x
3
log3 x
2  y ⇒ 32y
x y
log4x  3 ⇒ 4 y  3
x

1 1
x 27 9 3 1 3 x 34 4 7 19
y 1 0 1 2 3 y 1 0 1 2
 Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 275

35. f x
log6x  2 36. y
log5x  1  4

Domain: x  2 > 0 ⇒ x > 2 Domain: x  1 > 0 ⇒ x > 1
The domain is 2, . y
The domain is 1, . y

x-intercept: 4
x-intercept: 6

0
log6x  2 5
2
log5x  1  4
0 4
0
log6x  2
log5x  1
4
x
6 3

60
x  2 −2 2
54
x  1
1
x2 −4 1
1

625
x1 x
1
x 626
2 3 4 5 6

625
x
The x-intercept is 1, 0.
The x-intercept is 625, 0.
626
Vertical asymptote: x  2
0 ⇒ x
2
Vertical asymptote: x  1
0 ⇒ x
1
 y
log6x  2
y
log6x  2 y
log5x  1  4 ⇒ 5y4  1
x

6y  2
x
x 1.00032 1.0016 1.008 1.04 1.2
x 4 1 156 135
36 y 1 0 1 2 3
f x 1 0 1 2

5
x
37. y
log x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

y 0.70 0.40 0.22 0.10 0 0.08 0.15

x
Domain: > 0 ⇒ x > 0
5
The domain is 0, . y

x-intercept: 4

5
0
x 2
log
x
4 6 8
x

100 −2
5
−4
x

1 ⇒ x
5
5
The x-intercept is 5, 0.
x
Vertical asymptote:
0 ⇒ x
0
5
The vertical asymptote is the y-axis.

38. y
logx 1 1
x  100  10 1 10
Domain: x > 0 ⇒ x < 0
y 2 1 0 1
The domain is  , 0.
x-intercept: logx
0 y

100
x 2

1
x 1

The x-intercept is 1, 0. −3 −2 −1 1

x

Vertical asymptote: x
0 −1

y
logx ⇒ 10y
x −2
276 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

39. f x
log3 x  2 40. f x
log3 x

Asymptote: x
0 Asymptote: x
0
Point on graph: 1, 2 Point on graph: 1, 0
Matches graph (c). Matches graph (f).
The graph of f x is obtained by shifting the graph of gx f x reflects gx in the x-axis.
upward two units.

41. f x
log3x  2 42. f x
log3x  1

Asymptote: x
2 Asymptote: x
1
Point on graph: 1, 0 Point on graph: 2, 0
Matches graph (d). Matches graph (e).
The graph of f x is obtained by reflecting the graph of f x shifts gx one unit to the right.
gx about the x-axis and shifting the graph two units to
the left.

43. f x
log31  x
log3 x  1 44. f x
log3x

Asymptote: x
1 Asymptote: x
0
Point on graph: 0, 0 Point on graph: 1, 0
Matches graph (b). Matches graph (a).
The graph of f x is obtained by reflecting the graph of f x reflects gx in the x-axis then reflects that graph in
gx about the y-axis and shifting the graph one unit to the y-axis.
the right.

45. ln 12
0.693 . . . ⇒ e0.693 . . .
12 46. ln 25
0.916 . . . ⇒ e0.916 . . .
25

47. ln 4
1.386 . . . ⇒ e1.386 . . .
4 48. ln 10
2.302 . . . ⇒ e2.302 . . .
10

49. ln 250
5.521 . . . ⇒ e5.521 . . .
250 50. ln 679
6.520 . . . ⇒ e6.520 . . .
679

51. ln 1
0 ⇒ e0
1 52. ln e
1 ⇒ e1
e

53. e3
20.0855 . . . ⇒ ln 20.0855 . . .
3 54. e2
7.3890 . . . ⇒ ln 7.3890 . . .
2

1
55. e12
1.6487 . . . ⇒ ln 1.6487 . . .
12 56. e1
3
1.3956 . . . ⇒ ln 1.3956 . . .
3

57. e0.5
0.6065 . . . ⇒ ln 0.6065 . . .
0.5 58. e4.1
0.0165 . . . ⇒ ln 0.0165 . . .
4.1

59. ex
4 ⇒ ln 4
x 60. e2x
3 ⇒ ln 3
2x

61. f x
ln x 62. f x
3 ln x

f 18.42
ln 18.42  2.913 f 0.32
3 ln 0.32  3.418

63. gx
2 ln x 64. gx
ln x

g0.75
2 ln 0.75  0.575 g12 
ln 12  0.693

 Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 277

65. gx
ln x 66. gx
ln x

ge3
ln e3
3 by the Inverse Property ge2
ln e2
2

67. gx
ln x 68. gx
ln x

ge2
3
ln e2
3
 23 by the Inverse Property ge5
2
ln e5
2
 52

69. f x
lnx  1 70. hx
lnx  1

Domain: x  1 > 0 ⇒ x > 1 Domain: x  1 > 0 ⇒ x > 1
The domain is 1, . y
The domain is 1, . y

3
x-intercept: x-intercept: 6
2
4
0
lnx  1 1 lnx  1
0
2
e0
x  1 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x
e0
x  1
x
−1 −2 2 4 6 8
2
x 1
x1
−2

The x-intercept is 2, 0. −3 0
x

Vertical asymptote: x  1
0 ⇒ x
1 The x-intercept is 0, 0.
Vertical asymptote: x  1
0 ⇒ x
1
x 1.5 2 3 4
y
lnx  1 ⇒ ey  1
x
f x 0.69 0 0.69 1.10
x 0.39 0 1.72 6.39 19.09

y  12 0 1 2 3

71. gx
lnx 72. f x
ln3  x

Domain: x > 0 ⇒ x < 0 y Domain: 3  x > 0 ⇒ x < 3
The domain is  , 0. 2 The domain is  , 3. y

3
x-intercept: 1 x-intercept:
2
0
lnx −3 −2 −1 1
x
ln3  x
0
e0
x e0
3  x −2 −1 1 2 4
x

−1
1
x −2 1
3x
−2

The x-intercept is 1, 0. 2
x −3

Vertical asymptote: x
0 ⇒ x
0 The x-intercept is 2, 0.

x 0.5 1 2 3 Vertical asymptote: 3  x
0 ⇒ x
3

y
ln3  x ⇒ 3  ey
x
gx 0.69 0 0.69 1.10

x 2.95 2.86 2.63 2 0.28

y 3 2 1 0 1

73. y1
logx  1 74. f x
logx  1 75. y1
lnx  1

2 2 3

−1 5 −1 5 0 9

−2 −2 −3
278 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

76. f x
lnx  2 77. y
ln x  2 78. f x
3 ln x  1

3 5 4

−5 10
−4 5

0 9

−3 −1 −6

79. log2x  1
log2 4 80. log2x  3
log2 9

x1
4 x3
9
x
3 x
12

81. log2x  1
log 15 82. log5x  3
log 12

2x  1
15 5x  3
12
x
7 5x
9
9
x
5

83. lnx  2
ln 6 84. lnx  4
ln 2

x2
6 x4
2
x
4 x
6

85. lnx 2  2
ln 23 86. lnx 2  x
ln 6

x 2  2
23 x2  x
6
x 2
25 x2  x  6
0
x
±5 x  3x  2
0
x
2 or x
3

x  x1000, x > 1000

ln K
87. t
12.542 ln 88. t

0.095
(a) When x
$1100.65: (a)
K 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
t
12.542 ln 1100.65
1100.65  1000 
 30 years t 0 7.3 14.6 18.9 21.9 24.2 26.2

When x
$1254.68: The number of years required to multiply the original

investment by K increases with K. However, the larger
t
12.542 ln 1254.68  1000 
1254.68
 20 years the value of K, the fewer the years required to increase
the value of the investment by an additional multiple
(b) Total amounts: 1100.651230
$396,234.00 of the original investment.
1254.681220
$301,123.20 (b) t

(c) Interest charges: 396,234  150,000
$246,234 25

20
301,123.20  150,000
$151,123.20
15
(d) The vertical asymptote is x
1000. The closer the pay- 10
ment is to $1000 per month, the longer the length of the
5
mortgage will be. Also, the monthly payment must be
greater than $1000. K
2 4 6 8 10 12
 Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 279

89. f t
80  17 logt  1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 12 90. 
10 log 10I 

12

(a) 100

(a) 
10 log 101 
10 log10

12
12
120 decibels

2

0
0
12
(b) 
10 log 1010 
10 log10
12
10 
100 decibels

(c) No, the difference is due to the logarithmic

(b) f 0
80  17 log 1
80.0 relationship between intensity and number of
(c) f 4
80  17 log 5  68.1 decibels.

(d) f 10
80  17 log 11  62.3

91. False. Reflecting gx about the line y
x will determine 92. True, log3 27
3 ⇒ 33
27.
the graph of f x.

93. f x
3x, gx
log3 x 94. f x
5x, gx
log5 x 95 . f x
ex, gx
ln x
y y y

2 2 2
f f f
1 1 1
g g g
x x x
−2 −1 1 2 −2 −1 1 2 −2 −1 1 2
−1 −1 −1

−2 −2 −2

f and g are inverses. Their graphs f and g are inverses. Their graphs f and g are inverses. Their graphs
are reflected about the line y
x. are reflected about the line y
x. are reflected about the line y
x.

96. f x
10x, gx
log10 x 97. (a) f x
ln x, gx
x 40

y The natural log function g

grows at a slower rate

2
than the square root f
f
1 function. 0
0
1000
g
x
−2 −1 1 2 (b) f x
ln x, gx

4 x 15

−1 g
The natural log function
−2 grows at a slower rate than f

the fourth root function.

0 20,000
f and g are inverses. Their graphs are reflected 0
about the line y
x.

ln x
98. f x

x
(a) (b) As x → , f  x  → 0.
x 1 5 10 102 104 106
(c) 0.5
f x 0 0.322 0.230 0.046 0.00092 0.0000138

0 100
0
280 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

99. (a) False. If y were an exponential function of x, then (b) True. y
loga x
y
ax, but a1
a, not 0. Because one point is
For a
2, y
log2 x.
1, 0, y is not an exponential function of x.
x
1, log2 1
0
(c) True. x
ay
x
2, log2 2
1
For a
2, x
2y.
x
8, log2 8
3
y
0, 20
1
(d) False. If y were a linear function of x, the slope
y
1, 21
2
between 1, 0 and 2, 1 and the slope between
y
3, 23
8 2, 1 and 8, 3 would be the same. However,
10 31 2 1
m1

1 and m2


.
21 82 6 3
Therefore, y is not a linear function of x.

100. y
loga x ⇒ ay
x, so, for example, if a
2, there is no value of y for which 2y
4. If a
1, then every power
of a is equal to 1, so x could only be 1. So, loga x is defined only for 0 < a < 1 and a > 1.

101. f x
ln x

102. (a) hx
lnx2  1 (b) Increasing on 0, 
Decreasing on  , 0
(a) 4 (b) Increasing on 1,  8

Decreasing on 0, 1 (c) Relative minimum:

0, 0
(c) Relative minimum:
−1 8 −9 9
1, 0
−2 −4

For Exercises 103–108, use f x
3x  2 and gx
x3  1.

103.  f  g2
f 2  g2 104. f x  gx
3x  2  x3  1

32  2  23  1
3x  2  x3  1

87
3x  x3  3

15 Therefore,
 f  g1
31  13  3

3  1  3

1.

f x 3x  2
105.  fg6
f 6g6 106.
3
gx x 1

36  2 63  1 3 02

20215
Therefore,
f
g 
0
3
0 1

2.

4300

107.  f
g7
f g7 108. g
f (x
g f x
g3x  2
3x  23  1

f 73  1 Therefore,

f 342 g
f 3
3 3  23  1

3342  2
73  1
344.

1028
 Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms 281

Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms

■ You should know the following properties of logarithms.

logb x log10 x ln x
(a) loga x
loga x
loga x

logb a log10 a ln a
(b) logauv
loga u  loga v lnuv
ln u  ln v

 v 
log  v 
ln u  ln v
u u
(c) loga a u  loga v ln

(d) loga un
n loga u ln un
n ln u

■ You should be able to rewrite logarithmic expressions using these properties.

Vocabulary Check
log x ln x
1. change-of-base 2.

log a ln a
3. logauv
loga u  loga v 4. ln un
n ln u
This is the Product Property. Matches (c). This is the Power Property. Matches (a).
u
5. loga
loga u  loga v
v
This is the Quotient Property. Matches (b).

log x log x log x

1. (a) log5 x
2. (a) log3 x
3. (a) log1
5 x

log 5 log 3 log1
5
ln x ln x ln x
(b) log5 x
(b) log3 x
(b) log1
5 x

ln 5 ln 3 ln1
5

log x 3 log3
10 3 log3
4

4. (a) log1
3 x
5. (a) logx
6. (a) logx

log1
3 10 log x 4 log x
ln x 3 ln3
10 3 ln3
4
(b) log1
3 x
(b) logx
(b) logx

ln1
3 10 ln x 4 ln x

log x log x log 7 ln 7

7. (a) log2.6 x
8. (a) log7.1 x
9. log3 7

 1.771
log 2.6 log 7.1 log 3 ln 3
ln x ln x
(b) log2.6 x
(b) log7.1 x

ln 2.6 ln 7.1

log 4 ln 4 log 4 ln 4
10. log7 4

 0.712 11. log1
2 4


2.000
log 7 ln 7 log1
2 ln1
2

log 5 ln 5 log 0.4 ln 0.4

12. log1
4 5

 1.161 13. log90.4

 0.417
log1
4 ln1
4 log 9 ln 9

log 0.125 ln 0.125 log 1250 ln 1250

14. log20 0.125

 0.694 15. log15 1250

 2.633
log 20 ln 20 log 15 ln 15

log 0.015 ln 0.015 log2 8 log2 23 3

16. log3 0.015

 3.823 17. log4 8



log 3 ln 3 log2 4 log2 22 2
282 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

18. log242  34
log2 42  log2 34
log5125  12 

1 1 9 3
19. log5 250 20. log 300
log 100
1

2 log2 4  4 log2 3
log5 125  log5 12
log 3  log 100

2 log2 22  4 log2 3
log5 53  log5 21
log 3  log 102

4 log2 2  4 log2 3
3  log5 2
log 3  2 log 10

4  4 log2 3
log 3  2

6
21. ln5e6
ln 5  ln e6 22. ln
ln 6  ln e2 23. log3 9
2 log3 3
2
e2

ln 5  6

ln 6  2 ln e

6  ln 5

ln 6  2

4 8
1 log 23
3 log 2
3 1
3

24. log5 125
log5 53
3 log5 5
31
3
1
25. log2  4 2 4 2 4 4

3 6
log 61
3
1 log 6
1 1
1

26. log6  6 3 6 3 3 27. log4 161.2
1.2log4 16
1.2 log4 42
1.22
2.4

28. log3 810.2
0.2 log3 81 29. log39 is undefined. 9 is not in the domain of log3 x.

0.2 log3 3 4

0.24
0.8

30. log216 is undefined because 31. ln e4.5
4.5 32. 3 ln e4
34 ln e

16 is not in the domain of

121
log2 x.

12

1 4 e3
ln e3
4
33. ln
ln 1  lne 34. ln  35. ln e2  ln e5
2  5
7
e
3
1
ln e

0 ln e 4
2
3
1
1

0  1 4
2
3
1


 4
2

36. 2 ln e6  ln e5
ln e12  ln e5 75
37. log5 75  log5 3
log5
3
e12

ln
e5
log5 25

ln e7
log5 52

7
2 log5 5

2

38. log4 2  log4 32
log4 41
2  log4 45
2 39. log4 5x
log4 5  log4 x
1 5

log4 4  log4 4
2 2

121  521

3
 Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms 283

y
40. log3 10z
log3 10  log3 z 41. log8 x4
4 log8 x 42. log
log y  log 2
2

5 1
43. log5
log5 5  log5 x 44. log6 z3
3 log6 z 45. lnz
ln z1
2
ln z
x 2

1  log5 x

3 t
ln t1
3
1 ln t
46. ln  3 47. ln xyz2
ln x  ln y  ln z2 48. log 4x2y
log 4  log x2  log y

ln x  ln y  2 ln z
log 4  2 log x  log y

x2  1
49. ln zz  12
ln z  lnz  12 50. ln  x3 

lnx2  1  ln x3

ln z  2 lnz  1, z > 1
lnx  1x  1  ln x3

lnx  1  lnx  1  3 ln x

a  1 6
51. log2
log2a  1  log2 9 52. ln
ln 6  lnx2  1
9 x2  1

1
ln 6  lnx2  11
2

log2a  1  log2 32
2
1

ln 6  lnx2  1
1 2

log2a  1  2 log2 3, a > 1
2

xy
31 ln yx xy y   
2 x2 1
2 1 x2
53. ln 3
54. ln 3

ln 3

ln 3
2 y
1 1

ln x  ln y
ln x2  ln y3
3 2
1 1

ln x  ln y 1
3 3
2 ln x  3 ln y
2
3

ln x  ln y
2

x z y 
ln x
4 x y4
55. ln 4y  ln z5 56. log2
log2 x y4  log2 z4
5 z4

ln x4  ln y  ln z5
log2 x  log2 y4  log2 z4
1 1

4 ln x  ln y  5 ln z
log2 x  4 log2 y  4 log2 z
2 2

yxz 
log x  log y z

2 xy4
57. log5 5
2
5
2 3 58. log
log xy4  log z5
2 3 z5

log5 x2  log5 y2  log5 z3
log x  log y4  log z5

2 log5 x  2 log5 y  3 log5 z
log x  4 log y  5 log z

59. ln  x x  3
14 ln x3x2  3
4 3 2
60. lnx2x  2
lnx2x  2 1
2
4 ln x  lnx2  3
1

3

lnxx  21
2

14 3 ln x  lnx2  3
ln x  lnx  21
2

34 ln x  14 lnx2  3
ln x  12 lnx  2
284 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

z
61. ln x  ln 3
ln 3x 62. ln y  ln t
ln yt
ln ty 63. log4 z  log4 y
log4
y

8 2
64. log5 8  log5 t
log5 65. 2 log2x  4
log2x  42 66. log7z  2
log7z  22
3
t 3

1 1
67. log3 5x
log35x1
4
log3 
4 5x 68. 4 log6 2x
log62x4
log6
4 16x 4

69. ln x  3 lnx  1
ln x  lnx  13 70. 2 ln 8  5 lnz  4
ln 82  lnz  45

x
ln 64  lnz  45

ln
x  13
ln 64z  45

71. log x  2 log y  3 log z
log x  log y2  log z3 72. 3 log3 x  4 log3 y  4 log3 z
log3 x3  log3 y4  log3 z4
x xz3
log3 x3y4  log3 z4

log  log z3
log 2
y2 y
x3y4

log3
z4

73. ln x  4lnx  2  lnx  2
ln x  4 lnx  2x  2

ln x  4 lnx2  4

ln x  lnx2  44
x

ln
x2  44

74. 4ln z  lnz  5  2 lnz  5
4ln zz  5  lnz  52

lnzz  5 4  lnz  52
z4z  54

ln
z  52

1 1
75. 2 lnx  3  ln x  lnx2  1
lnx  32  ln x  lnx2  1
3 3
1

ln xx  32  lnx2  1
3
1 xx  32

ln 2
3 x 1

xxx  31
2

ln 3
2

76. 23 ln x  lnx  1  lnx  1
2ln x3  lnx  1  lnx  1

2ln x3  lnx  1  lnx  1

2ln x3  lnx  1x  1
x3

2 ln
x2 1

x 
x3 2

ln 2 1
 Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms 285

1 1
77. log8 y  2 log 8 y  4  log 8 y  1
log 8 y  log 8 y  42  log 8 y  1
3 3
1

log 8 y y  42  log 8 y  1
3

log 8 
3
y  y  42  log 8 y  1

  y  y  42

3

log 8
y1

78. 12log4x  1  2 log4x  1  6 log4 x
12log4x  1  log4x  12  log4 x6

12log4x  1x  12  log4 x6

log4x  1x  1  log4 x6

log4x6x  1x  1

32 log2 32
79. log2
log2 32  log2 4 
4 log2 4
The second and third expressions are equal by Property 2.

80. log770

1
2
1
log7 70
log7 7  log7 10
2
81. 
10 log 10I 
12

1
10log I  log 1012

1  log7 10
2

10log I  12
1 1

 log7 10
120  10 log I
2 2
When I
106 :
1

 log7 10 by Property 1 and Property 3
2 
120  10 log 106

120  106

60 decibels

82. 
10 log 10I 

12
83. 
120  10 log2I 

5 7

120  10log 2  log I 
Difference
10 log 3.1610 10   10 log1.2610 10 
12 12
120  10 log I   10 log 2

10log3.16  107  log1.26  105 With both stereos playing, the music is 10 log 2  3
decibels louder.
 3.16
1.26  10 
 10 7

10 log 5

10log2.5079  102

10log250.79

24 dB
286 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

84. f t
90  15 logt  1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 12

(a) f t
90  logt  115 (f) The average score will be 75 when t
9 months. See
graph in (e).
(b) f 0
90
(g) 75
90  15 logt  1
(c) f 4
90  15  log4  1
79.5
15
15 logt  1
(d) f 12
90  15  log12  1
73.3
1
logt  1
(e) 95

101
t  1
t
9 months
0 12
70

85. By using the regression feature on a graphing calculator we obtain y  256.24  20.8 ln x.

86. (a) 80 (c)

t (in minutes) T C T  21 C lnT  21 1
T  21

0 30
0 78 57 4.043 0.0175
0
5 66 45 3.807 0.0222
(b) T  21
54.40.964 t
10 57.5 36.5 3.597 0.0274
T
54.40.964 t  21
15 51.2 30.2 3.408 0.0331
See graph in (a).
20 46.3 25.3 3.231 0.0395
1
(d)
0.0012t  0.016
T  21 25 42.5 21.5 3.068 0.0465
1 30 39.6 18.6 2.923 0.0538
T
 21
0.0012t  0.016
5
0.07 80

0 30
0 30 0 30 0
0 0

lnT  21
0.037t  4

(e) Since the scatter plot of the original data is so
nicely exponential, there is no need to do the T
e0.037t4  21
transformations unless one desires to deal with
This graph is identical to T in (b).
smaller numbers. The transformations did not
make the problem simpler.
Taking logs of temperatures led to a linear scatter
plot because the log function increases very slowly
as the x-values increase. Taking the reciprocals of
the temperatures led to a linear scatter plot because
of the asymptotic nature of the reciprocal function.

87. f x
ln x 88. f ax
f a  f x, a > 0, x > 0

False, f 0  0 since 0 is not in the domain of f x. True, because f ax
ln ax
ln a  ln x
f a  f x.
f 1
ln 1
0
 Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms 287

x 1
89. False. f x  f 2
ln x  ln 2
ln  lnx  2 90. f x
f x; false
2 2
f x
ln x can’t be simplified further.

1 1
f x 
lnx
ln x1
2
ln x
f  x 
2 2

91. False. 92. If f x < 0, then 0 < x < 1.

f u
2f v ⇒ ln u
2 ln v ⇒ ln u
ln v2 ⇒ u
v2 True

93. Let x
logb u and y
logb v, then bx
u and by
v. 94. Let x
logb u, then u
bx and un
bnx.
u bx logb un
logb bnx
nx
n logb u

y
bxy
v b
Then logbu
v
logbb xy
x  y
logb u  logb v.

log x ln x log x ln x
95. f x
log2 x

96. f x
log4 x

97. f x
log1
2 x
log 2 ln 2 log 4 ln 4
log x ln x
3 2


log1
2 ln1
2
3
−3 6 −1 5

−3 6
−3 −2

−3

98. f x
log1
4 x 99. f x
log11.8 x 100. f x
log12.4 x

log x ln x log x ln x log x ln x







log1
4 ln1
4 log 11.8 ln 11.8 log 12.4 ln 12.4
2 2 2

−1 5 −1 5 −1 5

−2 −2 −2

y
x ln x
101. f x
ln , gx
, hx
ln x  ln 2
2 ln 2 2

f x
hx by Property 2 1 g f=h

x
1 2 3 4

−1

−2
288 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

102. ln 2  0.6931, ln 3  1.0986, ln 5  1.6094

ln 2  0.6931
ln 3  1.0986
ln 4
ln2  2
ln 2  ln 2  0.6931  0.6931
1.3862
ln 5  1.6094
ln 6
ln2  3
ln 2  ln 3  0.6931  1.0986
1.7917
ln 8
ln 23
3 ln 2  30.6931
2.0793
ln 9
ln 32
2 ln 3  21.0986
2.1972
ln 10
ln5  2
ln 5  ln 2  1.6094  0.6931
2.3025
ln 12
ln22  3
ln 22  ln 3
2 ln 2  ln 3  20.6931  1.0986
2.4848
ln 15
ln5  3
ln 5  ln 3  1.6094  1.0986
2.7080
ln 16
ln 24
4 ln 2  40.6931
2.7724
ln 18
ln32  2
ln 32  ln 2
2 ln 3  ln 2  21.0986  0.6931
2.8903
ln 20
ln5  22
ln 5  ln 22
ln 5  2 ln 2  1.6094  20.6931
2.9956

24xy2 24xx3 3x4 3

3y3
 3y  2x 
2x2 3y 3
27y3
103.

,x0 104.



16x3y 16yy2 2y3 2
2x 
2 3
8x 6

18x3y43 xy
105. 18x3y4318x3y43

1 if x  0, y  0. 106. xyx1  y11

18x3y43 x1  y1
xy


1
x  1
y
xy xy2



 y  x
xy x  y

107. 3x2  2x  1
0 108. 4x2  5x  1
0

3x  1x  1
0 4x  1x  1
0
3x  1
0 ⇒ x
1
3 4x  1
0 ⇒ x
14
x  1
0 ⇒ x
1 x1
0 ⇒ x
1
The zeros are x
14, 1.

2 x 5 2x
109.
110.

3x  1 4 x1 3
3x  1x
24 53
2xx  1
3x  x  8
0
2
15
2x2  2x
1 ± 12  438 0
2x2  2x  15
x

23
 2 ± 22  4215

x
1 ± 97 22


6
2 ± 124

x
4
1 ± 31

x
2
1 ± 31
The zeros are .
2
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 289

Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

■ To solve an exponential equation, isolate the exponential expression, then take the logarithm of both sides.
Then solve for the variable.
1. loga ax
x 2. ln ex
x
■ To solve a logarithmic equation, rewrite it in exponential form. Then solve for the variable.
1. aloga x
x 2. eln x
x
■ If a > 0 and a  1 we have the following:
1. loga x
loga y ⇔ x
y
2. ax
ay ⇔ x
y

■ Check for extraneous solutions.

Vocabulary Check
1. solve 2. (a) x
y (b) x
y 3. extraneous
(c) x (d) x

1. 42x7
64 2. 23x1
32
(a) x
5 (a) x
1
42
5 7
43
64 23
1 1
22
14
Yes, x
5 is a solution. No, x
1 is not a solution.
(b) x
2 (b) x
2
1
42
2 7
43
64  64 23
2 1
27
128
No, x
2 is not a solution. No, x
2 is not a solution.

3. 3ex2
75 4. 2e5x2
12
(a) x
2  e25 1
(a) x

2  ln 6

2e25 2 25 5
3e
3ee  75
2e5
15
2ln 6 2
2e2ln 62
No, x
2  e25 is not a solution.

2eln 6
2  6
12
(b) x
2  ln 25
1
3e
2ln 25 2
3eln 25
3
25
75 Yes, x

2  ln 6 is a solution.
5
Yes, x
2  ln 25 is a solution.
ln 6
(c) x  1.219 (b) x

5 ln 2
3e1.2192
3e3.219  75 2e5[ln 6
5 ln 2 2
2e
ln 6ln 2 2
Yes, x  1.219 is a solution.  2e2.5852
 2  97.9995
195.999
ln 6
No, x
is not a solution.
5 ln 2
(c) x
0.0416
2e5
0.0416 2
2e1.792  2
6.00144  12
Yes, x
0.0416 is an approximate solution.
290 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

5. log4
3x
3 ⇒ 3x
43 ⇒ 3x
64 6. log2
x  3
10
(a) x  21.333 (a) x
1021
3
21.333  64 log2
1021  3
log2
1024
Yes, 21.333 is an approximate solution. Since 210
1024, x
1021 is a solution.
(b) x
4 (b) x
17
3
4
12  64 log2
17  3
log2
20
No, x
4 is not a solution. Since 210  20, x
17 is not a solution.
(c) x
64
3 (c) x
102  3
97
3
64
3 
64 log2
97  3
log2
100
64
Yes, x
3 is a solution. Since 210  100, 102  3 is not a solution.

7. ln
2x  3
5.8 8. ln
x  1
3.8

2
3  ln 5.8
1
(a) x
(a) x
1  e3.8
ln2

3  ln 5.8  3
ln
ln 5.8  5.8
1
2 ln
1  e3.8  1
ln e3.8
3.8
No, x
12
3  ln 5.8 is not a solution. Yes, x
1  e3.8 is a solution.
(b) x
12
3  e5.8 (b) x  45.701
ln2

3  e5.8  3
ln
e5.8
5.8
1
2 ln
45.701  1
ln
44.701  3.8
Yes, x
12
3  e5.8 is a solution. Yes, x  45.701 is an approximate solution.
(c) x  163.650 (c) x
1  ln 3.8
ln2
163.650  3
ln 330.3  5.8 ln
1  ln 3.8  1
ln
ln 3.8  0.289
Yes, x  163.650 is an approximate solution. No, x
1  ln 3.8 is not a solution.

9. 4x
16 10. 3x
243 11.
12 x
32 12.
14 x
64

4x
42 3x
35 2x
25 4x
43
x
2 x
5 x
5 x
3
x
5 x
3

13. ln x  ln 2
0 14. ln x  ln 5
0 15. ex
2 16. ex
4

ln x
ln 2 ln x
ln 5 ln ex
ln 2 ln e x
ln 4
x
2 x
5 x
ln 2 x
ln 4
x  0.693 x  1.386

17. ln x
1 18. ln x
7 19. log4 x
3 20. log5 x
3

eln x

e 1
eln x

e 7
4log4 x
43 x
53
x
e1 x
e7 x
43 1
x
125 or 0.008
x  0.368 x  0.000912 x
64
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 291

21. f
x
g
x 22. f
x
g
x 23. f
x
g
x 24. f
x
g
x
2
8
x
27
9
x
log3 x
2 ln
x  4
0
2x
23 27x
2723 x
32 eln
x4
e0
x
3 x
2
3 x
9 x4
1
Point of intersection: Point of intersection: Point of intersection: x
5

3, 8
23, 9
9, 2 Point of intersection:
5, 0

2 2 2 8 2 3
25. e x
ex 26. e2 x
ex 27. ex
ex2
x
x2  2 2x
x 2  8 x2  3
x  2
0
x2  x  2 x 2  2x  8
0 x2  x  1
0
0

x  1
x  2
x  4
x  2
0 By the Quadratic Formula
x  1.618 or x  0.618.
x
1 or x
2 x
2, x
4

28. ex
ex
2 2 2x
29. 4
3x
20 30. 2
5x
32
x 2
x 2  2x 3x
5 5x
16
2x 2  2x
0 log3 3x
log3 5 x
log516
2x
x  1
0 log 5 ln 5 ln 16
x
log3 5
or x

log 3 ln 3 ln 5
x
0, x
1
x  1.465 x  1.723

31. 2ex
10 32. 4ex
91 33. ex  9
19

ex
5 ex
91
4 ex
28
ln ex
ln 5 ln ex
ln 91
4 ln ex
ln 28
x
ln 5  1.609 x
ln 91
4  3.125
x
ln 28  3.332

34. 6x  10
47 35. 32x
80 36. 65x
3000

6x
37 ln 32x
ln 80 ln 65x
ln 3000

x
log6 37 2x ln 3
ln 80

5x ln 6
ln 3000
ln 3000
ln 37 ln 80 5x

x
x
 1.994 ln 6
ln 6 2 ln 3
ln 3000
x  2.015 x
 0.894
5 ln 6

37. 5t2
0.20 38. 43t
0.10 39. 3x1
27

1 ln 43t
ln 0.10 3x1
33
5t2

5
3t ln 4
ln 0.10 x1
3
5t2
51 ln 0.10 x
4
3t

t ln 4

1
2 ln 0.10
t
  0.554
t
2 3 ln 4

40. 2x3
32
x  3
log2 32
x3
5
x
8
292 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

41. 23x
565 42. 82x
431

ln 23x
ln 565 ln 82x
ln 431

3  x ln 2
ln 565
2  x ln 8
ln 431
3 ln 2  x ln 2
ln 565 2 ln 8  x ln 8
ln 431
x ln 2
ln 565  3 ln 2 x ln 8
ln 431  ln 82
x ln 2
3 ln 2  ln 565 x ln 8
ln 431  ln 64
3 ln 2  ln 565 ln 431  ln 64
x
x
 4.917
ln 2 ln 8

ln 565

3  6.142
ln 2

43. 8
103x
12 44. 5
10x6
7 45. 3
5x1
21

12 7 5x1
7
103x
10 x6

8 5
ln 5x1
ln 7

32
7
log 103x
log log 10 x6
log
x  1 ln 5
ln 7
5
ln 7
x1


3 7
3x
log x  6
log ln 5
2 5
ln 7
7 x
1  2.209

1 3 x
6  log ln 5
x
log 5
3 2
 0.059  6.146

46. 8
36x
40 47. e3x
12 48. e2x
50

36x
5 3x
ln 12 ln e2x
ln 50
ln 36x
ln 5 ln 12 2x
ln 50
x
 0.828

6  x ln 3
ln 5 3 ln 50
x
 1.956
2
ln 5
6x

ln 3
ln 5
x
6
ln 3
ln 5
x
6  4.535
ln 3

49. 500ex
300 50. 1000e4x
75 51. 7  2ex
5 52. 14  3ex
11
ex
35 3
e4x
40 2ex
2 3ex
25
x
ln 35 3
ln e4x
ln 40 ex
1 ex
25
3

x
ln 35 3
4x
ln 40 x
ln 1
0 ln ex
ln 25
3

ln 53  0.511 x
 14 ln 40
3
x
ln 25
3

 0.648  2.120
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 293

53. 6
23x1  7
9 54. 8
462x  13
41

6
23x1
16 8
462x
28
8 462x
3.5
23x1

3
6  2x
log4 3.5
log2 23x1
log2
8
3  6  2x

ln 3.5
ln 4
3x  1
log2 83
loglog
832  or lnln
832  2x
6 
ln 3.5
ln 4
1 log
83
x

3
log 2
 1  0.805
x
3
ln 3.5
2 ln 4
 2.548

55. e2x  4ex  5
0 56. e2x  5ex  6
0

ex  1
ex  5
0
ex  2
ex  3
0
ex
1 or ex
5 ex
2 or ex
3
(No solution) x
ln 5  1.609 x
ln 2  0.693 or x
ln 3  1.099

57. e2x  3ex  4
0 58. e2x  9ex  36
0

ex  1
ex  4
0
ex2 9ex  36
0

ex  1
0 ⇒ ex
1 Because the discriminant is 92  4
1
36
63, there
is no solution.
Not possible since ex > 0 for all x.
ex  4
0 ⇒ ex
4 ⇒ x
ln 4  1.386

500 400 3000

59.
20 60.
350 61.
2
100  e x2 1  ex 2  e2x
500
20
100  e x2 400
350
1  ex 3000
2
2  e2x
25
100  e x2 8 1500
2  e2x

1  ex
7
e x2
75 1498
e2x
8
x  1
ex ln 1498
2x

ln 75 7
2
ln 1498
1 x
 3.656
x
2 ln 75  8.635
ex 2
7
1
ln
ln ex
7
1
x
ln
7
x
ln 71
x
ln 7
x
ln 7  1.946
294 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

119
1  0.065
365 
365t
62.
7 63.
4
e  14
6x

119
7
e 6x  14

 
365t
0.065
ln 1 
ln 4
365
17
e 6x  14

 
0.065
31
e6x 365t ln 1 
ln 4
365
ln 31
ln e 6x
ln 4
ln 31
6x t
 21.330
365 ln
1  0.065
365 
ln 31
x
 0.572
6

4  2.471
40  1  0.10
12 
9t 12t
64.
21 65.
2

3.9382259t
21
 
0.10 12t
ln 1 
ln 2
12
ln 3.9382259t
ln 21
9t ln 3.938225
ln 21 
12t ln 1 
0.10
12 

ln 2
ln 21
t
 0.247 ln 2
9 ln 3.938225 t
 6.960
12 ln
1  0.10
12 

16  0.878
26 
3t
66.
30 67. g
x
6e1x  25 6

−6 15
Algebraically:
 
0.878 3t
ln 16 
ln 30
26 6e1x
25

3t ln 16  0.878
26 

ln 30 e1x

25
6
−30

256
ln 30
t
 0.409 1  x
ln
3 ln
16  0.878
26 

x
1  ln 256
x  0.427
The zero is x  0.427.

68. f
x
4ex1  15 20 69. f
x
3e3x2  962 300

0
4ex1  15 Algebraically: −6 9

−5 5
15
4ex1 3e3x2
962
3.75
ex1 962 −1200
− 20
e3x2

ln 3.75
x  1 3
1  ln 3.75
x
1  ln 3.75
x
3x
2

ln
962
3  
2.322  x
The zero is 2.322.
x

2
3
ln  
962
3
x  3.847
The zero is x  3.847.
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 295

70. g
x
8e2x3  11 5 71. g
t
e0.09t  3 8

8e2x3
11 −3 7 Algebraically:
e2x3
1.375 e0.09t
3 − 20 40

2x −15 0.09t
ln 3

ln 1.375 −4
3
ln 3
t

x
1.5 ln 1.375 0.09
x  0.478 t  12.207
The zero is 0.478. The zero is t  12.207.

72. f
x
e1.8x  7 73. h
t
e0.125t  8 74. f
x
e2.724x  29

e1.8x  7
0 Algebraically: e2.724x
29
e1.8x
7 e0.125t  8
0 2.724x
ln 29
e1.8x
7 e0.125t
8 ln 29
x

2.724
1.8x
ln 7 0.125t
ln 8
x  1.236
ln 7 ln 8
x
t

1.8 0.125 The zero is 1.236.
x  1.081 t  16.636 10

The zero is 1.081. The zero is t  16.636. −5 5

13 2

−40 40
−35

−5 5

−7 −10

75. ln x
3 76. ln x
2 77. ln 2x
2.4 78. ln 4x
1

x
e3  0.050 eln x
e2 2x
e2.4 eln 4x
e1
x
e2  7.389 e2.4 4x
e
x
 5.512
2
e
x
 0.680
4

79. log x
6 80. log 3z
2 81. 3 ln 5x
10 82. 2 ln x
7

x
106 10log 3z
102 10 7
ln 5x
ln x

3 2

1,000,000.000 3z
100
5x
e103 eln x
e72
100
z
 33.333 e103
3 x
 5.606 x
e72  33.115
5

83. ln x  2
1 84. lnx  8
5 85. 7  3 ln x
5 86. 2  6 ln x
10

x  2
e1 elnx8
e5 3 ln x
2 6 ln x
8
x2
e2 x  8
e5 ln x
 23 ln x
 43
x
e2  2 x  8
e10 x
e23 eln x
e43
 5.389 x
e10  8  0.513 x
e43
 22,034.466  0.264
296 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

87. 6 log3
0.5x
11 88. 5 log10
x  2
11

log3
0.5x
11
6 log10
x  2
11
5

3log3
0.5x
3116 10log10
x2
10115

0.5x
3116 x  2
10115
x
2
3116  14.988 x
10115  2  160.489

89. ln x  ln
x  1
2 90. ln x  ln
x  1
1

lnx
x  1
1
x  1
2
x
ln
elnx
x1
e1
x x
x  1
e1

e2
x1
x2  x  e
0
x
e2
x  1
1 ± 1  4e
x
e2x  e2 x

2
x  e2x
e2
1  1  4e
x
1  e2
e2 The only solution is x
 1.223.
2
e2
x
 1.157
1  e2
This negative value is extraneous. The equation has
no solution.

91. ln x  ln
x  2
1 92. ln x  ln
x  3
1

lnx
x  2
1 lnx
x  3
1
x
x  2
e1 elnx
x3
e1
x2  2x  e
0 x
x  3
e1
2 ± 4  4e x2  3x  e
0
x

2 3 ± 9  4e
x

2 ± 21  e 2


1 ± 1  e
2
3  9  4e
The negative value is extraneous. The only solution is The only solution is x
 0.729.
2
x
1  1  e  2.928.

93. ln
x  5
ln
x  1  ln
x  1 94. ln
x  1  ln
x  2
ln x

x1 x1
ln
x  5
ln x  1 ln x  2
ln x
x1 x1
x5

x
x1 x2

x  5
x  1
x  1 x  1
x2  2x
x2  6x  5
x  1 0
x2  3x  1
x2  5x  6
0 
3 ± 
32  4
1
1

x

x  2
x  3
0 2
1

x
2 or x
3 3 ± 13

x
2
Both of these solutions are extraneous, so the equation
has no solution. 3.303  x
(The negative apparent solution is extraneous.)

95. log2
2x  3
log2
x  4

2x  3
x  4
x
7
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 297

96. log
x  6
log
2x  1

x  6
2x  1
7
x
The apparent solution x
7 is extraneous, because the domain of the logarithm function is positive numbers,
and 7  6 and 2
7  1 are negative. There is no solution.

97. log
x  4  log x
log
x  2 98. log2 x  log2
x  2
log2
x  6

x4 log2x
x  2
log2
x  6
log  x 

log
x  2
x
x  2
x  6
x4 x2 x6
0

x2
x
x  3
x  2
0
x  4
x2  2x x
3 or x
2
0
x2 x4 The value x
3 is extraneous. The only solution is
1 ± 17 x
2.
x
Quadratic Formula
2
Choosing the positive value of x (the negative value is
extraneous), we have
1  17
x
 1.562.
2

1
99. log4 x  log4
x  1
100. log3 x  log3
x  8
2
2
log3x
x  8
2
log4
x
x1 


1
2  3log3
x
2 8x

32
4log4x
x1
412 x2  8x
9
x x2  8x  9
0

412
x1
x  9
x  1
0
x
2
x  1
x
9 or x
1
x
2x  2
The value x
1 is extraneous. The only solution is
x
2 x
9.
x
2

101. log 8x  log
1  x
2

8x
log
2
1  x
8x

102
1  x
8x
100
1  x 
2x
25
1  x 
25  25x
2x  25
25x

2x  252

25x
2

4x2  100x  625
625x

4x2  725x  625
0
725 ± 7252  4
4
625 725 ± 515,625 25
29 ± 533
x



2
4 8 8
x  0.866 (extraneous) or x  180.384
25
29  533
The only solution is x
 180.384.
8
298 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

102. log 4x  log
12  x 
2

log 12 4xx
2

10log
4x (12 x 
102
4x

100
12  x
4x
100
12  x 
4x
1200  100x
4x  1200
100x
x  300
25x

x  3002

25x 
2

x2  600x  90,000
625x

x2  1225x  90,000
0
1225 ± 
12252  4
1
90,000
x

2
1225 ± 1,140,625
x

2
1225 ± 12573
x

2
x  78.500
extraneous or x  1146.500
1225  12573
The only solution is x
 1146.500.
2

103. y1
7 10 104. 500
1500ex2 800

y2
2x 1

ex2
3
From the graph we have
−8 10 −2 10
x  2.807 when y
7. 1 x
Algebraically: −2 ln
 − 200
3 2
2x
7 1
2 ln
x
ln 2x
ln 7 3

x ln 2
ln 7 2.197  x

ln 7 The solution is x  2.197.

x
 2.807
ln 2

105. y1
3 5 106. 10  4 ln
x  2
0 18

y2
ln x 4 ln
x  2
10
From the graph we have ln
x  2
2.5
−5
x  20.086 when y
3.
30 −5 30

−1 eln
x2
e2.5 −3
Algebraically:
x  2
e2.5
3  ln x
0
x
e2.5  2
ln x
3
x  14.182
x
e 3  20.086
The solution is x  14.182.
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 299

107. (a) A
Pert (b) A
Pert 108. (a) r
0.12 (b) r
0.12
5000
2500e0.085t 7500
2500e 0.085t A
Pe rt
A
Pert
2
e0.085t 3
e0.085t 5000
2500e0.12t 7500
2500e0.12t

ln 2
0.085t ln 3
0.085t 2
e0.12t 3
e0.12t

ln 2 ln 3 ln 2
ln e0.12t ln 3
ln e0.12t

t
t
0.085 0.085 ln 2
0.12t ln 3
0.12t
t  8.2 years t  12.9 years ln 2 ln 3

t
t
0.12 0.12
t  5.8 years t
9.2 years

109. p
500  0.5
e0.004x

(a) p
350 (b) p
300
350
500  0.5
e0.004x 300
500  0.5
e0.004x
300
e0.004x 400
e0.004x
0.004x
ln 300 0.004x
ln 400
x  1426 units x  1498 units

 
4
110. p
5000 1 
4  e0.002x
(a) When p
$600: (b) When p
$400:

   
4 4
600
5000 1  400
5000 1 
4  e0.002x 4  e0.002x
4 4
0.12
1  0.08
1 
4  e0.002x 4  e0.002x
4 4

0.88
0.92
4  e0.002x 4  e0.002x
4
3.52  0.88e0.002x 4
3.68  0.92e0.002x
0.48
0.88e0.002x 0.32
0.92e0.002x
6 8

e0.002x
e0.002x
11 23
6 8
ln
ln e0.002x ln
ln e0.002x
11 23
6 8
ln
0.002x ln
0.002x
11 23
ln
611 ln
823
x
  303 units x
  528 units
0.002 0.002

111. V
6.7e48.1t , t ≥ 0
(a) 10 (b) As t → , V → 6.7. (c) 1.3
6.7e48.1t
Horizontal asymptote: V
6.7 1.3

e48.1t
6.7
The yield will approach
48.1
67

6.7 million cubic feet per acre. 13
0 1500 ln
0 t
48.1
t
 29.3 years
ln
1367
300 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

112. N
68
100.04x 113. y
7312  630.0 ln t, 5 ≤ t ≤ 12

When N
21: 7312  630.0 ln t
5800
21
68
10 0.04x
 630.0 ln t
1512
21 ln t
2.4

100.04x
68
t
e2.4  11
21
log10
0.04x t  11 corresponds to the year 2001.
68
log10
2168
x
  12.76 inches
0.04

114. y
4381  1883.6 ln t, 5 ≤ t ≤ 13

9000
4381  1883.6 ln t
4619
1883.6 ln t
4619
ln t

2.45222
1883.6
t
e2.45222
11.6
Since t
5 represents 1995, t
11.6 indicates that the number of daily fee golf facilities in the U.S.
reached 9000 in 2001.

115. (a) From the graph shown in the textbook, we see horizontal asymptotes at y
0 and y
100.
These represent the lower and upper percent bounds; the range falls between 0% and 100%.
(b) Males Females
100 100
50
50

1  e0.6114
x69.71 1  e0.66607
x64.51
1  e0.6114
x69.71
2 1  e0.66607
x64.51
2
e0.6114
x69.71
1 e0.6667
x64.51
1
0.6114
x  69.71
ln 1 0.66607
x  64.51
ln 1
0.6114
x  69.71
0 0.66607
x  64.51
0
x
69.71 inches x
64.51 inches

0.83
116. P

1  e0.2n
(a) 1.0 (c) When P
60% or P
0.60:
0.83
0.60

1  e0.2n
0.83
0
0
40
1  e0.2n

0.60
(b) Horizontal asymptotes: P
0, P
0.83 0.83
e0.2n
1
The upper asymptote, P
0.83, indicates that the 0.60
proportion of correct responses will approach 0.83
0.60  1
0.83
as the number of trials increases. ln e0.2n
ln

0.60  1
0.83
0.2n
ln

0.60  1
0.83
ln
n
  5 trials
0.2
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 301

36.94
117. y
3.00  11.88 ln x  118. T
201  7
2h
x
(a) From the graph in the textbook we see a horizontal
(a) asymptote at T
20. This represents the room
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
temperature.
y 162.6 78.5 52.5 40.5 33.9
(b) 100
201  7
2h
(b) 200
5
1  7
2h
4
7
2h
4

2h
0
0
1.2 7

7
ln 2
4 h
The model seems to fit the data well. ln
(c) When y
30:
7
h ln 2
4
ln
36.94
30
3.00  11.88 ln x 
x
ln
47

h
Add the graph of y
30 to the graph in part (a) and ln 2
estimate the point of intersection of the two graphs.
We find that x  1.20 meters. h  0.81 hour

(d) No, it is probably not practical to lower the number

of gs experienced during impact to less than 23
because the required distance traveled at y
23 is
x  2.27 meters. It is probably not practical to
design a car allowing a passenger to move forward
2.27 meters (or 7.45 feet) during an impact.

119. loga
uv
loga u  loga v 120. loga
u  v

loga u
loga v

True by Property 1 in Section 3.3. False.
2.04  log10
10  100 
log10 10
log10 100
2

121. loga
u  v
loga u  loga v 122. loga uv
log

a u  loga v 123. Yes, a logarithmic equation can
have more than one extraneous
False.
True by Property 2 in Section 3.3. solution. See Exercise 93.
1.95  log
100  10
 log 100  log 10
1

124. A
Pert 125. Yes.

(a) A

2P ert
2
Pert  This doubles your money. Time to Double Time to Quadruple
(b) A
Pe
2rt
Pertert


ert 
Pert 2P
Pe rt 4P
Pert
(c) A
Per
2t
Pertert
ert
Pert 2
ert 4
ert
Doubling the interest rate yields the same result as ln 2
rt ln 4
rt
doubling the number of years.
ln 2 2 ln 2

t
t
If 2 > ert (i.e., rt < ln 2), then doubling your r r
investment would yield the most money. If
rt > ln 2, then doubling either the interest rate Thus, the time to quadruple is twice as long as the
or the number of years would yield more money. time to double.
302 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

126. (a) When solving an exponential equation, rewrite the
original equation in a form that allows you to use the
One-to-One Property ax
ay if and only if x
y or
rewrite the original equation in logarithmic form and
use the Inverse Property loga ax
x.
(b) When solving a logarithmic equation, rewrite the
original equation in a form that allows you to use the
One-to-One Property loga x
loga y if and only if
x
y or rewrite the original equation in exponential
form and use the Inverse Property aloga x
x.

127. 48x2y5
16x2y43y 128. 32  225
16  2  2
5 129. 

3
25
3
15

3
375



4 x y 23y
42  10

3
125  3
5
3
3

3 3 10  2
130.
10  2


10  2
 10  2 131. f
x
x  9 y

14
Domain: all real numbers x
3
10  2 12


10  4 y-intercept:
0, 9
8

3
10  2 y-axis symmetry 6

4
6 2
x 0 ±1 ±2 ±3
10  2
x
−8 −6 − 4 − 2

y −2
2 4 6 8
2 9 10 11 12
1

10  1
2

132.
8
y
133. g
x
2x,
x  4,
2
x < 0
x ≥ 0
5
y

6
Domain: all real numbers x 4
4 3
2 x-intercept:
2, 0 2
x 1
−6 − 4 − 2
−2
2 4 6 8
y-intercept:
0, 4 x
−4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 3 4
−4
−6
−3

x 3 2 1 0.5 0 1 2 3
y 6 4 2 1 4 3 2 5

y
134.
6

x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2

−6

log10 9 ln 9 log10 4 ln 4
135. log6 9

 1.226 136. log3 4

 1.262
log10 6 ln 6 log10 3 ln 3

log10 5 ln 5 log10 22 ln 22
137. log34 5

 5.595 138. log8 22

 1.486
log10
34 ln
34 log10 8 ln 8
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 303

Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models

■ You should be able to solve growth and decay problems.

(a) Exponential growth if b > 0 and y
aebx.
(b) Exponential decay if b > 0 and y
aebx.
■ You should be able to use the Gaussian model
y
ae
xb c.
2

■ You should be able to use the logistic growth model

a
y
.
1  berx
■ You should be able to use the logarithmic models
y
a  b ln x, y
a  b log x.

Vocabulary Check
1. y
aebx; y
aebx 2. y
a  b ln x; y
a  b log x 3. normally distributed
4. bell; average value 5. sigmoidal

1. y
2ex4 2. y
6ex4 3. y
6  log
x  2

This is an exponential growth This is an exponential decay This is a logarithmic function
model. Matches graph (c). model. Matches graph (e). shifted up six units and left two
units. Matches graph (b).

4
4. y
3e
x2 5
2
5. y
ln
x  1 6. y

1  e2x
This is a Gaussian model. This is a logarithmic model shifted
This is a logistic growth model.
Matches graph (a). left one unit. Matches graph (d).
Matches graph (f).

7. Since A
1000e0.035t, the time to double is given by 8. Since A
750e0.105t, the time to double is given by
2000
1000e0.035t and we have 1500
750e0.105t, and we have
2
e0.035t 1500
750e0.105t
ln 2
ln e0.035t 2
e0.105t
ln 2
0.035t ln 2
ln e0.105t
ln 2 ln 2
0.105t
t
 19.8 years.
0.035
ln 2
t
 6.60 years.
Amount after 10 years: A
1000e0.35  $1419.07 0.105
Amount after 10 years: A
750e0.105
10  $2143.24
304 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

9. Since A
750ert and A
1500 when t
7.75, we have 10. Since A
10,000ert and A
20,000 when t
12,
the following. we have
1500
750e7.75r 20,000
10,000e12r
2
e7.75r 2
e12r
ln 2
ln e7.75r ln 2
ln e12r
ln 2
7.75r ln 2
12r
ln 2 ln 2
r
 0.089438
8.9438% r
 0.057762
5.7762%.
7.75 12
Amount after 10 years: A
750e0.089438
10  $1834.37 Amount after 10 years:
A
10,000e0.057762
10  $17,817.97

11. Since A
500ert and A
$1505.00 when 12. Since A
600ert and A
19,205 when t
10, we have
t
10, we have the following.
19,205
600e10r
1505.00
500e10r
19,205
ln
1505.00500
e10r
r
 0.110
11.0% 600
10
The time to double is given by ln 19,205
600 

ln e 10r

1000
500e0.110t
ln 2
ln 19,205
600 

10r
t
 6.3 years.
0.110 ln
19,205600
r
 0.3466 or 34.66%.
10
The time to double is given by
1200
600e0.3466t
ln 2
t
 2 years.
0.3466

13. Since A
Pe0.045t and A
10,000.00 when t
10, 14. Since A
Pe0.02t and A
2000 when t
10, we have
we have the following.
2000
Pe0.02
10
10,000.00
Pe0.045
10
2000
P

$1637.46.
10,000.00 e0.02
10

P  $6376.28
e0.045
10 ln 2
The time to double is given by t

34.7 years.
ln 2 0.02
The time to double is given by t
 15.40 years.
0.045

   
0.075 12
20 r nt
15. 500,000
P 1  16. A
P 1
12 n

 
0.12 12(40)
500,000
P
500,000
P 1 
 
0.075 12
20 12
1
12 P
$4214.16
500,000

 $112,087.09
1.00625240
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 305

17. P
1000, r
11%

(a) n
1 (b) n
12

1  0.11t
2
1  0.11
12 
12t

2
t ln 1.11
ln 2

t

ln 2
 6.642 years 
12t ln 1 
0.11
12 

ln 2
ln 1.11
ln 2
(c) n
365 t
 6.330 years
12 ln
1  0.11
12 

1  0.11
365 
365t

2 (d) Compounded continuously
e0.11t
2

365t ln 1 
0.11
365 

ln 2
0.11t
ln 2
ln 2 ln 2
t
 6.302 years t
 6.301 years
365 ln
1  
0.11
365
0.11

18. P
1000, r
10.5%
0.105

(a) n
1 (b) n
12
ln 2 ln 2
t
 6.94 years t
 6.63 years
ln
1  0.105 12 ln
1  0.105
12 

(c) n
365 (d) Compounded continuously

ln 2 ln 2
t
 6.602 years t
 6.601 years
365 ln
1  0.105
365 
0.105

19. 3P
Pert
r 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
3
ert
ln 3
ln 3
rt t
(years) 54.93 27.47 18.31 13.73 10.99 9.16
r
ln 3

t
r

20. 60

0 0.16
0

Using the power regression feature of a graphing utility, t
1.099r1.

21. 3P
P
1  rt

r 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
3

1  rt
ln 3
t
(years) 55.48 28.01 18.85 14.27 11.53 9.69
ln 3
ln
1  rt ln
1  r
ln 3
t ln
1  r
ln 3

t
ln
1  r
306 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

22. 60 23. Continuous compounding results in faster growth.

A
1  0.075 t  and A
e0.07t
A

0 0.16 2.00 A = e0.07t

Amount (in dollars)

0
1.75

Using the power regression feature of a graphing utility, 1.50

t
1.222r1. 1.25

1.00 A = 1 + 0.075 [[ t [[
t
2 4 6 8 10
Time (in years)

1 1
24. 25. C
Cek
1599 26. C
Cek
1599
2
(
A = 1 + 365 )
0.055 [[365t [[
2 2
0.5
ek
1599 1

ek
1599
2
ln 0.5
ln ek
1599
1
0 10 ln 0.5
k
1599 ln
ln ek
1599
0
A = 1 + 0.06 [[ t [[ 2
ln 0.5
k
1
From the graph, compounded512%
1599 ln
k
1599
2
daily grows faster than 6% simple Given C
10 grams after
interest. ln
12
1000 years, we have k

1599
y
10e
ln 0.51599

1000
Given y
1.5 grams after 1000
 6.48 grams. years, we have
1.5
Ce ln
121599

1000
C  2.31 grams.

1 1 1
27. C
Cek
5715 28. C
Cek
5715 29. C
Cek
24,100
2 2 2
0.5
ek
5715 1 0.5
ek
24,100

ek
5715
2
ln 0.5
ln ek
5715 ln 0.5
ln ek
24,100
1
ln 0.5
k
5715 ln
ln ek
5715 ln 0.5
k
24,100
2
ln 0.5 ln 0.5
k
1 k

5715 ln
k
5715 24,100
2
Given y
2 grams after 1000 Given y
2.1 grams after 1000
ln
12
years, we have k
years, we have
5715
2
Ce
ln 0.55715

1000 2.1
Ce
ln 0.524,100

1000
Given C
3 grams, after 1000
C  2.26 grams. years we have C  2.16 grams.
y
3e ln
125715

1000
y  2.66 grams.
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 307

1
30. C
Cek
24,100 31. y
aebx 32. y
aebx
2
1 1
aeb
0 ⇒ 1
a 1 1

ek
24,100
aeb
0 ⇒ a

2 2
2 10
eb
3
1 1
ln
ln ek
24,100 ln 10
3b 5
eb
4
2 2
ln 10
1
b ⇒ b  0.7675 10
e4b
ln
k
24,100 3
2
ln 10
ln e4b
ln
12 Thus, y
e0.7675x .
k
ln 10
4b
24,100
Given y
0.4 grams after 1000 ln 10

b ⇒ b  0.5756
years, we have 4
0.4
Ce ln
1224,100

1000 Thus, y
12e0.5756x.
C  0.41 grams.

33. y
aebx 34. y
aebx

5
aeb
0 ⇒ 5
a 1
aeb
0 ⇒ 1
a

1
5eb
4 1

eb
3
4
1

e4b
5 ln 14
ln e 3b

ln 15
4b ln 4
3b
1

ln
15

b ⇒ b  0.4024 ln
14
4
b ⇒ b  0.4621
3
Thus, y
5e0.4024x. Thus, y
e0.4621x .

35. P
2430e0.0029t
(a) Since the exponent is negative, this is an exponential (c) 2.3 million
2300 thousand
decay model. The population is decreasing. 2300
2430e0.0029t
(b) For 2000, let t
0: P
2430 thousand people 2300

e0.0029t
For 2003, let t
3: P  2408.95 thousand people 2430

ln 2300
2430 

0.0029t

ln
23002430
t
 18.96
0.0029
The population will reach 2.3 million (according to
the model) during the later part of the year 2018.

36.
Country 2000 2010
Bulgaria 7.8 7.1
Canada 31.3 34.3
China 1268.9 1347.6
United Kingdom 59.5 61.2
United States 282.3 309.2

—CONTINUED—
308 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

36. —CONTINUED—
(a) Bulgaria: Canada:
a
7.8 a
31.3
7.1
7.8eb
10 34.3
31.3eb
10
7.1 34.3
ln
10b ⇒ b
0.0094 ln
10b ⇒ b  0.00915
7.8 31.3

For 2030, use t
30. For 2030, use t
30.

y
7.8e0.0094
30
5.88 million y
31.3e0.00915
30  41.2 million

China: United States:

a
1268.9 a
282.3

1347.6
1268.9eb
10 309.2
282.3eb
10

1347.6 309.2
ln
10b ⇒ b  0.00602 ln
10b ⇒ b  0.0091
1268.9 282.3

For 2030, use t
30. For 2030, use t
30.

y
1268.9e0.00602
30  1520.06 million y
282.3e0.0091
30  370.9 million

United Kingdom:
a
59.5
61.2
59.5eb
10
61.2
ln
10b ⇒ b  0.00282
59.5
For 2030, use t
30.
y
59.5e0.00282
30  64.7 million
(b) The constant b determines the growth rates. The greater the rate of growth, the greater the value of b.
(c) The constant b determines whether the population is increasing
b > 0 or decreasing
b < 0.

37. y
4080ekt 38. y
10ekt

When t
3, y
10,000: 65
10ek
14
10,000
4080ek
3
10,000
ln 65
10 

14k ⇒ k
0.1337

e3k
4080 For 2010, t
20:
y
10e
0.1337
20
$144.98 million
ln 10,000
4080 

3k

ln
10,0004080
k
 0.2988
3
When t
24: y
4080e0.2988
24  5,309,734 hits
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 309

39. N
100ekt 40. N
250ekt

300
100e5k 280
250ek
10
3
e5k 1.12
e10k

ln 3
ln e5k ln 1.12
k

10
ln 3
5k
N
250e
ln 1.1210
t
ln 3
k
 0.2197 500
250e
ln 1.1210
t
5
2
e
ln 1.1210
t
N
100e0.2197t
200
100e0.2197t ln 2
ln 101.12t
ln 2
t
 3.15 hours t

ln 2
 61.16 hours
0.2197
ln 1.1210

1 t8223
41. R
e 42. y
Cekt
1012
1
1 C
Ce5715k
(a) R
2
814
1 t8223 1 1
e
14 ln
5715k
1012 8 2

1012 ln
12
et8223
k

814 5715


t
8223  
1012

ln 14
8
The ancient charcoal has only 15% as much radioactive
carbon.
0.15C
Ce
ln 0.55715
t
108   12,180 years old
12
t
8223 ln 14
ln 0.5
ln 0.15
t
1 t8223 1 5715
(b) e
11
1012 13
5715 ln 0.15
1012 t
 15,642 years
et8223
11 ln 0.5
13


t
8223

ln  
1012
1311

10
13 
12
t
8223 ln 11
 4797 years old

43.
0, 30,788,
2, 18,000

18,000  30,788
(a) m

6394 (b) a
30,788 (c) 32,000
20
18,000
30,788ek
2
b
30,788
4500
Linear model:
e2k
7697 0 4
V
6394t  30,788 0

ln 4500
7697 

2k The exponential model
depreciates faster in the
first two years.
k

1
2
ln 
4500
7697 
 0.268

—CONTINUED— Exponential model: V
30,788e0.268t

310 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

43. —CONTINUED—
(d) (e) The linear model gives a higher value for the car for the
t 1 3 first two years, then the exponential model yields a higher
V
6394t  30,788 $24,394 $11,606 value. If the car is less than two years old, the seller would
most likely want to use the linear model and the buyer the
V
30,788e 0.268t
$23,550 $13,779 exponential model. If it is more than two years old, the
opposite is true.

44.
0, 1150,
2, 550

550  1150
(a) m

300 (b) 550
1150ek
2
20
V
300t  1150 ln 1150
550

2k ⇒ k  0.369
(c) 1200
V
1150e0.369t
(d)
t 1 3
0 4 V
300t  1100 $850 $250
0

The exponential model depreciates faster in the V
1150e0.369t $795 $380

first two years.
(e) The slope of the linear model means that the comput-
er depreciates $300 per year, then loses all value in
the third year. The exponential model depreciates
faster in the first two years but maintains value longer.

45. S
t
100
1  ekt

(a) 15
100
1  ek
1 (b) S
(in thousands of units)

85
100ek 120

90
85

ek
Sales

100
60

0.85
ek 30

ln 0.85
ln ek 5 10 15 20 25 30
t

Time (in years)

k
ln 0.85
k  0.1625 (c) S
5
100
1  e0.1625
5  55.625
55,625 units
S
t
100
1  e0.1625t

46. N
30
1  ekt

(a) N
19, t
20 (b) N
25
19
30
1  e20k 25
30
1  e0.050t
30e20k
11 5

e0.050t
30
11
e20k

30
ln 305 
ln e 0.050t

ln e20k
ln
11
 
30
ln 305 
0.050t
20k
ln 11
30  ln
530
t

36 days
0.050
k
0.050
So, N
30
1  e0.050.
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 311

47. y
0.0266e
x100 450, 70 ≤ x ≤ 116

2
48. (a) 0.9

(a) 0.04

4 7
0

70 115
0 (b) The average number of hours per week a student uses
the tutor center is 5.4.
(b) The average IQ score of an adult student is 100.

1000 500,000
49. p
t
50. S

1  9e0.1656t 1  0.6ekt
500,000
1000 (a) 300,000

(a) p
5
 203 animals 1  0.6e4k
1  9e0.1656
5
5
1000 1  0.6e4k

(b) 500
3
1  9e0.1656t
2
1  9e0.1656t
2 0.6e4k

3
9e0.1656t
1
10
1 e4k

e0.1656t
9
9
9
10
ln
19 4k
ln
t
  13 months
0.1656
 
1 10
(c) 1200 k
ln  0.0263
4 9
500,000
So, S
.
1  0.6e0.0263t
0
0
40
(b) When t
8:
500,000
The horizontal asymptotes are p
0 and p
1000. S
 287,273 units sold.
The asymptote with the larger p-value, p
1000, 1  0.6e0.0263
8
indicates that the population size will approach 1000
as time increases.

I I
51. R
log
log I since I0
1. 52. R
log
log I since I0
1.
I0 I0
(a) 7.9
log I ⇒ I
107.9  79,432,823 (a) R
log 80,500,000
7.91
(b) 8.3
log I ⇒ I
108.3  199,526,231 (b) R
log 48,275,000
7.68
(c) 4.2
log I ⇒ I
104.2  15,849 (c) R
log 251,200
5.40

I
53. 
10 log where I0
1012 wattm2.
I0
1010 105
(a) 
10 log
10 log 102
20 decibels (b) 
10 log
10 log 107
70 decibels
1012 1012
108 1
(c) 
10 log
10 log 104
40 decibels (d) 
10 log
10 log 1012
120 decibels
1012 1012
312 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

I
54. 
I
10 log where I0
1012 wattm2
I0
1011 102
(a) 
1011
10 log
10 log 101
10 decibels (b) 
102
10 log
10 log 1014
140 decibels
1012 1012
104 102
(c) 
104
10 log
10 log 108
80 decibels (d) 
102
10 log
10 log 1010
100 decibels
1012 1012

I I
55. 
10 log 56. 
10 log10
I0 I0
 I I

log 1010

10 I0 I0
10 10
10log II0 I
I01010
I I0108.8  I0107.2
1010
% decrease
 100  97%
I0 I0108.8
I
I010 10
I0109.3  I0108.0
% decrease
 100  95%
I0109.3

57. pH
log H
58. pH
log H

log
2.3  105  4.64 log 11.3  106

 4.95

59. 5.8
log H

60. 3.2
log H

5.8
log H
103.2
H

105.8
10log H H
 6.3  104 mole per liter
105.8
H

H
 1.58  106 mole per liter

61. 2.9
log H

62. pH  1
log H

2.9
log H

pH  1
log H

H

102.9 for the apple juice 10
pH1
H

8.0
log H
10pH1
H

8.0
log H
10pH  10
H

H

108 for the drinking water The hydrogen ion concentration is increased by
a factor of 10.
102.9

105.1 times the hydrogen ion
108
concentration of drinking water

T  70
63. t
10 ln
98.6  70
At 9:00 A.M. we have:
85.7  70
t
10 ln  6 hours
98.6  70
From this you can conclude that the person died at 3:00 A.M.
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 313

 1  12
12t
Pr r
64. Interest: u
M  M 
12

 1  12
12t
Pr r
Principal: v
M 
12
(a) P
120,000, t
35, r
0.075, M
809.39 (c) P
120,000, t
20, r
0.075, M
966.71
800 800
u
u

v
v
0 35 0 20
0 0

(b) In the early years of the mortgage, the majority of the The interest is still the majority of the monthly payment
monthly payment goes toward interest. The principal in the early years. Now the principal and interest are
and interest are nearly equal when t  26 years. nearly equal when t  10.729  11 years.

 
0.075t
65. u
120,000 1
 1

12t
1
1  0.07512
(a) 150,000 (b) From the graph, u
$120,000 when t  21 years. It
would take approximately 37.6 years to pay $240,000 in
interest. Yes, it is possible to pay twice as much in interest
charges as the size of the mortgage. It is especially likely
0 24
when the interest rates are higher.
0

66. t1
40.757  0.556s  15.817 ln s

t2
1.2259  0.0023s2
(a) Linear model: t3
0.2729s  6.0143 (c)
s 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Exponential model: t4
1.5385e0.02913s or
t1 3.6 4.6 6.7 9.4 12.5 15.9 19.6
t4
1.5385
1.0296s
(b) t2 3.3 4.9 7.0 9.5 12.5 15.9 19.9
t2
25
t4 t3 2.2 4.9 7.6 10.4 13.1 15.8 18.5
t1
t3
t4 3.7 4.9 6.6 8.8 11.8 15.8 21.2

20 100 Note: Table values will vary slightly depending on the

0
model used for t4.

(d) Model t1: S1
3.4  3.6  5  4.6  7  6.7  9.3  9.4  12  12.5 

15.8  15.9  20  19.6
2.0
Model t2: S2
3.4  3.3  5  4.9  7  7  9.3  9.5  12  12.5 
15.8  15.9  20  19.9
1.1
Model t3: S3
3.4  2.2  5  4.9  7  7.6  9.3  10.4  12  13.1 
15.8  15.8  20  18.5
5.6
Model t4: S4
3.4  3.7  5  4.9  7  6.6  9.3  8.9  12  11.9 
15.8  15.9  20  21.2
2.6
The quadratic model, t2, best fits the data.
314 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

67. False. The domain can be the set of real numbers for a 68. False. A logistic growth function never has an x-intercept.
logistic growth function.

69. False. The graph of f
x is the graph of g
x shifted 70. True. Powers of e are always positive, so if a > 0, a
upward five units. Gaussian model will always be greater than 0, and if
a < 0, a Gaussian model will always be less than 0.

71. (a) Logarithmic 72. Answers will vary.

(b) Logistic
(c) Exponential (decay)
(d) Linear
(e) None of the above (appears to be a combination
of a linear and a quadratic)
(f) Exponential (growth)

73.
1, 2,
0, 5 74.
4, 3,
6, 1

y y
(a) (a)
5 (0, 5) 6

3 (− 6, 1) 2

2 x
(− 1, 2) −6 −4 2 4 6
1 −2

x −4 (4, −3)
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −6

(b) d

0 
12 
5  22
12  32
10 (b) d

6  42 
1 
32

(c) Midpoint: 12 0, 2 2 5
 21, 72
100  16
116
229

(d) m

52 3


3
(c) Midpoint: 62 4, 32 1

1, 1
0 
1 1
3  1 4 2
(d) m



4 
6 10 5

75.
3, 3,
14, 2 76.
10, 4,
7, 0

y y
(a) (a)
8 6
6 (10, 4)
4
4 (3, 3)
2 2
(7, 0)
x x
−2 2 4 6 8 10 14 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−2
−2
−4
(14, − 2)
−4
−6
−8 −6

(b) d

14  32 
2  32 (b) d

10  72 
4  02

112 
52
146
9  16
25
5

(c) Midpoint: 3 2 14, 3  2
2
172, 12 (c) Midpoint: 7 2 10, 0 2 4
172, 2
2  3 5 40 4
(d) m

 (d) m


14  3 11 10  7 3
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 315

77. 12,  41, 34, 0 78. 73, 16,  32,  31

y y
(a) (a)
1 2

1
1
2 ( 73 , 16 (
( (
3
4
,0
−1 1 2 3
x
x
−1
2
1 (− 2, − 1
3 3 (
−1
2
( 1
2
, −1
4 ( −2

34  21  0   41  32  37   31  61

2 2 2 2
(b) d
(b) d

    


3   
9.25
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 
4 4 8 2

(c) Midpoint: 
12 2
34,
142  0
58,  81 (c) Midpoint:

0 
14 14 
232
73,
132
16
56,  121 

(d) m


1

34 
12 14

13 
16 12 1
(d) m




23 
73 3 6

79. y
10  3x y
80. y
4x  1 y

3
Line Line
10 2
Slope: m
3 8 Slope: m
4
6
y-intercept:
0, 10 4
y-intercept:
0, 1 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x

−1
2
x −2
−2 2 6 8 10 12
−2 −3

81. y
2x2  3 y 82. y
2x2  7x  30 y

y
2
x  02  3 2


2x  5
x  6 −4 2 4 8
x
x −5

2
x  4  
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 7 2 289
Parabola −2 8

Vertex:
0, 3 Parabola

Vertex:
74,  2898 
x-intercepts:
 2, 0,
6, 0
5 − 30
− 35

83. 3x2  4y
0 y 84. x2  8y
0 y

7
3x2
4y 6
x2
8y 2

x
4
x2
3y
5
Parabola −6 −4 4 6
4 −2

Parabola 3 Vertex:
0, 0 −4

2
Vertex:
0, 0 1 Focus:
0, 2 −6

−8
Focus:
0, 3 
x
1 − 4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4 Directrix: y
2
− 10
1
Directrix: y
 3
316 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

4 x2 4
85. y
86. y

x  2 
1  3x x  2 x  2
1 Vertical asymptote: x
2
Vertical asymptote: x

3
Slant asymptote: y
x  2
Horizontal asymptote: y
0 y
y
10
3
8

6
1
4
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 2
−1
x
−2 −8 −6 −4 4

−3

87. x2 
y  82
25 y 88.
x  42 
y  7
4

Circle
14

x  42
y  7  4
12

Center:
0, 8 10

x  42

y  3
8

Radius: 5 6 Parabola y

4
2 Vertex:
4, 3 −2 2 4 6 8
x

x −2
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 P
 14
−4
Focus:
4, 3.25
−6

Directrix: y
2.75 −8

− 10

89. f
x
2x1  5 90. f
x
2x1  1

Horizontal asymptote: y
5 Horizontal asymptote: y
1

x 5 3 1 0 1 3 5 x 2 1 0 1 2
f
x  32  54 9
f
x 5.02 5.06 5.3 5.5 6 9 21 3 2 8

y y

14 2
12
x
10 −2
8
6 −4
4
−6
2
−8
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
− 10

91. f
x
3x  4 y

5
Horizontal asymptote: y
4 4
3
2
x 4 2 1 0 1 2 1
x
f
x 3.99 3.89 3.67 3 1 5 − 6 − 5 − 4 − 3 − 2 −1 2 3 4
−2
−3

−5
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 317

92. f
x
3x  4 y

Horizontal asymptote: y
4 5

x 2 1 0 1 2 2
1

f
x 389 323 3 1 5 − 5 − 4 −3 −2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5

x

−2
−3
−4
−5

93. Answers will vary.

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

1. f
x
6.1x 2. f
x
30x 3. f
x
20.5x

f
2.4
6.12.4  76.699 f
3 
303
361.784 f

20.5
  0.337

4. f
x
1278x5 5. f
x
7
0.2x 6. f
x
14
5x

f
1
127815
4.181 f
 11 
7
0.211  f
0.8
14
50.8
3.863
 1456.529

7. f
x
4x 8. f
x
4x 9. f
x
4x

Intercept:
0, 1 Intercept:
0,1 Intercept:
0, 1
Horizontal asymptote: x-axis Horizontal asymptote: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: x-axis
Increasing on:
 ,  Decreasing on:
 ,  Decreasing on:
 , 
Matches graph (c). Matches graph (d). Matches graph (a).

10. f
x
4x  1 11. f
x
5x 12. f
x
4x, g
x
4x  3

Intercept:
0, 2 g
x
5x1 Because g
x
f
x  3, the
graph of g can be obtained by
Horizontal asymptote: y
1 Since g
x
f
x  1, the graph
shifting the graph of f three units
of g can be obtained by shifting
Increasing on:
 ,  downward.
the graph of f one unit to the right.
Matches graph (b).

13. f
x

2  14. f
x

3  , g
x
8 
3 

1 x 2 x 2 x

g
x

12 
x2
Because g
x
f
x  8, the graph of g can be
obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and
Since g
x
f
x  2, the graph of g can be obtained
shifting the graph of f eight units upward.
by reflecting the graph of f about the x-axis and shifting
f two units to the left.

15. f
x
4x  4 y

Horizontal asymptote: y
4 8

x 1 0 1 2 3

f
x 8 5 4.25 4.063 4.016

2

x
−4 −2 2 4
318 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

16. f
x
4x  3 17. f
x
2.65x1

Horizontal asymptote: y
3 Horizontal asymptote: y
0

x 2 1 0 1 2
x 2 1 0 1 2
f
x 3.063 3.25 4 7 19 f
x 0.377 1 2.65 7.023 18.61

y
y
x
1 −6 −3 3 6 9
x −3
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3

−2 −6

−3
−9
−4
−5 − 12
−6
−7 − 15
−8

18. f
x
2.65x1 19. f
x
5x2  4

Horizontal asymptote: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: y
4

x 3 1 0 1 3 x 1 0 1 2 3

f
x 0.020 0.142 0.377 1 7.023 f
x 4.008 4.04 4.2 5 9

y
y

8
5

4 6
3

1 2

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−4 −2 2 4
−1

21. f
x

2 
x
20. f
x
2x6  5 1
 3
2x  3
Horizontal asymptote: y
5 Horizontal asymptote: y
3

x 0 5 6 7 8 9 x 2 1 0 1 2
f
x 4.984 4.5 4 3 1 3 f
x 3.25 3.5 4 5 7
y y

6 8

4
6
2
x
−2 2 4 6 10
−2
2
−4

−6
x
−4 −2 2 4
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 319

22. f
x

18 

x2
5 y

Horizontal asymptote: y
5 2

x
−4
x 3 2 1 0 2 2 4

−2
f
x 3 4 4.875 4.984 5
−4

−6

23. 3x2
19 24.
13 x2
81 25. e5x7
e15 26. e82x
e3
3x2
32
13 x2
34 5x  7
15 8  2x
3
x  2
2
13 x2

13 4 5x
22 2x
11
11
x
4 x  2
4 x

22
5 x
2

x
2

27. e8  2980.958 28. e58  1.868 29. e1.7  0.183 30. e0.278
1.320

31. h
x
ex2 32. h
x
2  ex2

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 2 1 0 1 2

h
x 2.72 1.65 1 0.61 0.37 y 0.72 0.35 1 1.39 1.63

y y

7 3
6
5
4 x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
3
2 −2
−3
x −4
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−5

33. f
x
e x2 34. s
t
4e2t, t > 0

x 3 2 1 0 1 t 1
2 1 2 3 4
f
x 0.37 1 2.72 7.39 20.09 y 0.07 0.54 1.47 2.05 2.43
y
y
7
6 5

3
2
2
1
x 1
− 6 − 5 − 4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 2
t
1 2 3 4 5
320 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 
10n
0.065
35. A
3500 1  or A
3500e
0.065
10
n

Continuous
n 1 2 4 12 365 Compounding

A $6569.98 $6635.43 $6669.46 $6692.64 $6704.00 $6704.39

 
0.05 30n
36. A
2000 1  or A
2000e
0.05
30
n

n 1 2 4 12 365 Continuous
A $8643.88 $8799.58 $8880.43 $8935.49 $8962.46 $8963.38

37. F
t)
1  et3

(a) F
12  0.154 (b) F
2  0.487 (c) F
5  0.811

38. V
t
14,000
4

t
3
39. (a) A
50,000e
0.0875
35  $1,069,047.14
(a) 15,000 ln 2
(b) The doubling time is  7.9 years.
0.0875

0 10
0

(b) V
2
14,000
34 
$7875

2

(c) According to the model, the car depreciates most

rapidly at the beginning. Yes, this is realistic.

40. Q
100
12 
t14.4

(a) For t
0: Q
100
12 
100 grams (b) For t
10: Q
100
12 

014.4 1014.4
 61.79 grams
(c) Q
Mass of 241Pu (in grams)

100

80

60

40

20

t
20 40 60 80 100
Time (in years)

41. 43
64 42. 2532
125 43. e0.8
2.2255 . . .

log4 64
3 3
log25 125
2 ln 2.2255 . . .
0.8

44. e0
1 45. f
x
log x 46. log9 3
log9 912
21

ln 1
0 f
1000
log 1000

log 103
3
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 321

47. g
x
log2 x 48. f
x
log4 x 49. log4
x  7
log4 14

g

1
8 


log2 23
3
log2 18 f
1
4 
log4 14
1 x  7
14
x
7

50. log8
3x  10
log8 5 51. ln
x  9
ln 4 52. ln
2x  1
ln
11

3x  10
5 x9
4 2x  1
11
3x
15 x
5 2x
12
x
5 x
6

53. g
x
log7 x ⇒ x
7y y 54. g
x
log5 x ⇒ 5y
x y

Domain:
0,  4
Domain:
0,  3

3 2
x-intercept:
1, 0 2
log5 x
0 1

Vertical asymptote: x
0 1 x
50 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x

x −1
1 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
1
x 7 1 7 49 −1 −2

x-intercept:
1, 0 −3
g
x 1 0 1 2 −2

Vertical asymptote: x
0

1 1
x 25 5 1 5 25

g
x 2 1 0 1 2

55. f
x
log 3x  ⇒ 3x
10 y

⇒ x
3
10 y 56. f
x
6  log x y

Domain:
0, 
10
Domain:
0,  y
8
6  log x
0
x-intercept:
3, 0 3 6
2
log x
6 4
Vertical asymptote: 1 2
x
0 x
x
106
x
−1 2 3 4 5 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−1 x
0.000001 −2
x 0.03 0.3 3 30 −2
x-intercept:
0.000001, 0
f
x 2 1 0 1 −3
Vertical asymptote: x
0

x 1 2 4 6 8 10

f
x 6 6.3 6.6 6.8 6.9 7

57. f
x
4  log
x  5 y

x 4 3 2 1 0 1
Domain:
5, 
7
f
x 4 3.70 3.52 3.40 3.30 3.22 6

x-intercept:
9995, 0 5
4
Since 4  log
x  5
0 ⇒ log
x  5
4 3
2
x  5
104 1
x
x
10  5
9995.
4 −6 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2

Vertical asymptote: x
5
322 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

58. f
x
log
x  3  1 y

5
Domain:
3,  4
x 4 5 6 7 8 3
log
x  3  1
0 2
f
x 1 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1
log
x  3
1 x
−1 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9

x3
101 −2
−3
−4
x
3.1 −5

x-intercept:
3.1, 0
Vertical asymptote: x
3

59. ln 22.6  3.118 60. ln 0.98  0.020 61. ln e12
12

 83   1.530

62. ln e7
7 63. ln
7  5  2.034 64. ln

65. f
x
ln x  3 y 66. f
x
ln
x  3 y

Domain:
0,  6
Domain:
3,  4
5
x-intercept: ln x  3
0 4
ln
x  3
0 2

ln x
3 3 x  3
e0 2 4 6 8
x

2
x
e3 x
4 −2
1

e3, 0 x x-intercept:
4, 0 −4

−1 1 2 3 4 5
Vertical asymptote: x
0 Vertical asymptote: x
3

1 1
x 1 2 3 2 4 x 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
f
x 3 3.69 4.10 2.31 1.61 y 0.69 0 0.41 0.69 0.92


y
67. h
x
ln
x2
2 ln x y 68. f
x
14 ln x
4 3
Domain:
 , 0

0, 3
Domain:
0, 
2

x-intercepts:
± 1, 0 2 1
4 ln x
0 1
1
x
Vertical asymptote: x
0 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x ln x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
x
e0 −2
−3
−4 x
1 −3

x-intercept:
1, 0
x ± 0.5 ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4 Vertical asymptote: x
0
y 1.39 0 1.39 2.20 2.77 1 3 5
x 2 1 2 2 2 3

y 0.17 0 0.10 0.17 0.23 0.27

13 ln
1012 log 9
69. h
116 log
a  40  176 70. s
25  71. log4 9
 1.585
ln 3 log 4
h
55
116 log
55  40  176
 27.16 miles ln 9
log4 9
 1.585
 53.4 inches ln 4
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 323

log 200 log 5 log 0.28

72. log12 200
 2.132 73. log12 5
 2.322 74. log3 0.28
 1.159
log 12 log
12 log 3
ln 200 ln 5 ln 0.28
log12 200
 2.132 log12 5
 2.322 log3 0.28
 1.159
ln 12 ln
12 ln 3

1
75. log 18
log
2  32 76. log2
12

log2 1  log2 12
0  log
22  3

log 2  2 log 3 log 3

2 log2 22  log2 3
2 
 1.255 log 2
 3.585

77. ln 20
ln
22  5 78. ln 3e4
ln 3  ln e4 79. log5 5x2
log5 5  log5 x2

2 ln 2  ln 5  2.996
ln 3  4
1  2 log5 x
 2.90

6 x
80. log10 7x 4
log 7  log x 4 81. log3 3

log3 6  log3 
3 x
82. log7
log7 x  log7 4
x 4

log 7  4 log x

log3
3  2  log3 x13
log7 x12  log7 4
1 1

log3 3  log3 2  log3 x
log7 x  log7 4
3 2
1

1  log3 2  log3 x
3

83. ln x2y 2z
ln x2  ln y 2  ln z 84. ln 3xy2
ln 3  ln x  ln y 2

2 ln x  2 ln y  ln z
ln 3  ln x  2 ln y

x xy 3
ln
x  3  ln xy y 4 1 y 4 1
2
85. ln 86. ln
2 ln

ln
x  3  ln x  ln y

2 ln
y  1  2 ln 4

ln
x  3  ln x  ln y
2 ln
y  1  ln 16, y > 1

87. log2 5  log2 x
log2 5x 88. log6 y  2 log6 z
log6 y  log6 z2

y

log6
z2

89. ln x 
1
4
ln y
ln x  ln 
4 y
ln
 
4

x
y
90. 3 ln x  2 ln
x  1
ln x3  ln
x  12

ln x3
x  12

1
91. log8
x  4  7 log8 y
log8 
3 x  4  log y7
8 92. 2 log x  5 log
x  6
log x2  log
x  65
3
x2

log8
y7 
3
x  4
log

x  65
1

log
x2
x  65
324 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1
93. ln
2x  1  2 ln
x  1
ln2x  1  ln
x  12
2
2x  1

ln

x  12

94. 5 ln
x  2  ln
x  2  3 ln x
ln
x  25  ln
x  2  ln x3

ln
x  25  ln
x  2  ln x3

ln
x  25  ln x3
x  2

x  25

ln
x3
x  2

18,000
95. t
50 log
18,000  h
(a) Domain: 0 ≤ h < 18,000 (c) As the plane approaches its absolute ceiling, it climbs at
a slower rate, so the time required increases.
(b) 100

18,000
(d) 50 log  5.46 minutes
18,000  4000

0 20,000
0

Vertical asymptote: h
18,000

1
96. Using a calculator gives 97. 8x
512 98. 6x
216 99. ex
3
s
84.66 
11 ln t. 8x
83 6x
63 x
ln 3
x
3 x
3

100. ex
6 101. log4 x
2 102. log6 x
1 103. ln x
4

ln ex
ln 6 x
4
16
2 6log6 x
61 x
e4
x
ln 6  1.792 x
16

2 3
104. ln x
3 105. ex
12 106. e3x
25 107. e4x
ex
x
e3  0.0498 ln ex
ln12 ln e3x
ln 25 4x
x 2  3
x
ln 12  2.485 3x
ln 25 0
x 2  4x  3
ln 25 0

x  1
x  3
x
 1.073
3
x
1 or x
3

108. 14e3x2
560 109. 2x  13
35 110. 6x  28
8

e3x2
40 2x
22 6x
20
ln e3x2
ln 40 x
log2 22 log6 6x
log6 20
3x  2
ln 40 log 22 ln 22 x
log6 20

or
log 2 ln 2

ln 40  2 ln 20
x
 0.563 x
 1.672
3 x  4.459 ln 6
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 325

111. 4
5x
68 112. 2
12x
190

5x
17 12x
95
ln 5x
ln 17 ln 12x
ln 95
x ln 5
ln 17 x ln 12
ln 95
ln 17 ln 95
x
 1.760 x
 1.833
ln 5 ln 12

113. e2x  7e x  10
0 114. e2x  6ex  8
0

e x  2
e x  5
0
ex  2
ex  4
0
ex
2 or ex
5 ex
2 or ex
4
ln e x
ln 2 ln e x
ln 5 x
ln 2 x
ln 4
x
ln 2  0.693 x
ln 5  1.609 x  0.693 x  1.386

115. 20.6x  3x
0 10 116. 40.2x  x
0 9

Graph y1
20.6x  3x. Graph y1
40.2x  x.

−10 10
The x-intercepts are at The x-intercepts are at −12 6
x  0.392 and at x  7.480. x  7.038 and at
−10 x  1.527. −3

117. 25e0.3x
12 16 118. 4e1.2x
9 12

Graph y1
25e0.3x and Graph y1
4e1.2x and y2
9.

y2
12.
The graphs intersect at
−6
The graphs intersect at −6 18 x  0.676. 6

x  2.447. −2 −2

119. ln 3x
8.2 120. ln 5x
7.2 121. 2 ln 4x
15

eln 3x
e8.2 5x
e7.2 15
ln 4x

3x
e8.2 e 7.2 2
x
 267.886
e8.2
5 eln 4x
e7.5
x
 1213.650
3 4x
e7.5
1
x
e7.5  452.011
4

122. 4 ln 3x
15 123. ln x  ln 3
2 124. lnx  8
3

15 x 1
ln 3x
ln
2 ln
x  8
3
4 3 2
3x
e154 eln
x3
e2 ln
x  8
6
e154 x x  8
e6
x
 14.174
e2
3 3 x
e6  8  395.429
x
3e  22.167
2
326 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

125. lnx  1
2 126. ln x  ln 5
4

1 x
ln
x  1
2 ln
4
2 5
ln
x  1
4 x

e4
5
eln
x1
e4
x
5e4  272.991
x  1
e4
x
e4  1  53.598

127. log8
x  1
log8
x  2  log8
x  2 128. log6
x  2  log6 x
log6
x  5

log8
x  1
log8
x2
x  2 log6 x x 2
log
x  5
6

x2 x2
x1

x5
x2 x

x  1
x  2
x  2 x  2
x2  5x

x2  x  2
x  2 0
x2  4x  2

x2
0 x
2 ± 6, Quadratic Formula

x
0 Only x
2  6  0.449 is a valid solution.

Since x
0 is not in the domain of log8
x  1 or of

log8
x  2, it is an extraneous solution. The equation
has no solution.

129. log
1  x
1 130. log
x  4
2

1  x
10 1
x  4
102
1
1  10
x x
100  4
x
0.900 x
104

131. 2 ln
x  3  3x
8 132. 6 log
x 2  1  x
0

Graph y1
2 ln
x  3  3x and y2
8. Graph y1
6 log
x 2  1  x.
10 12

(1.64, 8)

−8 16
−9 9

−2 −4

The graphs intersect at approximately
1.643, 8. The x-intercepts are at x
0, x  0.416, and x  13.627.
The solution of the equation is x  1.643.

133. 4 ln
x  5  x
10
Graph y1
4 ln
x  5  x and y2
10.
11

−6 12
−1

The graphs do not intersect. The equation has no solution.

 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 327

134. x  2 log
x  4
0 135. 3
7550
7550e0.0725t

Let y1
x  2 log
x  4. 3
e0.0725t
12 ln 3
ln e0.0725t
ln 3
0.0725t
−8 ln 3
t
 15.2 years
16

0.0725
−4

The x-intercepts are at x  3.990 and x  1.477.

136. S
93 log
d  65 137. y
3e2x3

283
93 log
d  65 Exponential decay model
218
93 log
d Matches graph (e).
218
log
d

93
d
10
21893  220.8 miles

138. y
4e2x3 139. y
ln
x  3

Exponential growth model Logarithmic model
Matches graph (b). Vertical asymptote: x
3
Graph includes
2, 0
Matches graph (f).

6
141. y
2e
x4 3
2
140. y
7  log
x  3 142. y

1  2e2x
Logarithmic model Gaussian model
Logistics growth model
Vertical asymptote: x
3 Matches graph (a).
Matches graph (c).
Matches graph (d).

143. y
aebx 144. y
aebx

2
aeb
0 ⇒ a
2 1 1

aeb
0 ⇒ a

2 2
3
2eb
4
1
1.5
e4b 5
eb
5
2
ln 1.5
4b ⇒ b  0.1014
10
e5b
Thus, y  2e0.1014x.
ln 10
5b
ln 10

b
5
b  0.4605
1
y
e0.4605x
2
328 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

145. P
3499e0.0135t 146. y
Cekt

4.5 million
4500 thousand 1
C
Ce
250,000k
2
4500
3499e0.0135t
1
4500 ln
ln e
250,000k

e0.0135t 2
3499
1

250,000k
ln 4500
3499 

0.0135t
ln
2
ln
12
ln
45003499 k

t
 18.6 years 250,000
0.0135
When t
5000, we have
According to this model, the population of South
Carolina will reach 4.5 million during the year 2008. y
Ce ln
12250,000

5000  0.986C
98.6%C.
After 5000 years, approximately 98.6% of the
radioactive uranium II will remain.

147. (a) 20,000
10,000er
5 149. y
0.0499e
x71 128,

2
148. N0
2000 and N3
1400 so
N
2000ekt and:
2
e5r 40 ≤ x ≤ 100
1400
2000e3k
ln 2
5r (a) Graph y1
0.0499e
x71 128.
2

7
ln 2
e3k 0.05

r 10
5
r  0.138629 3k
ln 107 

13.8629%
ln
710 40 100
k

0.11889 0
(b) A
10,000e0.138629 3
(b) The average test score is 71.
 $11,486.98 The population one year ago:
N
4
2000e0.11889
4

1243 bats

157
150. N

1  5.4e0.12t
(a) When N
50: (b) When N
75:
157 157
50
75

1  5.4e0.12t 1  5.4e0.12t
157 157
1  5.4e0.12t
1  5.4e0.12t

50 75
107 82
5.4e0.12t
5.4e0.12t

50 75
107 82
e0.12t
e0.12t

270 405
107 82
0.12t
ln 0.12t
ln
270 405
ln
107270 ln
82405
t
 7.7 weeks t
 13.3 weeks
0.12 0.12
 Problem Solving for Chapter 3 329

10 
I
151. 
10 log 16
152. R
log I since I0
1.
(a) log I
8.4
 
I
125
10 log I
108.4  251,188,643
1016
(b) log I
6.85
10 
I
12.5
log 16
I
106.85  7,079,458

1012.5

I (c) log I
9.1
1016
I
109.1  1,258,925,412
I
103.5 watt
cm2

153. True. By the inverse properties, logb b2x
2x. 154. False. ln x  ln y
lnxy  lnx  y

155. Since graphs (b) and (d) represent exponential decay, b and d are negative.
Since graph (a) and (c) represent exponential growth, a and c are positive.

Problem Solving for Chapter 3

1. y
ax y 2. y1
ex 24

7 y1
y1
0.5x 6
y3 y2
x2 y3 y2
y4
y2
1.2x 5
y4 y3
x3 y5
4
y3
2.0x 3 y2 y4
x
0
0
6

2
y4
x y1
x
y5
x 
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 The function that increases at the fastest rate for “large”
values of x is y1
ex. (Note: One of the intersection
The curves y
0.5x and y
1.2x cross the line y
x. points of y
ex and y
x3 is approximately 4.536, 93
From checking the graphs it appears that y
x will cross and past this point ex > x3. This is not shown on the
y
ax for 0 ≤ a ≤ 1.44. graph above.)

3. The exponential function, y
ex, increases at a faster rate 4. It usually implies rapid growth.
than the polynomial function y
xn.

 ex  ex
e   e 
x 2 x 2
5. (a) f u  v
auv 6. f x
2  g x
2

2 2

au  av  2  e2x e2x  2  e2x
e   
2x



f u  f v 4 4
(b) f 2x
a2x 4


4

ax2

1

f x
2

7. (a) 6 (b) 6 (c) 6

y = ex y1 y = ex y = ex

y2
−6 6 −6 6 −6 6
y3
−2 −2 −2
330 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

x x2 x3 x4
8. y4
1     9. f x
e x  ex y
1! 2! 3! 4!
4
6
y
e x  ex 3
2
y4
x
ey  ey 1
y = ex
e2y  1 − 4 − 3 − 2 −1
x
−6 6 x
1 2 3 4
ey
−2
xe y
e2y  1
−4
As more terms are added, the polynomial approaches ex. e 2y  xe y  1
0
x x2 x3 x4 x5 x ± x2  4
ex
1      . . . ey
Quadratic Formula
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 2
Choosing the positive quantity for e y we have

y
ln  x  x2  4
2 
. Thus, f 1x
ln
x  x2  4
2
.  
ax  1
11. Answer (c). y
61  ex
2
2
10. f x
, a > 0, a  1
ax  1
The graph passes through 0, 0 and neither (a) nor (b) pass
ay  1
x
through the origin. Also, the graph has y-axis symmetry and
ay  1 a horizontal asymptote at y
6.
xay  1
ay  1
xay  ay
x  1
ayx  1
x  1
x1
ay

x1

x1
ln xx  11
y
loga
x1
 ln a

f 1x

12. (a) The steeper curve represents the investment earning compound interest, A Compounded Interest

because compound interest earns more than simple interest. With simple
Growth of investment

4000
interest there is no compounding so the growth is linear.
(in dollars)

3000

(b) Compound interest formula: A
5001  0.07

1 
1t

5001.07t 2000

Simple interest formula: A
Prt  P
5000.07t  500 1000

Simple Interest
t
(c) One should choose compound interest since the earnings would be higher. 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (in years)

12 12
t
k1 t
k2
13. y1
c1 and y2
c2 14. B
B0akt through 0, 500 and 2, 200
B0
500
 
1 t
k1 1 t
k2
c1
c2 200
500ak2
2 2
t
k2 t
k1 2
c1
c2


1
2  5

a2k

lncc 
kt  kt  ln12

1

2 2 1
loga 25
2k
ln c1  ln c2
t k1  k1  ln12
2 1
1
2
loga
2
5 

k

25
t
2
ln c1  ln c2 B
500a 1
2 loga 2
5
t
500 a log a 2
5
t
2
500
t

1
k2  1
k1
ln1
2
 Problem Solving for Chapter 3 331

15. (a) y  252.6061.0310t 16. Let loga x
m and loga
b x
n. Then x
am and
(b) y  400.88t  1464.6t  291,782
2 x
a
bn.

ab
n
(c) 2,900,000
am

y2
a
y1 am
n

b
0 85
200,000 1
am
n1

b
(d) Both models appear to be “good fits” for the data, but
neither would be reliable to predict the population of 1 m
loga
1
the United States in 2010. The exponential model b n
approaches infinity rapidly.
1 m
1  loga

b n
1 loga x
1  loga

b loga
b x

17. ln x2
ln x2

ln x2  2 ln x
0
ln xln x  2
0
ln x
0 or ln x
2
x
1 or x
e2

18. y
ln x
y1
x  1
y2
x  1  12x  12
y3
x  1  12x  12  13x  13
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 4
y1
y = ln x y = ln x y3 y = ln x

−3 9 −3 9 −3 9
y2

−4 −4 −4

19. y 4
x  1  12x  12  13x  13  14x  14 4

y = ln x
The pattern implies that
−3 9
ln x
x  1  12x  12  13x  13  14x  14  . . . . y4

−4

20. y
abx y
axb 21. y
80.4  11 ln x

ln y
lnabx ln y
lnax b 30

ln y
ln a  ln bx ln y
ln a  ln x b
ln y
ln a  x ln b ln y
ln a  b ln x
ln y
ln bx  ln a
100 1500
ln y
b ln x  ln a 0

Slope: m
ln b Slope: m
b y300
80.4  11 ln 300  17.7 ft3min

y-intercept: 0, ln a y-intercept: 0, ln a
332 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

450
22. (a)
15 cubic feet per minute (c) Total air space required: 38230
11,460 cubic feet
30
Let x
floor space in square feet and h
30 feet.
(b) 15
80.4  11 ln x
V
xh
11 ln x
65.4
11,460
x30
65.4
ln x

11 x
382
x
e65.4
11 If the ceiling height is 30 feet, the minimum number of
square feet of floor space required is 382 square feet.
x  382 cubic feet of air space per child.

23. (a) 9
24. (a) 36

0 9 0 9
0 0

(b) The data could best be modeled by a logarithmic (b) The data could best be modeled by an exponential
model. model.
(c) The shape of the curve looks much more logarithmic (c) The data scatter plot looks exponential.
than linear or exponential.
(d) y  3.1141.341x
(d) y  2.1518  2.7044 ln x 36

0 9
0
0 9
0
(e) The model graph hits every point of the scatter plot.
(e) The model is a good fit to the actual data.

25. (a) 9
26. (a) 10

0 9 0 9
0 0

(b) The data could best be modeled by a linear model. (b) The data could best be modeled by a logarithmic
model.
(c) The shape of the curve looks much more linear than
exponential or logarithmic. (c) The data scatter plot looks logarithmic.
(d) y  0.7884x  8.2566 (d) y  5.099  1.92 lnx
9 10

0 9 0 9
0 0

(e) The model is a good fit to the actual data. (e) The model graph hits every point of the scatter plot.
 Practice Test for Chapter 3 333

Chapter 3 Practice Test

1. Solve for x: x3
5
8.

1
2. Solve for x: 3x1
81.

3. Graph f x
2x.

4. Graph gx
ex  1.

5. If $5000 is invested at 9% interest, find the amount after three years if the interest is compounded
(a) monthly. (b) quarterly. (c) continuously.

1
6. Write the equation in logarithmic form: 72
49.

1
7. Solve for x: x  4
log2 64.

8. Given logb 2
0.3562 and logb 5
0.8271, evaluate logb 

4 825.

1
9. Write 5 ln x  2 ln y  6 ln z as a single logarithm.

10. Using your calculator and the change of base formula, evaluate log9 28.

11. Use your calculator to solve for N: log10 N
0.6646

12. Graph y
log4 x.

13. Determine the domain of f x
log3x2  9.

14. Graph y
lnx  2.

ln x
15. True or false:
lnx  y
ln y

16. Solve for x: 5x
41

1
17. Solve for x: x  x2
log5 25

18. Solve for x: log2 x  log2x  3
2

ex  ex
19. Solve for x:
4
3

20. Six thousand dollars is deposited into a fund at an annual interest rate of 13%. Find the time required
for the investment to double if the interest is compounded continuously.
 C H A P T E R 4
Trigonometry

Section 4.1 Radian and Degree Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Section 4.2 Trigonometric Functions: The Unit Circle . . . . . . . . . 344

Section 4.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Section 4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle . . . . . . . . . . 360

Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Section 4.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . 386

Section 4.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Section 4.8 Applications and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

C H A P T E R 4
Trigonometry
Section 4.1 Radian and Degree Measure

You should know the following basic facts about angles, their measurement, and their applications.
■ Types of Angles:
(a) Acute: Measure between 0
and 90
.
(b) Right: Measure 90
.
(c) Obtuse: Measure between 90
and 180
.
(d) Straight: Measure 180
.
■  and are complementary if    90
. They are supplementary if    180
.
■ Two angles in standard position that have the same terminal side are called coterminal angles.
■ To convert degrees to radians, use 1
 
180 radians.
■ To convert radians to degrees, use 1 radian  180

.
■ 1  one minute  1
60 of 1
.
■ 1  one second  1
60 of 1  1
3600 of 1
.
■ The length of a circular arc is s  r where  is measured in radians.
arc length s
■ Linear speed  
time t
■ Angular speed  
t  s
rt

Vocabulary Check
1. Trigonometry 2. angle
3. coterminal 4. radian
5. acute; obtuse 6. complementary; supplementary
7. degree 8. linear
9. angular 10. A  12r 2

1. 2. 3.

The angle shown is approximately

3 radians.
The angle shown is approximately The angle shown is approximately
2 radians. 5.5 radians.

4. 5. 6.

The angle shown is approximately

6.5 radians.
The angle shown is approximately
The angle shown is approximately

4 radians.
1 radian.
335
336 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

   11 3 11
7. (a) Since 0 < < ; lies in Quadrant I. 8. (a) Since  < < ; lies in Quadrant III.
5 2 5 8 2 8
7 3 7 9 3 9
(b) Since  < < ; lies in Quadrant III. (b) Since  < < ; lies in Quadrant III.
5 2 5 8 2 8

   
9. (a) Since
<
< 0;
lies in Quadrant IV. 10. (a) Since
<
1 < 0;
1 lies in Quadrant IV.
2 12 12 2
 3 11 11
(b) Since
 <
2 <
;
2 lies in Quadrant III. (b) Since
<
<
,
lies in Quadrant II.
2 2 9 9

3 3
11. (a) Since  < 3.5 < ; 3.5 lies in Quadrant III. 12. (a) Since < 6.02 < 2 ; 6.02 lies in Quadrant IV.
2 2
 3
(b) Since < 2.25 <  ; 2.25 lies in Quadrant II. (b) Since
<
4.25 <
 ; 4.25 lies in Quadrant II.
2 2

5 7
13. (a) 14. (a)
11
4 4 15. (a)
y y
6
y

5π 11π
4 6
x x
x

7π
−
4

2
(b)
5 (b)
3
3 (b) y
2
y
y

5π
x
2
x
x
−3
2π
−
3

16. (a) 4 y (b) 7 y

7π
4

x x
 Section 4.1 Radian and Degree Measure 337

 7 19 2
17. (a) Coterminal angles for 18. (a)  2  19. (a) Coterminal angles for
6 6 6 3
 13 7 5 2 8
 2 
2 
 2 
6 6 6 6 3 3
 11 11  2 4

2 
(b)
 2 
2 

6 6 6 6 3 3
5 11 23 
(b) Coterminal angles for
6

2 
(b) Coterminal angles for
6 6 12
5 17  25
 2   2 
6 6 12 12
5 7  23

2 

2 

6 6 12 12

9    
20. (a)
 2 
21. (a) Complement:

4 4 2 3 6
9 7  2

 4  Supplement: 

4 4 3 3
2 28 3 
(b)
 2  (b) Complement: Not possible, is greater than .
15 15 4 2
2 32 3 


2 
Supplement: 

15 15 4 4

  5 
22. (a) Complement:
 23. (a) Complement:
1  0.57
2 12 12 2
 11 Supplement: 
1  2.14
Supplement: 

12 12

(b) Complement: Not possible, 2 is greater than .
11  2
(b) Complement: Not possible, is greater than .
12 2
Supplement: 
2  1.14
11 
Supplement: 

12 12


24. (a) Complement: Not possible, 3 is greater than . 25.
2
Supplement: 
3  0.14

(b) Complement:
1.5  0.07
2 The angle shown is approximately 210º .
Supplement: 
1.5  1.64

26. 27. 28.

The angle shown is approximately The angle shown is approximately The angle shown is approximately
120
.
60º.
330
.
338 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

29. 30.

The angle shown is approximately 165
. The angle shown is approximately 10
.

31. (a) Since 90
< 130
< 180
, 130
lies in Quadrant II. 32. (a) Since 0
< 8.3
< 90
, 8.3
lies in Quadrant I.
(b) Since 270
< 285
< 360
, 285
lies in Quadrant IV. (b) Since 180
< 257
30 < 270
, 257
30 lies in
Quadrant III.

33. (a) Since

180
<
132
50 <
90
,
132
50 34. (a) Since
270
<
260
<
180
,
260
lies in
lies in Quadrant III. Quadrant II.
(b) Since
360
<
336
<
270
,
336
lies in (b) Since
90
<
3.4
< 0
,
3.4
lies in Quadrant IV.
Quadrant I.

35. (a) 30
36. (a)

270

y y

30°
x x

− 270°

(b)
120

(b) 150

y
y

150°

x
x

− 120°

37. (a) 405
38. (a)

750

y y

405°
x x
− 750°

(b) 480
(b)

600

y y

480° − 600°

x x
 Section 4.1 Radian and Degree Measure 339

39. (a) Coterminal angles for 45
40. (a) 120
 360
 480
41. (a) Coterminal angles for 240

45
 360
 405
120

360

240
240
 360
 600

45

360

315
(b)
420
 720
 300
240

360

120

(b) Coterminal angles for
36


420
 360

60
(b) Coterminal angles for
180


36
 360
 324


180
 360
 180


36

360

396


180

360

540

42. (a)
420
 720
 300
43. (a) Complement: 90

18
 72


420
 360

60
Supplement: 180

18
 162

(b) 230
 360
 590
(b) Complement: Not possible, 115
is greater than 90
.

230

360

130
Supplement: 1180

115
 65

44. (a) Complement: 90

3
 87
45. (a) Complement: 90

79
 11

Supplement: 180

3
 177
Supplement: 180

79
 101

(b) Complement: 90

64
 26
(b) Complement: Not possible, 150
is greater than 90
.
Supplement: 180

64
 116
Supplement: 180

150
 30

 
46. (a) Complement: Not possible, 130
is greater than 90
. 47. (a) 30
 30 180  6
Supplement: 180

130
 50

 5
(b) Complement: Not possible, 170
is greater than 90
. (b) 150
 150 180  6
Supplement: 180

170
 10

 7    3
48. (a) 315
 315
180
  4
49. (a)
20

20 180 
9 50. (a)
270

270
180
 
2
 2  4  4
(b) 120
 120
180
  3
(b)
240

240 180 
3 (b) 144
 144
180
  5

3 3 180
7 7 180
7 7 180

51. (a)
2

2    270
52. (a)

12


12   
105
53. (a)
3

3   
 420

7 7 180
  180
11 11 180

(b)
6

6    210
(b)
9

9  
 20
(b)

30


30   
66

11 11 180
 

54. (a)
6

6   
 330
55. 115
 115 180 56. 87.4
 87.4
180

34 34 180
 2.007 radians  1.525 radians
(b)
15

15   
 408

 
57.
216.35

216.35 180 
3.776 radians 58.
48.27

48.27
180
 
0.842 radians
 
59. 532
 532 180  9.285 radians 60. 345
 345
180
  6.021 radians
340 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

 
61.
0.83

0.83 180 
0.014 radian 62. 0.54
 0.54
180
  0.009 radians
  180
5 5 180
15 15 180

63.
7

7   
 25.714
64.
11

11   
 81.818
65.
8

8    337.500

180

     864.000

13 13 180
180

66.
2

2   
 1170.000
67.
4.2 
4.2 68. 4.8  4.8


756.000

180

    
32.659

180

69.
2 
2 
114.592
70.
0.57 
0.57

71. (a) 54
45  54
 45

60   54.75


72. (a) 245
10  245
 10
60   245
 0.167
 245.167

(b)
128
30 
128

30
60  
128.5


(b) 2
12  2
 12
60   2
 0.2
 2.2

73. (a) 85
18 30  85  60  3600 
 85.308

18 30
74. (a)
135
36 
135

3600
36


(b) 330
25  330  3600 
 330.007

135

0.01

135.01

25

(b)
408
16 20 
408
 60 
 3600 

16 20


408
 0.2667
 0.0056


408.272

75. (a) 240.6
 240
 0.660  240
36 76. (a)

345.12

345
 0.1260 

(b)
145.8

145
 0.860  
145
48 
345
 7  0.260 

345
7 12
(b) 0.45
 0
 0.4560   0
 27  0
27

77. (a) 2.5
 2
30 78. (a)

0.355

0
 0.35560 
(b)
3.58

3
 0.5860  
0
 21  0.360 

3
 34  0.860  
0
 21  18  
0
21 18

3
34 48 (b) 0.7865  0
 0.786560
 0
 47  0.1960 
 0
 47  11.4  0
47 11.4

79. s  r 80. s  r 81. s  r

6  5 29  10  32  7
6
  radians   29   32 4
7  4 7 radians
10 radians
5

82. s  r 83. s  r 84. r  14 feet, s  8 feet

60  75 6  27 s 8 4
   radians
6 2 r 14 7

60 4
 radians   radians
75 5 27 9
Because the angle represented is
clockwise, this angle is
45 radians.
 Section 4.1 Radian and Degree Measure 341

85. s  r 86. r  80 kilometers, 87. s  r,  in radians

s  160 kilometers
25  14.5 
s 160
   2 radians
s  15180 180  15 inches
25 50
  radians r 80
14.5 29  47.12 inches

 
88. r  9 feet,   60
 89. s  r,  in radians 90. r  20 centimeters,  
3 4
 s  31  3 meters 
s  r  9  3   3 feet s  r  20  4   5 centimeters
 9.42 feet  15.71 centimeters

1  1
91. A  r 2 92. r  12 mm,   93. A  r 2
2 4 2
 8  
1
A  42
2 3 

3
square inches
1
2
1
A  r 2  122
2 4 
1
A  2.52225
2 180  
 8.38 square inches  18 mm2  12.27 square feet
 56.55 mm2

94. r  1.4 miles,   330
95.   41
15 50

32
47 39
 8.46972
 0.14782 radian
1
A  1.42
2  
330

180


21.56
12
  5.64 square miles
s  r  40000.14782  591.3 miles

96. r  4000 miles s 450

97.     0.071 radian  4.04

r 6378
  47
37 18
37
47 36  9
49 42
 0.1715 radian
s  r  40000.1715  686.2 miles

s 2.5 25 5
98. r  3189 kilometers 99.      radian
r 6 60 12
s  r
400  6378
400

6378
0.062716  
The difference in latitude is about 0.062716 radians  3.59
.

 
s 24 180

100.     4.8 radians  4.8  275

r 5 

655280 
101. (a) 65 miles per hour   5720 feet per minute (b) The angular speed is .
60 t

The circumference of the tire is C  2.5 feet. 5720

 2  4576 radians
2.5
The number of revolutions per minute is
4576 radians
5720 Angular speed   4576 radians per minute
r  728.3 revolutions per minute 1 minute
2.5
342 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

102. Linear velocity for either pulley: 17002  3400 inches per minute
v 3400
(a) Angular speed of motor pulley:     3400 radians per minute
r 1
v 3400
Angular speed of the saw arbor:     1700 radians per minute
r 2
1700
(b) Revolutions per minute of the saw arbor:  850 revolutions per minute
2

52002 radians
103. (a) Angular speed  104. (a) 4 rpm  42 radians per minute
1 minute
 8 radians per minute
 10,400 radians per minute
 25.13 radians per minute
 32,672.56 radians per minute
(b) r  25 ft
7.25
2
in.
12 in. 
1 ft
52002
r
 200 feet per minute
(b) Linear speed 
1 minute t

2 Linear speed  2525.13274 feet per minute

 3141  feet per minute
3
 628.32 feet per minute
 9869.84 feet per minute

105. (a) 2002 ≤ Angular speed ≤ 5002 radians per minute

Interval: 400, 1000 radians per minute
(b) 62002 ≤ Linear speed ≤ 65002 centimeters per minute
Interval: 2400, 6000 centimeters per minute

1 1
106. A  R 2
r 2 107. A  r 2
2 2
R  25 
1
 
25 140°
125°  352140

2 180

r  25
14  11 r 14 35

 476.39 square meters

A  
1 125
2 180
  252
112  175  549.8 square inches  1496.62 square meters

108. (a) Arc length of larger sprocket in feet: s  r

1 2
s  2  feet
3 3
Therefore, the chain moves 2
3 feet, as does the smaller rear sprocket. Thus, the angle  of the
smaller sprocket is r  2 inches  2
12 feet.
s 2
3 feet
   4 and the arc length of the tire in feet is:
r 2
12 feet
s  r
14
s  4 14
12 

3
feet

s 14
3 14
Speed    feet per second
t 1 second 3
14 feet 3600 seconds 1 mile
 10 miles per hour
3 seconds 1 hour 5280 feet

—CONTINUED—
 Section 4.1 Radian and Degree Measure 343

108. —CONTINUED—
(b) Since the arc length of the tire is 14
3 feet and the cyclist is pedaling at a rate of one revolution per second,
we have:

Distance  143 revolutions

feet
5280 feet 
1 mile
n revolutions 
7
7920
n miles

(c) Distance  Rate  Time

 143 feet per second5280 feet 

1 mile
t seconds 
7
7920
t miles

(d) The functions are both linear.

109. False. An angle measure of 4 radians corresponds to 110. True. If  and are coterminal angles, then
two complete revolutions from the initial to the terminal    n360
 where n is an integer. The difference
side of an angle. between  and is 
 n360
  2n.

111. False. The terminal side of

1260
lies on the negative x-axis.

112. (a) An angle is in standard position if its vertex is at the origin and its initial side is on the positive x-axis.
(b) A negative angle is generated by a clockwise rotation of the terminal side.
(c) Two angles in standard position with the same terminal sides are coterminal.
(d) An obtuse angle measures between 90° and 180°.

113. Increases, since the linear speed is proportional to the radius.

180

114. 1 radian    57.3
, 115. The arc length is increasing. In order for the angle  to
remain constant as the radius r increases, the arc length
so one radian is much larger than one degree.
s must increase in proportion to r, as can be seen from
the formula s  r .

A
116. The area of a circle is A   r 2 ⇒   . The circumference of a circle is C  2 r.
r2

r  r
A
C2 2

2A
C
r
Cr
A
2
r r 1 2
For a sector, C  s  r. Thus, A    r for a sector.
2 2

117.
4

4
4 2 4 2

2
2

4 2 2
8

2
118.
5 5

2 10 2
5
105  25 12  2 5 2 

2
2

5 2
4

119. 22  62  4  36  40  4  10  2 10 120. 172

92  289
81
 208  16  13  4 13
344 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

121. f
x 
x
25 y 122. f
x  x5
4 y

y = x5
Graph of y  x 5 shifted 3 Vertical shift four units 4

to the right by two units 2 downward 2

1 x
−3 −2 1 2 3
x
−2 2 3 4 −2
−1 y = x5

−2 y = x5 − 4
y = (x − 2)5 −6
−3

123. f
x  2
x 5 y 124. f
x 

x  35 y = −(x + 3)5

y

Graph of y  x 5 reflected 6
Reflection in the x-axis 3
5
in x-axis and shifted 4 and a horizontal shift 2
y = x5
upward by two units 3 three units to the left 1 y = x5
x
1 −5 −4 −3 1 2
x −1
−3 −2 1 2 3
−1 −2
−2 y = 2 − x5
−3
−3

Section 4.2 Trigonometric Functions: The Unit Circle

■ You should know the definition of the trigonometric functions in terms of the unit circle. Let t be a real number and
x, y
the point on the unit circle corresponding to t.
1
sin t  y csc t  , y0
y
1
cos t  x sec t  , x0
x
y x
tan t  , x  0 cot t  , y0
x y
■ The cosine and secant functions are even.
cos

t  cos t sec

t  sec t
■ The other four trigonometric functions are odd.
sin

t 
sin t csc

t  
csc t
tan

t 
tan t cot

t 
cot t
■ Be able to evaluate the trigonometric functions with a calculator.

Vocabulary Check
1. unit circle 2. periodic
3. period 4. odd; even
 Section 4.2 Trigonometric Functions: The Unit Circle 345

8 15 12 5
1. x 
,y 2. x  ,y
17 17 13 13
15 1 17 5 1 13
sin   y  csc    sin   y  csc   
17 y 15 13 y 5
8 1 17 12 1 13
cos   x 
sec   
cos   x  sec   
17 x 8 13 x 12

y 15 x 8 y 5 x 12
tan   
cot   
tan    cot   
x 8 y 15 x 12 y 5

12 5 4 3
3. x  ,y
4. x 
, y 

13 13 5 5

5 1 13 3 1 5
sin   y 
csc   
sin   y 
csc   

13 y 5 5 y 3

12 1 13 4 1 5
cos   x  sec    cos   x 
sec   

13 x 12 5 x 4
y 3 x 4
tan  
y


5
cot  
x


12 tan    cot   
x 4 y 3
x 12 y 5

5. t 

4
corresponds to 
2 2
2
,
2
.  6. t 

3 2 2
1 3
,
x y  , 
7
   
3 1 5 2 2
7. t  corresponds to
,
. 8. t  ,
x, y 
,

6 2 2 4 2 2

4
   
1 3 5 1 3
9. t  corresponds to
,
. 10. t  ,
x, y  ,

3 2 2 3 2 2

3 12. t  ,
x, y 

1, 0

11. t  corresponds to
0,
1.
2

13. t 

4
corresponds to 
2 2
2
,
2
.  14. t 

3 2 2
1 3
,
x, y  , 
2  3
sin t  y  sin 
2 3 2

2  1
cos t  x  cos 
3 2
2
 32
y tan   3
tan t  1 3 12
x

15. t 


6
corresponds to
3
2  1
,
.
2  
16. t 
,
x, y 
4
2
2
,

2
2  
 4  
22
1 
sin t  y 
sin

2

 4  
3 2
cos t  x  cos

2 2

 4  
22
3 22 
tan t 
y


1

tan

1
x 3 3
346 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

7
 
2 2 4
17. t 

4
corresponds to
2
,
2
. 18. t 

3 
1 3
,
x, y 
,
2 2 
4
 
2 3
sin t  y  sin

2 3 2
4
cos t  x 
2
2
cos
 3 


1
2
4
 
y 32
tan t  1 tan
 
3
x 3
12

11
  5
 
3 1 1 3
19. t  corresponds to ,
. 20. t  ,
x, y  ,

6 2 2 3 2 2

1 5 3
sin t  y 
sin 

2 3 2

3 5 1
cos t  x  cos 
2 3 2

y 1 3 5
32
tan t  

tan  
3
3 12
x 3 3

3
21. t 
corresponds to
0, 1. 22. t 
2,
x, y 
1, 0
2
sin

2  0
sin t  y  1
cos

2  1
cos t  x  0
y 0
tan t  is undefined. tan

2  0
x 1

23. t 
3
4
corresponds to

2 2
2
, 
2
.  24. t 
5
6 
,
x, y 

3 1
,
2 2 
2 1 5 1 5 1
sin t  y  csc t   2 sin  csc  2
2 y 6 2 6 sin t

2 1 5 3 5 1 23
cos t  x 
sec t  
2 cos 
sec  

2 x 6 2 6 cos t 3

y x 5 12 3 5 1
tan t  
1 cot t  
1 tan  
cot  
3
x y 6
32 3 6 tan t

 3
25. t 
corresponds to
0,
1. 26. t  ,
x, y 
0,
1
2 2
1 3 3 1
sin t  y 
1 csc t  
1 sin 
1 csc  
1
y 2 2 sin t

1 3 3
cos t  x  0 sec t  is undefined. cos 0 sec is undefined.
x 2 2
y x 3 3 0
tan t  is undefined. cot t  0 tan is undefined. cot  0
x y 2 2
1
 Section 4.2 Trigonometric Functions: The Unit Circle 347

27. t 
4
3
1

corresponds to
,

2
3
2
.  28. t 
7
4 
,
x, y 
2
2
,

2
2 
3 1 23 7 2 7 1
sin t  y 
csc t  
sin 
csc  
2
2 y 3 4 2 4 sin t

1 1 7 2 7 1
cos t  x 
sec t  
2 cos  sec   2
2 x 4 2 4 cos t
y x 3 7
22 7 1
tan t   3 cot t   tan  
1 cot  
1
x y 3 4 22 4 tan t

8 2 1
29. sin 5  sin   0 30. cos 5  cos  
1 31. cos  cos 

3 3 2

9  2 15  19 7
32. sin
4
 sin 
4 2 
33. cos

2 2
 cos  0 34. sin
6
 sin
6


1
2

9 7 8 4
35. sin
 4   sin 4  
2
2

36. cos

3 
 cos
3


1
2
37. sin t 
1
3
1
(a) sin

t  
sin t 

3
(b) csc

t  
csc t 
3

3 1 3
38. sin

t  39. cos

t 
40. cos t 

8 5 4
3 1 3
(a) sin t 
sin

t 
(a) cos t  cos

t 
(a) cos

t  cos t 

8 5 4
1 8 1 1 4
(b) csc t  
(b) sec

t  
5 (b) sec

t  sec t  

sin t 3 cos

t cos t 3

4 4 
41. sin t  42. cos t  43. sin  0.7071
5 5 4
4 4
(a) sin

t  sin t  (a) cos

t 
cos t 

5 5

4 4
(b) sin
t   
sin t 
(b) cos
t   
cos t 

5 5

 1 1
44. tan  1.7321 45. csc 1.3   1.0378 46. cot 1   0.6421
3 sin 1.3 tan 1

1
47. cos

1.7 
0.1288 48. cos

2.5 
0.8011 49. csc 0.8   1.3940
sin 0.8

1 1
50. sec 1.8  
4.4014 51. sec 22.8  
1.4486 52. sin

0.9 
0.7833
0051.8 cos 22.8

53. (a) sin 5  y 
1 54. (a) sin 0.75  y  0.7

(b) cos 2  x 
0.4 (b) cos 2.5  x 
0.8
348 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

55. (a) sin t  0.25 56. (a) sin t 
0.75

t  0.25 or 2.89 t  4.0 or t  5.4
(b) cos t 
0.25 (b) cos t  0.75
t  1.82 or 4.46
t  0.7 or t  5.6

57. y
t  14 e
t cos 6t

(a) 1 1 3
t 0 4 2 4 1

y 0.25 0.0138
0.1501
0.0249 0.0883

(b) From the table feature of a graphing utility we see that y  0 when t  5 seconds.
(c) As t increases, the displacement oscillates but decreases in amplitude.

1
58. y
t  cos 6t 59. False. sin

t 
sin t means the function is odd, not
4 that the sine of a negative angle is a negative number.
1
3 3
(a) y
0 
4
cos 0  0.2500 feet
For example: sin
 2
sin  
2



1  1.

4  4 cos 2  0.0177 feet

1 1 3 Even though the angle is negative, the sine value is positive.
(b) y

2  4 cos 3 
0.2475 feet

1 1
(c) y

60. True. tan a  tan
a
6  since the period of tan is . 61. (a) The points have y-axis symmetry.
(b) sin t1  sin

t1 since they have the same y-value.
(c) cos

t1 
cos t1 since the x-values have the
opposite signs.

1
62. cos   x  cos

 63. f
x 
3x
2
2
1
sec    sec

 1
x y 
3x
2
2
So sec  and cos  are even.
1
sin   y x 
3y
2
2
sin

 
y 
sin 
2x  3y
2
1
csc   y
y 2 2
x y
1 3 3
csc

 

csc  (x, y)
y 2 2 2
f
1
x  x  
x  1
So sin  and csc  are odd. 3 3 3
y θ
tan   −θ
x
x

y
tan

  
tan 
x (x, −y)

x
cot  
y
x
cot

  
cot 

y
So tan  and cot  are odd.
 Section 4.2 Trigonometric Functions: The Unit Circle 349

x2
1
64. f
x  x3  1 65. f
x  x2
4, x ≥ 2 66. f
x 
4 x
4
y  x2
4 x2
1 y
y  x3  1 x  y2
4 x
4
4
x 2  y2
4 y2
1
x  y3  1 x
y
4
4 ±  x2  4  y
x
y
4  y  2
1 f
1
x  x2  4, x ≥ 0
x
1  y3
4 xy
4x  y  2
4
x
1  y3 xy
y  4x  2
y 
3 4
x
1 y
x
1  4x  2
f
1
x  
3 4
x
1 2
2x  1
y
x
1
2
2x  1
f
1
x 
x
1

2x
67. f
x  y
x
3
8
Intercept:
0, 0 6
4
Vertical asymptote: x  3 2
x
Horizontal asymptote: y  2 −6 − 4 − 2
−2
2 4 6 8 10

−4

x
1 0 1 2 4 5 6 −6
−8

1
y 0
1
4 8 5 4
2

5x 5x
68. f
x   , x 
3, 2 y
x2  x
6
x  3
x
2
8
Horizontal asymptote: x  0 6
4
Vertical asymptote: x 
3, x  2 2
x
Intercept:
0, 0 −4 −2
−2
2 4 6 8

−4

x
6
4
2 0 1 3 5 −6
−8

5 10 5 5 5 25
y

0

4 3 2 4 2 24

x2  3x
10
x  5
x
2 x5
69. f
x    ,x2 y
2x2
8 2
x  2
x
2 2
x  2
4
5
 
3
Intercepts:

5, 0, 0, x
5
4
3
1 0 1 3 2
4
1
Vertical asymptote: x 
2 y 0

1

1 2
5
1
4
−6 −5 −2 −1 1 2
x

4 4 5 −1
1 −2
Horizontal asymptote: y 
2 −3
−4

Hole in the graph at 2,   7

8
350 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

x3  6x2  x  1 1 7 15
x  4
70. f
x

x  x 4 3  32 1 0 2 3 4 7
2x2  5x  8 2 4 4
2x2  5x  8
y  15  17  155 9 1 3
5  29 1
Vertical asymptote: 2x 2  5x  8
0 4 5 32 8 2 4

5 ± 
52 
4
2
8 y
x

2
2
5 ± 89
x
; x  1.11, x  3.61
4
x
1 7 −6 −4 −2 2 6 8 4
−2
Slant asymptote: y
x 
2 4

y-intercept: 0, 18

x-intercept:
5.86, 0

Section 4.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry

■ You should know the right triangle definition of trigonometric functions.

opp adj opp
(a) sin 
(b) cos 
(c) tan 

hyp hyp adj
hyp hyp adj
(d) csc 
(e) sec 
(f) cot 

opp adj opp

■ You should know the following identities.

1 1 1
(a) sin 
(b) csc 
(c) cos 

csc  sin  sec 
1 1 1
(d) sec 
(e) tan 
(f) cot 

cos  cot  tan 
sin  cos 
(g) tan 
(h) cot 
(i) sin2   cos2 
1
cos  sin 

(j) 1  tan2 
sec2  (k) 1  cot2 
csc2 

■ You should know that two acute angles  and  are complementary if   
90, and that cofunctions of complemen-
tary angles are equal.
■ You should know the trigonometric function values of 30, 45, and 60, or be able to construct triangles from which you
can determine them.

Vocabulary Check

hypotenuse adjacent hypotenuse

1. (i)
sec  (v) (ii)
cot  (iv) (iii)
csc  (vi)
adjacent opposite opposite
adjacent opposite opposite
(iv)
cos  (iii) (v)
sin  (i) (vi)
tan  (ii)
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent
2. opposite; adjacent; hypotenuse
3. elevation; depression
 Section 4.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry 351

1. hyp
62  82
36  64
100
10

opp 6 3 hyp 10 5
sin 


csc 



hyp 10 5 opp 6 3
6 adj 8 4 hyp 10 5
cos 


sec 



hyp 10 5 adj 8 4
θ
opp 6 3 adj 8 4
8 tan 


cot 



adj 8 4 opp 6 3

2. adj
132  52
169  25
12

13
5 opp 5 hyp 13
sin 

csc 


θ hyp 13 opp 5
b
adj 12 hyp 13
cos 

sec 


hyp 13 adj 12
opp 5 adj 12
tan 

cot 


adj 12 opp 5

3. adj
412  92
1681  81
1600
40

41 opp 9 hyp 41
θ
9 sin 

csc 


hyp 41 opp 9
adj 40 hyp 41
cos 

sec 


hyp 41 adj 40
opp 9 adj 40
tan 

cot 


adj 40 opp 9

4. hyp
42  42
32
42

opp 4 1 2 hyp 42
4 sin 



csc 


2
hyp 42 2 2 opp 4
θ adj 4 1 2 hyp 42
cos 



sec 


2
4 hyp 42 2 2 adj 4
opp 4 adj 4
tan 


1 cot 


1
adj 4 opp 4

5. adj
32  12
8
22

θ
3 opp 1 hyp
1 sin 

csc 

3
hyp 3 opp
adj 22 hyp 3 32
cos 

sec 



hyp 3 adj 22 4
opp 1 2 adj
tan 


cot 

22
adj 22 4 opp

adj
62  22
32
42

opp 2 1 hyp 6
6 sin 


csc 


3
2 hyp 6 3 opp 2
θ
adj 42 22 hyp 6 3 32
cos 


sec 




hyp 6 3 adj 42 22 4
opp 2 1 2 adj 42
tan 



cot 


22
adj 42 22 4 opp 2
The function values are the same since the triangles are similar and the corresponding sides are proportional.
352 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

6.
4
8 θ
7.5
θ
17
15 hyp
7.52  42

2
hyp
152  82
289
17 opp 4 8 hyp 172 17
sin 


csc 



opp 8 hyp 17 hyp 172 17 opp 4 8
sin 

csc 


hyp 17 opp 8 adj 7.5 15 hyp 172 17
cos 


sec 



adj 15 hyp 17 hyp 172 17 adj 7.5 15
cos 

sec 


hyp 17 adj 15 opp 4 8 adj 7.5 15
tan 


cot 



opp 8 adj 15 adj 7.5 15 opp 4 8
tan 

cot 


adj 15 opp 8

The function values are the same because the triangles are similar, and corresponding sides are proportional.

7. opp
52  42
3
opp 3 hyp 5
sin 

csc 


hyp 5 opp 3
5 adj 4 hyp 5
cos 

sec 


hyp 5 adj 4
θ opp 3 adj 4
4
tan 

cot 


adj 4 opp 3

opp
1.252  12
0.75

1.25 opp 0.75 3 hyp 1.25 5
θ sin 


csc 



1
hyp 1.25 5 opp 0.75 3
adj 1 4 hyp 1.25 5
cos 


sec 



hyp 1.25 5 adj 1 4
opp 0.75 3 adj 1 4
tan 


cot 



adj 1 4 opp 0.75 3

The function values are the same since the triangles are similar and the corresponding sides are proportional.

8. θ
1
2 3

hyp
12  22
5 θ
6
opp 1 5 hyp 5
sin 


csc 


5
hyp 5 5 opp 1
hyp
32  62
35
adj 2 25 hyp 5
cos 


sec 

3 1 5 35
hyp 5 5 adj 2 sin 


csc 

5
35 5 5 3
opp 1 adj 2
tan 

cot 


2 6 2 25 35 5
adj 2 opp 1 cos 


sec 


35 5 5 6 2
3 1 6
tan 

cot 

2
6 2 3
The function values are the same because the triangles are similar, and corresponding sides are proportional.
 Section 4.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry 353

3 opp 5 adj
9. Given: sin 

10. Given: cos 


4 hyp 7 hyp
32 
adj2
42 opp
72  52
24
26
4 7
2 6
adj
7 3
opp 26
sin 


adj 7 hyp 7
cos 

θ
θ
hyp 4 opp 26
7 tan 

5
opp 37 adj 5
tan 


adj 7
hyp 7 76
hyp 4 csc 



csc 

opp 26 12
opp 3
hyp 7
hyp 47 sec 


sec 

adj 5
adj 7
adj 7 adj 5 56
cot 

cot 



opp 3 opp 26 12

2 hyp 5 adj
11. Given: sec 
2

12. Given: cot 

θ 26
1 adj 1 opp 1

opp 
2
12
22 hyp
52  12
26
5

opp
3 opp 1 26

sin 



opp 3 2 hyp 26 26
sin 

3
hyp 2 adj 5 526
cos 



adj 1 hyp 26 26
cos 

θ
hyp 2
1 opp 1
opp tan 


tan 

3 adj 5
adj
hyp 26
hyp 23 csc 


26
csc 

opp 1
opp 3
adj 3 hyp 26
cot 

sec 


opp 3 adj 5

3 opp 6 hyp
13. Given: tan 
3

14. Given: sec 


1 adj 1 adj
32  12

hyp2 opp
62  12
35
10
hyp
10 3
opp 35
6 35
sin 


opp 310 hyp 6
sin 


hyp 10 θ adj 1 θ
cos 


adj 10 1 hyp 6 1
cos 


hyp 10 opp 35
tan 


35
hyp 10 adj 1
csc 


opp 3 hyp 6 635
csc 



hyp opp 35 35
sec 

10
adj adj 1 35
cot 



adj 1 opp 35 35
cot 


opp 3
354 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

3 adj 17 hyp
15. Given: cot 

16. Given: csc 

17
2 opp 4 opp 4
θ
22  32

hyp 2 13
2 adj
172  42
273 273

hyp
13 opp 4

θ sin 


opp 2 213 3 hyp 17
sin 



hyp 13 13 adj 273
cos 


adj 3 313 hyp 17
cos 



hyp 13 13
opp 4 4273
opp 2 tan 



tan 

adj 273 273
adj 3
hyp 17 17273
hyp 13 sec 



csc 

adj 273 273
opp 2
hyp 13 adj 273
sec 

cot 


adj 3 opp 4


17.
60°
30
30

180 
6 radian 18. 45
45 180 
4 radian
2
1
opp 1 2 adj 1 2
sin 30

1 cos 45



30° hyp 2 hyp 2 2
3
45°
1

  180   180
19.
π
3


3   

60 20.
4


4   

45
6
2  opp 3 2  hyp 2
3 tan


3 1 sec


2
3 adj 1 4 adj 1
π
π 4
3 1
1

3 1 adj hyp
21. cot 


22. csc 
2

3 3 opp opp
30°


180 
4 radian
2
3 
60
radian 1 
45
45
3
45°
60°
1
1

  180
23.
π
  180
6


6   

30 24. 

4


4   

45
2 3 2
1
 adj 3 1  opp 1 2
π cos

sin



6 6 hyp 2 4 hyp 2 2
π
3 4
1

1 adj 3 1 opp
25. cot 
1

26. tan 



45°
1 opp 3 3 adj
2 60°
 2

  180 
1 1

45
45 
30
30
180
30°
45°
 3 
1
radian
radian
4 6
 Section 4.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry 355

3 1 1 3
27. sin 60
, cos 60
28. sin 30
, tan 30

2 2 2 3
sin 60 1
(a) tan 60

3 (a) csc 30

2
cos 60 sin 30
1 3
(b) sin 30
cos 60
(b) cot 60
tan
90  60
tan 30

2 3
3 1
(c) cos 30
sin 60
sin 30 2 3 3
2 (c) cos 30




cos 60 1 3 tan 30 3 23 2
(d) cot 60


3
sin 60 3 3
1 3 33
(d) cot 30



3
tan 30 3 3

13 13
29. csc 
, sec 
30. sec 
5, tan 
26
2 3
1 2 213 1 1
(a) sin 


(a) cos 


csc  13 13 sec  5
1 1 6
1 3 313 (b) cot 



(b) cos 


tan  26 12
sec  13 13
(c) cot
90º  
tan 
26
213
26
5

1
sin  213 (d) sin 
tan  cos 

26 
(c) tan 


5
cos  313 3
13

13
(d) sec
90  
csc 

2

1
31. cos 
32. tan 
5
3
1 1 1
(a) sec 

3 (a) cot 


cos  tan  5
1 1
(b) sin2   cos2 
1 (b) cos 


sec  1  tan2 
1 1 26
3
2
1



sin2  
1 1  52 26 26

8 1 1
sin2 
(c) tan
90º  
cot 


9 tan  5

22 (d) csc 
1  cot 2 

sin 

1  15
3 2


1
cos 
1  251
2625

3 1 2 26
(c) cot 





sin  
2 2 2  2 4 5
3
1
(d) sin
90  
cos 

3

tan 
1 cos1 
1
1
33. tan  cot 
tan  34. cos  sec 
cos 
356 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

sin  cos 
35. tan  cos 
cos  cos 
sin  36. cot  sin 

sin 
sin 
cos 

37.
1  cos 
1  cos 
1  cos2  38.
1  sin 
1  sin 
1  sin2 
cos2 


sin2   cos 2   cos 2 

sin2 

39.
sec   tan 
sec   tan 
sec2   tan2  40. sin2   cos2 
sin2  
1  sin2 


1  tan2   tan2 
sin2   1  sin2 

1
2 sin2   1

sin  cos  sin2   cos2  tan   cot  tan  cot 

41. 
42.

cos  sin  sin  cos  tan  tan  tan 
1 cot 


1
sin  cos 
 
1
1 1 cot 


sin 
cos 

1  cot2 
csc2 

csc  sec 

43. (a) sin 10  0.1736 44. (a) tan 23.5  0.4348
(b) cos 80  0.1736 1
(b) cot 66.5
 0.4348
Note: cos 80
sin
90  80
sin 10 tan 66.5

18 
45. (a) sin 16.35  0.2815 
46. (a) cos 16 18

cos 16 
60
 0.9598
1 56 
(b) csc 16.35

sin 16.35
 3.5523

(b) sin 73 56

sin 73 
60
 0.9609
15 
 
1 50
47. (a) sec 42 12

sec 42.2
 1.3499 48. (a) cos 4 50
15
cos 4  
cos 42.2 60 3600
1  0.9964
(b) csc 48 7

 1.3432
sin
48  7
60  1
(b) sec 4 50
15

cos 4 50
15
 1.0036

10 
49. (a) cot 11 15


1
tan 11.25
 5.0273 50. (a) sec 56 8
10
sec 56   8


60 3600   1.7946

(b) tan 11 15

tan 11.25  0.1989 10 
(b) cos 56 8
10
cos 56  8

60 3600 
 0.5572

51. (a) csc 32 40

3

1
sin 32.6675
 1.8527 52. (a) sec 95 20  32  2.6695
(b) tan 44 28
16  tan 44.4711  0.9817
(b) cot 95 30  32  0.0699
 Section 4.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry 357

1  2  
53. (a) sin 
⇒ 
30
54. (a) cos 
⇒ 
45
55. (a) sec 
2 ⇒ 
60

2 6 2 4 3
  
(b) csc 
2 ⇒ 
30
(b) tan 
1 ⇒ 
45º
(b) cot 
1 ⇒ 
45

6 4 4

 57. (a)
56. (a) tan 
3 ⇒ 
60
23 
3 csc 
⇒ 
60

3 3
1 
(b) cos 
⇒ 
60
2 
2 3 (b) sin 
⇒ 
45

2 4

3
58. (a) cot 
(b) sec 
2
3
3  1 2 
tan 

3 ⇒ 
60
cos 

⇒ 
45

3 3 2 2 4

30 y
59. tan 30
60. sin 60

x 18

30°
30 1
3


30
x
y
18 sin 60
18  23
9

3

x x
303

32 20
61. tan 60
62. sin 45

x r
32 20 20
3
r


202
x sin 45 22
32
3 x
32

32 323
60° x


3 3
x

x 6 h
63. tan 82
64. (a) (b) tan 


45 3 135
x
45 tan 82 (c) 2
135
h
h
Height of the building: h
270 feet
y x

123  45 tan 82  443.2 meters

6
Distance between friends: 132
82° 3
Not drawn to scale
45 45
cos 82
⇒ y
45 m
y cos 82
 323.34 meters

opp
65. 66. tan 

adj
3000 ft
1500 ft w
tan 54

θ 100
w
100 tan 54  137.6 feet
1500 1
sin 


3000 2


0

6
358 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

67.
x
150 ft
23°
5 ft
y

145 145
(a) sin 23
(b) tan 23
(c) Moving down the line:
x y
145sin 23
145 145  61.85 feet per second
x
 371.1 feet y
 341.6 feet 6
sin 23 tan 23
Dropping vertically:
145
 24.17 feet per second
6

68. Let h
the height of the mountain. 69. (x1, y1)

Let x
the horizontal distance from where the 9 angle of

elevation is sighted to the point at that level directly below 56
the mountain peak.
30°
h h
Then tan 3.5
and tan 9
.
x  13 x y1
sin 30

56
h h
tan 9
⇒ x

x tan 9 y1

sin 30
56
12
56
28
h
Substitute x
into the expression for tan 3.5. x1
tan 9 cos 30

56
h
tan 3.5
3
h
 13 x1
cos 30
56

56
283
tan 9 2

h tan 9
x1, y1

283, 28

tan 3.5

h  13 tan 9
(x2, y2)
h tan 3.5  13 tan 9 tan 3.5
h tan 9
13 tan 9 tan 3.5
h
tan 9  tan 3.5
13 tan 9 tan 3.5

h 56
tan 9  tan 3.5
1.2953  h
60°
The mountain is about 1.3 miles high.
y2
sin 60

56

 23
56
283

y2
sin 60°
56

x2
cos 60°

56

x2

cos 60°
56
12
56
28

x2, y2

28, 283

x
70. tan 3

15
x
15 tan 3
d
5  2x
5  2
15 tan 3  6.57 centimeters
 Section 4.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry 359

71. (a) (e) (f) The height of the balloon

Angle,  Height (in meters) decreases as  decreases.
80 19.7
20 h
70 18.8

85°
60 17.3 20 h

50 15.3
h θ
(b) sin 85
40 12.9
20
(c) h
20 sin 85  19.9 meters 30 10.0

(d) The side of the triangle labeled 20 6.8

h will become shorter.
10 3.5

72. x  9.4, y  3.4 73. True,

 
1 1
y x csc x
⇒ sin 60 csc 60
sin 60
1
sin 20
 0.34 cot 20
 2.75 sin x sin 60
10 y
x 10
cos 20
 0.94 sec 20
 1.06
10 x
y 10
tan 20
 0.36 csc 20
 2.92
x y

2 2
74. True, sec 30
csc 60 because sec
90  
csc . 75. False, 
2  1
2 2

sin 60 cos 30

76. True, cot2 10  csc2 10
1 because 77. False,

cot 30  1.7321;
sin 30 sin 30
1  cot2 
csc2  sin 2  0.0349
cot 2 
csc2   1
cot 2   csc2 
1.

78. False, tan
5 2  tan2
5. 79. This is true because the corresponding sides of similar
triangles are proportional.
tan
5
tan 25  0.4663
2

tan2
5

tan 5
tan 5  0.0077

80. Yes. Given tan , sec  can be found from the identity 1  tan2 
sec2 .

81. (a) (b) In the interval
0, 0.5 ,  > sin .

 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
(c) As  approaches 0, sin  approaches .
sin  0.0998 0.1987 0.2955 0.3894 0.4794

82. (a)
 0 18 36 54 72 90
sin  0 0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1
cos  1 0.9511 0.8090 0.5878 0.3090 0

—CONTINUED—
360 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

82. —CONTINUED—
(b) sin  increases from 0 to 1 as  increases from 0 to 90.
(c) cos  decreases from 1 to 0 as  increases from 0 to 90.
(d) As the angle increases the length of the side opposite the angle increases relative to the
length of the hypotenuse and the length of the side adjacent to the angle decreases relative
to the length of the hypotenuse. Thus the sine increases and the cosine decreases.

x2  6x x2  12x  36 xx  6 x  6x  6

83.
x2  4x  12
 x2  36

x  6x  2
 x  6x  6
x
 , x  ±6
x2

2t 2  5t  12 t 2  16 2t 2  5t  12 4t 2  12t  9
84.
9  4t 2
2
4t  12t  9

9  4t 2
 t 2  16
2t  3t  4 2t  32t  3 2t  3 2t  3 3
 
3  2t3  2t t  4t  4

t  4

4t
, t  ± , 4
2

3 2 x 3x  2x  2  2x  22  xx  2

85.   2 
x  2 x  2 x  4x  4 x  2x  22
3x2  4  2x2  4x  4  x2  2x

x  2x  22
2x2  10x  20 2x2  5x  10
 
x  2x  22 x  2x  22

12  x
 x  4 4x 12  x x 1
3 1

86. 
12  x
  12  x  4, x  0, 12
x  x
12 4x
 1

Section 4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle

■ Know the Definitions of Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle.

If  is in standard position, x, y a point on the terminal side and r 
x2  y2  0, then:
y r
sin   csc   , y  0
r y
x r
cos   sec   , x  0
r x
y x
tan   , x  0 cot   , y  0
x y
■ You should know the signs of the trigonometric functions in each quadrant.

3

■ You should know the trigonometric function values of the quadrant angles 0, ,
, and .
2 2
■ You should be able to find reference angles.
■ You should be able to evaluate trigonometric functions of any angle. (Use reference angles.)

■ You should know that the period of sine and cosine is 2
.
 Section 4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle 361

Vocabulary Check
y y
1. sin   2. csc  3. tan  
r x
r x
4. 5.  cos  6. cot 
x r
7. reference

1. (a) x, y  4, 3 (b) x, y  8, 15

r 
16  9  5 r 
64  225  17
y 3 r 5 y 15 r 17
sin    csc    sin    csc   
r 5 y 3 r 17 y 15
x 4 r 5 x 8 r 17
cos    sec    cos    sec   
r 5 x 4 r 17 x 8
y 3 x 4 y 15 x 8
tan    cot    tan    cot   
x 4 y 3 x 8 y 15

2. (a) x  12, y  5 (b) x  1, y  1

r 
122  52  13 r 
12  12 
2
y 5 y 1
2
sin    sin    
r 13 r
2 2
x 12 x 1
2
cos    cos    
r 13 r
2 2
y 5 5 y 1
tan     tan     1
x 12 12 x 1
r 13 13 r
2
csc     csc    
2
y 5 5 y 1
r 13 13 r
2
sec     sec     
2
x 12 12 x 1
x 12 12 x 1
cot     cot     1
y 5 5 y 1

3. (a) x, y  
3, 1 (b) x, y  4, 1

r 
3  1  2 r 
16  1 
17

y 1 r y
17 r
sin    csc    2 sin    csc   
17
r 2 y r 17 y

x
3 r 2
3 x 4
17 r
17

cos    sec    cos    sec   
r 2 x 3 r 17 x 4
y
3 x y 1 x
tan    cot   
3 tan    cot    4
x 3 y x 4 y
362 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

4. (a) x  3, y  1 (b) x  4, y  4
r 
32  12 
10 r 
42  42  4
2
y 1
10 y 4
2
sin     sin    
r
10 10 r 4
2 2
x 3 3
10 x 4
2
cos     cos    
r
10 10 r

4 2 2
y 1 y 4
tan    tan     1
x 3 x 4
r
10 r 4
2
csc    
10 csc     
2
y 1 y 4
r
10 r 4
2
sec    sec    
2
x 3 x 4
x 3 x 4
cot    3 cot     1
y 1 y 4

5. x, y  7, 24 6. x  8, y  15 7. x, y  4, 10

r 
49  576  25 r 
82  152  17 r 
16  100  2
29
y 24 y 15 y 5
29
sin    sin    sin   
r 25 r 17 r 29
x 7 x 8 x 2
29
cos    cos    cos   
r 25 r 17 r 29
y 24 y 15 y 5
tan    tan    tan   
x 7 x 8 x 2
r 25 r 17 r
29
csc    csc    csc   
y 24 y 15 y 5
r 17 r
29
r 25 sec    sec   
sec    x 8 x 2
x 7
x 8 x 2
x 7 cot    cot   
cot    y 15 y 5
y 24

8. x  5, y  2 9. x, y  3.5, 6.8

r 
5  2 
29
2 2

5849
r 
12.25  46.24 
10
y 2 2
29
sin    
r
29 29 y 68
5849
sin     0.9
x 5 5
29 r 5849
cos    
r
29 29 x 35
5849
cos     0.5
y 2 2 r 5849
tan    
x 5 5 y 68
r
29
29
tan      1.9
x 35
csc    
y 2 2
r
5849
r
29
29 csc     1.1
sec     y 68
x 5 5
r
5849
x 5 5 sec     2.2
cot     x 35
y 2 2
x 35
cot      0.5
y 68
 Section 4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle 363

1 7 3 31
10. x  3  , y  7  
2 2 4 4

72   314 
1157

2 2
r
4
y 314 31
1157 r
11574
1157
sin      0.9 csc      1.1
r
11574 1157 y 314 31
x 72 14
1157 r
11574
1157
cos      0.4 sec      2.4
r
11574 1157 x 72 14
y 314 31 x 72 14
tan       2.2 cot       0.5
x 72 14 y 314 31

11. sin  < 0 ⇒  lies in Quadrant III or in Quadrant IV. 12. sin  > 0 and cos  > 0
cos  < 0 ⇒  lies in Quadrant II or in Quadrant III. y x
> 0 and > 0
sin  < 0 and cos  < 0 ⇒  lies in Quadrant III. r r
Quadrant I

13. sin  > 0 ⇒  lies in Quadrant I or in Quadrant II. 14. sec  > 0 and cot  < 0
tan  < 0 ⇒  lies in Quadrant II or in Quadrant IV. r x
> 0 and < 0
sin  > 0 and tan  < 0 ⇒  lies in Quadrant II. x y
Quadrant IV

y 3 x 4
15. sin    ⇒ x2  25  9  16 16. cos    ⇒ y 2  25  16  9
r 5 r 5
 in Quadrant II ⇒ x  4  in Quadrant III ⇒ y  3

y 3 r 5 y 3 5
sin    csc    sin    csc   
r 5 y 3 r 5 3
x 4 r 5 x 4 5
cos     sec     cos     sec   
r 5 x 4 r 5 4
y 3 x 4 y 3 4
tan     cot     tan    cot  
x 4 y 3 x 4 3

y 15 x 8
17. tan  
x

8
18. cos  
r

17
⇒ y  15  
sin  < 0 and tan  < 0 ⇒  is in Quadrant IV ⇒ tan  < 0 ⇒ y  15
y < 0 and x > 0.
y 15 15 17
x  8, y  15, r  17 sin     csc   
r 17 17 15
y 15 r 17 x 8 17
sin    csc    cos    sec  
r 17 y 15 r 17 8
x 8 r 17 y 15 15 8
cos    sec    tan     cot   
r 17 x 8 x 8 8 15
y 15 x 8
tan     cot    
x 8 y 15
364 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

19. cot  
x
y
3
 
3
1 1
20. csc  
r 4
 ⇒ x 
15
y 1  
cos  > 0 ⇒  is in Quadrant IV ⇒ x is positive; cot  < 0 ⇒ x  
15
x  3, y  1, r 
10 y 1
sin    csc   4
y
10 r r 4
sin    csc    
10
r 10 y x
15 4
15
cos    sec   
x 3
10 r
10 r 4 15
cos    sec   
r 10 x 3 y
15
tan    cot   
15
y 1 x x 15
tan     cot    3
x 3 y

r 2
21. sec    ⇒ y2  4  1  3 22. sin   0 ⇒   0 
n
x 1
sin  > 0 ⇒  is in Quadrant II ⇒ y 
3 sec   1 ⇒  
 2
n

y
3 r 2
3 y  0, x  r
sin    csc    r
r 2 y 3 sin   0 csc   is undefined
y
x 1 r
cos    sec    2 x r r
r 2 x cos     1 sec    1
r r x
y x
3 y x
tan    
3 cot    tan   0 cot   is undefined
x y 3 x y

3


23. cot  is undefined, ≤  ≤ ⇒ y0 ⇒ 
24. tan  is undefined ⇒   n

2 2 2
sin
 0 csc
is undefined 3


≤  ≤ 2
⇒   , x  0, y  r
2
cos
 1 sec
 1
y r r
tan
 0 cot
is undefined sin     1 csc    1
r r y
x 0 r
cos     0 sec   is undefined.
r r x
y x 0
tan   is undefined. cot     0
x y y

25. To find a point on the terminal side of  use any point on 26. Let x > 0.
the line y  x that lies in Quadrant II. 1, 1 is one
x,  3 x, Quadrant III
1
such point.
x  1, y  1, r 
2
1
2
r
x 2 
1 2
10 x
9
x 
3
sin   

2 2 y 13x
10
sin    
1
2
r  10 x3

10
cos     x x 3
10

2 2 cos    
r 
10 x3 10
tan   1
y 13 x 1
tan    
csc  
2 x x 3
sec   
2 csc  
r


10 x3  
10
y 13 x
cot   1
sec  
r


10 x3  
10
x x 3
x x
cot    3
y 13 x
 Section 4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle 365

27. To find a point on the terminal side of , use any point on 28. Let x > 0.
the line y  2x that lies in Quadrant III. 1, 2 is one
4
such point. 4x  3y  0 ⇒ y   x
3
x  1, y  2, r 
5
x,  3 x, Quadrant IV
4
2 2
5
sin    

5 5
1
5
r
x 2

16 2 5
9
x  x
3
cos    

5 5 y 43 x 4 5
sin     csc   
2 r 53 x 5 4
tan   2 x x 3 5
1 cos     sec  
r 53 x 5 3

5
5
csc    y 43 x 4 3
2 2 tan     tan   
x x 3 4

5
sec    
5
1
1 1
cot   
2 2

3
r 1
29. x, y  1, 0, r  1 30. csc    1 31. x, y  0, 1, r  1
2 y 1
y 3
3
r 1
sin
 0 since corresponds to 0, 1. sec   ⇒ undefined
r 2 2 x 0

r 1 x 1
32. sec
   1 33. x, y  0, 1, r  1 34. cot
  (undefined)
x 1 y 0
3

y since
corresponds to 1, 0.
since corresponds to 1, 0. sin  1
2 2 r

x 0
35. x, y  1, 0, r  1 36. cot   0
2 y 1
r 1
csc
  ⇒ undefined

y 0 since corresponds to 0, 1.
2

37.   203 38.   309


 203  180  23 
 360  309  51
y y

203° 309°

x x
θ′
θ′
366 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

39.   245 40.   145 is coterminal with 215.

360  245  115 coterminal angle 
 215  180  35

 180  115  65 y
y

θ′ x
x
θ′
− 145°
−245°

2
7

41.   y 42.   y
3 4
2

7




  2π

 2
  7π
3 3 3 4 4 4
θ′
x x
θ′

11
y
43.   3.5 y 44.   is coterminal
3

 3.5 
5

with . 11π
3 3
3.5
5

x
x 
 2
 
θ′ 3 3 θ′

45.   225, 
 360  225  45, Quadrant III 46.   300, 
 360  300  60, Quadrant IV

2
3
sin 225  sin 45   sin 300  sin 60  
2 2

2 1
cos 225  cos 45   cos 300  cos 60 
2 2
tan 225  tan 45  1 tan 300  tan 60  
3

47.   750 is coterminal with 30. 48.   405 is coterminal with 315.

 30, Quadrant I 
 360  315  45, Quadrant IV
1
2
sin 750  sin 30  sin405  sin 45  
2 2

3
2
cos 750  cos 30  cos405  cos 45 
2 2

3 tan405  tan 45  1
tan 750  tan 30 
3
 Section 4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle 367

49.   150 is coterminal with 210. 50.   840 is coterminal with 240.

 210  180  30, Quadrant III 
 240  180  60, Quadrant III
1
3
sin150  sin 30   sin840  sin 60  
2 2

3 1
cos150  cos 30   cos840  cos 60  
2 2

3 tan840  tan 60 
3
tan150  tan 30 
3

4






51.   , 
 , Quadrant III 52.   , 
 , Quadrant I 53.    , 
 , Quadrant IV
3 3 4 4 6 6
4


3


 6   sin 6   2


2 1
sin  sin   sin  sin 
3 3 2 4 2
4




3
 6   cos 6 
1

2
cos  cos   cos  cos 
3 3 2 4 2 2
4




3
tan
3
 tan 
3
3 tan


4
1  6   tan 6   3
tan 

3
11
3 10
4

54.    is coterminal with . 55.   is coterminal with
. 56.   is coterminal with .
2 2 4 4 3 3

3
4


sin   2   sin 2
 1 3




 , Quadrant II
4 4


3

 , Quadrant III
3

3
10


 2   cos

3
cos  0 11


2 sin  sin  
2 sin  sin  3 3 2
4 4 2

3
10


tan   2   tan 2
is undefined. cos
11

4


 cos  
4

2
2
cos
3
 cos  
3
1
2

11

10


tan  tan  1 tan  tan 
3
4 4 3 3

3


25
7

57.    is coterminal with , 
 . 58.    is coterminal with .
2 2 2 4 4
3

7


sin   2 
 sin  1
2

 2

4
 in Quadrant IV.
4
3

25


cos   2 
 cos  0
2 
sin 
4  sin
4 


2
2
3


tan   2 
 tan which is undefined.
2 cos  25

4  cos


4 


2
2
25


tan  4  tan
4 
 1
368 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

3 3
59. sin    60. cot   3 61. tan  
5 2
sin2   cos2   1 1  cot 2   csc 2  sec2   1  tan2 
cos2   1  sin2  1  32  csc 2 
2
3 2

10  csc 2  sec2   1 

 
2
3
cos2   1  
5 csc  > 0 in Quadrant II. 9
sec2   1 
4
9
10  csc 
cos2   1  13
25 sec2  
1
16 csc   4
cos2   sin 
25 sec  < 0 in Quadrant III.
1 1
10
cos  > 0 in Quadrant IV. sin    
13
csc 
10 10 sec   
4 2
cos  
5

5 9
62. csc   2 63. cos   64. sec   
8 4
1  cot 2   csc 2  1 1
cos   ⇒ sec   1  tan2   sec 2 
cot 2   csc 2   1 sec  cos 
tan2   sec 2   1
1 8
cot 2   2  1
2 sec   
 4
9 2
58 5 tan2    1
cot 2  3
cot  < 0 in Quadrant IV. tan 2  
65
16
cot   
3
tan  > 0 in Quadrant III.

65
tan  
4

1
65. sin 10  0.1736 66. sec 225   1.4142 67. cos110  0.3420
cos 225

1 1
68. csc330   2.0000 69. tan 304  1.4826 70. cot 178   28.6363
sin330 tan 178

1
71. sec 72   3.2361 72. tan188  0.1405 73. tan 4.5  4.6373
cos 72

74. cot 1.35 
1
tan 1.35
 0.2245 75. tan
9
 0.3640 
9   0.3640
76. tan 

1
77. sin0.65  0.6052 78. sec 0.29   1.0436
cos 0.29

11
15

79. cot   
1
 0.4142 
80. csc   1
15

 4.4940
8

tan 
11

8 
14

sin 
14
 Section 4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle 369

1

81. (a) sin   ⇒ reference angle is 30 or and  is in Quadrant I or Quadrant II.
2 6
Values in degrees: 30, 150

5

Values in radians: ,
6 6
1

(b) sin    ⇒ reference angle is 30 or and  is in Quadrant III or Quadrant IV.
2 6
Values in degrees: 210, 330
7
11

Values in radians: ,
6 6

2

82. (a) cos   ⇒ reference angle is 45 or and  is in Quadrant I or IV.
2 4
Values in degrees: 45, 315

7

Values in radians: ,
4 4

2

(b) cos    ⇒ reference angle is 45 or and  is in Quadrant II or III.
2 4
Values in degrees: 135, 225
3
5

Values in radians: ,
4 4

2
3

83. (a) csc   ⇒ reference angle is 60 or and  is in Quadrant I or Quadrant II.
3 3
Values in degrees: 60, 120

2

Values in radians: ,
3 3


(b) cot   1 ⇒ reference angle is 45 or and  is in Quadrant II or Quadrant IV.
4
Values in degrees: 135, 315
3
7

Values in radians: ,
4 4

84. (a) sec   2 ⇒ reference angle is 60 or and  is in 85. (a) tan   1 ⇒ reference angle is 45 or and  is in
3 4
Quadrant I or IV. Quadrant I or Quadrant III.
Values in degrees: 60, 300 Values in degrees: 45, 225

5

5

Values in radians: , Values in radians: ,
3 3 4 4



(b) sec   2 ⇒ reference angle is 60 or and  is (b) cot   
3 ⇒ reference angle is 30 or and 
3 6
in Quadrant II or III. is in Quadrant II or Quadrant IV.
Values in degrees: 120, 240 Values in degrees: 150, 330
2
4
5
11

Values in radians: , Values in radians: ,
3 3 6 6
370 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

3

86. (a) sin   ⇒ reference angle is 60 or and  is 87. (a) New York City:
2 3
in Quadrant I or II. N  22.099 sin0.522t  2.219  55.008
Values in degrees: 60, 120 Fairbanks:

2
F  36.641 sin0.502t  1.831  25.610
Values in radians: ,
3 3
(b)

3
Month New York City Fairbanks
(b) sin    ⇒ reference angle is 60 or and 
2 3 February 34.6 1.4
is in Quadrant III or IV.
Values in degrees: 240, 300 March 41.6 13.9

4
5
May 63.4 48.6

Values in radians: ,
3 3 June 72.5 59.5

August 75.5 55.6

September 68.6 41.7

November 46.8 6.5

(c) The periods are about the same for both models,
approximately 12 months.

t
88. S  23.1  0.442t  4.3 cos 89. yt  2 cos 6t
6
(a) y0  2 cos 0  2 centimeters
(a) For February 2006, t  2.

4  2 cos2  0.14 centimeter

1 3

2 (b) y
S  23.1  0.4422  4.3 cos  26,134 units
6

2  2 cos 3  1.98 centimeters

1
(b) For February 2007, t  14. (c) y

14
S  23.1  0.44214  4.3 cos  31,438 units
6
(c) For June 2006, t  6.

6
S  23.1  0.4426  4.3 cos  21,452 units
6
(d) For June 2007, t  18.

18
S  23.1  0.44218  4.3 cos  26,756 units
6

90. yt  2et cos 6t 91. I  5e2t sin t

(a) t  0 I0.7  5e1.4 sin 0.7  0.79 ampere
y0  2e0 cos 0  2 centimeters
1
(b) t  4
y14   2e14 cos6  14   0.11 centimeters
1
(c) t  2
y2   2e12 cos6  12   1.2 centimeters
1
 Section 4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle 371

6 6
92. sin   ⇒ d 93. False. In each of the four quadrants, the sign of the secant
d sin 
function and the cosine function will be the same since
(a)   30 they are reciprocals of each other.

6 6
d   12 miles
sin 30 12
(b)   90
6 6
d   6 miles
sin 90º 1
(c)   120
6
d  6.9 miles
sin 120

94. False. For example, if n  1 and   225, 0 ≤ 135 ≤ 360, but 360n    135 is not the reference angle.
The reference angle would be 45. For  in Quadrant II, 
 180  . For  in Quadrant III, 
   180.
For  in Quadrant IV, 
 360  .

95. As  increases from 0 to 90, x decreases from 12 cm to 0 cm and y increases from 0 cm to 12 cm.
y x
Therefore, sin   increases from 0 to 1 and cos   decreases from 1 to 0. Thus,
12 12
y
tan   increases without bound, and when   90 the tangent is undefined.
x

96. Determine the trigonometric function of the reference angle and prefix the appropriate sign.

97. y  x2  3x  4  x  4x  1 98. y  2x2  5x  x2x  5

x-intercepts: 4, 0, 1, 0 x-intercepts: 0, 0, 2, 0
y 5 y

8
y-intercept: 0, 4 6
y-intercepts: 0, 0
4 2
No asymptotes No asymptotes
(− 4, 0)
2
(1, 0)
1
(0, 0) (52 , 0(
Domain: All real numbers x x Domain: All real numbers x x
−8 −6 −2 2 4 6 8 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−2 −1
−4 (0, −4) −2
−3
−8 −4

99. f x  x3  8 y 100. gx  x4  2x2  3 x2  3x2  1

 x2  3x  1x  1
12
x-intercept: 2, 0 10

y-intercept: 0, 8 (0, 8) x-intercepts: 1, 0, 1, 0 y

4
No asymptotes y-intercepts: 0, 3 3
(− 2, 0) 2
Domain: All real numbers x x No asymptotes
−8 − 6 − 4 2 4 6 8 (−1, 0)
1
(1, 0)
−4
Domain: All real numbers x −4 −3 −2 2 3 4
x

−3 (0, − 3)
−4
372 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

x7 x7
101. f x   y
x2  4x  4 x  22
4

x-intercept: 7, 0 2
(7, 0)
x

 
−8 −2 2 4 6 8
7
y-intercept: 0,  (
0, − 7 (
4 4

Vertical asymptote: x  2
Horizontal asymptote: y  0
Domain: All real numbers except x  2

x2  1 x  1x  1
102. hx   103. y  2x1
x5 x5
x-intercepts: 1, 0, 1, 0, y-intercept: 0, 21
02  1 1
To find the y-intercept, let x  0:  Horizontal asymptote: y  0
05 5
Domain: All real numbers x
y-intercept: 0,  51
x 1 0 1 2 3
Vertical asymptote: x  5
1 1
To find the slant asymptote, use long division: y 4 2 1 2 4
1
x2 24
x5 y
x5 x5
Slant asymptote: y  x  5 5

4
Domain: All real numbers except x  5
3
y
2
8
(1, 0) ) ) 0, 1 1
2
x
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
− 12 −8 (−1, 0) 4
−1
−8 ( ( 1
0, − 5

− 16

− 24

104. y  3x1  2 y

7
This is an exponential function (always positive)
6
translated two units upward. There are no x-intercepts. 5 (0, 5)
To find the y-intercept, let x  0:
3

y  301  2  3  2  5 2
1
y-intercepts: 0, 5 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3

The horizontal asymptote is the horizontal asymptote of

y  3x1 translated two units upward.
Horizontal asymptote: y  2
Domain: All real numbers x
 Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions 373

105. y  ln x4 y

12
Domain: All real numbers except x  0
9

x-intercepts: ± 1, 0 6

(−1, 0) (1, 0)
Vertical asymptote: x  0 − 12 − 9 − 6 − 3 3 6 9 12
x

106. y  log10x  2 y

To find the x-intercept, let y  0:

3

2
0  log10x  2 ⇒ 10  x  2 ⇒ x 
1
(−1, 0)
x-intercepts: 
1, 0 −3 −1 1 2 3
x

−1
To find the y-intercept, let x  0:
−2

y  log10x  2  log10 2  0.301 −3

y-intercepts: 0, 0.301

The vertical asymptote is the horizontal asymptote of y  log10 x translated two units to the left.
Vertical asymptote: x 
2
Domain: All real numbers x such that x >
2

Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions

■ You should be able to graph y  a sinbx
c and y  a cosbx
c. Assume b > 0.
■ Amplitude: a


2
■ Period:
b
■ Shift: Solve bx
c  0 and bx
c  2.
1
■ Key increments: (period)
4

Vocabulary Check
1. cycle 2. amplitude
2
3. 4. phase shift
b
5. vertical shift
374 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

5 x
1. y  3 sin 2x 2. y  2 cos 3x 3. y  cos
2 2
2 2 2 2
Period:  Period:  Period:  4
2 b 3 12








Amplitude: 3  3 Amplitude: a  2 5 5
Amplitude: 
2 2

x 1 x 3 x
4. y 
3 sin 5. y  sin 6. y  cos
3 2 3 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
Period:   6 Period: 6 Period:  4
b 13 3 b 2





Amplitude: a 
3  3 Amplitude:


1
2

1
2 Amplitude: a 


3
2

2x
7. y 
2 sin x 8. y 
cos 9. y  3 sin 10x
3
2 2 2 2 
Period:  2 Period:   3 Period: 
1 b 23 10 5



Amplitude:
2  2





Amplitude: a 
1  1 Amplitude: 3  3

1 1 2x 5 x
10. y  sin 8x 11. y  cos 12. y  cos
3 2 3 2 4
2 2  2 2 2
Period:   Period:  3 Period:   8
b 8 4 23 b 14

Amplitude: a 
1
3
Amplitude:


1
2

1
2
Amplitude: a 


5
2

1 2 x
13. y  sin 2x 14. y  cos 15. f x  sin x
4 3 10
gx  sinx

2 2 2
Period: 1 Period:   20
2 b 10 The graph of g is a horizontal shift

2 to the right  units of the graph of

Amplitude:
1
4

1
4
Amplitude: a 

3
f a phase shift.

16. f x  cos x, gx  cosx  
g is a horizontal shift of f  units
to the left.
17. f x  cos 2x
gx 
cos 2x
The graph of g is a reflection in
the x-axis of the graph of f.
18. f x  sin 3x, gx  sin
3x
g is a reflection of f about the
y-axis.

19. f x  cos x 20. f x  sin x, gx  sin 3x 21. f x  sin 2x
The period of g is one-third the
gx  cos 2x f x  3  sin 2x
period of f.
The period of f is twice that of g. The graph of g is a vertical shift
three units upward of the graph of f.
 Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions 375

22. f x  cos 4x, gx 
2  cos 4x 23. The graph of g has twice the 24. The period of g is one-third the
g is a vertical shift of f two units amplitude as the graph of f. The period of f.
downward. period is the same.

25. The graph of g is a horizontal shift  units to the right of 26. Shift the graph of f two units upward to obtain the graph
the graph of f. of g.

27. f x 
2 sin x y

5
2 2 g
Period:   2 4
b 1 f
3

Amplitude: 2 x
−π
3π
Symmetry: origin 2 2

Key points: Intercept Minimum Intercept Maximum Intercept

−5
 3
0, 0  2
,
2  , 0  2
,0  2, 0

Since gx  4 sin x  
2 f x, generate key points for the graph of gx by multiplying
the y-coordinate of each key point of f x by
2.

28. f x  sin x y

2 2 2
Period:   2
b 1 g f

Amplitude: 1 x
6π
Symmetry: origin
Key points: Intercept Maximum Intercept Minimum Intercept −2

 3
0, 0  2
,1 , 0  2
,
1  2, 0

Since gx  sin 3x   f 3x , the graph of gx is the graph of f x, but stretched horizontally by a factor of 3.
Generate key points for the graph of gx by multiplying the x-coordinate of each key point of f x by 3.

29. f x  cos x y

2  2
Period:   2
b 1 g

Amplitude: 1
x
Symmetry: y-axis π 2π
f
Key points: Maximum Intercept Minimum Intercept Maximum −1

0, 1 2 , 0 ,
1 32, 0 2, 1

Since gx  1  cosx  f x  1, the graph of gx is the graph of f x, but translated upward by one unit.
Generate key points for the graph of gx by adding 1 to the y-coordinate of each key point of f x.
376 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

30. f x  2 cos 2x y

2 2 2 f
Period:  
b 2
g
Amplitude: 2 x
π
Symmetry: y-axis
Key points: Maximum Intercept Minimum Intercept Maximum −2

0, 2 4 , 0 2 ,
2 34, 0 , 2

Since gx 
cos 4x 
2 f 2x, the graph of gx is the graph of f x, but
1

i) shrunk horizontally by a factor of 2,

1
ii) shrunk vertically by a factor of 2, and
iii) reflected about the x-axis.
Generate key points for the graph of gx by
i) dividing the x-coordinate of each key point of f x by 2, and
ii) dividing the y-coordinate of each key point of f x by
2.

1 x
31. f x 
sin y
2 2
5
2 2
Period:   4 4 g
b 12
3
1
Amplitude: 2
2 1 f
Symmetry: origin x
−π 3π
−1
Key points: Intercept Minimum Intercept Maximum Intercept

0, 0 ,
21 2, 0 3, 12 4, 0

1 x
Since gx  3
sin  3
f x, the graph of gx is the graph of f x, but translated upward by three units.
2 2
Generate key points for the graph of gx by adding 3 to the y-coordinate of each key point of f x.

32. f x  4 sin  x y

2 2 4
f
Period:  2
b  2
1
x
Amplitude: 4
g
Symmetry: origin
Key points: Intercept Maximum Intercept Minimum Intercept
−8

0, 0   1
2
,2 1, 0  3
2
,
2  2, 0

Since gx  4 sin  x
3  f x
3, the graph of gx is the graph of f x, but translated downward by three units.
Generate key points for the graph of gx by subtracting 3 from the y-coordinate of each key point of f x.
 Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions 377

33. f x  2 cos x y

2 2 3
Period:   2 f
b 1
Amplitude: 2 x
π 2π
Symmetry: y-axis
g
Key points: Maximum Intercept Minimum Intercept Maximum
−3

 3
0, 2  
2
,0 ,
2  2
,0  2, 2

Since gx  2 cosx    f x  , the graph of gx is the graph of f x, but with a phase shift (horizontal translation)
of
. Generate key points for the graph of gx by shifting each key point of f x  units to the left.

34. f x 
cos x y

2 2 2
Period:   2
b 1 g

Amplitude: 1 x
π 2π
Symmetry: y-axis f

Key points: Minimum Intercept Maximum Intercept Minimum −2

 3
0,
1  
2
,0 , 1  2
,0  2,
1

Since gx 
cosx
  f x
, the graph of gx is the graph of f x, but with a phase shift (horizontal translation)
of . Generate key points for the graph of gx by shifting each key point of f x  units to the right.

1
35. y  3 sin x y 36. y  sin x y
4
Period: 2 4
2
3 Period: 2
Amplitude: 3 2
1 1

Key points:
1 Amplitude:
x 4 x
− π −π π
3 3π − 2π −π π 2π

 
2 2 2 2
0, 0, , 3 , , 0, Key points: −1
2
 1
3
−4 0, 0,  2 , 4, , 0, −2

 2 
,
3 , 2, 0
3
 2 ,
4, 2, 0
1

1
37. y  cos x y 38. y  4 cos x y
3
4
3 Period: 2 4
Period: 2 1
2
1 3 Amplitude: 4
Amplitude:
3 x Key points: x
1 π π 2π − 2π −π π 2π
−3 2
Key points: 
 2 , 0, ,
4, −2
2
−3
0, 4,
 −1

0, 3,  2 , 0, ,
3,

1 1 −4
− 43
3
3
 2 
, 0 , 2, 4
  
1
, 0 , 2,
2 3
378 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

x
39. y  cos y 40. y  sin 4x y
2
2
 2
Period: 4 Period:
2
1
Amplitude: 1 Amplitude: 1
x x
Key points: − 2π 2π 4π
Key points: π
4
−1
0, 1, , 0, 2,
1,  
3, 0, 4, 1 −2
0, 0,  8 , 1,  4 , 0, −2

3 
 8 ,
1,  2 , 0
x
41. y  cos 2x y 42. y  sin y
4
2 2 2
Period: 1 2
2 Period: 8
1
4 1

Amplitude: 1
x Amplitude: 1 x
1 2 −6 −2 2 6
Key points: Key points:
0, 0, 2, 1, 4, 0,
 
1
4
1
2
3
0, 1, , 0 , ,
1 , , 0
4   −2
6,
1, 8, 0
−2

2x 2 x
43. y 
sin ; a 
1, b  , c0 44. y 
10 cos
3 3 6
2 2
Period: 3 Period:  12
23 6
Amplitude: 1 Amplitude: 10
Key points:
4,
1, 2, 0, 4, 1, 3, 0
3 3 9
Key points: 0, 0,
0,
10, 3, 0, 6, 10, 9, 0, 12,
10
y y

3 12
2 8

4
x x
−1 2 3 − 12 −4 4 8 12

−2

−3
− 12

 
45. y  sin x
 4 
; a  1, b  1, c 
4
y

3
Period: 2
2

Amplitude: 1 1

x
  −π π
Shift: Set x
 0 and x
 2
4 4
−2

 9 −3
x x
4 4
 3 5 7 9
Key points:  4 , 0,  4 , 1,  4 , 0,  4 ,
1,  4 , 0
 Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions 379

46. y  sinx
 47. y  3 cosx  

Period: 2 Period: 2

Amplitude: 1 Amplitude: 3

Shift: Set x
  0 and x
  2 Shift: Set x    0 and x    2

x x  3 x 
 x
 
Key points: , 0, 32, 1, 2, 0, 52,
1, 3, 0 
Key points: 
, 3,
, 0 , 0,
3, , 0 , , 3
2 2   
y y

6
2
4

x x
−π π
−π 3π
2 2
−1
−4

−2 −6

 2x

48. y  4 cos x 
4  49. y  2
sin
3
Period: 2 Period: 3
Amplitude: 4 Amplitude: 1
 
Shift: Set x 
4
0 and x
4
 2 Key points: 0, 2, 34, 1, 32, 2, 94, 3, 3, 2
 7 y
x
x
4 4 5

  3 5 7
     
4
Key points:
, 4 , , 0 , ,
4 , ,0 , ,4
4 4 4 4 4
2
y
1
6 x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
−1
2

x
−π π 2π
−2

−4

−6

t
50. y 
3  5 cos y
12
16

2
12
Period:  24 8
12 4
t
− 12 4 12
Amplitude: 5
−8
Key points: 0, 2, 6,
3, 12,
8, 18,
3, 24, 2 − 12
− 16
− 20
− 24
380 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

1
51. y  2  cos 60x 52. y  2 cos x
3
10
2 1 Period: 2
Period: 
60 30 Amplitude: 2
1
Amplitude: Key points:
10
Vertical shift two units upward 0,
1, 2 ,
3, ,
5, 32,
3, 2,
1
Key points:
y

    
1 1 1 1
0, 2.1, ,2 , , 1.9 , ,2 , , 2.1 1
120 60 40 30 x
−π π 2π
y

2.2

−4
−5
−6
−7
1.8

x
− 0.1 0 0.1 0.2

53. y  3 cosx  
3 y

Period: 2 4

2
Amplitude: 3
x
Shift: Set x    0 and x    2 π 2π

x 
 x
 

Key points: 
, 0,
,
3 , 0,
6, ,
3 , , 0
2 2    −8


54. y  4 cos x   4 
4 y

10
Period: 2
Amplitude: 4 6
4
 
Shift: Set x  0 and x  2 2
4 4 x
− 2π − π π 2π 3π
 7
x
x −4
4 4

Key points: 
4 , 8, 4 , 4, 34, 0, 54, 4, 74, 8
 
 
2 x 2 1 y
55. y  cos
; a , b ,c
3 2 4 3 2 4 4
3
Period: 4 2
2 1
Amplitude: x
3 π 4π
−1
x  x  −2
Shift:
 0 and
 2
2 4 2 4 −3
−4
 9
x x
2 2
 2 3 5
2 7 9 2
Key points:  2 , 3 ,  2 , 0,  2 , 3 ,  2 , 0,  2 , 3 
 Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions 381

56. y 
3 cos6x   y

2  3
Period:  2
6 3
Amplitude: 3 x
π
Shift: Set 6x    0 and 6x    2
 
x
x
6 6

Key points: 
6 ,
3, 
12 , 0, 0, 3, 12 , 0, 6 ,
3
 
 3x
3   
2
57. y 
2 sin4x   58. y 
4 sin 59. y  cos 2x
1
2
4
8
3

−6 6
− 12 12

−3 3

−4
−8
−1

x  x
2   10  
1
60. y  3 cos 
2 61. y 
0.1 sin 62. y  sin 120  t
2 100
2 0.12
0.02

−6 6

− 20 20
− 0.03 0.03

−6 − 0.12
− 0.02

63. f x  a cos x  d 64. f x  a cos x  d

1 1

3
Amplitude: 3

1  2 ⇒ a  2 Amplitude: 2
2 2
Vertical shift one unit upward of 1  2 cos 0  d
gx  2 cos x ⇒ d  1 d  1
2 
1
Thus, f x  2 cos x  1. a  2, d 
1

65. f x  a cos x  d 66. f x  a cos x  d

1
2

4
Amplitude: 8
0  4 Amplitude: 1
2 2
Since f x is the graph of gx  4 cos x reflected in the Reflected in the x-axis: a 
1
x-axis and shifted vertically four units upward, we have
a 
4 and d  4. Thus, f x 
4 cos x  4.
4 
1 cos 0  d
d 
3
a 
1, d 
3
382 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

67. y  a sinbx
c 68. y  a sinbx
c

Amplitude: a  3 Amplitude: 2 ⇒ a  2
Since the graph is reflected in the x-axis, we have Period: 4
a 
3.
2 1
 4 ⇒ b 
2 b 2
Period:  ⇒ b2
b
Phase shift: c  0
Phase shift: c  0
1
Thus, y 
3 sin 2x. a  2, b  , c  0
2

69. y  a sinbx
c 70. y  a sinbx
c

Amplitude: a  2 Amplitude: 2 ⇒ a  2
Period: 2 ⇒ b  1 Period: 2
 2 
Phase shift: bx
c  0 when x 
4 ⇒ b
4 b 2

 
1  4 
c0 ⇒ c

4 Phase shift:
c
b

1 ⇒ c 


2
  
Thus, y  2 sin x   4. a  2, b 
2
,c

2

71. y1  sin x 2
72. y1  cos x 2

1 y2 
1
y2 
−2 2 −2␲ 2␲
2
y1  y2 when x  ,

In the interval 
2, 2 ,
−2 −2

1 5  7 11
sin x 
when x 
,
, , .
2 6 6 6 6

t
73. y  0.85 sin v
3 1.00
2 0.75
(a) Time for one cycle   6 sec 0.50
3 0.25
t
60
(b) Cycles per min   10 cycles per min − 0.25
2 4 8 10
6
(c) Amplitude: 0.85; Period: 6
− 1.00

   
3 9
Key points: 0, 0, , 0.85 , 3, 0, ,
0.85 , 6, 0
2 2

t
74. v  1.75 sin
2
2
(a) Period   4 seconds (c) v
2
3
1 cycle 60 seconds
(b)
4 seconds
 1 minute
 15 cycles per minute 2

t
1 3 5 7

−2

−3
 Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions 383

5 t
75. y  0.001 sin 880t 76. P  100
20 cos
3
2 1
(a) Period:  seconds 2 6
880 440 (a) Period:  seconds
53 5
1
(b) f   440 cycles per second 1 heartbeat 60 seconds
p (b)
65 seconds
 1 minute
 50 heartbeats per minute

1 1
77. (a) a  high
low  83.5
29.6  26.95 (c) 100
2 2
p  2high time
low time  27
1  12
2 2 
b   0 12
p 12 6 0


c
b
7 ⇒ c7
6
 3.67  The model is a good fit.
(d) Tallahassee average maximum: 77.90
1 1
d  high  low  83.5  29.6  56.55 Chicago average maximum: 56.55
2 2
The constant term, d, gives the average maximum
Ct  56.55  26.95 cos 6t
3.67 temperature.
2
(b) 100
(e) The period for both models is  12 months.
6
This is as we expected since one full period is one
year.
0 12
0 (f) Chicago has the greater variability in temperature
throughout the year. The amplitude, a, determines this
The model is a good fit. variability since it is 2high temp
low temp .
1

1 1
78. (a) and (c) (b) Vertical shift: ⇒ d
y
2 2
1 1
1.0 Amplitude: ⇒ a
2 2
Percent of moon’s
face illuminated

0.8
88768
 7.4 (average length of interval in data)
0.6
Period:
0.4 5
0.2
2
x
 47.4  29.6
10 20 30 40
b
Day of the year
2
b  0.21
Reasonably good fit 29.6
(d) Period is 29.6 days. Horizontal shift: 0.213
7.4  C  0
(e) March 12 ⇒ x  71. y  0.44  44% C  0.92
The Naval observatory says that 50% of 1 1
y  sin0.21x  0.92
the moon’s face will be illuminated on 2 2
March 12, 2007.
384 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

2 t 2
79. C  30.3  21.6 sin  365  10.9 80. (a) Period 

 12 minutes

2

6
(a) Period   365
2 The wheel takes 12 minutes to revolve once.
365
(b) Amplitude: 50 feet
Yes, this is what is expected because there are
365 days in a year. The radius of the wheel is 50 feet.
(b) The average daily fuel consumption is given by the (c) 110

amount of the vertical shift (from 0) which is given

by the constant 30.3.
(c) 60

0 20
0

0 365
0

The consumption exceeds 40 gallons per day when

124 < x < 252.

81. False. The graph of sin(x  2) is the graph of sin(x) 1

82. False. y  2 cos 2x has an amplitude that is half that
translated to the left by one period, and the graphs are of y  cos x. For y  a cos bx, the amplitude is a .


indeed identical.

83. True.
  
Since cos x  sin x   2, y 
cos x 
sin x 
2  
, and so is a reflection in the x-axis of y  sin x 
2
.  
84. Answers will vary. 85. y Since the graphs are the
same, the conjecture is that
2


1 f=g

sinx  cos x

2
.
x
− 3π π 3π
2 2 2

−2

y

86. f x  sin x, gx 
cos x    
 
2 2
Conjecture: sin x 
cos x 
1 f=g 2
 3
x 0  2 x
2 2
− 3π π 3π
2 2 2
sin x 0 1 0
1 0
 −2

cos x   2  0 1 0
1 0
 Section 4.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions 385

x3 x5 x7
87. (a) 2 (c) sin x  x


3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
−2␲ 2␲ cos x  1


2! 4! 6!
2 2
−2

  −2␲ 2␲
The graphs are nearly the same for
< x < . −2␲ 2␲
2 2
(b) 2 −2 −2

3 3
The graphs now agree over a wider range,
< x < .
−2␲ 2␲ 4 4

−2

 
The graphs are nearly the same for
< x < .
2 2

1 1 12 3 125 1 1
88. (a) sin 
  0.4794 (b) sin 1  1
  0.8417
2 2 3! 5! 3! 5!
1 sin 1  0.8415 (by calculator)
sin  0.4794 (by calculator)
2

0.5 2 
0.54
 63 65 (d) cos
0.5  1
  0.8776
(c) sin  1
  0.5000 2! 4!
6 3! 5!
cos
0.5  0.8776 (by calculator)

sin  0.5 (by calculator)  42 42
6 (f) cos 1
  0.7074
4 2! 4!
1 1 
(e) cos 1  1
  0.5417 cos  0.7071 (by calculator)
2! 4! 4
cos 1  0.5403 (by calculator)
The error in the approximation is not the same in each case. The error appears to increase as x moves farther away from 0.

89. log10
x
2  log10x
212  12 log10x
2 90. log2x2x
3  log2 x2  log2x
3
 2 log2 x  log2x
3

91. ln
t3
t
1
 ln t 3
lnt
1  3 ln t
lnt
1 92. ln
z 2
z 1
 ln 2
1 2
z
z 1
1

 ln z
lnz2  1
2
1 1
 ln z
lnz2  1
2 2

93. 2 log10
1
x  log10 y  12 log10xy 94. 2 log2 x  log2xy  log2 x2  log2xy

 log10
xy  log2 x2(xy)
 log2 x3y

95. ln 3x
4 ln y  ln 3x
ln y4

 ln 3xy
4
386 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

1 1 97. Answers will vary.

96.
ln 2x  2 ln x  3 ln x

ln 2x  ln x2  ln x3
2 2

1
2 2x

ln 2  ln x3
x

ln2xx  ln x
2
3

lnx  
2x
3
2
x

ln
x22x 

Section 4.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions

■ You should be able to graph

y
a tan
bx  c y
a cot
bx  c
y
a sec
bx  c y
a csc
bx  c
■ When graphing y
a sec
bx  c or y
a csc
bx  c you should first graph y
a cos
bx  c or
y
a sin
bx  c because
(a) The x-intercepts of sine and cosine are the vertical asymptotes of cosecant and secant.
(b) The maximums of sine and cosine are the local minimums of cosecant and secant.
(c) The minimums of sine and cosine are the local maximums of cosecant and secant.
■ You should be able to graph using a damping factor.

Vocabulary Check
1. vertical 2. reciprocal 3. damping 4. 
5. x  n 6.
 , 1
1,  7. 2

x 1
1. y
sec 2x 2. y
tan 3. y
cot  x
2 2
2   
Period:
 Period:

2 Period:
1
2 b 12 
Matches graph (e). Asymptotes: x
 , x
 Matches graph (a).
Matches graph (c).

1 x x
4. y
csc x 5. y
sec 6. y
2 sec
2 2 2
Period: 2 2 2
2 2 Period:

4
Matches graph (d). Period:

4 b 2
b 2
Asymptotes: x
1, x
1
Asymptotes: x
1, x
1
Reflected in x-axis
Matches graph (f).
Matches graph (b).
 Section 4.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions 387

1 1
7. y
tan x y
8. y
tan x y
3 4
3 3
Period:  Period: 
2 2
Two consecutive asymptotes: 1 Two consecutive asymptotes: 1

  x   x
x
 and x
−π π x
 ,x
−π π
2 2 2 2

    −3
x  0 x  0
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
y  0 y  0
3 3 4 4

y
9. y
tan 3x y
10. y
3 tan  x

4

Period: 3 Period:
1
3 2

Two consecutive asymptotes: 1 Two consecutive x
x
asymptotes: 2
  −π π
3x
 ⇒ x
 3 3
1 1 −4
2 6 x
 ,x

2 2 −8
 
3x  ⇒ x

2 6
1 1
x  0
  4 4
x  0
12 12
y 3 0 3
y 1 0 1

1 y 1 y
11. y
 sec x 12. y
sec x
2 3
4 3

Period: 2 2 Period: 2

Two consecutive 1 Two consecutive

asymptotes: x asymptotes: 2π
x
−π π

   
x
 ,x
x
 ,x

2 2 2 2

   
x  0 x  0
3 3 3 3

1 1 1 1
y 1  1 y
2 2 4 2

13. y
csc x y 14. y
3 csc 4x y

2
4 2  8

Period:
2 3 Period:
6
 4 2 4
2

Two consecutive 1 Two consecutive 2

x
asymptotes:
x asymptotes:
−2 −1 1 2 −π −2
π
4 4

x
0, x
1 
−3
x
0, x

4
−4
1 1 5
x   5
6 2 6 x
24 8 24
y 2 1 2
y 6 3 6
388 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

15. y
sec x  1 y 16. y
2 sec 4x  2 y

2 2  6
Period:
2 Period:

 4 2 4
x
Two consecutive −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 Two consecutive
−1 2
asymptotes: asymptotes:
x
1 1   −π π π
x
 ,x
x
 ,x
4 4 2
2 2 8 8
1 1 
x  0 
3 3 x  0
12 12
y 1 0 1 y 2 0 2

x x
17. y
csc y 18. y
csc y
2 3
6 6
2 2
Period:
4 4 Period:
6 4
12 13 2
2
Two consecutive x Two consecutive x
π π 2π
asymptotes: asymptotes:

x
0, x
2 x
0, x
3

 5  3 5
x  x
2 2
3 3 2

y 2 1 2 y 2 1 2

x
19. y
cot y x
2 20. y
3 cot y
3 2
 6
Period:
2 2 
12 Period:
2 4
1 2 2
Two consecutive x
− 2π 2π Two consecutive x
asymptotes: −2 2
asymptotes:
x

0 ⇒ x
0 x
0, x
2
2
x 1 3

 ⇒ x
2 x 1
2  3 2 2
x 
2 2
y 3 0 3
y 1 0 1

1 1
21. y
sec 2x y 22. y
 tan x y
2 2
3 3
2 Period: 
Period:
 2
2 Two consecutive
x asymptotes: x
  −π π −π π
x  0  
6 6 x
 ,x

2 2
1
y 1 1
2  
x  0
4 4

1 1
y 0 
2 2
 Section 4.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions 389

x y
23. y
tan 24. y
tan
x   y
4 6
4
 4 Period:  3
Period:
4
4 2 Two consecutive 2
1
−4 4
x asymptotes: x
Two consecutive asymptotes: π
 
x
 ,x

x  2 2

 ⇒ x
2
4 2
x   

⇒ x
2 x  0
4 2 x 1 0 1 4 4

y 1 0 1 y 1 0 1

25. y
csc
  x y 26. y
csc
2x   y

4
Period: 2 2
3 Period:

2 2
Two consecutive
1
asymptotes: x Two consecutive
x
x
0, x
 − 3π π
asymptotes: π π 3π 2π
2 2
2 2
 −1
x
0, x

  5 2 −2
x
6 2 6
  5
x
y 2 1 2 12 4 12

y 2 1 2

27. y
2 sec
x   y 28. y
sec x  1 y

Period: 2 4
2 3
3 Period:
2
Two consecutive 2 
2
asymptotes: 1
Two consecutive
x 1
  −π π 2π 3π asymptotes:
x
 ,x
−1
2 2 1 1 x
x
 ,x
1 2 3 4
2 2
 
x  0 1
3 3 1
x  0
3 3
y 4 2 4
y 1 0 1


  
1
29. y

4
csc x 
4
y
30. y
2 cot x   2  y

2
Period: 2 Period: 
1
Two consecutive Two consecutive
asymptotes: x asymptotes: x
2π
  − 3π 3π
 3 x
 ,x
2 2
x
 ,x
2 2 −2
4 4

  7  
x  x  0
12 4 12 4 4

1 1 1 y 2 0 2
y
2 4 2
390 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

x 2
31. y
tan 32. y
tan 2x 33. y
2 sec 4x

3 cos 4x
3
5 4

− 3␲ 3␲
−5␲ 5␲ 4 4 −␲ ␲
2 2

−3
−5 −4

 
 
1
 
1
34. y
sec  x ⇒ y
35. y
tan x  36. y
cot x 
cos
 x 4 4 2
2 1
3



−3 3
− 3␲ 3␲

4 tan x 
2 
2 2
3

−2
−3
− 3␲ 3␲
2 2

−3

37. y
csc
4x   3 38. y
2 sec(2x  ) ⇒ 4

1 2
y
−␲ ␲ y
−␲ ␲
sin
4x  
2 2 cos
2x  

−3 −4

x 
39. y
0.1 tan 4x  4  0.6 40. y

1

sec  ⇒ y

1
x 
 
3 2 2
3 cos 
2 2
−6 6
2

−0.6
−6 6

−2

3
41. tan x
1 42. tan x
3 43. cot x

3
7 3  5 5 2  4 4  2 5
x
 ,  , , x
 , , , x
 ,  , ,
4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
y y
y

2 2 3

2
1
1 π 3π
x x 2 2
π 2π π 2π x

−3
 Section 4.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions 391

44. cot x
1 45. sec x
2 46. sec x
2

7 3  5 2 4 5   5
x
 , , , x
± ,± x
 , , ,
4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3
y y y

2
1 1

x x
x
−2π −π π 2π −2π −π π 2π
− 3π
2
− π2 π
2
3π
2

−3

23
47. csc x
2 y 48. csc x
 y
3
7 5  3 3 3
x
 , , , 2  4 5
4 4 4 4 2
x
 , , , 2

1
3 3 3 3 1

x x
− 3π −π π 3π
− 3π −π π 3π
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
−1

1
49. f
x
sec x
y
50. f
x
tan x y
cos x
4
tan
x
tan x 3
f
x
sec
x 3
2

1 Thus, the function is odd

and the graph of y
tan x
cos
x −π π 2π
x
x
is symmetric about the origin. − 3π − π2 π 3π
2 2 2
1


cos x
−3

f
x
Thus, f
x
sec x is an even function and the graph has
y-axis symmetry.

x 1 x
51. f
x
2 sin x 52. f
x
tan , g
x
sec
2 2 2
1 (a)
g
x

3
csc x
2
g
(a) y
−1 1
f
3

f −3
2

The interval in which f < g is
1, 3 .

1 1
g (b)
The interval in which 2f < 2g is
1, 3 ,
x 1
π π 3π π (c)
4 2 4
−1 which is the same interval as part (b).

 5
(b) f > g on the interval, < x <
6 6
(c) As x → , f
x
2 sin x → 0 and
g
x
12 csc x → ±  since g
x is
the reciprocal of f
x.
392 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

53. y1
sin x csc x and y2
1 54. y1
sin x sec x, y2
tan x

2 4

−3 3 −2␲ 2␲

−2 −4

sin x
1, sin x  0
1 1 sin x
sin x csc x
sin x sin x sec x
sin x

tan x
cos x cos x
The expressions are equivalent except when sin x
0 The expressions are equivalent.
and y1 is undefined.

cos x 1
55. y1
and y2
cot x
56. y1
sec 2 x  1, y2
tan2 x 3
sin x tan x
cos x 1  tan2 x
sec2 x
cot x
4
sin x tan2 x
sec2 x  1 − 3␲ 3␲
2 2
The expressions are equivalent. The expressions are equivalent.
−2␲ 2␲ −1

−4

57. f
x
x cos x 58. f
x
x sin x
As x → 0, f
x → 0 and f
x > 0. Matches graph (a) as x → 0, f
x → 0.
Matches graph (d).

59. g
x
x sin x
60. g
x
x cos x
As x → 0, g
x → 0 and g
x is odd. Matches graph (c) as x → 0, g
x → 0.
Matches graph (b).

 
   
y
61. f
x
sin x  cos x  y
62. f
x
sin x  cos x 
2 2 4
3
g
x
0 g
x
2 sin x
2 2
f
x
g
x 1 It appears that f
x
g
x.
x
x That is, −π π
The graph is the line y
0. −3 −2 −1 1 2 3

 
−1

−2
sin x  cos x 
2 sin x.
2 −4
−3

x
63. f
x
sin2 x y 64. f
x
cos2 y
2
1
g
x

1  cos 2x 3
1
3
2 g
x

1  cos  x
2 2
2
f
x
g
x
It appears that f
x
g
x.
x
That is, x
−π π −6 −3
x 1 3 6

–1 cos2

1  cos  x. −1

2 2
 Section 4.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions 393

65. g
x
ex 2 sin x

2 1

ex 2 ≤ g
x ≤ ex 2

2 2

−8 8

The damping factor is y
ex 2.

2

As x → , g
x →0. −1

66. f
x
ex cos x 67. f
x
2x4 cos x 68. h
x
2x 4 sin x
2

Damping factor: ex 2x4 ≤ f
x ≤ 2x4 Damping factor: 2x 4

2

3
Damping factor: y
2x4. 1

−3 6 −8 8

−9 9

−3 −1

As x → , f
x → 0. −6
As x → , h
x → 0.
As x→ , f
x → 0.

6 4 sin x
69. y
 cos x, x > 0 70. y
 sin 2x, x > 0 71. g
x

x x x
6 2
6

−6␲ 6␲
0 8␲ 0 6␲

−2 −1
−2

As x → 0, y → . As x → 0, g
x → 1.
As x → 0, y → .

1  cos x 1 1
72. f (x)
73. f
x
sin 74. h(x)
x sin
x x x
2
1 2

−␲ ␲
−6␲ 6␲
−␲ ␲

−2
−1 −1

As x → 0, f
x oscillates
As x → 0, f (x) → 0. between 1 and 1. As x → 0, h(x) oscillates.

7 27
75. tan x
76. cos x

d d
7 27  
d

7 cot x d

27 sec x,  < x <
tan x cos x 2 2
d d

14
80
10
60
Distance
Ground distance

6
2 40
x
−2 π π 3π π 20
4 2 4
−6
x
− 10 −π −π 0 π π
2 4 4 2
− 14
Angle of camera
Angle of elevation
394 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

t t
77. C
5000  2000 sin , R
25,000  15,000 cos
12 12
(a) 50,000

C
0 100
0

(b) As the predator population increases, the number of prey decreases. When the number of prey is small,
the number of predators decreases.
(c) The period for both C and R is:
2
p

24 months
12
When the prey population is highest, the predator population is increasing most rapidly.
When the prey population is lowest, the predator population is decreasing most rapidly.
When the predator population is lowest, the prey population is increasing most rapidly.
When the predator population is highest, the prey population is decreasing most rapidly.
In addition, weather, food sources for the prey, hunting, all affect the populations of both the predator and the prey.

t
78. S
74  3t  40 cos S
6 150
(in thousands of units)

135
Lawn mower sales

120
105
90
75
60
45
30
15
t
2 4 6 8 10 12
Month (1 ↔ January)

t t
79. H
t
54.33  20.38 cos  15.69 sin
6 6
t t
L
t
39.36  15.70 cos  14.16 sin
6 6
 t 2
(a) Period of cos :
12 (b) From the graph, it appears that the greatest difference
6 6 between high and low temperatures occurs in summer.
 t 2 The smallest difference occurs in winter.
Period of sin :
12
6 6 (c) The highest high and low temperatures appear to
Period of H
t : 12 months occur around the middle of July, roughly one month
after the time when the sun is northernmost in the sky.
Period of L
t : 12 months

1 81. True. Since

80. (a) 0.6 y
et4 cos 4t
2 1
y
csc x
,
sin x
0 4␲

for a given value of x, the y-coordinate of csc x is the

reciprocal of the y-coordinate of sin x.
−0.6

(b) The displacement is a damped sine wave.

y → 0 as t increases.
 Section 4.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions 395


82. True. 83. As x → from the left, f
x
tan x → .
2
1 
y
sec x
As x → from the right, f
x
tan x →  .
cos x 2
If the reciprocal of y
sin x is translated 2 units to the
left, we have
1 1
y


sec x.


sin x 
2  cos x

84. As x →  from the left, f (x)
csc x → .

As x →  from the right, f (x)
csc x →  .

85. f
x
x  cos x

(a) 2 (b) xn
cos
xn1
x0
1
−3 3
x1
cos 1
0.5403

−2 x2
cos 0.5403
0.8576
The zero between 0 and 1 occurs at x
0.7391. x3
cos 0.8576
0.6543
x4
cos 0.6543
0.7935
x5
cos 0.7935
0.7014
x6
cos 0.7014
0.7640
x7
cos 0.7640
0.7221
x8
cos 0.7221
0.7504
x9
cos 0.7504
0.7314

This sequence appears to be approaching the zero
of f : x
0.7391.

86. y
tan x 6 87. y1
sec x 6

2x3 16x5 x2 5x4

y
x  − 3␲ 3␲ y2
1   − 3␲ 3␲
3! 5! 2 2 2! 4! 2 2

The graphs are nearly the The graph appears to

−6 coincide on the interval −6
same for 1.1 < x < 1.1.
1.1 ≤ x ≤ 1.1.

88. (a) y1

4
  1
sin x  sin 3x
3  y2

4
 1 1
sin x  sin 3x  sin 5x
3 5 
2 2

−3 3 −3 3

y1 y2

−2 −2

—CONTINUED—
396 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

88. —CONTINUED—

(b) y3

4
 1 1 1
sin x  sin 3x  sin 5x  sin 7x
3 5 7 
2

−3 3

−2

(c) y4

4
 1 1 1 1
sin x  sin 3x  sin 5x  sin 7x  sin 9x
3 5 7 9 
300
89. e2x
54 90. 83x
98 91.
100
1  e x
2x
ln 54 3x
log8 98 300

1  e x
ln 54 ln 98 100
x

1.994 x

0.735
2 3 ln 8 3
1  e x
2
e x
ln 2
 x
x
ln 2
0.693

1  0.15
365 
365t
92.
5 93. ln
3x  2
73
3x  2
e73
0.15
1
1.00041096
365 3x
2  e73
1.00041096365t
5 2  e73
x

3
365t
log1.00041096 5

1.684  1031
t

1
 log10 5

365 log10 1.00041096

10.732

94. ln(14  2x)
68 95. ln
x2  1
3.2

14  2x
e68 x2  1
e3.2
14  e68
2x x2
e3.2  1
14  e68 x
± e3.2  1
± 4.851
x

1.702  1029
2

96. lnx  4
5 97. log8 x  log8
x  1
13 98. log6 x  log6
x2  1
log6
64x

2 ln
x  4
5
1
log8x
x  1
13 log6
x(x2  1
log6
64x
ln
x  4
10 x
x  1
813 x
x2  1
64x
x  4
e10 x2  x
2 x2  1
64
x
e10  4 x2  x  2
0 x
± 65

22,022.466
x  2
x  1
0 Since  65 is not in the domain
of log6 x, the only solution is
x
2, 1
x
65
8.062.
x
1 is extraneous (not in the
domain of log8 x) so only x
2 is
a solution.
 Section 4.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 397

Section 4.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

■ You should know the definitions, domains, and ranges of y
arcsin x, y
arccos x, and y
arctan x.

Function Domain Range

 
y
arcsin x ⇒ x
sin y 1 ≤ x ≤ 1  ≤ y ≤
2 2

y
arccos x ⇒ x
cos y 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0 ≤ y ≤ 

 
y
arctan x ⇒ x
tan y  < x <   < x <
2 2

■ You should know the inverse properties of the inverse trigonometric functions.

 
sin
arcsin x
x and arcsin
sin y
y,  ≤ y ≤
2 2

cos
arccos x
x and arccos
cos y
y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 

 
tan
arctan x
x and arctan
tan y
y,  < y <
2 2

■ You should be able to use the triangle technique to convert trigonometric functions of inverse trigonometric functions
into algebraic expressions.

Vocabulary Check
Alternative
Function Notation Domain Range
 
1. y
arcsin x y
sin1 x 1 ≤ x ≤ 1  ≤ y ≤
2 2

2. y
arccos x y
cos1 x 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0 ≤ y ≤ 

 
3. y
arctan x y
tan1 x  < x <   < y <
2 2

1 1     
1. y
arcsin ⇒ sin y
for  ≤ y ≤ ⇒ y
2. y
arcsin 0 ⇒ sin y
0 for  ≤ y ≤ ⇒ y
0
2 2 2 2 6 2 2

1 1  
3. y
arccos ⇒ cos y
for 0 ≤ y ≤  ⇒ y
4. y
arccos 0 ⇒ cos y
0 for 0 ≤ y ≤  ⇒ y

2 2 3 2

3 3
5. y
arctan ⇒ tan y
for 6. y
arctan
1 ⇒ tan y
1 for
3 3
  
    < y < ⇒ y

 < y < ⇒ y
2 2 4
2 2 6
398 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

7. y
arccos   3
2  ⇒ cos y
 23 for 

8. y
arcsin 
2
2  ⇒ sin y
 22 for 

5   
0 ≤ y ≤  ⇒ y
 ≤ y ≤ ⇒ y

6 2 2 4

9. y
arctan
 3 ⇒ tan y
 3 for 10. y
arctan
3  ⇒ tan y
3 for

     
 < y < ⇒ y
  < y < ⇒ y

2 2 3 2 2 3

 2 ⇒ cos y
 2 for
1 1 2 2
11. y
arccos  12. y
arcsin ⇒ sin y
for
2 2
2   
0 ≤ y ≤  ⇒ y
 ≤ y ≤ ⇒ y

3 2 2 4

13. y
arcsin
3
2
⇒ sin y

3
2
for 14. y
arctan   3
3  ⇒ tan y
 33 for


     
 ≤ y ≤ ⇒ y
 < y < ⇒ y

2 2 3 2 2 6

 
15. y
arctan 0 ⇒ tan y
0 for  < y < ⇒ y
0 16. y
arccos 1 ⇒ cos y
1 for 0 ≤ y ≤  ⇒ y
0
2 2

17. f
x
sin x 1 18. f
x
tan x and g
x
arctan x 2

g
x
arcsin x Graph y1
tan x.

−1.5 1.5 −␲ ␲
y
x Graph y2
tan1 x.
2
g
2

f f
g
−1 Graph y3
x. −2

19. arccos 0.28
cos1 0.28  1.29 20. arcsin 0.45  0.47

21. arcsin
0.75
sin1
0.75  0.85 22. arccos
0.7  2.35

23. arctan
3
tan1
3  1.25 24. arctan 15  1.50 25. arcsin 0.31
sin1 0.31  0.32

26. arccos 0.26  1.31 27. arccos
0.41
cos1
0.41  1.99

28. arcsin
0.125  0.13 29. arctan 0.92
tan1 0.92  0.74 30. arctan 2.8  1.23

31. arcsin
4 
sin1
0.75  0.85 32. arccos
 3   1.91 33. arctan
72 
tan1
3.5  1.29
3 1

 
95
34. arctan   1.50 35. This is the graph of y
arctan x. The coordinates are
7
 3,  3 ,  3 , 6 , and 1, 4 .
 3  
 Section 4.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 399

x
36. arccos
1
 37. tan 

4
2
 2

1 x
arccos  x
3 tan
arctan
4 θ
 3

4
cos

6 2

4 x2
38. cos 
39. sin 

x 5
x2
 
5
4 sin
arcsin x+2

arccos 5
x
θ

x1 x3
40. tan 
41. cos 

10 2x
2x
x3

arctan
x1
10   
arccos  2x 
θ
x+3

x1 1
42. tan 

43. sin
arcsin 0.3
0.3 44. tan
arctan 25
25
x 1 x1
2

1

arctan
x1
x1

45. cosarccos
0.1
0.1 46. sinarcsin
0.2
0.2 47. arcsin
sin 3
arcsin
0
0
Note: 3 is not in the range of
the arcsine function.

7 
 
3 y
48. arccos cos
arccos 0
49. Let y
arctan ,
2 2 4
7 3 
Note: is not in the range of the arccosine function. tan y
, 0 < y < ,
2 4 2
3
and sin y
. 5
3
5
y
x
4

4
50. Let u
arcsin , 51. Let y
arctan 2, y
5
2 
4  5 tan y
2
, 0 < y < ,
sin u
, 0 < u < , 4 1 2
5 2
u 1 5 5
and cos y


 
4 5 3 . 2
sec arcsin
sec u
. 5 5
5 3
y
x
1
400 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

5 5
52. Let u
arccos , 53. Let y
arcsin ,
5 13
5  5  12
cos u
,0 < u < , sin y
, 0 < y < , and cos y
.
5 2 13 2 13

 
sin u

5 2 25 y
sin arccos
.
5 5 5

5
2

u 13
5
1 y
x
12

   5 ,
5 3
54. Let u
arctan  , 55. Let y
arctan 
12
5  3  34
tan u
 ,  < u < 0, tan y
 ,  < y < 0, and sec y
.
12 2 5 2 5
y

 

csc u
 5 .
5 13
csc arctan 
12
5 x
y

−3
34

12
u
−5
13

 4 ,  3 ,
3 2
56. Let u
arcsin  57. Let y
arccos 

3  2  5
sin u
 ,  < u < 0, cos y
 , < y < , and sin y
.
4 2 3 2 3
y
37
 

3 3
tan arcsin 
tan u

 .
4 7 7

3
5

7 y
x
u −2

−3
4
 Section 4.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 401

5
58. Let u
arctan , 59. Let y
arctan x,
8
x x2 + 1
5  89 tan y
x
, x
tan u
, 0 < u < , 5 1
8 2 u
8 1
and cot y
. y

 
5 8
cot arctan
cot u
. x 1
8 5

x
60. Let u
arctan x, tan u
x
, 61. Let y
arcsin
2x,
1
x 2x
sin
arctan x
sin u
. sin y
2x
, 1
x2  1 1 2x

and cos y
1  4x2.

y

1 − 4x 2

x2 + 1
x

u
1

62. Let u
arctan 3x, 63. Let y
arccos x,

3x x
tan u
3x
, cos y
x
, 1
1 − x2
1 1
9x 2 + 1
sec
arctan 3x
sec u
9x2  1. 3x
and sin y
1  x2. y
x

u
1

 3 ,
x
64. Let u
arcsin
x  1, 65. Let y
arccos
x1 x
sin u
x  1
, cos y
,
3
1 9 − x2
3
1 9  x2
secarcsin
x  1
sec u
. and tan y
. y
2x  x2 x x

1
x −1

u
2x − x 2

1 x
66. Let u
arctan , 67. Let y
arctan ,
x 2
x x2 + 2
1 x2 + 1
tan u
, 1 tan y
, x
2
x
x2  2
 
1 and csc y
. y
cot arctan
cot u
x. u
x x
x 2
402 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

xh
68. Let u
arcsin ,
r
xh
sin u
, r
r x−h

xh r 2 
x  h
 
2
cos arcsin
cos u
.
r r
u
r 2 − (x − h) 2

2x 2
69. f
x
sin
arctan 2x, g
x

1  4x2
They are equal. Let y
arctan 2x, −3 3

2x
tan y
2x
, −2
1
2x
and sin y
.
1  4x2 1 + 4x 2
2x
2x
g
x

f
x
1  4x2
y
The graph has horizontal asymptotes at y
± 1. 1

 
2
x 9
70. f
x
tan arccos 71. Let y
arctan .
2 x
4  x 2
−3 3
9 9 9
g
x
tan y
and sin y
, x > 0; , x < 0.
x x x2  81 x2  81
−2 Thus,
Asymptote: x
0
9
These are equal because: arcsin y
, x > 0;
x2  81
x
Let u
arccos .
2 9
4 − x2 arcsin y
, x < 0.
2 x2  81

 
x
f
x
tan arccos
tan u
2 u x 2 + 81
x 9
4  x 2


g
x
x y
x
Thus, f
x
g
x.

36  x 2 3
72. If arcsin
u, 73. Let y
arccos . Then,
6 x2  2x  10

36  x 2 3 3
then sin u
, cos y


6 6 x2  2x  10 
x  12  9
36 − x 2

arcsin
36  x2 x

arccos . and sin y
x  1 .
6 6 
x  12  9

u Thus, y
arcsin x  1 .
x x2  2x  10

(x − 1) 2 + 9
x − 1

y
3
 Section 4.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 403

x2
74. If arccos
u, 75. y
2 arccos x
2
Domain: 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
x2
then cos u
,
2 Range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 2
x2 4x  x 2 This is the graph of f
x
arccos x with a factor of 2.
arccos
arctan .
2 x2
y

2π

2
4x − x 2 π

u x
−2 −1 1 2
x−2

x
76. y
arcsin y 77. f
x
arcsin
x  1 y
2
π Domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π
Domain: 2 ≤ x ≤ 2
 
  Range:  ≤ y ≤
Range:  ≤ y ≤ x 2 2 x
2 2 −2 1 2 −1 1 2 3

This is the graph of This is the graph of

f
x
arcsin x with a g
x
arcsin
x shifted
−π −π
horizontal stretch of a one unit to the right.
factor of 2.

78. g
t
arccos
t  2 y 79. f
x
arctan 2x y

Domain: 3 ≤ t ≤ 1 π Domain: all real numbers π

Range: 0 ≤ y ≤   
Range:  < y <
This is the graph of 2 2 x
−4 −2 2 4
y
arccos t shifted This is the graph of
two units to the left. g
x
arctan
x with a
t horizontal stretch of a −π
−4 −3 −2 −1
factor of 2.

 y
1  v2
80. f
x
 arctan x 81. h
v
tan
arccos v

2 v
Domain: all real numbers π Domain: 1 ≤ v ≤ 1, v  0
Range: 0 < y ≤  Range: all real numbers
This is the graph of x y
−4 −2 2 4
y
arctan x shifted
π
upward 2 units. 1
1 − v2

y v
v −2 1 2
404 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

x y
82. f
x
arccos 83. f
x
2 arccos
2x
4
2␲
Domain: 4 ≤ x ≤ 4
π

Range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 

x
−4 −2 2 4 −1 1
0

84. f
x
 arcsin
4x 85. f
x
arctan
2x  3 86. f
x
3  arctan
 x

2␲ ␲ ␲
2

−4 4
−0.5 0.5 −2 4

−2␲ −␲
−2␲

87. f
x
  arcsin 23  2.412 88. f
x


2
 arccos
1
 
 2.82

4 4

−4 5 −4 5

−2 −2

 
3 6
89. f
t
3 cos 2t  3 sin 2t
32  32 sin 2t  arctan
3

32 sin
2t  arctan 1 −2␲ 2␲



32 sin 2t   4  −6

The graph implies that the identity is true.

5
90. f
t
4 cos  t  3 sin  t 91. (a) sin 

s

 
4 5

42  32 sin  t  arctan sin
arcsin
3 s

 
4 5

5 sin  t  arctan 6
(b) s
40: 
arcsin  0.13
3 40
−6 5
s
20: 
arcsin  0.25
6

20
−6
The graph implies that

 
A
A cos t  B sin t
A2  B2 sin t  arctan
B
is true.
 Section 4.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 405

s 3x
92. (a) tan 
93.

arctan
750 x2  4
s (a) 1.5

arctan
750
(b) When s
300,
0 6
300

arctan  0.38  21.8 .
750 − 0.5

When s
1200, (b)

is maximum when x
2 feet.
1200

arctan  1.01  58.0 . (c) The graph has a horizontal asymptote at

0.
750 As x increases,
decreases.

11
94. (a) tan 
95.
17
20 ft
11

arctan  0.5743  32.9 θ
17 41 ft

1 20
(b) r

40
20 (a) tan 

2 41
h h
tan 


41  26.0
20
r 20 
arctan
11
h
20 tan 
20   12.94 feet h
17 (b) tan 26

50
h
50 tan 26  24.39 feet

6 x
96. (a) tan 
97. (a) tan 

x 20
6 x

arctan 
arctan
x 20
(b) x
7 miles
5
6 (b) x
5: 
arctan  14.0

arctan  0.71  40.6 20
7
12
x
1 mile x
12: 
arctan  31.0
20
6

arctan  1.41  80.5
1

98. False. 99. False.

5 5
is not in the range of arcsin
x. 4
is not in the range of the arctangent function.
6
1  
arcsin
arctan 1

2 6 4

100. False.
arctan x is defined for all real x, but arcsin x and arccos x require 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
arcsin 1
Also, for example, arctan 1  .
arccos 1
 arcsin 1 2
Since arctan 1
, but

undefined.
4 arccos 1 0
406 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

101. y
arccot x if and only if cot y
x. 102. y
arcsec x if and only if sec y
x where
Domain:   < x <  
 y
x ≤ 1
x ≥ 1 and 0 ≤ y < and < y ≤ .
2 2
Range: 0 < x <  π The domain of y
arcsec x is
 , 1
1, 
 
π
and the range is 0, 2 
 2 , 
.
2
y

x
−2 −1 1 2 π

π
2

x
−2 −1 1 2

103. y
arccsc x if and only if csc y
x. y

Domain:
 , 1
1,  π

2
 
Range:  2 , 0
0, 2
x
−2 −1 1 2

−π
2

  
104. (a) y
arcsec 2 ⇒ sec y
2 and 0 ≤ y <
< y ≤  ⇒ y

2 2 4
 
(b) y
arcsec 1 ⇒ sec y
1 and 0 ≤ y <
< y ≤  ⇒ y
0
2 2
5
(c) y
arccot
 3  ⇒ cot y
 3 and 0 < y <  ⇒ y

6
  
(d) y
arccsc 2 ⇒ csc y
2 and  ≤ y < 0
0 < y ≤ ⇒ y

2 2 6

105. Area
arctan b  arctan a 106. f
x
x

(a) a
0, b
1 g
x
6 arctan x
 
Area
arctan 1  arctan 0
 0

12

4 4
g
(b) a
1, b
1
Area
arctan 1  arctan
1 f
0 6
  
 
0

 

4 4 2 As x increases to infinity, g approaches 3, but f has
(c) a
0, b
3 no maximum. Using the solve feature of the graphing
utility, you find a  87.54.
Area
arctan 3  arctan 0
 1.25  0
1.25
(d) a
1, b
3
Area
arctan 3  arctan
1

 1.25    4   2.03
 Section 4.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 407

107. f
x
sin
x, f 1
x
arcsin
x

(a) f  f 1
sin
arcsin x f 1  f
arcsin
sin x
2 2

−␲ ␲ −␲ ␲

−2 −2

(b) The graphs coincide with the graph of y
x only for certain values of x.
f  f 1
x over its entire domain, 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
 
f 1  f
x over the region  2 ≤ x ≤
2
, corresponding to the region where sin x is
one-to-one and thus has an inverse.

108. (a) Let y
arcsin
x. Then, (b) Let y
arctan
x. Then,

sin y
x  
tan y
x,  < y <
2 2
sin y
x
tan y
x
sin
y
x
 
y
arcsin x tan
y
x,  < y <
2 2
y
arcsin x.
arctan
tan
y
arctan x
Therefore, arcsin
x
 arcsin x.
y
arctan x

(c) Let y2
 y1. y
arctan x
2
Thus, arctan
x
arctan
x.
1
arctan x  arctan
y1  y2 (d) Let 
arcsin x and

arccos x, then sin 
x and
x
cos

x. Thus, sin 
cos
which implies that  and
 

y1  2  y 
2
1

are complementary angles and we have




2
y2

arcsin x  arccos x
.
2
1

y1
x

x x
(e) arcsin x
arcsin
arctan
1 1  x2

y2

1
x

y1

1 − x2

10 10
109.
8.23.4  1279.284 110. 10
142

 0.051
142 196
408 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

1
111.
1.150  117.391 112. 162
 2.718 108
162

3 opp
113. sin 

114. tan 
2
4 hyp

adj2 
32

42 4 3 hyp
12  22
5
2

adj2  9
16 1
θ cos 

5

adj2
7
θ
2
adj
7 sin 

5 1
7
cos 
1
4 cot 

2
3 37
tan 

sec 
5
7 7
7
1
csc 
5
cot 
2
3
4 47
sec 


7 7
4
csc 

3

5 adj
115. cos 

116. sec 
3
6 hyp

opp2 
52

62 6 opp
32  12

opp2  25
36 θ
8 3

opp
11 2 5
22

opp
11 1
cos 
θ
3
11
sin 
22 1
6 sin 

3
11
tan 
tan 
22
5
5 511 sec 
3
cot 


11 11 3 32
csc 


6 22 4
sec 

5 1 2
cot 


6 611 22 4
csc 


11 11
 Section 4.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 409

117. Let x
the number of people presently in the group. Each person’s share is now 250,000x.
If two more join the group, each person’s share would then be 250,000
x  2.
Share per person with Original share

 6250
two more people per person
250,000 250,000

 6250
x2 x
250,000x
250,000
x  2  6250x
x  2
250,000x
250,000x  500,000  6250x2  12500x
6250x2  12500x  500,000
0
6250
x2  2x  80
0
6250
x  10
x  8
0
x
10 or x
8
x
10 is not possible.
There were 8 people in the original group.

118. Rate downstream: 18  x

Rate upstream: 18  x
d
rate time
distance ⇒ t

r

Time to go upstream 
Time to go downstream
4
35 35

4
18  x 18  x
35
18  x  35
18  x
4
18  x
18  x
630  35x  630  35x
4
324  x2
1260
4
324  x2
315
324  x2
x2
9
x
±3
The speed of the current is 3 miles per hour.

4
10

119. (a) A
15,000 1 
0.035
4   $21,253.63 120. Data:
2, 742,000,
4, 632,000

12
10
To find:
8, y

(b) A
15,000 1 
0.035
12   $21,275.17
Assume: P
P0  ert

365
10 742,000
P0er  2

(c) A
15,000 1 
0.035
365   $21,285.66
632,000
P0er  4
(d) A
15,000e
0.035
10  $21,286.01
P0er  4 632
Then: er  2


P0er  2 742
y
P0er  8
P0er  4  er  4

632,000 
er  22

  742 
2
632

632,000

458,504.31
410 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Section 4.8 Applications and Models

■ You should be able to solve right triangles.

■ You should be able to solve right triangle applications.
■ You should be able to solve applications of simple harmonic motion.

Vocabulary Check
1. elevation; depression 2. bearing
3. harmonic motion

1. Given: A
20, b
10 2. Given: B
54, c
15 B

a A
90  B 54°
tan A
⇒ a
b tan A
10 tan 20
3.64 a
c = 15
b
90  54
36
b b 10
cos A
⇒ c


10.64 b C b
A
c cos A cos 20 sin B
⇒ b
c sin B
c
B
90  20
70 B

c
15 sin 54
12.14

a
20° a
C b = 10
A cos B
⇒ a
c cos B
15 cos 54
8.82
c

3. Given: B
71, b
24 4. Given: A
8.4, a
40.5

b b 24 B
90  A
tan B
⇒ a


8.26
a tan B tan 71
90  8.4
81.6
b b 24 a a
sin B
⇒ c


25.38 tan A
⇒ b

c sin B sin 71 b tan A
A
90  71
19 40.5


274.27
B tan 8.4
a 71°
c a a 40.5
sin A
⇒ c


277.24
c sin A sin 8.4
A
C b = 24 B
c 8.4°
a = 40.5
C A
b

5. Given: a
6, b
10 6. Given: a
25, c
35 B

c2
a2  b2 ⇒ c
36  100 b
c2  a2 c = 35

a = 25

234
11.66
352  252
A

600
24.49 C b
a 6 3
tan A

⇒ A
arctan
30.96º a a
b 10 5 sin A
⇒ A
arcsin
c c
B
90  30.96
59.04
25
B

arcsin
45.58
35
c
a=6 a a 25
cos B
⇒ B
arccos
arccos
44.42
c c 35
C A
b = 10
 Section 4.8 Applications and Models 411

7. Given: b
16, c
52 B 8. Given: b
1.32, c
9.45

a
522  162 a
c2  b2
87.5601
9.36
b b 1.32

2448
1217
49.48 cos A
⇒ A
arccos
arccos
81.97
a c = 52 c c 9.45
16 b b
cos A
sin B
⇒ B
arcsin
B
52 c c
16 1.32
A
arccos
72.08º C b = 16 A
arcsin
52 9.45 a c = 9.45

B
90  72.08
17.92
8.03

C A
b = 1.32

9. Given: A
12 15, c
430.5 10. Given: B
65 12, a
14.2

B
90  12 15
77 45 A
90  B
90  65 12
24 48
a a a 14.2
sin 12 15
cos B
⇒ c


33.85
430.5 c cos B cos 65 12
a
430.5 sin 12 15
91.34 b
tan B
⇒ b
a tan B
14.2 tan 65 12
30.73
a
b
cos 12 15
B
430.5
65°12′ c
b
430.5 cos 12 15
420.70 a = 14.2

B C b A
c = 430.5
a
12°15′
A
C b

h 1 h 1
11. tan 
⇒ h
b tan  12. tan 
⇒ h
b tan 
12b 2 12b 2
1 1
h
4 tan 52
2.56 inches h
10 tan 18
1.62 meters
2 2

h
h
θ θ
θ θ
1 1
1 1 2
b 2
b
2
b 2
b
b
b

h 1 h 1
13. tan 
⇒ h
b tan  14. tan 
⇒ h
b tan 
12b 2 12b 2
1 1
h
46 tan 41
19.99 inches h
11 tan 27
2.80 feet
2 2

h
h
θ θ
1 1 θ θ
2
b 2
b 1 1
2
b 2
b
b
b
412 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

50 600
15. tan 25
16. tan 20

x x
50
600
50 600
x
25° x
20°
tan 25 x tan 20 x

107.2 feet
1648.5 feet

h h
17. 16 sin 80
18. tan 33

20 125
20 sin 80
h h
125 tan 33 h
20 ft h
16 si 74 h
19.7 feet
81.2 feet 33°
125

80°

19. (a) h
h 20. tan 51

100
y h
100 tan 51
x

123.5 feet h
47° 40′

50 ft
35°

(b) Let the height of the church
x and the height of the
51°
church and steeple
y. Then,
100
x y
tan 35
and tan 47 40

50 50
x
50 tan 35 and y
50 tan 47 40
h
y  x
50tan 47 40  tan 35.
(c) h
19.9 feet

x 75
21. sin 34
22. tan 
23. (a)
4000 50
x
4000 sin 34º 3 1
12 2 ft

arctan
56.3
2

2236.8 feet θ
1
17 3 ft
34°
1212
x (b) tan 

4000 75 ft 1713

1212
θ (c) 
arctan
35.8
1713
50 ft
The angle of elevation of
the sum is 35.8.

24. 12,500  4000
16,500

16,500 mi
4000
sin 
θ
4,00

16,500 α
0m

16,500 
i

4000

arcsin Not drawn to scale


14.03
Angle of depression

90  14.03
75.97
 Section 4.8 Applications and Models 413

25. 1200 feet  150 feet  400 feet
950 feet Not drawn to scale

5 miles
5 miles 5280

1 mile 
feet

26,400 feet 950
feet
θ

θ
950 5 miles
tan 

26,400

26,400
2.06
950

arctan

10,000
26. (a) Since the airplane speed is (b) sin 18

275s

275sec60 min
16,500 min,

ft sec ft 10,000
s

275(sin 18)
after one minute its distance travelled is 16,500 feet.

117.7 seconds
a
sin 18

16,500
275s 10,000
a
16,500 sin 18
5099 ft feet
18°

16500
a
18°

x 4
27. sin 10.5
10.5°
x
4
x
4 sin 10.5
0.73 mile

28. θ 29. The plane has traveled 1.5600
900 miles.

100x
4 miles = 21 12x = y a
,120 feet
sin 38
⇒ a
554 miles north
900
12x b
Angle of grade: tan 
cos 38
⇒ b
709 miles east
100x 900

arctan 0.12
6.8 N

Change in elevation:
y 900
sin 
52° a
21,120 38°
W E
b
y
21,120 sin 

21,120 sinarctan 0.12

2516.3 feet S

30. (a) Reno is 2472 sin 10
429 miles N of Miami. N

Reno is 2472 cos 10
2434 miles W of Miami.

100°
(b) The return heading is 280. Reno
W E
2472 mi
N 80°
10° Miami

S
W 10° E
280°

S
414 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

31. N 32. N

W E

1.4°

W E 428
29°
120 a
88.6°

20 b
S S Not drawn to scale

a 428
(a) cos 29
⇒ a
104.95 nautical miles south (a) t

21.4 hours
120 20
b (b) After 12 hours, the yacht will have traveled
sin 29
⇒ b
58.18 nautical miles west
120 240 nautical miles.
20  b 78.18 240 sin 1.4
5.9 miles E
(b) tan 

⇒ 
36.7
a 104.95
240 cos 1.4
239.9 miles S
Bearing: S 36.7 W
(c) Bearing from N is 178.6.
Distance: d
104.952  78.182

130.9 nautical miles from port

33. 
32,

68
(a) 
90  32
58 (b) 

32
Bearing from A to C: N 58º E
90 

22
N C
 
54
B d
tan C
⇒ tan 54
φ
50
d γ C
θ α
β d
50
⇒ d
68.82 meters
β 50
W E
A

160 
d 45 85
34. tan 14
⇒ x
d cot 14 35. tan 
⇒ 
56.3 36. Bearing
180  arctan
x 30
d d Bearing: N 56.3 W
208.0 or 528 W
tan 34


y 30  x N N

d

Port 45 Plane
30  d cot 14
30
θ
30  d cot 14
cot 34
W
Ship
E 160
d
d cot 34
30  d cot 14 W
Airport 85
E

30
d
S S
cot 34  cot 14

5.46 kilometers

350 6.5°
37. tan 6.5
⇒ d
3071.91 ft 4°
d 350

350 d S1 S2
tan 4
⇒ D
5005.23 ft D
D
Not drawn to scale
Distance between ships: D  d
1933.3 ft
 Section 4.8 Applications and Models 415

d a P1 P2
38. cot 55
⇒ d
7 kilometers 39. tan 57
⇒ x
a cot 57
10 x
57° a
D a
cot 28
⇒ D
18.8 kilometers tan 16
H 16°
10 x  556 550
x 60

Distance between towns: a

tan 16

D  d
18.8  7
11.8 kilometers a cot 57  556
a cot 57  556
28° cot 16

55° a
10 km
55
55° T1 28° T2 a cot 16  a cot 57
⇒ a
3.23 miles
d 6
D

17,054 ft

h 3 5 3
40. tan 2.5
h 41. L1: 3x  2y
5 ⇒ y
x ⇒ m1

x 2.5° 9° 2 2 2
h 17 x − 17 L2: 3x  y
1 ⇒ y
x  1 ⇒ m2
1
x
x

   
tan 2.5 Not drawn to scale
1  32  52
h tan 


5
tan 9
1  132 12
x  17
h 
arctan 5
78.7
x
 17
tan 9
h h

 17
tan 2.5 tan 9
17
h

1.025 miles
 1

1
tan 2.5 tan 9 

5410 feet

42. L1
2x  y
8 ⇒ m1
2 43. The diagonal of the base has a length of

a2  a2
2a. Now, we have
1
L2
x  5y
4 ⇒ m2

5 a 1
tan 

 
m2  m1 2a 2
tan 

1  m2m1 1 a

   

arctan
m2  m1 15  2 2

arctan
arctan θ
1  m2m1 1  152 
35.3. 2a

arctan
9
7 

52.1

a2 d
44. tan 

2 45. sin 36
⇒ d
14.69
a 25

arctan 2
54.7º Length of side: 2d
29.4 inches
a 2

θ d
a 36°
25
416 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

46. a 47. r 48. c

2 a
15°
30° 25 b 30°
r
y

35
c

17.5
2
x
a
b sin 15

cos 30
c
a r a
c sin 15
17.5 sin 15
sin 30

4.53
25 b
r cos 30
Distance
2a
9.06 centimeters
a
25 sin 30
12.5 3r
b

2
Length of side
2a
212.5

 23r



25 inches y
2b
2 3r

49. 10 10 12
a 50. tan 

b 18
35° 35°
10 10 10 10 2

arctan
0.588 rad
33.7
3
b 18
tan 35
cos 
f
10 a a 6
c
b
10 tan 35
7 18 φ
b 6
a

21.6 feet θ
10 cos  36
9
cos 35

a 21.6
f

10.8 feet
10 2
a

12.2
cos 35

90  33.7
56.3
6
sin


b
6
b

7.2 feet
sin

c
10.82  7.22
13 feet

51. d
0 when t
0, a
4, period
2 52. Displacement at t
0 is 0 ⇒ d
a sin  t.

Use d
a sin t since d
0 when t
0. Amplitude: a
3
2 2 

2 ⇒ 
 Period:
6 ⇒ 

  3
t
Thus, d
4 sin t. d
3 sin 3
53. d
3 when t
0, a
3, period
1.5 54. Displacement at t
0 is 2 ⇒ d
a cos  t.
Use d
a cos t since d
3 when t
0. Amplitude: a
2
2 4 2 

1.5 ⇒ 
Period:
10 ⇒ 

 3  5
t
Thus, d
3 cos
4 4t
 3 t
3 cos 3 . d
2 cos 5
 Section 4.8 Applications and Models 417

1
55. d
4 cos 8t 56. d
cos 20 t
2
(a) Maximum displacement
amplitude
4

(b) Frequency




8
(a) Maximum displacement: a

 20
 
1
2


1
2
2 2 (b) Frequency:

10 cycles per unit of time
2 2

4 cycles per unit of time
(c) d
4 cos 40
4 1 1
(c) t
5 ⇒ d
cos 100

2 2
 1 (d) Least positive value for t for which d
0
(d) 8 t
⇒ t

2 16
1
cos 20 t
0
2
cos 20 t
0
20 t
arccos 0

20 t

2
 1 1
t

2
20
40

1
57. d
sin 120t 58. d

1
sin 792t
16 64


1
(a) Maximum displacement
amplitude
1 1
16 (a) Maximum displacement: a
 64


64
 120
(b) Frequency

 792
2 2 (b) Frequency:

396 cycles per unit of time
2 2

60 cycles per unit of time 1
(c) t
5 ⇒ d
sin3960
0
1 64
(c) d
sin 600
0
16 (d) Least positive value for t for which d
0
1 1
(d) 120t
 ⇒ t
sin 792 t
0
120 64
sin 792 t
0
792 t
arcsin 0
792 t

 1
t


792 792

59. d
a sin t 60. At t
0, buoy is at its high point ⇒ d
a cos  t.

Frequency

 
Distance from high to low
2 a
3.5
2
7
 a
4
264

2
Returns to high point every 10 seconds:

2264
528
2 
Period:
10 ⇒ 

 5
7 t
d
cos
4 5
418 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

1
61. y
cos 16t, t > 0
4
2 
(a) y (b) Period:

16 8
 
1
1
(c) cos 16t
0 when 16t
⇒ t

4 2 32
t
π π 3π π
8 4 8 2

−1

62. (a) (b)

 L1 L2 L1  L2  L1 L2 L1  L2
2 3 2 3
0.1 23.0 0.5 7.6
sin 0.1 cos 0.1 sin 0.5 cos 0.5
2 3 2 3
0.2 13.1 0.6 7.2
sin 0.2 cos 0.2 sin 0.6 cos 0.6
2 3 2 3
0.3 9.9 0.7 7.0
sin 0.3 cos 0.3 sin 0.7 cos 0.7
2 3 2 3
0.4 8.4 0.8 7.1
sin 0.4 cos 0.4 sin 0.8 cos 0.8

The minimum length of the elevator is 7.0 meters.

2 3
(c) L
L1  L2
 (d) 12
sin  cos 

−2␲ 2␲

−12

From the graph, it appears that the minimum length is

7.0 meters, which agrees with the estimate of part (b).

8 sin 
63. (a) and (b) (c) A
8  8  16 cos 
 2 
Base 1 Base 2 Altitude Area

16  16 cos 4 sin 
8 8  16 cos 10º 8 sin 10º 22.1

641  cos sin 
8 8  16 cos 20º 8 sin 20º 42.5
(d) 100

8 8  16 cos 30º 8 sin 30º 59.7

8 8  16 cos 40º 8 sin 40º 72.7
8 8  16 cos 50º 8 sin 50º 80.5 0 90
0
8 8  16 cos 60º 8 sin 60º 83.1
The maximum of 83.1 square feet occurs when
8 8  16 cos 70º 8 sin 70º 80.7 


60.
3
The maximum occurs when 
60 and is approximately
83.1 square feet.
 Section 4.8 Applications and Models 419

1 S
64. (a) S (b) a
14.3  1.7
6.3
2

(in millions of dollars)

(in millions of dollars)
15
15
2 

Average sales
Average sales
12
12

12 ⇒ b
9
9 b 6
6
6
Shift: d
14.3  6.3
8 3
3
t
t S
d  a cos bt 2 4 6 8 10 12
2 4 6 8 10 12
Month (1 ↔ January) Month (1 ↔ January)
t
S
8  6.3 cos 6
2
(c) Period:
12
6
This corresponds to the 12 months in a year. Since the
Note: Another model is S
8  6.3 sin 6t  2 .
sales of outerwear is seasonal, this is reasonable. The model is a good fit.
(d) The amplitude represents the maximum displacement from
average sales of 8 million dollars. Sales are greatest in
December (cold weather  Christmas) and least in June.

65. False. Since the tower is not exactly vertical, a right 66. False. One period is the time for one complete cycle of
triangle with sides 191 feet and d is not formed. the motion.

67. No. N 24 E means 24 east of north. 68. Aeronautical bearings are always taken clockwise from
North (rather than the acute angle from a north-south line).

69. m
4, passes through 1, 2 70. Linear equation m
 2 through 13, 0

1
y

y  2
4x  1 7
y
 12x  b y
6
y  2
4x  4 5 0
 b
 12 13 3

2
y
4x  6 3 0
 16  b
1
2
1
b
16 x
−3 −2 −1 2 3
x 1 1 −1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 y
 2x  6
−1
−2

−3

71. Passes through 2, 6 and 3, 2 72. Linear equation through 14,  32 and  21, 13
26 4 y
m

 13  23 y
3  2 5 m

7
12  14 3
6
4
y  6
 x  2
1 2
5 4

34 1
3
4 8 x
y6
 x 2
4 −3 −2 −1 2 3
5 5 1
 −1
x
3
−2
4 22 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
y
 x −1
5 5 y
2
3
4

 x
3
1
4   −3

4 1
y
 x
3 3
420 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Review Exercises for Chapter 4

1.

0.5 radian 2.

4.5 radians

11 2 4
3.
 4.
 5.
 
4 9 3

(a) y
(a) y
(a) y

11π
4
2π
x 9 x
x

4π
−
3

(b) The angle lies in Quadrant II. (b) Quadrant I (b) The angle lies in Quadrant II.
(c) Coterminal angles: (c) Coterminal angles:
2 20
(c)  2 
11 3 9 9 4 2
 2    2 
4 4 2 16 3 3
 2  
3 5 9 9 4 10
 2     2  
4 4 3 3

23
6.
  7.
 70 8.
 280
3
(a) y (a) y
(a) y

23π
− 280°
3
70°
x x
x

(b) The angle lies in Quadrant I. (b) Quadrant IV

(b) Quadrant I
(c) Coterminal angles: (c) 280  360  640
23 
(c)   8 
3 3 70  360  430 280  360  80
23 17 70  360  290
  2  
3 3
 Review Exercises for Chapter 4 421

 rad
9.
 110 10.
 405 11. 480  480 
180
(a) y (a) y
8
 radians
3
− 405°
8.378 radians

x x

− 110°

(b) Quadrant IV
(b) The angle lies in Quadrant III.
(c) 405  720  315
(c) Coterminal angles:
110  360  250 405  360  45

110  360  470

  rad
12. 127.5 
2.225 13. 33 45  33.75  33.75 
180 180
3
 radian
0.589 radian
16

77   5 rad 5 rad

14. 196 77  196 
60   180
3.443 15.
7

7
180
  rad
128.571

11 180 180

16.     330.000 17. 3.5 rad  3.5 rad 
200.535
6  rad

180 138 23 60

18. 5.7 
326.586 19. 138   radians 20. 60  radians
 180 30 180
s  r
 20 2330
48.17 inches s  r
 11  180
60

11
  meters
3
s
11.52 meters

21. (a) Angular speed 

3313 2 radians 22. linear speed  angular speed  radius
1 minute
 66 23 radians per minute  5 rads  13.5 inches

666 23 inches  67.5 inches per second

(b) Linear speed 
1 minute
212.1 inches per second
 400 inches per minute

12.05 miles per hour

1 5
23. 120 
120 2
180

3
radians
1
24. A 
r 2 
2 2 6  
6.5 2

2 A
55.31 square millimeters

1
2
1
A  r 2
 182
2 3  

339.29 square inches

25. t 
2
3
corresponds to the point  ,
2 2
1 3
.  26. t 
3
4 
, x, y  
2 2
2
,
2 
422 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

27. t 
5
6
corresponds to the point 3 1
, .
2 2  28. t  
4
3  1 3
, x, y   ,
2 2 

29. t 
7
6
corresponds to the point 3
2
1
, .
2  30. t 

4
corresponds to the point
2 2
2
, 
2
. 
7 1 7 1  2  1
sin y csc   2 sin y csc   2
6 2 6 y 4 2 4 y

7 3 7 1 23  2  1
cos x sec   cos x sec   2
6 2 6 x 3 4 2 4 x

7 y 1 3 7 x  y  x
tan    cot   3 tan  1 cot  1
6 x 3 3 6 y 4 x 4 y

31. t  
2
3 
1 3
corresponds to the point  , 
2 2
.  32. t  2 corresponds to the point 1, 0.
1
2 3 2 sin 2  y  0 csc 2 
    23
1 is undefined.
sin  y csc    y
3 2 3 y 3
1
2 2 cos 2  x  1 sec 2  1
   
1 1
cos  x sec    2 x
3 2 3 x
y x
2 2 tan 2  0 cot 2  is undefined.
   
x 3
y x y
tan    3 cot   
3 x 3 y 3

11 3 2 17 5
33. sin
4
 sin
4

2
34. cos 4  cos 0  1 35. sin   6 
 sin 
6
 
1
2 
13 5
   
1 1
36. cos   cos  37. tan 33
75.3130 38. csc 10.5 
1.1368
3 3 2 sin 10.5

12
39. sec  5 
1
12

3.2361 40. sin   9 
0.3420
 
cos
5

41. opp  4, adj  5, hyp  42  52  41 42. adj  6, opp  6

opp 4 441 hyp 41 hyp  62  62  62
sin
   csc
 
hyp 41 41 opp 4
opp 6 2 hyp 62
sin
   csc
   2
adj 5 541 hyp 41 hyp 62 2 opp 6
cos
   sec
 
hyp 41 41 adj 5
adj 6 2 hyp 62
cos
   sec
   2
opp 4 adj 5 hyp 62 2 adj 6
tan
  cot
 
adj 5 opp 4
opp 6 adj 6
tan
  1 cot
  1
adj 6 opp 6

43. adj  4, hyp  8, opp  82  42  48  43

opp 43 3 hyp 8 23
sin
   csc
  
hyp 8 2 opp 43 3
adj 4 1 hyp 8
cos
   sec
  2
hyp 8 2 adj 4

opp 43 adj 4 3

tan
   3 cot
  
adj 4 opp 43 3
 Review Exercises for Chapter 4 423

1
44. opp  5, hyp  9 45. sin

3
adj  92  52  214
1
(a) csc
  3
sin

opp 5
 sin

hyp 9
(b) sin2
 cos2
 1
adj 214
cos
 
13
2
hyp 9  cos2
 1
opp 5 514
tan
   1
adj 214 28 cos2
 1 
9
hyp 9
csc
  8
opp 5 cos2

9
hyp 9 914
sec
  
adj 214 28 cos
 89
adj 214
cot
  22
opp 5 cos

3
1 3 32
(c) sec
  
cos
22 4
sin
13 1 2
(d) tan
   
cos
223 22 4

46. tan
 4 47. csc
 4

1 1 1 1
(a) cot
  (a) sin
 
tan
4 csc
4
(b) sec
 1  tan2
 1  16  17 (b) sin2
 cos2
 1

14
2
1 1 17  cos2
 1
(c) cos
  
sec
17 17

1  161  17 1
(d) csc
 1  cot2
 cos2
 1 
4 16
15
cos2

16

cos
 1516
15
cos

4
1 4 415
(c) sec
  
cos
15 15
sin
14 1 15
(d) tan
   
cos
154 15 15

48. csc
 5
1 1 1 1 6
(a) sin
  (c) tan
  
csc
5 cot
26 12
(b) cot
 csc2
 1  25  1  26 (d) sec90 
  csc
 5

1
49. tan 33
0.6494 50. csc 11 
5.2408 51. sin 34.2
0.5621
sin 11
424 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

58 
52. sec 79.3 
1
cos 79.3

5.3860 53. cot 15 14 
1
tan15  14
60 

54. cos 78 11 58  cos 78 
11

60 3600 

3.6722
0.2045

x 25
55. sin 1 10  56. tan 52 
3.5 x
25
x  3.5 sin 1 10
0.07 kilometer or 71.3 meters 25 x
19.5 feet
tan 52
m
3.5 k x 52°
1°10'
Not drawn to scale x

57. x  12, y  16, r  144  256  400  20 58. x, y  3, 4
y 4 r 5 r  32  42  5
sin
  csc
 
r 5 y 4
y 4 r 5
sin
  csc
 
x 3 r 5 r 5 y 4
cos
  sec
 
r 5 x 3
x 3 r 5
cos
  sec
 
y 4 x 3 r 5 x 3
tan
  cot
 
x 3 y 4
y 4 x 3
tan
  cot
 
x 3 y 4

2 5
59. x  , y 
3 2

23  52 241

2 2
r 
6
y 52 15 15241 r 2416 2241 241
sin
    csc
   
r 2416 241 241 y 52 30 15
x 23 4 4241 r 2416 241
cos
    sec
  
r 2416 241 241 x 23 4
y 52 15 x 23 4
tan
   cot
  
x 23 4 y 52 15

60. x, y    10 2
3
,
3 
 103   32 226
2 2
r 
3

sin

y

23

26
csc

r

2263   26
r 2263 26 y 23

cos

x

103

526
sec

r

2263   26
r  2 26 3 26 x 103 5
y 23 1 x 103
tan
   cot
  5
x 103 5 y 23
 Review Exercises for Chapter 4 425

61. x  0.5, y  4.5

82
r  0.52  4.52  20.5 
2
y 4.5 982 r 822 82
sin
   csc
  
r 822 82 y 4.5 9
x 0.5  82 r 822
cos
   sec
    82
r 822 82 x 0.5
y 4.5 x 0.5 1
tan
   9 cot
  
x 0.5 y 4.5 9

62. x, y  0.3, 0.4

r  0.32  0.42  0.5
y 0.4 4 r 0.5 5
sin
    0.8 csc
    1.25
r 0.5 5 y 0.4 4
x 0.3 3 r 0.5 5
cos
    0.6 sec
  
1.67
r 0.5 5 x 0.3 3
y 0.4 4 x 0.3 3
tan
  
1.33 cot
    0.75
x 0.3 3 y 0.4 4

63. x, 4x, x > 0

x  x, y  4x
r  x2  4x2  17 x
y 4x 417 r 17 x 17
sin
   csc
  
r 17 x 17 y 4x 4
x x 17 r 17 x
cos
   sec
   17
r 17 x 17 x x
y 4x x x 1
tan
  4 cot
  
x x y 4x 4

6
64. x, y   2x, 3x, x > 0 65. sec
 , tan
< 0 ⇒
is in Quadrant IV.
5
r  2x2  3x2  13x r  6, x  5, y   36  25   11

y 3x 313 y 11

sin
   sin
 
r 13x 13 r 6

x 2x 213 cos


x 5

cos
  
r 13x 13 r 6
y 3x 3 y 11
tan
   tan
 
x 2x 2 x 5

r 13x 13 r 611

csc
   csc
 
y 3x 3 y 11
r 13x 13 6
sec
   sec

x 2x 2 5
x 2x 2 511
cot
   cot
 
y 3x 3 11
426 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

3 3
66. csc
 , cos
< 0 67. sin
 , cos
< 0 ⇒
is in Quadrant II.
2 8

is in Quadrant II. y  3, r  8, x   55

1 2 y 3
sin
  sin
 
csc
3 r 8
5 x 55
cos
  1  sin2
  cos
 
3 r 8
y 3 355
sin
25 tan
  
tan
  x 55 55
cos
5
8
1 35 csc

sec
  3
cos
5
8 855
1 5 sec
  
cot
  55 55
tan
2
55
cot
 
3

5 x 2
68. tan
 , cos
< 0 69. cos
  ⇒ y2  21
4 r 5

is in Quadrant III. sin
> 0 ⇒
is in Quadrant II ⇒ y  21
y 21
sec
  1  tan2
  1  2516   41
4
sin

r

5

1 441 y 21
cos
  tan
 
sec
41 x 2

sin
  1  cos2
  1  4116   5 4141


csc

r

5
y 21

521
21
1 41 r 5 5
csc
  sec
  
sin
5 x 2 2
1 4 x 2 221
cot
  cot
  
tan
5 y 21 21

2 1
70. sin
    , cos
> 0 71.
 264
4 2

  264  180  84

is in Quadrant IV.
y
1
csc
  2
sin

cos
 1  sin2
 1  14  3

2
264°

1 23 θ′
sec
 
cos
3
sin
3
tan
 
cos
3
1
cot
   3
tan

 Review Exercises for Chapter 4 427

6 17 18 
72.
 635  720  85 73.
 74.
  
5 3 3 3

  85 6 4 
  2   6 
y 5 5 3
4  

    
 
5 5 3
635° y y
x

θ′
17π
3
θ′
x x

θ′
6π
−
5

 3  2 7 
 
3
75. sin  76. sin  77. sin   sin  
3 2 4 2 3 3 2
 1  2 7  1
cos
3

2
cos
4

2
cos   3 
 cos 
3 2
  7 
tan
3
 3 tan
4

2
22
1 
tan 
3 
 tan   3
3

5  2
 
2 1
78. sin   sin  79. sin 495  sin 45  80. sin150  
4 4 2 2 2
5  2
 
2 3
cos   cos   cos 495  cos 45   cos150  
4 4 2 2 2
5  tan 495  tan 45  1 12
 
3
tan   tan tan150  
4 4  32 3
2
  1
 22

3 2
81. sin240  sin 60  82. sin315  
2 2
1 2
cos240  cos 60   cos315 
2 2
tan240  tan 60   3  22
tan315   1
22

83. sin 4
0.7568 84. tan 3
0.1425 85. sin3.2
0.0584

12
 5  257 
4.3813
1 1
86. cot4.8 
0.0878 87. sec
3.2361 88. tan
tan4.8 12
cos  
5
428 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

2x
89. y  sin x 90. y  cos x 91. f x  5 sin
5
Amplitude: 1 Amplitude: 1
Amplitude: 5
Period: 2 Period: 2
2
y y Period:  5
25
2 2 y

6
1
4
x x
2
− 3π π −π π 2π
2 2
x
−1
6π
−2
−2 −2

−6

92. f x  8 cos   4x  93. y  2  sin x 94. y  4  cos  x

Shift the graph of y  sin x Amplitude: 1
Amplitude: 8
two units upward.
2
2 Period: 2
Period:  8 y 
14
4 y
y
3
x
8 2 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

−2
x
−π π 2π −3
x −1
4π 8π
−2
−4 −5
−6
−6
−8

5
95. gt  sint   96. gt  3 cost    97. y  a sin bx
2
5 Amplitude: 3 (a) a  2,
Amplitude:
2 Period: 2 2 1
 ⇒ b  528
b 264
Period: 2 y

y 4 y  2 sin528x
3
4 1
3
2
(b) f 
1 1264
t
π
1  264 cycles per second.
t
π
−1 −3
−2 −4
−3
−4

98. (a) St  18.09  1.41 sin 6t  4.60 (b) Period 
2
6
 26  12

22
12 months  1 year, so this is expected.
(c) Amplitude: 1.41
The amplitude represents the maximum change in the time
0 12
of sunset from the average time d  18.09.
14
 Review Exercises for Chapter 4 429


99. f x  tan x 100. f t  tan t   4  101. f x  cot x
y y
y
4 4
3
3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
x x
π t −π π
−π π
2 2

−3
−4


102. gt  2 cot 2t 103. f x  sec x 104. ht  sec t   4 
y Graph y  cos x first. y
3
y
2

1
1
t
−π π t
π
x
−π π
−1
−2
−3
−4


105. f x  csc x 
106. f t  3 csc 2t 
4 
Graph y  sin x first. y

4
3 2

2
t
1 π
x
− 3π π
2 2

−3
−4

107. f x  x cos x 6 108. gx  x 4 cos x 300

Graph y  x and y  x first. Damping factor: x 4

−9 9 −2 2
As x →
, f x →
. As x →
, f x →
.

−6 −300


109. arcsin   21  arcsin 21   6 110. arcsin1  
2
111. arcsin 0.4
0.41 radian

112. arcsin0.213
0.21 radian 113. sin 10.44
0.46 radian 114. sin10.89
1.10 radians


 22  4
3 
115. arccos  116. arccos 117. cos 11  
2 6
430 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

 23  6

118. cos1 119. arccos 0.324
1.24 radians 120. arccos0.888
2.66 radians

121. tan1  1.5
0.98 radian 122. tan18.2
1.45 radians

123. f x  2 arcsin x  2 sin1x 124. y  3 arccos x

␲ 3␲

−1.5 1.5

−1.5 1.5
−␲ 0

125. f x  arctan 2x   tan 2x 

1 126. f x  arcsin 2x
␲
␲ 2
2

−1.5 1.5
−4 4

−␲
−␲ 2
2

127. cosarctan 34   45 128. Let u  arccos 35.

Use a right triangle. Let tanarccos 35   tan u  43

5 5

 arctan 34 then tan
 3
4
3 4

and cos
 45 .
θ u
4 3

129. secarctan 12
5  5
13
130. Let u  arcsin 12
13 . 5

cot    cot u 
12
Use a right triangle. Let
 arctan 5 13 
arcsin  12 5
 12 u
13
then tan
 12 13
5 and sec
 5 .
12

θ −12
13
5

131. Let y  arccos 2x . Then 132. secarcsinx  1

 
4  x 2
 arcsinx  1 ⇒  ≤
≤
cos y 
x
2
and tan y  tan arccos
x
2    
x
.
sin
 x  1
2 2

cos
 12  x  12  x2  x

1
sec

2 x2  x
4 − x2
1
x −1

y
x θ
12 − (x − 1)2
 Review Exercises for Chapter 4 431

70 h
133. tan
 134. tan 21 
30 25
h
h  25 tan 21
9.6 feet

 arctan  
70
30

66.8 21°
25

d1 N
135. sin 48  ⇒ d1
483
650
d1  d2
1217
d2
cos 25  ⇒ d2
734 48°
810 W B
E
25°
48° 65° 810 d4

d d3 650
cos 48  3 ⇒ d3
435 D C
650 A θ
d3  d4
93 d1 d2
d4
sin 25  ⇒ d4
342
810 S

93
tan

⇒

4.4
1217
D
sec 4.4
⇒ D
1217 sec 4.4
1221
1217
The distance is 1221 miles and the bearing is 85.6.

1.5
136. Amplitude:  0.75 inches 137. False. The sine or cosine functions 138. True. The inverse sine,
2
are often useful for modeling y  arcsin x, is defined where
Period: 3 seconds simple harmonic motion. 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and
 
d  a cos bt  ≤ y ≤ .
2 2
a  0.75
2
b
3

d  0.75 cos 23 t

139. False. For each
there 140. False. The range of arctan is 141. y  3 sin x
  
corresponds exactly one
value of y.  2 2 
 , , so arctan1   .
4
Amplitude: 3
Period: 2
Matches graph d

x
142. y  3 sin x matches graph (a). 143. y  2 sin x 144. y  2 sin matches graph (c).
2
Period: 2 Amplitude: 2
Period: 4
Amplitude: 3 Period: 2
Amplitude: 2
Matches graph b

1
145. f 
  sec
is undefined at the zeros of g
  cos
since sec
 .
cos

432 Chapter 4 Trigonometry


146. (a)
 0.1 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.3 
(b) tan  
2
cot 



tan  
2  9.9666 2.3652 1.1872 0.6421 0.2776

cot  9.9666 2.3652 1.1872 0.6421 0.2776

1
147. The ranges for the other four trigonometric functions 148. y
Aekt cos bt
5 et10 cos 6t
are not bounded. For y
tan x and y
cot x, the range 1 1
(a) A is changed from 5 to 3 : The displacement is
is
 ,  . For y
sec x and y
csc x, the range is
increased.

 , 1
1, .
1 1
(b) k is changed from 10 to 3 : The friction damps the
oscillations more rapidly.
(c) b is changed from 6 to 9: The frequency of oscilla-
tion is increased.

1
149. A
2 r 2, s
r
(a) A
2 r 2
0.8
0.4r 2, r > 0
1
(b) A
12
102
50,  > 0
s
r
0.8
0.8r, r > 0 s
10,  > 0
As r increases, the area function increases more rapidly. 30

4 A s
A s

0 3
0
0 6
0

150. Answers will vary.

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

24 3
1. (a) 8:57  6:45
2 hours 12 minutes
132 minutes 2. Gear 1:
360
270
radians
32 2
132 11

revolutions 24
48 4 Gear 2:
360  332.308  5.80 radians
26

114
2
112 radians or 990 Gear 3:
24

360  392.727  6.85 radians
22
(b) s
r
47.25
5.5  816.42 feet
40 5
Gear 4:
360
450
radians
32 2
24
Gear 5:
360  454.737  7.94 radians
19

3000 w  3705
3. (a) sin 39
(c) tan 63

d 3000
3000 3000 tan 63
w  3705
d
 4767 feet
sin 39 w
3000 tan 63  3705  2183 feet
3000
(b) tan 39

x
3000
x
 3705 feet
tan 39
 Problem Solving for Chapter 4 433

4. (a) ABC, ADE, and AFG are all similar triangles since they all have the same angles.
A is part of
all three triangles and
C

E

G
90. Thus,
B

D

F.
(b) Since the triangles are similar, the ratios of corresponding sides are equal.
BC DE FG



AB AD AF
opp BC DE FG
(c) Since the ratios:



sin A it does not matter which triangle is used to calculate sin A.
hyp AB AD AF
Any triangle similar to these three triangles could be used to find sin A. The value of sin A would not change.
(d) Since the values of all six trigonometric functions can be found by taking the ratios of the sides of a right triangle,
similar triangles would yield the same values.

5. (a) h
x
cos2 x 6. Given: f is an even function and g is an odd function.

3 (a) h
x
 f
x2

h
x
 f
x2

−2␲ 2␲

 f
x2 since f is even

−1

h
x

h is even. Thus, h is an even function.

(b) h
x
sin2 x (b) h
x
g
x2

3 h
x
g
x2

g
x2 since g is odd

−2␲ 2␲
g
x2

−1
h
x
h is even. Thus, h is an even function.
Conjecture: The square of either an even function or an
odd function is an even function.

7. If we alter the model so that h
1 when t
0, we can use

either a sine or a cosine model.
8. P
100  20 cos 83t
1 1 (a) 130
a
max  min
101  1
50
2 2
1 1
d
max  min
101  1
51
2 2
0 5
b
8 70

For the cosine model we have: h
51  50 cos
8 t

2 6 3
(b) Period


sec


For the sine model we have: h
51  50 sin 8 t 
2  83 8 4
This is the time between heartbeats.
Notice that we needed the horizontal shift so that the sine
(c) Amplitude: 20
value was one when t
0 .
3 The blood pressure ranges between 100  20
80

Another model would be: h
51  50 sin 8 t 
2  and 100  20
120.

Here we wanted the sine value to be 1 when t
0. 60 secmin

(d) Pulse rate
3
80 beatsmin
4 secbeat

60 15
(e) Period

sec
64 16
60 64 32
64

2b
⇒ b

60
 2
15 
434 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

2 t
9. Physical (23 days): P
sin ,t ≥ 0
23
2 t
Emotional (28 days): E
sin ,t ≥ 0
28
2 t
Intellectual (33 days): I
sin ,t ≥ 0
33
(a) 2

E P I
7300 7380

−2

(b) Number of days since birth until September 1, 2006:

t
365 20  5  11  31  1

20 years  leap years  remaining  August days  day in

July days September
t
7348
2

I
7349 7379
E P

−2

All three drop early in the month, then peak toward the middle of the month, and drop again
toward the latter part of the month.
(c) For September 22, 2006, use t
7369.
P  0.631
E  0.901
I  0.945

10. f
x
2 cos 2x  3 sin 3x 11. (a) Both graphs have a period of 2 and intersect when
x
5.35. They should also intersect when
g
x
2 cos 2x  3 sin 4 x
x
5.35  2
3.35 and x
5.35  2
7.35.
(a) 6
(b) The graphs intersect when x
5.35  3
2
0.65.
g (c) Since 13.35
5.35  4
2 and 4.65
5.35  5
2
−␲ ␲
the graphs will intersect again at these values. Therefore
f f
13.35
g
4.65.
−6

(b) The period of f
x is 2.

The period of g
x is .
(c) h
x
A cos
x  B sin x is periodic since the sine
and cosine functions are periodic.
 Problem Solving for Chapter 4 435

12. (a) f
t  2c
f
t is true since this is a two period 13.
horizontal shift. θ1
θ2

1
 1
  
(b) f t  c
f t is not true.
2 2
2 ft

x d
y


1

f t  c is a horizontal translation of f
t.
2
sin 1
(a)
1.333
1
 
f t is a doubling of the period of f
t.
2
sin 2
sin 1 sin 60
sin 2

 0.6497
(c) f
1
2 1
  

t  c
f t is not true.
2
1.333 1.333
2  40.52
f 1
2  1
 1


t  c
f t  c is a horizontal
2 2 (b) tan 2

x
⇒ x
2 tan 40.52  1.71 feet
2
1
 
translation of f t by half a period.
2 y
tan 1
⇒ y
2 tan 60  3.46 feet
2
For example, sin  12
  2  sin12. (c) d
y  x
3.46  1.71
1.75 feet
(d) As you more closer to the rock, 1 decreases, which
causes y to decrease, which in turn causes d to
decrease.

x3 x5 x7
14. arctan x  x   
3 5 7
(a) 2 (b) 2

−␲ ␲
−␲ ␲
2 2 2 2

−2 −2

The graphs are nearly the same for 1 < x < 1. The accuracy of the approximation improved slightly by
adding the next term
x99.
436 Chapter 4 Trigonometry

Chapter 4 Practice Test

1. Express 350° in radian measure. 2. Express
5
9 in degree measure.

3. Convert 135 14 12 to decimal form. 4. Convert 22.569 to D M S form.

5. If cos   23, use the trigonometric identities to find tan . 6. Find  given sin   0.9063.

7. Solve for x in the figure below. 8. Find the reference angle for  
6
5.

35
20°
x

9. Evaluate csc 3.92. 10. Find sec  given that  lies in Quadrant III and tan   6.

x
11. Graph y  3 sin . 12. Graph y  2 cos
x 
.
2

13. Graph y  tan 2x. 14. Graph y  csc x   4.

15. Graph y  2x  sin x, using a graphing calculator. 16. Graph y  3x cos x, using a graphing calculator.

17. Evaluate arcsin 1. 18. Evaluate arctan
3.

   
4 x
19. Evaluate sin arccos . 20. Write an algebraic expression for cos arcsin .
35 4

For Exercises 21–23, solve the right triangle.

B

c
a

A C
b

21. A  40, c  12 22. B  6.84, a  21.3 23. a  5, b  9

24. A 20-foot ladder leans against the side of a barn. Find the height of the top of the ladder if
the angle of elevation of the ladder is 67°.

25. An observer in a lighthouse 250 feet above sea level spots a ship off the shore. If the
angle of depression to the ship is 5°, how far out is the ship?
 C H A P T E R 5
Analytic Trigonometry

Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas . . . . . . 490

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

C H A P T E R 5
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities

■ You should know the fundamental trigonometric identities.

(a) Reciprocal Identities
1 1
sin u  csc u 
csc u sin u
1 1
cos u  sec u 
sec u cos u
1 sin u 1 cos u
tan u   cot u  
cot u cos u tan u sin u

(b) Pythagorean Identities

sin2 u  cos2 u  1
1  tan2 u  sec2 u
1  cot2 u  csc2 u

(c) Cofunction Identities

 
sin  2
u  cos u cos  2
u  sin u
 
tan  2
u  cot u cot  2
u  tan u
 
sec  2
u  csc u csc  2
u  sec u
(d) EvenOdd Identities
sin

x 
sin x csc

x 
csc x
cos

x  cos x sec

x  sec x
tan

x 
tan x cot

x 
cot x

■ You should be able to use these fundamental identities to find function values.
■ You should be able to convert trigonometric expressions to equivalent forms by using the fundamental identities.

Vocabulary Check
1. tan u 2. cos u 3. cot u
4. csc u 5. cot2 u 6. sec2 u
7. cos u 8. csc u 9. cos u
10.
tan u

438
 Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities 439

3 1 3 3
1. sin x  , cos x 
⇒ x is in Quadrant II. 2. tan x  , cos x 

2 2 3 2
sin x 32 x is in Quadrant III.
tan x   
3

12
1

23 14 
21
cos x  2
sin x 


1 1 3
cot x  


tan x 3 3 1
csc x  
2
1 1 sin x
sec x   
2
cos x
12 1 2 23
sec x  


cos x 3 3
1 1 2 23
csc x     1 3
sin x 32 3 3 cot x    3
tan x 3

2 5 3
3. sec   2, sin  
⇒  is in Quadrant IV. 4. csc   , tan  
2 3 4
1 1 2  is in Quadrant I.
cos    
sec  2 2
1 3
sin 
22 sin   
tan    
1 csc  5
cos  22
sin  3 4 4
1 cos   
tan  5
35
cot   
1
tan 
1 5
1 sec   
csc   
2 cos  4
sin 
1 4
cot   
tan  3

5 13 10
5. tan x  , sec x 
⇒ x is in 6. cot  
3, sin  
12 12 10
Quadrant III.  is in Quadrant II.

1 12 310
cos x  
cos   cot  sin  

sec x 13 10

1
169
144 5 1 1
sin x 
1
cos2 x 

tan   

13 cot  3
1 12 1
cot x   csc    10
tan x 5 sin 
1 13 1 10 10
csc x  
sec   


sin x 5 cos  
3 10 3

3 35 
 2
x  5, cos x  5, x is in Quadrant I.
7. sec   , csc  
⇒  is in Quadrant IV. 3 4
2 5 8. cos

5
1
45
1 1 2
3
sin    
sin x  
csc 
355 3 5
1 1 2 sin x 3 5 3
cos    
sec  32 3 tan x  
cos x 5
44
sin 
53 5
tan    
1 5
cos  23 2 csc x  
sin x 3
1 1 2 25
cot    

1 5
tan 
52
 5 5 sec x  
cos x 4
1 4
cot x  
tan x 3
440 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

1 1 2
9. sin

x 
⇒ sin x  , tan x 
⇒ x is 10. sec x  4, sin x > 0
3 3 4
x is in Quadrant I.
in Quadrant II.
1 1
cos x 
1
sin2 x 
 1

1
9


22
3
cos x  
sec x 4

1
14 15
2
1 1 sin x  
cot x   
22 4
tan x
24
sin x 15 4
sec x 
1

1


32 tan x 
cos x

4
 1  15
cos x
223 4
1 4 415
1 1 csc x   
csc x   3 sin x 15 15
sin x 13
1 1 15
cot x   
tan x 15 15

11. tan   2, sin  < 0 ⇒  is in Quadrant III. 12. csc  
5, cos  < 0

sec  
tan2   1 
4  1 
5  is in Quadrant III.

5
1 1
1 1 sin   

cos   

csc  5
sec  5 5

1

51
26
2
sin  
1
cos2  cos  

5

1
51 
25 
2 5 5 sin 
 1 5 6



tan  
cos 



5 26 12
1 5 1 5 56
csc   
sec   


sin  2 cos  26 12
1 1
cot    1 12
tan  2 cot     26
tan  6

3
13. sin  
1, cot   0 ⇒   14. tan  is undefined, sin  > 0.
2

cos   1
sin2   0 
2
sec  is undefined.
sin 
tan   is undefined ⇒ cos   0
tan  is undefined. cos 
csc  
1 sin   1
02  1
1
csc   1
sin 
1
sec   is undefined.
cos 
cos  0
cot    0
sin  1

1 sin x 1 1
15. sec x cos x  sec x  1 16. tan x csc x 
cos x
 sin x  cos x  sec x
sec x
The expression is matched with (d). Matches (a).

17. cot2 x
csc2 x  cot2 x

1  cot2 x 
1 1

18.
1
cos2 x
csc x 
sin2 x  sin x
sin x
The expression is matched with (b).
Matches
f  .
 Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities 441

sin

x
sin x sin
2
x cos x 1

19.  
tan x 20.   cot x 21. sin x sec x  sin x   tan x
cos

x cos x cos
2
x sin x cos x
The expression is matched with (e). Matches (c). The expression is matched with (b).

22. cos2 x
sec2 x
1  cos2 x
tan2 x 23. sec4 x
tan4 x 
sec2 x  tan2 x
sec2 x
tan2 x

sec2 x  tan2 x
1  sec2 x  tan2 x
cos x
sin2 x
 cos 2 x 2
The expression is matched with
f .
 sin2 x
Matches (c).

cos x 1 1 sec2 x
1 tan2 x sin2 x 1

24. cot x sec x 
sin x
 cos x  sin x  csc x 25. 2
 2
  sin2 x  sec2 x
sin x sin x cos2 x
Matches (a). The expression is matched with (e).

cos2
2
x sin2 x sin x cos  1 1

26.   sin x  tan x sin x 27. cot  sec  
sin 
 cos   sin   csc 
cos x cos x cos x
Matches (d).

sin  1
28. cos  tan   cos   sin  29. sin 
csc 
sin  
sin 
sin2 
cos  sin 
 1
sin2   cos2 

cot x cos xsin x

30. sec2 x
1
sin2 x  sec2 x
sec2 x sin2 x 31. 
csc x 1sin x
1
 sec2 x
 sin2 x cos x sin x
cos2 x 
sin x
 1
sin2 x
 sec2 x
 cos x
cos2 x
 sec2 x
tan2 x
1

csc  1
sin  cos  1
sin2 x cos2 x sin2 x

32.    cot  33.   cos2 x tan2 x 
cos2 x 2
sec  1
cos  sin  csc x
1
2 2
cot x cos x
 sin2 x

1 1 1 sin 1
34.    cos2 x 35. sec 
sin  cot
tan2 x  1 sec2 x 1
cos2 x tan cos
cos
 
1

sin  1
cos sin

tan2  sin2  
 2
x sec x 
sin x
sec x
1
36. 
sec  cos2 
2  sec2  37. cos

sin2  sin2  cos2 

cos x  cos x  tan x
1 1 sin x

cos2 
 1
cos2   cos2 
 sin2  
sin x
442 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

 1
sin2 y
 2
x cos x  tan x cos x  cos x  cos x  sin x
sin x cos2 y
38. cot 39. 
1
sin y 1
sin y

1  sin y
1
sin y
  1  sin y
1
sin y

cos t 1
40.
cos t
1  tan2 t 
cos t
sec2 t    sec t
cos2 t cos t

sin  1 sin 
41. sin  tan   cos  
sin   cos  42. csc  tan   sec    cos   sec 
cos  sin 
sin2  cos2  1
    sec 
cos  cos  cos 
sin2   cos2   2 sec 

cos 
1

cos 
 sec 

cos u sin u sin  cos 

43. cot u sin u  tan u cos u 
sin u 
cos u 44. sin  sec   cos  csc   
sin u cos u cos  sin 
 cos u  sin u sin2   cos2 

cos  sin 
1

cos  sin 
 sec  csc 

45. tan2 x
tan2 x sin2 x  tan2 x
1
sin2 x 46. sin2 x csc2 x
sin2 x  sin2 x
csc2 x
1

 tan2 x cos2 x  sin2 x cot2 x

cos2 x
sin2 x  sin2 x 

cos2 x
 cos2 x sin2 x

 sin2 x  cos2 x

47. sin2 x sec2 x
sin2 x  sin2 x
sec2 x
1 48. cos2 x  cos2 x tan2 x  cos2 x
1  tan2 x
 sin2 x tan2 x  cos2 x
sec2 x

 cos2 x cos1 x
2

1

sec2 x
1
sec x  1
sec x
1 cos2 x
4
cos x  2
cos x
2

49.  50. 
sec x
1 sec x
1 cos x
2 cos x
2
 sec x  1  cos x  2

51. tan4 x  2 tan2 x  1 
tan2 x  12 52. 1
2 cos2 x  cos4 x 
1
cos2 x2


sec2 x2 
sin2 x2

 sin4 x
 sec4 x
 Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities 443

53. sin4 x
cos4 x 
sin2 x  cos2 x
sin2 x
cos2 x 54. sec4 x
tan4 x 
sec2 x  tan2 x
sec2 x
tan2 x

1
sin2 x
cos2 x 
sec2 x  tan2 x
1
 sin2 x
cos2 x  sec2 x  tan2 x

55. csc3 x
csc2 x
csc x  1  csc2 x
csc x
1
1
csc x
1


csc2 x
1
csc x
1
 cot2 x
csc x
1

56. sec3 x
sec2 x
sec x  1  sec2 x
sec x
1

sec x
1


sec2 x
1
sec x
1
 tan2 x
sec x
1

57.
sin x  cos x2  sin2 x  2 sin x cos x  cos2 x 58.
cot x  csc x
cot x
csc x  cot2 x
csc2 x

sin2 x  cos2 x  2 sin x cos x 
1
 1  2 sin x cos x

59.
2 csc x  2
2 csc x
2  4 csc2 x
4 60.
3
3 sin x
3  3 sin x  9
9 sin2 x
 4
csc2 x
1  9
1
sin2 x
 4 cot2 x  9 cos2 x

1 1 1
cos x  1  cos x 1 1 sec x
1

sec x  1

61.   62.

1  cos x 1
cos x
1  cos x
1
cos x sec x  1 sec x
1
sec x  1
sec x
1
2 sec x
1
sec x
1
 
1
cos2 x sec2 x
1
2
2
 
sin2 x tan2 x

tan x
 2 csc2 x 1

2 2


2 cot2 x

cos x 1  sin x cos2 x 
1  sin x2 cos2 x  1  2 sin x  sin2 x

63.   
1  sin x cos x cos x
1  sin x cos x
1  sin x
2  2 sin x

cos x
1  sin x
2
1  sin x

cos x
1  sin x

2

cos x
 2 sec x

sec2 x tan2 x
sec2 x sin2 y 1
cos2 y

64. tan x
 65. 
tan x tan x 1
cos y 1
cos y

1
1  cos y
1
cos y
 
cot x   1  cos y
tan x 1
cos y
444 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

5 tan x
sec x 5
tan x
sec x sec x  tan x 3
sec x  tan x

66.
tan x  sec x
 tan x
sec x  tan2 x
sec2 x
67. 3
 sec x  tan x 
sec x
tan x sec2 x
tan2 x
5
tan x
sec x 3
sec x  tan x
 

1 1
 5
sec x
tan x  3
sec x  tan x

tan2 x csc x
1 tan2 x
csc x
1 tan2 x
csc x
1

68.
csc x  1
 csc x
1  csc x
1
2

cot2 x
 tan2 x
csc x
1 tan2 x  tan4 x
csc x
1


69. y1  cos  2
x, y 2  sin x 1

x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

␲
y1 0.1987 0.3894 0.5646 0.7174 0.8415 0.9320 0.9854 0
2
0

y2 0.1987 0.3894 0.5646 0.7174 0.8415 0.9320 0.9854 Conclusion: y1  y2

70. y1  sec x
cos x, y2  sin x tan x 6

x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

y1 0.0403 0.1646 0.3863 0.7386 1.3105 2.3973 5.7135 0 ␲

2
0
y2 0.0403 0.1646 0.3863 0.7386 1.3105 2.3973 5.7135
It appears that y1  y2.

cos x 1  sin x 12
71. y1  , y 
1
sin x 2 cos x

x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

0 ␲
2
1
y1 1.2230 1.5085 1.8958 2.4650 3.4082 5.3319 11.6814
y2 1.2230 1.5085 1.8958 2.4650 3.4082 5.3319 11.6814 Conclusion: y1  y2

72. y1  sec4 x
sec2 x, y2  tan2 x  tan4 x 1200

x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

y1 0.0428 0.2107 0.6871 2.1841 8.3087 50.3869 1163.6143 ␲

0
2
0
y2 0.0428 0.2107 0.6871 2.1841 8.3087 50.3869 1163.6143
It appears that y1  y2.

73. y1  cos x cot x  sin x  csc x 4

cos x cot x  sin x  cos x cos

sin x 
x
 sin x −2 2

cos2 x sin2 x
  −4
sin x sin x
cos2 x  sin2 x 1
   csc x
sin x sin x
 Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities 445

74. y1  sec x csc x
tan x  cot x 6

1 1 sin x
sec x csc x
tan x 
cos x
 sin x
cos x − 2 2

1 sin2 x

−6
cos x sin x cos x sin x
1
sin2 x

cos x sin x
cos2 x cos x
   cot x
cos x sin x sin x

75. y1 
1

1
sin x cos x 

cos x  tan x 5

1
1
sin x cos x

cos x   1
sin x cos x


cos x
sin x
− 2 2

1
cos2 x sin2 x sin x

    tan x −5
sin x cos x sin x cos x cos x

1 1  sin  cos 
76. y1  
2 cos 

1  sin   4

1 1  sin  cos  1
1  sin 
1  sin 
cos 
cos 


2 cos 

1  sin 
  
2
cos 
1  sin 


cos 
1  sin   − 2 2

1 1  2 sin   sin2   cos2 


2
cos 
1  sin   −4

1 1  2 sin   1
 
2
cos 
1  sin  
2  2 sin 
 
1

2
cos 
1  sin 
1  sin  1
   sec 

cos 
1  sin  cos 

77. Let x  3 cos , then

9
x2  9

3 cos 2  9
9 cos2   9
1
cos2 

 9 sin2   3 sin .

78. Let x  2 cos . 79. Let x  3 sec , then

64
16x2  64
16
2 cos  2 x2
9  
3 sec 2
9

 64
1
cos2    9 sec2 
9

 64 sin2   9
sec2 
1

 8 sin   9 tan2 
 3 tan .
446 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

80. Let x  2 sec . 81. Let x  5 tan , then

x
4  
2 sec 
4
2 2 x2  25  
5 tan 2  25

 4
sec2 
1  25 tan2   25

 4 tan2   25
tan2   1
 2 tan   25 sec2 
 5 sec .

82. Let x  10 tan . 83. Let x  3 sin , then 9
x2  3 becomes

x2  100  
10 tan 2  100 9

3 sin 2  3

 100
tan2   1 9
9 sin2   3

 100 sec2  9
1
sin2   3

 10 sec  9 cos2   3

3 cos   3
cos   1
sin   1
cos2   1

12  0.

84. x  6 sin  85. Let x  2 cos , then 16
4x2  22 becomes
3  36
x2 16
4
2 cos 2  22

 36

6 sin  2 16
16 cos2   22

 36
1
sin2   16
1
cos2   22

 36 cos2  16 sin2   22

 6 cos  4 sin   22

3 1 2
cos    sin  
6 2 2
sin   ± 1
cos2  cos   1
sin2 

1
12 1
21
2
± 

 ± 
3 1
4 2
3 2
±  .
2 2

86. x  10 cos  87. sin   1
cos2 

53  100
x2 Let y1  sin x and y2  1
cos2 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
 100

10 cos  2 y1  y2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ , so we have
 100
1
cos2   sin   1
cos2  for 0 ≤  ≤ .
 100 sin2  2

 10 sin  y2

0 2
53 3
sin  

y1
10 2
−2

1

2 
2
3 1
cos   1
sin  2 
2
 Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities 447

88. cos  
1
sin2  89. sec   1  tan2 

2 1
Let y1  and y2  1  tan2 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
cos x
2
0
 3
y1  y2 for 0 ≤ x < and < x ≤ 2, so we have
2 2
−2
 3
sec   1  tan2  for 0 ≤  < and <  < 2.
 3 2 2
≤  ≤
2 2
4

y2
0 2

y1

−4

90. csc   1  cot2 

91. ln cos x
ln sin x  ln cos x  ln cot x
sin x
2

0 <  < 
0 2

−2

92. ln sec x  ln sin x  ln sec x sin x 93. ln cot t  ln
1  tan2 t  ln cot t
1  tan2 t

 ln
1
 sin x

 ln cot t sec2 t

cos x
cos t 1
 ln  cos2 t

 ln tan x sin t

 ln
1
sin t cos t
 ln csc t sec t

94. ln
cos2 t  ln
1  tan2 t  lncos2 t
1  tan2 t 95. (a) csc2 132

cot2 132

1.8107
0.8107  1
 lncos2 t sec2 t 2 2
(b) csc2
cot2
1.6360
0.6360  1
7 7

 ln cos2 t 
1
cos2 t 
 ln
1  0


96. tan2   1  sec2  97. cos  2
  sin 
(a)   346

(a)   80

tan 346
  1
1.0622
2
cos
90

80
  sin 80

 
2
1

sec 346
 
2
1.0622 0.9848  0.9848
cos 346

(b)   0.8
(b)   3.1


tan 3.12  1
1.00173 cos  2
0.8  sin 0.8
cos 3.1
1 2

sec 3.12 
1.00173 0.7174  0.7174
448 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

98. sin

 
sin  99. W cos   W sin 

(a)   250
W sin 
  tan 
W cos 
sin

250

0.9397


sin 250

0.9397
1
(b) 
2

 2

0.4794
1
sin

 
1

sin

0.4794
2

101. True. For example, sin

x 
sin x means that the

100. csc x cot x
cos x  
1 cos x
sin x sin x 

cos x
graph of sin x is symmetric about the origin.
cos x

cos x
sin2 x
cos x
sin2 x cos x

sin2 x
cos x
1
sin2 x

sin2 x
cos x cos2 x
  cos x cot2 x
sin2 x



102. False. A cofunction identity can be used to transform 103. As x → , sin x → 1 and csc x → 1.
2
a tangent function so that it can be represented by a
cotangent function.

1 

104. As x → 0, cos x → 1 and sec x  → 1. 105. As x → , tan x → and cot x → 0.
cos x 2

1
106. As x → , sin x → 0 and csc x  →
. 107. cos   1
sin2  is not an identity.
sin x
cos2   sin2   1 ⇒ cos   ± 1
sin2 

sin k
108. The equation is not an identity. 109.  tan  is not an identity.
cos k
cot   ± csc2 
1
sin k
 tan k
cos k

110. The equation is not an identity. 111. sin  csc   1 is an identity.

1

1 1
5 cos  5 cos  1

 sec   5 sec 
5
sin 
1
 sin   1, provided sin   0.

112. The equation is not an identity. The angles are not the same.
1 sin 
sin  csc   sin   sin   sin   1, in general
 Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities 449

113. Let
x, y be any point on the terminal side of . 114. Divide both sides of sin2   cos2   1 by cos2  :
Then, r  x2  y2 and sin 2  cos 2  1
 
cos  cos 2  cos 2 
2

yr  xr
2 2
sin2   cos2   tan2   1  sec2 

y2  x2 Divide both sides of sin2   cos2   1 by sin2  :


r2 sin 2  cos 2  1
 
r2 sin 2  sin 2  sin 2 

r2 1  cot2   csc2 
 1. Discussion for remembering identities will vary, but one
key is first to learn the identities that concern the sine
and cosine functions thoroughly, and then to use these as
a basis to establish the other identities when necessary.

115.
x  5
x
5 
x 

52  x
25 116.
2z  32 
2z   2
2z 
3 
32
2 2

 4z  12z  9

1 x
x
8  x
x  5 6x 3 6x 3
117.   118.
 
x5 x
8
x  5
x
8 x
4 4
x x
4 x
4
x2  6x
8 6x  3
 

x  5
x
8 x
4
3
2x  1

x
4

2x 7 2x
x  4
7
x2
4 x x2 x x2
x  5

119.
 120.   
x2
4 x  4
x2
4
x  4 x2
25 x
5
x
5
x  5
x
5
x  5
2x2  8x
7x2  28 x  x3  5x2
 

x2
4
x  4
x
5
x  5

5x2  8x  28 x
1  x2  5x
 

x2
4
x  4
x
5
x  5
x
x2  5x  1

x2
25

2x
y
1 122. f
x 
2 tan
121. f
x  sin
x y
2 3
2

1 Amplitude: 2
Amplitude: 1
2 
Period: 2 −3 −1
x

2 x 2 −1
1 3

Period: 2 1 3
 Two consecutive vertical −2
−1
asymptotes: x 
1, x  1 −3

Key points: −2

Key points: 
21, 2,
0, 0, 12, 2

 
1 1
2 2
3 1


0, 0, , ,
1, 0, ,
,
2, 0
2 2 
450 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry


1


y
123. f x  sec x 
2 4 4
3

Sketch the graph of y 
1
2

cos x 
4 
first. 2
1
x
1 π 3π 2π
Amplitude: 2 2
2 −2
−3
Period: 2 −4

 
One cycle: x   0 ⇒ x 

4 4
 7
x  2 ⇒ x 
4 4
 
The x-intercepts of y 
1
2

cos x 
4  1
correspond to the vertical asymptotes of f x  sec x 
2 4

. 
 5
x ,x , . . .
4 4

3 y
124. f x  cosx
  3
2 5
4
3 3
Using y  a cos bx, a  so the amplitude is . 3
2 2
1
2
b  1 so the period is  2. −π π 2π
x
1 −1
−2
x
 shifts the graph right by  and 3 shifts the graph upward by 3. −3

Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities

■ You should know the difference between an expression, a conditional equation, and an identity.
■ You should be able to solve trigonometric identities, using the following techniques.
(a) Work with one side at a time. Do not “cross” the equal sign.
(b) Use algebraic techniques such as combining fractions, factoring expressions, rationalizing denominators, and squaring
binomials.
(c) Use the fundamental identities.
(d) Convert all the terms into sines and cosines.

Vocabulary Check
1. identity 2. conditional equation
3. tan u 4. cot u
5. cos2 u 6. sin u
7.
csc u 8. sec u

sin t  1
cos1 y cos y  1

1
1. sin t csc t  sin t 2. sec y cos y 

3. 1  sin 1
sin   1
sin2   cos2  4. cot2 ysec2 y
1  cot2 y tan2 y  1

 Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities 451

5. cos2 
sin2   1
sin2 
sin2  6. cos2 
sin2   cos2 
1
cos2 

 1
2 sin2   2 cos2 
1

cos x
sin x
7. sin2 
sin4   sin2 1
sin2  8. cos x  sin x tan x  cos x  sin x
 1
cos2 cos2 
cos2 x  sin2 x

 cos2 
cos4  cos x
1

cos x
 sec x

csc2 


1 cot3 t cot t cot2 t
9.  csc2  10. 
cot  cot  csc t csc t
 csc2  tan  cot tcsc2 t
1

sin  csc t

sin1 
cos
2  cos t
csc2 t
1
sin t

sin1 
cos1  
1
sin t
 csc  sec 
cos t sin t
 csc2 t
1
sin t
 cos tcsc2 t
1

cot2 t cos2 t 1 1  tan2 

11.
csc t

sin2 t
 sin t 12.
tan 
 tan  
tan 
cos2 t sec2 
 
sin t tan 

1
sin2 t 1 sin2 t
 

sin t sin t sin t
 csc t
sin t

13. sin12 x cos x
sin52 x cos x  sin12 x cos x1
sin2 x  sin12 x cos x  cos2 x  cos3 xsin x

14. sec6 xsec x tan x
sec4 xsec x tan x  sec4 xsec x tan xsec2 x
1
 sec4 xsec x tan x tan2 x
 sec5 x tan3 x

1 cos x sec 
1 sec 
1 sec 

15.  cos x cot x  cos x  16.   sec 
sec x tan x sin x 1
cos  1
1sec 
cos2 x sec sec 
1
 
sin x sec 
1
1
sin2 x  sec 

sin x
1

sin x
sin x
 csc x
sin x
452 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

1 sin2 x 1
17. csc x
sin x 
18. sec x
cos x 
cos x
sin x sin x cos x
1
sin2 x 1
cos2 x
 
sin x cos x
cos2 x sin2 x
 
sin x cos x
cos x cos x sin x

1
 sin x  sin x 
cos x
 cos x cot x  sin x tan x

1 1 cot x  tan x 1 1 csc x
sin x

19.   20.

tan x cot x tan x cot x sin x csc x sin x csc x

cot x  tan x csc x
sin x

 
1 1
 tan x  cot x  csc x
sin x

cos  cot  cos  cot 
1
sin  1  sin  cos  1  sin 2  cos2 
21.
1 22.  
1
sin  1
sin  cos  1  sin  cos 1  sin 
cos  1  2 sin   sin2   cos2 
cos 

sin 

1  sin 
sin 

cos 1  sin 

1
sin 
 sin 
2  2 sin 

cos2 
sin   sin2  cos 1  sin 

sin 1
sin  21  sin 

1
sin  cos 1  sin 

sin 1
sin  2

1 cos 

sin   2 sec 
 csc 

1 1 csc x  1  sin x  1 cos x cos x1
tan x
cos x

23.   24. cos x

sin x  1 csc x  1 sin x  1csc x  1 1
tan x 1
tan x
sin x  csc x  2
cos x tan x
 
sin x csc x  sin x  csc x  1 1
tan x
sin x  csc x  2
cos xsin xcos x cos x

1  sin x  csc x  1

1
sin xcos x
 cos x
sin x  csc x  2
sin x cos x
 
sin x  csc x  2 cos x
sin x
1 sin x cos x

sin x
cos x

cos2
x csc
x 1sin
x

25. tan
2
 tan   cot  tan  26.
sin2
x

sin x
cos x
 tan x 27. 
sec
x 1cos
x
cos
x

tan1  tan  
sin
x
1 cos x


sin x

cot x
 Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities 453

tan x cot x 1
28. 1  sin y1  sin
y  1  sin y1
sin y 29.   sec x
cos x cos x
 1
sin2 y
 cos2 y

1 1 1 1
 
tan x  tan y cot x cot y cot x cot y tan x  cot y cot x tan y cot x tan y
30.
1
tan x tan y

1 1
 cot x cot y
31.   cot x tan y
tan x cot y 1 1
1

cot x cot y

cot x tan y
cot y  cot x  tan y  cot x

cot x cot y
1

cos x
cos y sin x
sin y cos x
cos ycos x  cos y  sin x
sin ysin x  sin y
32.  
sin x  sin y cos x  cos y sin x  sin ycos x  cos y
cos2 x
cos2 y  sin2 x
sin2 y

sin x  sin ycos x  cos y
cos2 x  sin2 x
cos2 y  sin2 y

sin x  sin ycos x  cos y
0

33. 11 
sin

sin  1
sin  1  sin 


1  sin  1  sin 
 34. 11
 cos
cos  1  cos  1
cos 


1
cos  1
cos 


11 
sin 
11

cos 
2 2
 
sin  2
cos  2

1 cossin  1
sincos 

2 2
 2
 2

1  sin  1
cos 
 
cos  sin 

35. cos2   cos2
2
  cos 2
  sin2   1 36. sec2 y
cot2
2
y  sec 2 y
tan2 y  1

37. sin t csc
2
t  sin t sec t  sin t
cos1 t 38. sec2


2
x
1  csc 2 x
1  cot2 x

sin t
  tan t
cos t
5
39. (a) (b)

−5 5

−5
Identity
2 2sin x2
Let y1 

sin x2
cos x2
cos x2 cos x2
and y2  1.

Identity
—CONTINUED—
454 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

39. —CONTINUED—
(c) 2 sec2 x
2 sec2 x sin2 x
sin2 x
cos2 x  2 sec2 x1
sin2 x
sin2 x  cos2 x
 2 sec2 xcos2 x
1
1
2  cos2 x
1
cos2 x
2
1
1

40. (a) 3 (b)

−2␲ 2␲

−1
Identity
Identity
sin x
cos x cos x
(c) csc xcsc x
sin x   cot x  csc2 x
csc x sin x  1
 cot x
sin x sin x
 csc2 x
1  1
cot x  cot x
 csc2 x

41. (a) 5 (b)

y2

y1
−2␲ 2␲

−1
Not an identity

Let y1  2  cos x2
3cos x4 and (c) 2  cos2 x
3 cos4 x  1
cos2 x2  3 cos2 x

y2  sin x23  2cos x2.  sin2 x2  3 cos2 x

Not an identity sin2 x3  2 cos2 x

42. (a) 5 (b)

−␲ ␲

−5
Not an identity
Not an identity
sin4 x sin2 x
(c) tan4 x  tan2 x
3  4 
3
cos x cos2 x


1


sin4 x
cos x cos2 x
2 
 sin2 x
3

sin4 x  sin2 x cos2 x


1
cos2 x
cos2 x 
3


1


sin2 x
cos x cos2 x
2 
sin2 x  cos2 x
3


1

sin2 x
cos2 x cos2 x
 1
3

 sec2 x tan2 x
3
sec2 x 4 tan2 x
3
 Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities 455

43. (a) 5 44. (a) 1

−2␲ 2␲

−2␲ 2␲

−1 −1

1 2 1 Identity
Let y1 
 1 and y2  .
sin x4 sin x2 tan x4
(b)
Identity
(b)

Identity
(c) sin4 
2 sin2   1 cos   sin2 
12 cos 
Identity  
cos2 2 cos 
(c) csc4 x
2 csc2 x  1  csc2 x
12  cos5 
 cot2 x 
2 cot4 x

45. (a) 3 46. (a) 3

y2 y1 −2␲ 2␲
−2␲ 2␲

−3 −5

cos x 1
sin x Not an identity

Let y1  and y2  .
1
sin x cos x (b)
Not an identity
(b)

Not an identity
cot  csc   1
(c) is the reciprocal of .
Not an identity csc   1 cot 

cos x cos x 1  sin x They will only be equivalent at isolated points in their
(c) 
1
sin x 1
sin x
 1  sin x respective domains. Hence, not an identity.

cos x1  sin x


1
sin2 x
cos x1  sin x 1  sin x
 
cos2 x cos x

cos cos x  cos x

2 4
sin x sin x 1
47. tan3 x sec2 x
tan3 x  tan3 x sec2 x
1 48. tan2 x  tan4 x sec 2 x  2 4 2
x
 tan3 x tan2 x
 tan5 x

1
4
cos x

sin2 x 
sin4 x
cos2 x 
sin2 x cos2 x  sin4 x

1
4
cos x
cos2 x 
sin2 xcos2 x  sin2 x 

1
4
cos x
cos2 x 

1


sin2 x
cos x cos2 x
4  1  sec4 x  tan2 x
456 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

49. sin2 x
sin4 x cos x  sin2 x 1
sin2 x  cos x 50. sin4 x  cos4 x  sin2 x sin2 x  cos 4 x
 sin2 x cos2 x cos x  1
cos2 x 1
cos2 x   cos 4 x
 sin2 x cos3 x  1
2 cos2 x  cos4 x  cos 4 x
 1
2 cos2 x  2 cos4 x

51. sin2 25
 sin2 65
 sin2 25
 cos290

65
 52. cos2 55
 cos2 35
 cos2 55
 sin290

35

 sin2 25
 cos2 25
 cos2 55
 sin2 55

1 1

53. cos2 20
 cos2 52
 cos2 38
 cos2 70
 cos2 20
 cos2 52
 sin290

38
  sin290

70

 cos2 20
 cos2 52
 sin2 52
 sin2 20

 cos2 20
 sin2 20
  cos2 52
 sin2 52


11
2

54. sin2 12
 sin2 40
 sin2 50
 sin2 78
 sin2 12
 sin2 78
 sin2 40
 sin2 50

 cos290

12
  sin2 78
 cos290

40
  sin2 50

 cos2 78
 sin2 78
 cos2 50
 sin2 50

112

1 cos x
55. cos x
csc x cot x  cos x

sin x sin x


1
 cos x 1

sin2 x

 cos x1
csc2 x


cos xcsc2 x
1

cos x cot2 x

h sin90

 h cos 
56. (a)   h cot  (c) Greatest: 10
, Least: 90

sin  sin 
(d) Noon
(b)
 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

s 28.36 13.74 8.66 5.96 4.20 2.89 1.82 0.88 0

57. False. For the equation to be an identity, 58. True. An identity is an equation that is true for all
it must be true for all values of  in the domain. real values in the domain of the variable.

59. Since sin2   1
cos2 , then sin   ± 1
cos2 ; 60. tan   sec2 
1
sin  1
cos2  if  lies in Quadrant III or IV. One True identity: tan   ± sec2 
1
7 tan   sec2 
1 is not true for 2 <  <  or
such angle is   .
4 32 <  < 2. Thus, the equation is not true for
  34.
 Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities 457

61. 2  3i

26  2  3i
26i 62. 2
5i2  2
5i2
5i

 2  3
26 i  4
20i  25i2
 4
20i
25

21
20i

63. 
16 1  
4  4i1  2i 64. 3  2i3  3  2i3  2i3  2i
 4i  8i2  9  12i  4i23  2i
 4i
8  5  12i3  2i

8  4i  15  10i  36i  24i2

9  46i

65. x2  6x
12  0 66. x2  5x
7  0
a  1, b  6, c 
12 a  1, b  5, c 
7

6 ± 62
41
12
5 ± 52  417
x x
21 21

6 ± 36  48
5 ± 53
 x
2 2

6 ± 84

2

6 ± 221

2

3 ± 21

67. 3x2
6x
12  0 68. 8x2
4x
3  0

3x2
2x
4  0 a  8, b 
4, c 
3
x2
2x
4  0

4 ± 
42  483
x
28
a  1, b 
2, c 
4
4 ± 112


2 ± 
22
41
4 
x 16
21
4 ± 47
2 ± 4  16 x
 16
2
1

2 ± 20 x
4
1 ± 7 
2
2 ± 25

2
 1 ± 5
458 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations

■ You should be able to identify and solve trigonometric equations.

■ A trigonometric equation is a conditional equation. It is true for a specific set of values.
■ To solve trigonometric equations, use algebraic techniques such as collecting like terms, extracting square roots, factoring,
squaring, converting to quadratic type, using formulas, and using inverse functions. Study the examples in this section.

Vocabulary Check
1. general 2. quadratic 3. extraneous

1. 2 cos x  1
0 2. sec x  2
0

 


1
(a) 2 cos 1
2 1
0 (a) x

3 2 3
 1
5 2
2


1 sec
(b) 2 cos 1
2 1
0 3 cos3
3 2
1

2
22
0
12
5
(b) x

3
5 1
sec 2
2
3 cos53
1

2
22
0
12

3. 3 tan2 2x  1
0 4. 2 cos2 4x  1
0

  

12
2
(a) 3 tan 2  1
3 tan2 1 (a) x

6 16
 

 1 
161
2 cos
2
1

3 2 cos2 4 2 1
3 4
2

2
2

0
2 1
5 5


2
(b) 3 tan 2  1
3 tan2 1

2  1
1  1
0
12 6 1

2

 1
1 2

3  3
3
(b) x

16

0
3 3

16   1
2 cos
2 cos2 4 2
4
1

2

2 
2

2  1

2  1
0
1

2
 Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations 459

5. 2 sin2 x  sin x  1
0 6. csc4 x  4 csc2 x
0

  
(a) 2 sin2  sin  1
212  1  1 (a) x

2 2 6

0   1 4
csc4  4 csc2
4 
6 6 sin 6 sin26
7 7

 
 2   1
1 2 1
(b) 2 sin2  sin 1
2 
6 6 2 1 4


124 122
1 1

 1
16  16
0
2 2

0 5
(b) x

6
5 5 1 4
csc4  4 csc
4 
6 6 sin 56 sin256
1 4


124 122

16  16
0

7. 2 cos x  1
0 8. 2 sin x  1
0 9. 3 csc x  2
0

2 cos x
1 1 3 csc x
2
sin x

2
1 2
cos x
 7 csc x

2 x
 2n 3
6
2 
x
 2n 11 x
 2n
3 or x
 2n 3
6
4 2
or x
 2n or x
 2n
3 3

10. tan x  3
0 11. 3 sec2 x  4
0 12. 3 cot2 x  1
0

tan x
 3 sec2 x

4 1
3 cot2 x

3
2
x
 n 2
3 sec x
± 1
3 cot x
±
3

x
 n 
6 x
 n
3
5
or x
 n 2
6 or x
 n
3

13. sin xsin x  1
0 14. 3 tan2 x  1tan2 x  3
0

sin x
0 or sin x
1 3 tan2 x  1
0 or tan2 x  3
0
3 1 tan x
± 3
x
n x
 2n tan x
±
2 3

x
 n
 3
x
 n
6 2
or x
 n
5 3
or x
 n
6
460 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

15. 4 cos 2 x  1
0 16. sin2 x
3 cos2 x

1 sin2 x  31  sin2 x
0
cos2 x

4
4 sin2 x
3
1
cos2 x
± 3
2 sin x
±
2
 2
x
 n or x
 n  2
3 3 x
 n or x
 n
3 3

17. 2 sin2 2x
1 18. tan2 3x
3

1 2 tan 3x
± 3
sin 2x
±
±
2 2
  n
3x
 n ⇒ x

 3 3 9 3
2x
 2n, 2x
 2n,
4 4
or
5 7
2x
 2n, 2x
 2n 2 2 n
4 4 3x
 n ⇒ x

3 9 3
 3 5 7
Thus, x
 n ,  n,  n,  n.
8 8 8 8
We can combine these as follows:
 n 3 n
x
 ,x

8 2 8 2

19. tan 3xtan x  1
0 20. cos 2x2 cos x  1
0

tan 3x
0 or tan x  1
0 cos 2x
0 or 2 cos x  1
0
3x
n tan x
1  1
2x
 n cos x

n  2 2
x
x
 n
3 4
 n 2
x
 x
 2n
4 2 3
4
or x
 2n
3

21. cos3 x
cos x 22. sec2 x  1
0

cos3 x  cos x
0 sec2 x
1
cos xcos x  1
0
2
sec x
± 1
cos x
0, 3 or cos2 x  1
0
x
0 or x

 3
x
, or 2  1cos x
± 1
2 2
cos x
0, 3 or cos2  1x
0, 

23. 3 tan3 x  tan x
0

tan x3 tan2 x  1
0

tan x
0,  or 3 tan2 x  1
0
3
tan x
0,  or 32  1tan x
±
3
 5 7 11
tan x
0,  or 32  1tan x
, , ,
6 6 6 6
 Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations 461

24. 2 sin2 x
2  cos x 25. sec2 x  sec x  2
0

2  2 cos2 x
2  cos x sec x  2sec x  1
0
2 cos2 x  cos x
0 sec x  2
0 or sec x  1
0
cos x2 cos x  1
0 sec x
2 sec x
1
cos x
0 or 2 cos x  1
0
 5
x
, x

 3 3 3
x
, 2 cos x
1
2 2
1
cos x

2
2 4
x
,
3 3

26. sec x csc x
2 csc x 27. 2 sin x  csc x
0

sec x csc x  2 csc x
0 1
2 sin x 
0
csc xsec x  2
0 sin x

csc x
0 or sec x  2
0 2 sin2 x  1
0

No solution sec x
2 1
sin2 x
 ⇒ No solution
2
 5
x
,
3 3

28. sec x  tan x
1 29. 2 cos2 x  cos x  1
0

1 sin x 2 cos x  1cos x  1
0

1
cos x cos x
2 cos x  1
0 or cos x  1
0
1  sin x
cos x
1
cos x
cos x
1
1  sin x2
cos2 x 2
1  2 sin x  sin2 x
cos2 x  5
x
, x

3 3
1  2 sin x  sin2 x
1 sin2 x
2 sin2 x  2 sin x
0
2 sin xsin x  1
0
sin x
0 or sin x  1
0
x
0,  sin x
1
3
 is extraneous. x

2

32 is extraneous.
x
0 is the only solution.

30. 2 sin2 x  3 sin x  1
0 31. 2 sec2 x  tan2 x  3
0

2 sin x  1sin x  1
0 2tan2 x  1  tan2 x  3
0
2 sin x  1
0 or sin x  1
0 3 tan2 x  1
0
1 sin x
1 3
sin x
 tan x
±
2 3 3
x

7 11 2  5 7 11
x
, x
, , ,
6 6 6 6 6 6
462 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

32. cos x  sin x tan x
2 33. csc x  cot x
1

csc x  cot x2
12

cos x
2
sin x
cos x  sin x
csc2 x  2 csc x cot x  cot2 x
1
cos2 x  sin2 x

2 cot2 x  1  2 csc x cot x  cot2 x
1
cos x
1 2 cot2 x  2 csc x cot x
0

2
cos x 2 cot xcot x  csc x
0
1 2 cot x
0 or cot x  csc x
0
cos x

2
 3 cos x


1
 5 x
, sin x sin x
x
, 2 2
3 3
cos x
1
x


By checking in the original equation, we find that x


and x
32 are extraneous. The only solution to the
equation in the interval 0, 2 is x
2.

1
34. sin x  2
cos x  2 35. cos 2x

2
sin x
cos x
 5
2x
 2n or 2x
 2n
sin x 3 3

1
cos x
 5
x
 n x
 n
tan x
1 6 6
x
tan1 1
 5
x
,
4 4

3
36. sin 2x
 37. tan 3x
1
2
 5
4 5 3x
 2n or 3x
 2n
2x
 2n or 2x
 2n 4 4
3 3
 2n 5 2n
2 5 x
 x

x
 n x
 n 12 3 12 3
3 6
 n
These can be combined as x
 .
12 3

2x 

2
38. sec 4x
2 39. cos
2
 5
4x
 2n or 4x
 2n x  x 7
3 3
 2n or
 2n
2 4 2 4
 n 5 n
x
 x
  7
12 2 12 2 x
 4n x
 4n
2 2
 Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations 463

x 3 x
40. sin
 41. y
sin 1
2 2 2
x 4 From the graph in the textbook we see that the

 2n or x 5
2 3
 2n curve has x-intercepts at x
1 and at x
3.
2 3

x

8
3
 4n x

10
3
 4n In general, we have: sin
2x
1
 x 3

 2n
2 2

x
3  4n

x
42. y
sin  x  cos  x 43. y
tan2
63
sin  x  cos  x
0 From the graph in the textbook we see that
the curve has x-intercepts at x
± 2.
sin  x
cos  x

x


4
 n
In general, we have: tan2
6x
3
1
x
 n
4
tan
6x
± 3
1 3 7 11 x 
For 1 < x < 3 the intercepts are  , , , .
±  n
4 4 4 4 6 3

x
± 2  6n

44. y
sec4
8x  4 45. Graph y1
2 sin x  cos x.

4
x
sec4

8
4
0
0 2
x
sec4

8

4
−4

x
sec
8


± 2 The x-intercepts occur at
x
2.678 and x
5.820.
x  

 n
8 4 2
x
2  4n
For 3 < x < 3 the intercepts are 2 and 2.

1  sin x cos x
46. 4 sin3 x  2 sin2 x  2 sin x  1
0 47. Graph y1
  4.
cos x 1  sin x
4
10

2 0 2
0

−2
− 10

x
0.785, 2.356, 3.665, 3.927, 5.498, 5.760
The x-intercepts occur at
 5
x

1.047 and x

5.236.
3 3
464 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

cos x cot x
48.
3 4 49. x tan x  1
0 4
1  sin x
cos x Graph y1
x tan x  1.


0 2
0 2
tan x
y1
3 The x-intercepts occur at
1  sin x x
0.860 and x
3.426.
−6 −4
x
0.524, 2.618

50. x cos x  1
0 5 51. sec2 x  0.5 tan x  1
0

x
4.917 1
0 2 Graph y1
 0.5 tan x  1.
cos x2

−5
The x-intercepts occur at 10

x
0, x
2.678,
x

3.142, and
0 2
x
5.820. −2

52. csc2 x  0.5 cot x  5
0 53. Graph y1
2 tan2 x  7 tan x  15.

sin x
2
1 1 10
y1
 5
2 tan x 0 2

x
0.515, 2.726, 3.657, 5.868
5
− 30

0 2 The x-intercepts occur at x

0.983, x
1.768,
x
4.124 and x
4.910.
−5

54. 6 sin2 x  7 sin x  2
0 2

x
0.524, 0.730, 2.412, 2.618
0 2

−2

55. 12 sin2 x  13 sin x  3
0 Graph y1
12 sin2 x  13 sin x  3.

 13 ± 132  4123 30
sin x

212
13 ± 5

0 2
24
− 10
1 3
sin x
or sin x
The x-intercepts occur at
3 4
x
0.3398, x
0.8481, x
2.2935, and x
2.8018.
x
0.3398, 2.8018 x
0.8481, 2.2935
 Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations 465

56. 3 tan2 x  4 tan x  4
0 50

4 ± 42  434 4 ± 64 2

tan x


2,
23 6 3
0 2
2
tan x
2 tan x
−10
3

x
arctan2  n x
arctan
23  n

1.1071  n
0.5880  n
The values of x in 0, 2 are 0.5880, 3.7296, 2.0344, 5.1760.

57. tan2 x  3 tan x  1
0 Graph y1
tan2 x  3 tan x  1.

3 ± 32  411 3 ± 5 10
tan x


21 2
3  5 3  5
tan x
or tan x
0 2
2 2
−5
x
1.9357, 5.0773 x
2.7767, 5.9183
The x-intercepts occur at x
1.9357, x
2.7767,
x
5.0773, and x
5.9183.

58. 4 cos2 x  4 cos x  1
0 59. tan2 x  6 tan x  5
0

4 ± 42  441 tan x  1tan x  5
0
cos x

24
tan x  1
0 or tan x  5
0
4 ± 32 1 ± 2


tan x
1 tan x
5
8 2
 5
1  2 1  2 x
, x
arctan 5, arctan 5  
cos x
cos x
4 4
2 2

1 2 2

x
arccos No solution

1 2 
2

1.7794 > 1

1 2 2 and

Solutions in 0, 2 are arccos

1 2 2: 1.7794, 4.5038.


2  arccos

0 2

−3
466 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

60. sec2 x  tan x  3
0

1  tan2 x  tan x  3
0
tan2 x  tan x  2
0
tan x  2tan x  1
0
tan x  2
0 tan x  1
0
tan x
2 tan x
1
x
arctan2  n x
arctan1  n


1.1071  n
 n
4
 5
Solutions in 0, 2 are arctan2  , arctan2  2, , .
4 4

61. 2 cos2 x  5 cos x  2
0 62. 2 sin2 x  7 sin x  3
0

2 cos x  1cos x  2
0 sin x  32 sin x  1
0
2 cos x  1
0 or cos x  2
0 sin x  3
0 2 sin x  1
0
1
cos x
cos x
2 1
2 No solution sin x

2
 5
x
, No solution  5
3 3 x
,
6 6
 5
Solutions in 0, 2 are , .
6 6

63. (a) f x
sin x  cos x 3


Maximum:
4 , 2 0 2␲

5
Minimum:
4 , 2 −3

(b) cos x  sin x
0

cos x
sin x
sin x
1

cos x
tan x
1
 5
x
,
4 4
   2 2
f
4 
sin 4  cos 4
2

2

2

5 5 5   2 2
f
4 
sin 4
 cos
4

sin  cos
4 4


2


2 

 2

Therefore, the maximum point in the interval 0, 2 is 4, 2 and the minimum point is 54,  2 .
 Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations 467

64. (a) f x
2 sin x  cos 2x 3

max: 0.5240, 1.5 min: 1.5708, 1.0

0 2␲
max: 2.6180, 1.5 min: 4.7124, 3.0

−3

(b) 2 cos x  4 sin x cos x
0

2 cos x1  2 sin x
0
2 cos x
0 1  2 sin x
0
 3 1
x
, sin x

2 2 2

1.5708, 4.7124  5
x
,
6 6

0.5240, 2.6180

x 66. Graph y
cos x and y
x on the same set of axes.

65. f x
tan
4 Their point of intersection gives the value of c
Since tan 4
1, x
1 is the smallest nonnegative such that f c
c ⇒ cos c
c.
fixed point.
2 (0.739, 0.739)

−3 3

−2

c
0.739

1
67. f x
cos
x
(a) The domain of f x is all real numbers x except x
0.
(b) The graph has y-axis symmetry and a horizontal asymptote at y
1.
(c) As x → 0, f x oscillates between 1 and 1.
2
(d) There are infinitely many solutions in the interval 1, 1. They occur at x
where n is any integer.
2n  1
(e) The greatest solution appears to occur at x
0.6366.

sin x 1
68. f x
69. y
cos 8t  3 sin 8t
x 12
(a) Domain: all real numbers except x
0.
1
(b) The graph has y-axis symmetry. cos 8t  3 sin 8t
0
12
(c) As x → 0, f x → 1. cos 8t
3 sin 8t
sin x 1
(d)
0 has four solutions in the interval 8, 8.
tan 8t
x 3

x
0 8t
0.32175  n
1
sin x
n
sin x
0 t
0.04 
8
x
2,  , , 2 In the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, t
0.04, 0.43, and 0.83.
468 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

70. y1
1.56e0.22t cos 4.9t 4

Right-most point of intersection: 1.96, 1

0 10
The displacement does not exceed one foot
from equilibrium after t
1.96 seconds.
−4

t
71. S
74.50  43.75 sin
6
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S 96.4 112.4 118.3 112.4 96.4 74.5 52.6 36.6 30.8 36.6 52.6 74.5

Sales exceed 100,000 units during February, March, and April.

72. Graph y1
58.3  32 cos
6t S

(in thousands of dollars)

y2
75. 100

Monthly sales
75
Left point of intersection: 1.95, 75
50
Right point of intersection: 10.05, 75
25
So, sales exceed 7500 in January, November, and
x
December. 2 4 6 8 10 12
Month (1 ↔ January)

73. Range
300 feet 74. Range
1000 yards
3000 feet
v0
100 feet per second v0
1200 feet per second
1
r
32 v02 sin 2 1
f
32 v02 sin 2
32 100
1 2
sin 2
300 1
3000
32 12002 sin 2
sin 2
0.96
sin 2
0.066667
2
arcsin0.96
73.74
2
3.8

36.9

1.9
or
2
180  arcsin0.96
106.26

53.1

75. ht
53  50 sin
16 t  2 

(a) ht
53 when 50 sin
16 t  2 
0.
   
t
0 or t

16 2 16 2
   3
t
t

16 2 16 2
t
8 t
24
The Ferris wheel will be 53 feet above ground at 8 seconds and at 24 seconds.
—CONTINUED—
 Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations 469

75. —CONTINUED—
(b) The person will be at the top of the Ferris wheel when

sin
16 t  2 
1
  
t

16 2 2

t

16
t
16.
2
The first time this occurs is after 16 seconds. The period of this function is
32. During
16
160 seconds, 5 cycles will take place and the person will be at the top of the ride 5 times, spaced
32 seconds apart. The times are: 16 seconds, 48 seconds, 80 seconds, 112 seconds, and 144 seconds.


76. (a) y 77. A
2x cos x , 0 < x <
2
8
Unemployment rate

(a) 2
6

4 0 ␲
2

t −2
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Year (0 ↔ 1990) The maximum area of A
1.12
(b) By graphing the curves, we see that occurs when x
0.86.
1 r
1.24 sin0.47t  0.40  5.45 best fits the data. (b) A ≥ 1 for 0.6 < x < 1.1
(c) The constant term gives the average unemployment
rate of 5.45%.
2
(d) Period:
13.4 years
0.47
(e) r
5 when t
20 which corresponds to the year 2010.

78. f x
3 sin0.6x  2

(a) Zero: sin0.6x  2
0 (b) gx
0.45x2  5.52x  13.70
0.6x  2
0 4

0.6x
2
0 6

2 10 f
x

g
0.6 3 −4

(c) 0.45x2  5.52x  13.70
0

For 3.5 ≤ x ≤ 6 the approximation
5.52 ± 5.522  40.4513.70 appears to be good.
x

20.45
x
3.46, 8.81

The zero of g on 0, 6 is 3.46. The zero is close

to the zero 10
3
3.33 of f.


79. True. The period of 2 sin 4t  1 is and the period of 2 sin t  1 is 2.
2
In the interval 0, 2 the first equation has four cycles whereas the second equation has only one cycle,
thus the first equation has four times the x-intercepts (solutions) as the second equation.
470 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

80. False. 81. y1
2 sin x 82. By inspecting the graphs of y1 and

sin x
3.4 has no solution since y2, it appears they intersect at three
3.4 is outside the range of sin. y2
3x  1
points.
Also, 3.4 is outside the domain of From the graph we see that there is
arcsin, so x
arcsin3.4 is an only one point of intersection.
invalid equation.

83. C
90  66
24 B 84. Given: A
90, B
71, b
14.6

a
66°
22.3 22.3 C
90  71
19
cos 66

a A C
b 14.6
sin 71
B
a cos 66
22.3 a
71°
22.3 14.6
a

54.8 a

15.4 A C
cos 66 sin 71 14.6

b 14.6
tan 66
tan 71

22.3 c
b
22.3 tan 66
50.1 14.6
c

5.0
tan 71

85. 
390, 
390  360
30,  is in Quadrant I. 86. 600

1 600  360
240, Quadrant III
sin 390
sin 30

2
Reference angle: 60
3
cos 390
cos 30
3
2 sin 600
sin 60

2
1 3
tan 390
tan 30

1
3 3 cos 600
cos 60

2
tan 600
tan 60
3

87. 
1845, 
45,  is in Quadrant IV. 88. 1410

2 1410  4360
30, Quadrant I
sin1845
sin 45

2
1
sin1410
sin 30

2 2
cos1845
cos 45

2
3
cos1410
cos 30

tan1845
tan 45
1 2
3
tan1410
tan 30

3

250 feet 1 mile

89. tan 

0.02367 90. h
yx
2 miles 5280 feet h
y

1.36 tan 39.75

100 y
θ x
100 tan 39.75
y
250 ft θ 39˚45'
x 28˚
2 mi tan 28
100 ft
100
Not drawn to scale

100 tan 28
x

h
100 tan 39.75  100 tan 28
h
30 feet

91. Answers will vary.

 Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 471

Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas

■ You should know the sum and difference formulas.

sin
u ± v
sin u cos v ± cos u sin v
cos
u ± v
cos u cos v  sin u sin v
tan u ± tan v
tan
u ± v

1 tan u tan v
■ You should be able to use these formulas to find the values of the trigonometric functions of angles whose sums or
differences are special angles.
■ You should be able to use these formulas to solve trigonometric equations.

Vocabulary Check
1. sin u cos v  cos u sin v 2. cos u cos v  sin u sin v
tan u  tan v
3. 4. sin u cos v  cos u sin v
1  tan u tan v
tan u  tan v
5. cos u cos v  sin u sin v 6.
1  tan u tan v

1. (a) cos
120  45
cos 120 cos 45  sin 120 sin 45 2. (a) sin
135  30
sin 135 cos 30  cos 135 sin 30

  21 22    23  22 
  

 22  23   22 12
  

 2  6 6  2



4 4
1 2 1  2 2 3 2  3
(b) cos 120  cos 45
 
(b) sin 135  cos 30


2 2 2 2 2 2

      3 5 3 5 3 5
3. (a) cos  4  3 
cos 4 cos 3  sin 4 sin 3 4. (a) sin 4 
6
sin
4
cos
6
 cos
4
sin
6

 22  23    22 12
2 1 2 3   


2
2 2
 2

2  6 6  2



4 4
  2 1 2  1 3 5 2 1 2  1
(b) cos  cos

(b) sin  sin


4 3 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 2

7  5  1
5. (a) sin 6 
3 

sin
6

sin

6 2
6. (a) sin
315  60
sin 315 cos 60  cos 315 sin 60
 2 1 2 3
7  1 3 1  3
2 
(b) sin  sin
 
2 2 2
6 3 2 2 2
2 6

 
4 4
 2 3  2  3
(b) sin 315  sin 60


2 2 2
472 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

7. sin 105
sin
60  45 8. 165
135  30

sin 60 cos 45  cos 60 sin 45 sin 165
sin
135  30

sin 135 cos 30  sin 30 cos 135
3 2 1 2


2
 2

2
 2
sin 45 cos 30  sin 30 cos 45

2 2 3 1 2


3  1

2
 2

2
 2
4
cos 105
cos
60  45 2


4

3  1

cos 60 cos 45  sin 60 sin 45
cos 165
cos
135  30
1 2 3 2


2
 2

2
 2
cos 135 cos 30  sin 135 sin 30

2

cos 45 cos 30  sin 45 sin 30


4

1  3 2 3 2 1


2
 2

2
2
tan 105
tan
60  45
2
tan 60  tan 45

3  1

4
1  tan 60 tan 45
tan 165
tan
135  30
3  1 3  1 1  3


1  3


1  3 1  3 tan 135  tan 30


1  tan 135 tan 30
4  23


2  3 tan 45  tan 30
2

1  tan 45 tan 30
3
1 
3


3
1
3

2  3

9. sin 195
sin
225  30 tan 195
tan
225  30

sin 225 cos 30  cos 225 sin 30 tan 225  tan 30


1  tan 225 tan 30

sin 45 cos 30  cos 45 sin 30
tan 45  tan 30
2 3 2 1



2
 2

2
2 1  tan 45 tan 30

 3  3
3 
2 1


1  3  3 3  3
4


1
3 
3 3
 3 3  3
cos 195
cos
225  30

cos 225 cos 30  sin 225 sin 30 12  63


2  3

cos 45 cos 30  sin 45 sin 30 6
2 3 2 1


2
 2

2
2
2


4

3  1
 Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 473

11 3 
10. 255
300  45 11. sin
12

sin
4 

6 
sin 255
sin
300  45
3  3 

sin 300 cos 45  sin 45 cos 300
sin cos  cos sin
4 6 4 6

sin 60 cos 45  sin 45 cos 60
 2
2 3 2 1

  
3 2 2 1 2 2 2


2
 2

2
2
2


3  1
2 4


4

3  1 
11 3 
cos 255
cos
300  45
cos
12

cos
4
6 

cos 300 cos 45  sin 300 sin 45 3  3 

cos cos  sin sin
4 6 4 6

cos 60 cos 45  sin 60 sin 45
2 3 2 1 2


1

2

3

2

2
 2

2
2

4

3  1
2 2 2 2
11 3 


2
4

1  3 tan
4

tan
4
6 
tan 255
tan
300  45 3 
tan  tan
4 6
tan 300  tan 45


3 
1  tan 300 tan 45 1  tan tan
4 6
tan 60  tan 45

3
1  tan 60 tan 45 1 
3


 3  1 3


2  3 1 
1
1  3 3
3  3 3  3


3  3
 3  3

12  63


2  3
6

7   7  
12.
12


3 4
tan
12

tan
3
4 
7    
sin
12

sin
3

4  tan
3
 tan
4


     

sin cos  sin cos 1  tan tan
3 4 4 3 3 4

3 2 2 1 3  1

  2

2 2 2 1  3

2
2  3


4

3  1
7  
cos
12

cos
3

4 
   

cos cos  sin sin
3 4 3 4
1 2 3 2


2
 2

2
 2
2


4

1  3
474 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

17 9 5   
13. sin
12

sin
4 

6  14. 
12


6 4

9 5 9 5   

sin
4
cos
6
 cos
4
sin
6
sin  
12

sin
6

4  
   
 23   22 12
2  


sin cos  sin cos
2 6 4 4 6
2 1 2 2 3


4

3  1

2
 2

2
 2

17 9 5 2
cos
12

cos
4 

6 

4

1  3 
  

cos
9
4
cos
5
6
 sin
9
4
sin
5
6
cos  
12

cos
6

4  
   
2  2 
2  
2 2
3 2 1

 
cos cos  sin sin
6 4 6 4
2 3 2 1 2


4

1  3 

2
 2

2
 2

17 9 5 2
tan
12

tan
4 

6 

4

3  1
tan
94  tan
56   


1  tan
94 tan
56
tan  
12

tan
6

4  
1 
 33  

tan  tan
1 
 33

6 4
 
3  3 3  3 1  tan tan


3  3
 3  3 6 4
3
12  63 1


2  3 3
6

3
1
3

2  3

15. 285
225  60

sin 285
sin
225  60

sin 225 cos 60  cos 225 sin 60

 2 
 42

2 1 2 3 


2 2  2
3  1 
cos 285
cos
225  60

cos 225 cos 60  sin 225 sin 60

2   2  2 

2 1 2 3 2


2 4

3  1
tan 285
tan
225  60
tan 225  tan 60 1  3 1  3



1  tan 225 tan 60 1  3
 1  3

4  23


2  3

2  3
2
 Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 475

16. 105
30  135 17. 165

120  45

sin
30  135
sin 30 cos 135  cos 30 sin 135 sin
165
sin
120  45

sin 30
cos 45  cos 30 sin 45
sin
120  45

2 2    2  2 
1 2 3 2
 sin 120 cos 45  cos 120 sin 45


2

1  3

 3
2

2
2

1
2

2
2

4 2
cos
30  135
cos 30 cos 135  sin 30 sin 135


4

3  1

cos 30
cos 45  sin 30 sin 45 cos
165
cos
120  45

 23  22   12 22 
  
cos
120  45



cos 120 cos 45  sin 120 sin 45
2


4

1  3 

1

2

3

2
2 2 2 2
tan 30  tan 135 2
tan
30  135


1  3
1  tan 30 tan 135 4
tan 30 
tan 45

tan
165
tan
120  45
1  tan 30
tan 45

tan
120  tan 45
3

1 tan 120  tan 45
3



2  3 1  tan 120 tan 45
1  33 
1



 3  1
1 
 3 
1
1  3 1  3


1  3
1
3

4  23


2

2  3

18. 15
45  30

sin 15
sin
45  30
sin 45 cos 30  cos 45 sin 30


2
3  1

 22  23    22 12

   2 3  1
4 4
cos 15
cos
45  30
cos 45 cos 30  sin 45 sin 30


2
3  1
 22  23    22 12

   2 3  1


4 4
tan 45  tan 30
tan 15
tan
45  30

1  tan 45 tan 30
3 3  3
1
3 3 3  3 3  3 12  63



 3  3

2  3
1 
1 3
3 3  3
3
3  3 6
476 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

13 3  13 3 
19.
12


4

3
tan
12

tan 4

3 
13 3 
sin
12

sin
4
3  34  tan3 
tan


3 
3  3  1  tan  tan 

sin cos  cos sin 4 3
4 3 4 3
1  3


2
2
1
2  22  23 
 

1 
1
3
1  3 1  3


2

1  3 
 
4 1  3 1  3
4  23
13 3 
cos
12

cos
4
3 

2

2  3
3  3 

cos cos  sin sin
4 3 4 3
2 1 2 3 2


2
2 2
 2


4

1  3 

7  
20. 
 
12 3 4
7      
sin   12
sin  
3 4
sin 
3
cos
4 
 cos 
3
sin
4     

  3
2  22   12 22 
 42

  
3  1 
7      
cos   12
cos  
3 4 

cos 
3
cos
4 
 sin 
3
sin
4      
12 22    23  22 

   2


4

1  3 

7    3   tan4 
tan 
tan   

tan  
   
1  tan  tan 
12 3 4
3 4
 3  1


2  3
1 
 3 
1
 Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 477

13 3 
21. 
12


4

3  
3  3 
sin  4 
3 

sin 4 
3 
3  3 

 sin 4
cos  cos
3 4
sin
3

 2 1
2 2   2   2 

2 3

2 2


4

1  3 
4

3  1
3  3 
cos  4 
3 

cos 4 
3 
3  3 

cos cos  sin sin
4 3 4 3

2  2  2 
 4
2 1 2 3 2


2

3  1

3  3 
tan  4 
3 

tan 4 
3 
3 
tan  tan
4 3 1  3



3  1 
 3 
1  tan tan
4 3

1  3 1  3 4  23


1  3
 1  3
2

2  3

5  
22.

12 4 6
     
sin  4  6 
sin 4 cos 6  cos 4 sin 6

 22  23    22 12

   2
4

3  1
     
cos  4  6 
cos 4 cos 6  sin 4 sin 6
 22  23    22 12

   2


4

3  1
  3
tan  tan 1
 
 
4 6 3
tan 


3  2
4 6 
1  tan tan
4

6
1 
1
3
3  
23. cos 25 cos 15  sin 25 sin 15
cos
25  15
cos 40

24. sin 140 cos 50  cos 140 sin 50
sin
140  50
sin 190
478 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

tan 325  tan 86 tan 140  tan 60

25.
tan
325  86
tan 239 26.
tan
140  60
tan 80
1  tan 325 tan 86 1  tan 140 tan 60

     
27. sin 3 cos 1.2  cos 3 sin 1.2
sin
3  1.2
sin 1.8 28. cos
7
cos  sin sin
cos
5 7 5 7

5  
12

cos
35

tan 2x  tan x
29.
tan
2x  x
tan 3x 30. cos 3x cos 2y  sin 3x sin 2y
cos
3x  2y
1  tan 2x tan x

31. sin 330 cos 30  cos 330 sin 30
sin
330  30 32. cos 15 cos 60  sin 15 sin 60
cos
15  60

sin 300 2

cos
45

2
3


2

       3  3  3
33. sin
12
cos  cos
4 12
sin
sin
4 12

4   34. cos
16
cos
16
 sin
16
sin
16

cos
16
16 
  2

sin
cos

3 4 2
3


2

tan 25  tan 110 54  tan12 

tan
5 
35.
tan
25  110 36.
tan  
1  tan 25 tan 110 5 
1  tan  tan 
4 12
4 12

tan 135

1
tan 76
6 

3

tan
3

For Exercises 37– 44, we have:

5
, u in Quadrant II ⇒ cos u
 12 5
sin u
13 13 , tan u
 12

cos v
 35, v in Quadrant II ⇒ sin v
45, tan v
 43,

y y

(−3, 4)

(−12, 5) 5
13 u
v
x
x

Figures for Exercises 37– 44

 Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 479

37. sin
u  v
sin u cos v  cos u sin v 38. cos
u  v
cos u cos v  sin u sin v

13 5   135
5 3 12 4

  12
13  53  135 45
63 36 20 56




65 65 65 65

39. cos
u  v
cos u cos v  sin u sin v 40. sin
v  u
sin v cos u  cos v sin u

  5  135 45 13    53135 

12 3 5 4 12



13
16 48 15 33


 

65 65 65 65

 12 
 3 
5 4 21
tan u  tan v  12 1 1
41. tan
u  v


42. csc
u  v


1  tan u tan v 1
5
 12 
 43 1  59 sin
u  v sin
v  u

  
7 9 63 1 65





4 4 16 
 33
65  33

1 1 tan u  tan v
 125  
 43 

43. sec
v  u

44. tan
u  v


cos
v  u cos v cos u  sin v sin u 1  tan u tan v 1 
 12 5

 43 
1 1 1  74 63


20
56



 35 
 12
13  
5 
13 
4 5

36
65  
65  65
4
9
16
65 1 1 16

cot
u  v



56 tan
u  v  63
16
63

For Exercises 45–50, we have:

7
, u in Quadrant III ⇒ cos u
 24 7
sin u
 25 25 , tan u
24

cos v
 45, v in Quadrant III ⇒ sin v
 35, tan v
34

y y

u v
x x
25
(−24, −7) 5
(− 4, −3)

Figures for Exercises 45– 50

45. cos
u  v
cos u cos v  sin u sin v 46. sin
u  v
sin u cos v  cos u sin v

 24
25 
 5  
 25 
 5 


 25 
 45  
 2425 
 35 
4 7 3 7

28 72

100 4

5
3
125  125 125
5
480 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

47. tan
u  v

tan u  tan v tan v  tan u
34  
247 
48. tan
v  u


1  tan u tan v 1  tan v tan u 1 
34 
24 7

7
 34 11
24  24 44



 11
44
1


7 3 39 24
24 4 32
117
39


32
117
1 1 117
cot
v  u

44

tan
v  u 117 44

1 1 5
49. sec
u  v

3

cos
u  v 5
3
Use Exercise 45 for cos
u  v.

50. cos
u  v
cos u cos v  sin u sin v
  24

25  54   257  53
96 21 117



125 125 125

51. sin
arcsin x  arccos x
sin
arcsin x cos
arccos x  sin
arccos x cos
arcsin x

x  x  1  x2  1  x2

x2  1  x2

1

1 1
x 1 − x2

θ θ
x
1 − x2

θ = arcsin x θ = arccos x

52. Let
u
arctan 2x and v
arccos x
tan u
2x cos v
x.

4x 2 + 1 1
2x 1 − x2

u v
1 x

sin
arctan 2x  arccos x
sin
u  v

sin u cos v  cos u sin v
2x 1


4x2  1

x 
4x2  1

1  x2 
2x2  1  x2


4x2  1
 Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 481

53. cos
arccos x  arcsin x
cos
arccos x cos
arcsin x  sin
arccos x sin
arcsin x

x  1  x2  1  x2 x

0
(Use the triangles in Exercise 51.)

54. Let
u
arccos x and v
arctan x
cos u
x tan v
x.

1 1 + x2
1 − x2
x

u
x v
1

cos
arcos x  arctan x
cos
u  v

cos u cos v  sin u sin v

x 1 1 x  
1  x 1 x x 

2
2
2

x  x1  x2


1  x2

  
55. sin
3  x
sin 3 cos x  sin x cos 3 56. sin  2  x
sin 2 cos x  sin x cos 2


0
cos x 
1
sin x


1
cos x 
sin x
0

sin x

cos x

   5 5 5
57. sin  6  x
sin 6 cos x  cos 6 sin x 58. cos 4 
 x
cos
4
cos x  sin
4
sin x

1 2


2

cos x  3 sin x

cos x  sin x
2

59. cos
    sin
  
 2  
cos  cos   sin  sin   sin 2 cos   cos 2 sin 


1
cos  
0
sin  
1
cos  
sin 
0

cos   cos 

0


tan  tan 
 1  tan 
 
4
60. tan 


4  1  tan 
1  tan tan 
4
482 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

61. cos
x  y cos
x  y

cos x cos y  sin x sin y
cos x cos y  sin x sin y

cos2 x cos2 y  sin2 x sin2 y

cos2 x
1  sin2 y  sin2 x sin2 y

cos2 x  cos2 x sin2 y  sin2 x sin2 y

cos2 x  sin2 y
cos2 x  sin2 x

cos2 x  sin2 y

62. sin
x  y sin
x  y

sin x cos y  sin y cos x
sin x cos y  sin y cos x

sin2 x cos2 y  sin2 y cos2 x

sin2 x
1  sin2 y  sin2 y cos2 x

sin2 x  sin2 x sin2 y  sin2 y cos2 x

sin2 x  sin2 y
sin2 x  cos2 x

sin2 x  sin2 y

63. sin
x  y  sin
x  y
sin x cos y  cos x sin y  sin x cos y  cos x sin y

2 sin x cos y

64. cos
x  y  cos
x  y
cos x cos y  sin x sin y  cos x cos y  sin x sin y

2 cos x cos y

3 3 3
65. cos 2 
 x
cos
2
cos x  sin
2
sin x 66. cos
  x
cos  cos x  sin  sin x


1 cos x 
0 sin x


0
cos x 
1
sin x

cos x

sin x
2 2

−6 6
− 2 2

−2
−2

3 3 3 tan   tan 
67. sin 2 
 
sin
2
cos   cos
2
sin  68. tan
  

1  tan  tan 

1
cos  
0
sin  0  tan 

1 
0 tan 

cos 

tan 
2

− 2 2

−6 6

−2
−3
 Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 483

 
69. 
sin x 
3 
 sin x 
3

1  
   
sin x cos  cos x sin  sin x cos  cos x sin
1
3 3 3 3
2 sin x
0.5
1
sin x
1

x

2

 
   
1
70. sin x   sin x 

6 6 2
   
 
1
sin x cos  cos x sin  sin x cos  cos x sin

6 6 6 6 2
1
2 cos x
0.5

2
1
cos x

2
 5
x
,
3 3

 
71. 
cos x 
4 cos x 
4 

1 
   
cos x cos
4 4 
 sin x sin  cos x cos  sin x sin
4 4

1 
 22 
1

2 sin x

 2 sin x
1
1
sin x

2

2
sin x

2
5 7
x
,
4 4
484 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

72. tan
x    2 sin
x  
0

tan x  tan 
 2
sin x cos   cos x sin 
0
1  tan x tan 
tan x  0
 2sin x
1  cos x
0
0
1  tan x
0
tan x
 2 sin x
0
1
sin x

2 sin x
cos x
sin x
2 sin x cos x
sin x
1  2 cos x
0
1
sin x
0 or cos x

2
 5
x
0,  x
,
3 3

 
73. 
Analytically: cos x 
4 cos x 
4 

1 
   
cos x cos  sin x sin  cos x cos  sin x sin
1
4 4 4 4

 22 
1

2 cos x

2 cos x
1

1
cos x

2

2
cos x

2
 7
x
,
4 4
2

 
Graphically: Graph y1
cos x 4 
 cos x 
4   and y 2
1.
0 2

 7
The points of intersection occur at x
and x
.
4 4 −2


74. tan
x    cos x  2 

0 4

Answers:
0, 0,
3.14, 0 ⇒ x
0,  0 2

−4
 Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 485

1 1
75. y
sin 2t  cos 2t
3 4
1 1 5
(a) a
, b
, B
2 (b) Amplitude: feet
3 4 12
b 3 1 B 2 1
C
arctan
arctan  0.6435 (c) Frequency:


cycle per second
a 4 period 2 2 

13  14 sin
2t  0.6435

2 2
y

5
y
sin
2t  0.6435
12

 

t x
76. y1
A cos 2

 

t x
y2
A cos 2

T 
   cos 2  

t x t x
y1  y2
A cos 2

t x t x t x t x
y1  y2
A cos 2 cos 2  sin 2 sin 2  A cos 2 cos 2  sin 2 sin 2

t x

2A cos 2 cos 2

77. False. 78. False.

sin
u ± v
sin u cos v ± cos u sin v cos
u ± v
cos u cos v  sin u sin v

  

79. False. cos x 
2 

cos x cos  sin x sin
2 2
80. True.
 


cos x
0 
sin x
1 
sin x 
2 

sin
2  
 x
cos x

sin x

81. cos
n  
cos n cos   sin n sin 


1
cos  
0
sin 
n


1n
cos , where n is an integer.
82. sin
n  
sin n cos   sin  cos n


0
cos  
sin 
1n


1n
sin , where n is an integer.

b b a
83. C
arctan ⇒ sin C
, cos C

a a2  b2 a2  b2

  a2  b2  a2  b2  cos B
a sin B  b cos B

a b
a2  b2 sin
B  C
a2  b2 sin B

a a b
84. C
arctan ⇒ sin C
, cos C

b a2  b2 a2  b2

  a2  b2  sin B  a2  b2 

b a
a2  b2 cos
B  C
a2  b2 cos B

b cos B  a sin B

a sin B  b cos B
486 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

85. sin   cos  86. 3 sin 2  4 cos 2

a
1, b
1, B
1 a
3, b
4, B
2
b  b 4
(a) C
arctan
arctan 1
(a) C
arctan
arctan  0.9273
a 4 a 3
sin   cos 
a2  b2 sin
B  C 3 sin 2  4 cos 2
a2  b2 sin
B  C
  5 sin
2  0.9273


2 sin  
4  a 3
(b) C
arctan
arctan  0.6435
a  b 4
(b) C
arctan
arctan 1

b 4 3 sin 2  4 cos 2
a2  b2 cos
B  C
sin   cos 
a2  b2 cos
B  C  5 cos
2  0.6435



2 cos  
4 
87. 12 sin 3  5 cos 3 88. sin 2  cos 2
a
12, b
5, B
3 a
1, b
1, B
2
b 5 b 
(a) C
arctan
arctan  0.3948 (a) C
arctan
arctan
1

a 12 a 4
12 sin 3  5 cos 3
a2  b2 sin
B  C sin 2  cos 2
a2  b2 sin
B  C
 13 sin
3  0.3948 


2 sin 2 
4 
a 12
(b) C
arctan
arctan  1.1760
b 5 a 
(b) C
arctan
arctan
1

b 4
12 sin 3  5 cos 3
a2  b2 cos
B  C
sin 2  cos 2
a2  b2 cos
B  C
 13 cos
3  1.1760



2 cos 2 
4 
b  a 3
89. C
arctan
⇒ a
0 90. C
arctan
 ⇒ a
b, a < 0, b < 0
a 2 b 4
a2  b2
2 ⇒ b
2 52
a2  b2
5 ⇒ a
b

B
1 2

 B
1

2 sin  
2

0
sin 
2
cos
2 cos 
3 52 52

5 cos  
4

2
sin  
2
cos 

cos
x  h  cos x cos x cos h  sin x sin h  cos x

91.

h h
cos x cos h  cos x  sin x sin h


h
cos x
cos h  1  sin x sin h


h
cos x
cos h  1 sin x sin h


h h
 Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 487

92. (a) The domains of f and g are the sets of real numbers, h  0. (c) The graphs are the same.
(b) 2
h 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5
f
h 0.504 0.509 0.521 0.542 0.583 0.691 −3 3

g
h 0.504 0.509 0.521 0.542 0.583 0.691

−2

(d) As h → 0, f
h approaches 0.5.

As h → 0, g
h approaches 0.5.

93. y
m1
tan  and m2
tan 

y 1 = m 1x + b 1  
90 ⇒
90  
θ
   
90 ⇒    
90  
90 ⇒ 
  
δ

α β Therefore, 
arctan m2  arctan m1.

x
For y
x and y
3x we have m1
1 and m2
3.
y 2 = m 2x + b2

arctan3  arctan 1

60  45

15

94. For m2 > m1 > 0, the angle  between the lines is:
m2  m1

arctan 1  m m  1 2

m2
1
1
m1

3

 
1
1
3

arctan
arctan
2  3 
15
1
1
3

95. 3

 
−2␲ 2␲
Conjecture: sin2   4 sin2  
4 

1 
−3

     
   
 sin  cos 4  cos  sin 4

2 2
sin2    sin2  
sin  cos  cos  sin
4 4 4 4

sin  cos 

sin  cos 

2 2

  
2 2 2 2

sin2  cos2  sin2  cos2 

 sin  cos     sin  cos  
2 2 2 2

sin2   cos2 

1
488 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

96. (a) To prove the identity for sin
u  v we first need to prove the identityfor cos
u  v. Assume
0 < v < u < 2 and locate u, v, and u  v on the unit circle.
y

1 u−v
C
B

D
u
v A
x
−1 O 1

1

The coordinates of the points on the circle are:

A

1, 0, B

cos v, sin v, C

cos
u  v, sin
u  v, and D

cos u, sin u.
Since
DOB

COA, chords AC and BD are equal. By the distance formula we have:
cos
u  v  12  sin
u  v  02

cos u  cos v2 
sin u  sin v2

cos2
u  v  2 cos
u  v  1  sin2
u  v
cos2 u  2 cos u cos v  cos2 v  sin2 u  2 sin u sin v  sin2 v
cos2
u  v  sin2
u  v  1  2 cos
u  v

cos2 u  sin2 u 
cos2 v  sin2 v  2 cos u cos v  2 sin u sin v
2  2 cos
u  v
2  2 cos u cos v  2 sin u sin v
2 cos
u  v
2
cos u cos v  sin u sin v
cos
u  v
cos u cos v  sin u sin v
Now, to prove the identity for sin
u  v, use cofunction identities.
 
sin
u  v
cos 2 
u  v

cos  2  u  v

cos 2  u cos v  sin2  u sin v

sin u cos v  cos u sin v

(b) First, prove cos
u  v
cos u cos v  sin u sin v using the figure containing points y
u−v
1 D
A
1, 0 C

B
cos
u  v, sin
u  v v

u B
A
C
cos v, sin v −1 u−v 1
x

D
cos u, sin u
on the unit circle. −1

Since chords AB and CD are each subtended by angle u  v, their lengths are equal. Equating
d
A, B2
d
C, D2 we have
cos
u  v  12  sin2
u  v

cos u  cos v2 
sin u  sin v2.
Simplifying and solving for cos
u  v, we have cos
u  v
cos u cos v  sin u sin v.

Using sin 
cos 2   we have

sin
u  v
cos 2 
u  v

cos 2  u 
v

cos 2  u cos
v  sin2  u sin
v

sin u cos v  cos u sin v.
 Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 489

7x
97. f
x
5
x  3 98. f
x

8
y
5
x  3 7x
y

y 8

x3 8y
7  x
5
y x
7  8y ⇒ f 1
x
8x  7
3
x
5 7  f1
x
f
f 1
x

x 8
3
y
5 7 
8x  7


8
x  15
f 1
x

x
5

f
f 1
x
f  x  15

5
x  15
3

f 1
f
x
8 7 8 x  7
5 5

x
x  15

5
5   5
3 

x  15  15

x
5
x  3  15
f 1
f
x
f 1
5
x  3

5
5x  15  15


5
5x


5

x

99. f
x
x2  8 100. f
x
x  16, x ≥ 16

f is not one-to-one so f 1 does not exist. y
x  16
y 2
x  16
x
y 2  16 ⇒ f 1
x
x2  16, x ≥ 0
f
f 1
x

x2  16  16
x
f 1
f
x

x  16   16
x
2

101. log3 34x3
4x  3

2
102. log8 83x
3x2

103. eln
6x3
6x  3 104. 12x  eln x
x2
12x  x
x  2

12x  x2  2x

x2  10x
490 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas

■ You should know the following double-angle formulas.

(a) sin 2u  2 sin u cos u
(b) cos 2u  cos2 u
sin2 u
(b)  2 cos2 u
1
(b)  1
2 sin2 u
2 tan u
(c) tan 2u 
1
tan2 u

■ You should be able to reduce the power of a trigonometric function.

1
cos 2u
(a) sin2 u 
2
1  cos 2u
(b) cos2 u 
2
1
cos 2u
(c) tan2 u 
1  cos 2u
u u u
■ You should be able to use the half-angle formulas. The signs of sin and cos depend on the quadrant in which lies.
2 2 2

(a) sin
u
21
2cos u
±

(b) cos  ± 
u 1  cos u
2 2
u 1
cos u sin u
(c) tan  
2 sin u 1  cos u

■ You should be able to use the product-sum formulas.

1 1
(a) sin u sin v  cosu
v
cosu  v (b) cos u cos v  cosu
v  cosu  v
2 2
1 1
(c) sin u cos v  sinu  v  sinu
v (d) cos u sin v  sinu  v
sinu
v
2 2

■ You should be able to use the sum-product formulas.

xy x
y xy x
y

(a) sin x  sin y  2 sin
2 

cos
2  (b) sin x
sin y  2 cos
2 

sin
2 
xy x
y xy x
y
(c) cos x  cos y  2 cos
2 

cos
2  (d) cos x
cos y 
2 sin
2 

sin
2 
 Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 491

Vocabulary Check
1. 2 sin u cos u 2. cos2 u

3. cos2 u
sin2 u  2 cos2 u
1  1
2 sin2 u 4. tan2 u

5. ± 1
2cos u 1
cos u
6.
sin u

sin u
1  cos u
1 1
7. cosu
v  cosu  v 8. sinu  v  sinu
v
2 2
uv u
v uv u
v
9. 2 sin
2
cos 

2  10.
2 sin
2
sin
2 

Figure for Exercises 1–8
17
17 sin

1 17
θ
417
4 cos

17
1
tan

4

17 1
1. sin   2. tan   3. cos 2  2 cos2 
1
17 4

4 1717
1
 2
2

32

1
17
15

17

2 tan  1
4. sin 2  2 sin  cos  5. tan 2  6. sec 2 
1
tan2  cos 2
2
117
417
4 2
1

1
cos2 
sin2 

1


8 1 2
 1
17 4 



117
4 2 2
1
17
2
 1
1 
1
16 1
16

17 17
1 16

2
 15 17

15
8

15

14
2
1

1 1 1 1 1
tan  2
7. csc 2    8. cot 2   
tan 2 2 tan 

17 

sin 2 2 sin  cos 
2

17 417 1
2 4
17
17 15
 
8 8
492 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

9. sin 2x
sin x  0 10. sin 2x  cos x  0

2 sin x cos x
sin x  0 2 sin x cos x  cos x  0
sin x2 cos x
1  0 cos x2 sin x  1  0
sin x  0,  or 2 cos x
1  0
cos x  0 or 2 sin x  1  0
1
sin x  0,  or 2
1cos x   3 1
2 x , sin x 

2 2 2
 5
sin x  0,  or 2
1cos x  , 7 11
3 3 x ,
6 6
 5
x  0, , ,
3 3

11. 4 sin x cos x  1 12. sin 2x sin x  cos x

2 sin 2x  1 2 sin x cos x sin x
cos x  0
cos x2 sin2 x
1  0
1
sin 2x  cos x  0 or 2 sin2 x
1  0
2
 5  3 1
2x   2n or 2x   2n x , sin2 x 
6 6 2 2 2
2
 5 sin x  ±
x  n or 2 x   n 2
12 12
 13 5 17
 3 5 7
x , , ,
x , or 2 x , 4 4 4 4
12 12 12 12

13. cos 2x
cos x  0

cos 2x  cos x
cos2 x
sin2 x  cos x
cos2 x
1
cos2 x
cos x  0
2 cos2 x
cos x
1  0
2 cos x  1cos x
1  0
2 cos x  1  0, 4 or cos x
1  0
1
cos x 
, 4 or
1cos x  1
2
2 4
x , or
1cos x  0
3 3

14. cos 2x  sin x  0

1
2 sin2 x  sin x  0
2 sin2 x
sin x
1  0
2 sin x  1sin x
1  0
2 sin x  1  0 or sin x
1  0
1
sin x 
sin x  1
2
7 11 
x , x
6 6 2
 Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 493

15. tan 2x
cot x  0 16. tan 2x
2 cos x  0

2 tan x 2 tan x
 cot x  2 cos x
1
tan2 x 1
tan2 x
2 tan x  cot x1
tan2 x 2 tan x  2 cos x1
tan2 x
2 tan x  cot x
cot x tan2 x 2 tan x  2 cos x
2 cos x tan2 x
2 tan x  cot x
tan x sin2 x
2 tan x  2 cos x
2 cos x
3 tan x  cot x cos2 x

3 tan x
cot x  0 sin2 x

2 tan x  2 cos x
2
1 cos x
3 tan x
0
tan x sin2 x
tan x  cos x

3 tan2 x
1 cos x
0
tan x sin x sin2 x
 cos x

1 cos x cos x
3 tan2 x
1  0
tan x sin x sin2 x

cos x  0
cot x3 tan2 x
1  0 cos x cos x
cot x  0, 3 or 3 tan2 x
1  0 sin x  sin2 x
cos2 x
0
cos x
 3 1
x , or 3
1tan2 x 
2 2 3 1
sin x  sin2 x
1
sin2 x  0
3
cos x
tan x  ±
3 sec x2 sin2 x  sin x
1  0
 5 7 11 sec x2 sin x
1sin x  1  0
x , , ,
6 6 6 6
sec x  0 or 2 sin x
1  0 or sin x  1  0
  5 7 3 11
x , , , , , No solution 1 sin x 
1
6 2 6 6 2 6 sin x 
2 3
x
 5 2
x ,
6 6

Also, values for which cos x  0 need to be checked.

 3
, are solutions.
2 2
  5 3
x , , ,
6 2 6 2

17. sin 4x 
2 sin 2x

sin 4x  2 sin 2x  0
2 sin 2x cos 2x  2 sin 2x  0
2 sin 2xcos 2x  1  0

2 sin 2x  0 or cos 2x  1  0

sin 2x  0 cos 2x 
1

2x  n 2x    2n
n 
x  x  n
2 2
 3  3
x  0, , , x ,
2 2 2 2
494 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

18. sin 2x  cos 2x2  1

sin2 2x  2 sin 2x cos 2x  cos2 2x  1
2 sin 2x cos 2x  0
sin 4x  0
4x  n
n
x
4
  3 5 3 7
x  0, , , , , , ,
4 2 4 4 2 4

19. 6 sin x cos x  32 sin x cos x 20. 6 cos2 x
3  32 cos2 x
1
 3 sin 2x  3 cos 2x

21. 4
8 sin2 x  41
2 sin2 x 22. cos x  sin xcos x
sin x  cos2 x
sin2 x
 4 cos 2x  cos 2x

4 3 3 2 
23. sin u 
,  < u < ⇒ cos u 
24. cos u 
, < u < 
5 2 5 3 2

sin 2u  2 sin u cos u  2

54

53  25

24
sin 2u  2 sin u cos u  2 
5
3

3  

2 45
9
9 16 7 4 5 1
cos 2u  cos2 u
sin2 u 

cos 2u  cos2 u
sin2 u 


25 25 25 9 9 9
2 3 
4
tan 2u 
2 tan u

1
tan u 1
16
2
9
8 9



3 7

24
7 2 tan u
2

2
5
4
tan 2u   5
1
tan2 u 5
1

4
y

3
5 u

x
−2


csc u  3, < u < 
2

3  3 4
25. tan u  , 0 < u < ⇒ sin u  and cos u 
4 2 5 5

sin 2u  2 sin u cos u  2
35
45  25

24

16 9 7
cos 2u  cos2 u
sin2 u 

25 25 25
2 4 
3
tan 2u 
2 tan u

1
tan2 u 1
16
3 16
9  2 7


24
7
 Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 495

3
26. cot u 
4, < u < 2 y
2


17 
17
1 4 8
sin 2u  2 sin u cos u  2

17 u
4
x
−1
cos 2u  cos2 u
sin2 u 17

17


17
4 2 1 2 15
 
17

4
1
2

2 tan u 8
tan 2u   

1
tan2 u
1



1 2 15
4

5  21 2
27. sec u 
, < u <  ⇒ sin u  and cos u 

2 2 5 5

521

52 
4 2521

 
sin 2u  2 sin u cos u  2

cos 2u  cos u
sin u 



5 
2 21 2
17  2
2 2


5 25

2


2 
21 
2 tan u
tan 2u  
1



2 
1
tan u2
21  2

21 421
 
21 17
1

4

1 22 42
28. sin 2u  2 sin u cos u  2 
3



3


9  y

22



3
2 2
1 7
cos 2u  cos2 u
sin2 u 

3 9 3 u
1


x
2 −2 2
2

2 tan u 4 42
tan 2u   

1



4 
1
tan2 u 2  2
7

1  cos 2x 1  cos 2x 1  2 cos 2x  cos2 2x

29. cos4 x  cos2 xcos2 x 
2 
2
  4
1  cos 4x
1  2 cos 2x 
2

4
2  4 cos 2x  1  cos 4x

8
3  4 cos 2x  cos 4x

8
1
 3  4 cos 2x  cos 4x
8
496 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

30. sin8 x  sin4 x sin4 x  sin2 x sin2 xsin2 x sin2 x

1
cos 2x
sin2 x 
2

sin4 x 
1
cos
2
2x 1
cos 2x

2 
1
 1
2 cos 2x  cos2 2x
4
1  cos 4x

1
4
1
2 cos 2x 
2

1
 3
4 cos 2x  cos 4x
8
sin8 x  sin4 x sin4 x
1
 3
4 cos 2x  cos 4x3
4 cos 2x  cos 4x
64
1
 9
24 cos 2x  16 cos2 2x  6 cos 4x
8 cos 2x cos 4x  cos2 4x
64
1  cos 4x 1  cos 8x

1
64 
9
24 cos 2x  16
2

 6 cos 4x
8
1
2

cos 6x  cos 2x 
2


1 35 1

28 cos 2x  14 cos 4x
4 cos 6x  cos 8x
64 2 2
1
 35
56 cos 2x  28 cos 4x
8 cos 6x  cos 8x
128
1
In the above, we used cos 2x cos 4x  cos 6x  cos 2x.
2

1
cos 2x 1  cos 2x
31. sin2 xcos2 x 
2 
2  32. sin4 x cos4 x  sin2 x sin2 x cos2 x cos2 x
 sin2 x cos2 xsin2 x cos2 x
1
cos2 2x

4 
14 sin 2x
14 sin 2x
2 2

1  cos 4x

  14
1
cos   14
1
cos 
1 4x 4x
 1

4 2 2 2

1 1
 2
1
cos 4x  1
2 cos 4x  cos2 4x
8 64
1  cos 8x

1
8
1
cos 4x 
1
641
2 cos 4x 

2 

1 3 1

2 cos 4x  cos 8x
64 2 2
1
 3
4 cos 4x  cos 8x
128
 Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 497

1
cos 2x 1  cos 2x 1  cos 2x

33. sin2 x cos4 x  sin2 x cos2 x cos2 x 
2 
2 
2 
1
 1
cos 2x1  cos 2x1  cos 2x
8
1
 1
cos2 2x1  cos 2x
8
1
 1  cos 2x
cos2 2x
cos3 2x
8
1  cos 4x 1  cos 4x



1
 1  cos 2x

cos 2x
8 2 2
1
 2  2 cos 2x
1
cos 4x
cos 2x
cos 2x cos 4x
16
1
 1  cos 2x
cos 4x
cos 2x cos 4x
16

34. sin4 x cos2 x  sin2 x sin2 x cos2 x

1
cos 2x 1
cos 2x 1  cos 2x

2 
2 
2 
1
 1
cos 2x1
cos2 2x
8
1
 1
cos 2x
cos2 2x  cos3 2x
8
1  cos 4x 1  cos 4x



1
 1
cos 2x
 cos 2x
8 2 2
1
 2
2 cos 2x
1
cos 4x  cos 2x  cos 2x cos 4x
16


1 1 1
 1
cos 2x
cos 4x  cos 2x  cos 6x
16 2 2
1
 2
2 cos 2x
2 cos 4x  cos 2x  cos 6x
32
1
 2
cos 2x
2 cos 4x  cos 6x
32

Figure for Exercises 35– 40

17
8
8 sin
 17
θ 15
15 cos
 17

1  2cos   1 2 3234  1617  4 1717

15
 
35. cos  17

2

1
2cos   1
2 2 
15 2
 1 17
36. sin  17
 17

2 17 17
498 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

 sin  8
17 8 17 1  1 1
37. tan   
2 1  cos  1  15
17 17
 32  4 38. sec  
2 cos
2 1  cos 
2
1 1
 
1  15
17
2 16
17

17

4

 1 1  1 sin  8
17
39. csc   40. cot   
2 sin
2 1
cos 
2 2 tan
2 1
cos  1
15
17

1 1 8
17
   17  4
1
15
17
2 1
17 2
17

12  150  1
cos2 150  1  2 3

2

41. sin 75  sin

1
 2  3
2

12  150  1  cos2 150  1
2 3

2

cos 75  cos

1
 2
3
2

tan 75  tan
12  150  1 sincos150150  1
1

2
3
2
1 2  3 2  3

2
3
 2  3  4
3
 2  3

2  330  
1
cos 330
1
2 3
2  212

1 
42. sin 165  sin  3
2

2  330 

1  cos 330
1  2 3
2 
212 
1 
cos 165  cos 
3
2

1
2

2  330  1  cos 330  1  3
2  2 
13  3
2
1 sin 330
tan 165  tan

2  225  
1
cos 225
1  2 2
2  212 
1 
43. sin 112 30  sin  2
2

2  225 

1  cos 225
1
2 2
2 
212

1 
cos 112 30  cos 
2
2

2
2

2  225  1  cos 225  1
2
2 
1
2
1 sin 225
tan 112 30  tan

2  135  
1
cos 135
1  2 2
2  212 
1 
44. sin 67 30  sin  2
2

2  135  
1  cos 135
1
2 2
2  212

1 
cos 67 30  cos  2
2
2
2

2  135  1  cos 135  1
2
2  1  2
1 sin 135
tan 67 30  tan
 Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 499

 

 
3


1
cos 1
cos 1

 1 
 1 

  
 
4 1 6 2
45. sin  sin  2
2 46. sin  sin 
8 2 4 2 2 12 2 6 2 2

 1


1  cos  2
3
 1  2

 
4 1
cos  cos  2  2
8 2 4 2 2 


1  cos
 1 

 
 6 1
sin
2 cos  cos  2  3
 1  12 2 6 2 2

 
4 2
tan  tan   2
1
8 2 4  2  1
1  cos 1 sin
 1 


4 2 6 2
tan  tan   2
3
12 2 6  3
1  cos 1
6 2

 
3 2
1
cos 1
3 3
47. sin
8
 sin
1
2
 
4

2
4

2
2

1
2
2  2

 
3 2
1  cos 1

3 3
cos
8
 cos
1
2
 4
2
4

2
2

1
2
2
2

3 2 2
sin
3 3


1 4 2 2 2
tan  tan     


 2  1
8 2 4 3 2 2
2 2 2
1  cos 1

4 2 2


3
1

  
7 1 7 1
cos7 6 2 1
48. sin  sin   2  3
12 2 6 2 2 2

 
7 3
1  cos 1

7 1 7

 
6 2 1
cos  cos 

2
3
12 2 6 2 2 2
7 1
sin

7 1 7


6 2
tan  tan   
2
3
12 2 6 7 3
1  cos 1

6 2

5  12 3 
49. sin u  , < u <  ⇒ cos u 
50. cos u  , 0 < u <
13 2 13 5 2

u2  1
2cos u  1
2
3

2   
u 1
cos u 1  12 526 5
sin  13  sin 5

2 2 26 5

u2  1  2cos u  1 2
3
25

2   1
2
u 1  cos u 12 26
cos  13  cos 5

2 26 5
5

2  1  cos u  1

u sin u
tan 13
12
5
13
500 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

5 3 5 8
51. tan u 
, < u < 2 ⇒ sin u 
and cos u 
8 2 89 89


8
1


   89
1788
u 1
cos u 89 89
8 89
sin   
2 2 2 289


8
1
 1  cos u
 89 1788
89 89  8 89


u
cos 




2 2 2 289

8
1

1
cos u 89 8
89


u
tan   
2 sin u 5 5


89

3
52. cot u  3,  < u < y
2


3
1

  1
cos u
10 203 10  53
u 10 10 1 10
sin     −3
u
2 2 2 2 x
−1


10
3
1

cos
u
2


 1  cos u
2


10
2

10
203 10


1
2 10
53 10

3
1
1
cos u


tan
u
2

sin u

1
10

10
3


10

5 3 3 4
53. csc u 
,  < u < ⇒ sin u 
and cos u 

3 2 5 5

2   
u 1
cos u 1  45 310
sin  
2 2 10

2 
 1
2
u 1  cos u 4 10
cos 
5 

2 10
4
1
cos u 1 

2 
u 5
tan  
3
sin u
35

7  y
54. sec u 
, < u < 
2 2


2 7
1 3 5

 
u 1
cos u 7 314
sin    u
2 2 2 14
x
−2


2
1


2  
u 1  cos u 7 70
cos  
2 2 14
2
1
1
cos u 35


u 7
tan   
2 sin u 5 5
3
7
 Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 501

55.
1
cos
2
6x
 sin 3x 56.
1  cos
2
4x
 cos
4x
2   
 cos 2x 

1
cos 8x

57.

1
cos 8x
1  cos 8x


2

1  cos
2
8x
58.



1
cos2x
1 
sinx
2 1 


  sin 4x
cos 4x


tan 4x 
x x
59. sin  cos x  0 60. hx  sin  cos x
1
2 2
x
±
1
cos x
2

cos x sin
2
 cos x
1  0

1
cos x
2
 cos2 x
±
1
2cos x  1
cos x
1
cos x
0  2 cos2 x  cos x
1  1
2 cos x  cos2 x
2
 2 cos x
1cos x  1
1
cos x  2
4 cos x  2 cos2 x
1
cos x  , 5or cos x 
1 2 cos2 x
3 cos x  1  0
2
 5 2 cos x
1cos x
1  0
x , or cos x  
3 3 2 cos x
1  0 or cos x
1  0
2 1
cos x  cos x  1
2
0 2␲  5
x , x0
3 3
−2
 5
0, , and are all solutions to the equation.
3 3
By checking these values in the original equation, we see
that x  3 and x  53 are extraneous, and x   is 1

the only solution.

0 2␲

−2
502 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

x x
61. cos
sin x  0 62. gx  tan
sin x
2 2
x
±
1  cos x
2
 sin x tan
2

sin x  0

1  cos x 1
cos x
 sin2 x  sin x
2 sin x

1  cos x  2 sin2 x 1
cos x  sin2 x

1  cos x  2
2 cos2 x 1
cos x  1
cos2 x

2 cos2 x  cos x
1  0 cos2 x
cos x  0

2 cos x
1cos x  1)  0 cos xcos x
1  0

2 cos x
1  0, 5or cos x  1  0 cos x  0 or cos x
1  0

1  3
cos x  , 5or  1cos x 
1 x , cos x  1
2 2 2

 5 x0
x , or cos  1x  
3 3  3
0, , and are all solutions to the equation.
 5 2 2
x , ,
3 3 3

3, , and 53 are all solutions to the equation.

0 2␲
2

−3
0 2␲

−2

      
      3sin 2  sin 0
1
63. 6 sin cos  6  sin   sin

4 4 2 4 4 4 4

 5  5  5
64. 4 cos
3
sin
6
1
 4  sin
2 3
  
6

sin
3


6     2sin76
sin
2   2sin76  sin2 
65. 10 cos 75 cos 15  1012 
cos75
15  cos75  15  5
cos 60  cos 90

66. 6 sin 45 cos 15  612 sin 60  sin 30  3sin 60  sin 30

67. cos 4 sin 6  12

sin4  6
sin4
6  12
sin 10
sin
2  12sin 10  sin 2

68. 3 sin 2 sin 3  3  12

cos2
3
cos2  3  32
cos

cos 5  32 cos 
cos 5

69. 5 cos
5  cos 3  5  2

cos
5
3   cos
5  3   2
cos
8   cos
2 
1 5

 52cos 8  cos 2 

70. cos 2 cos 4  12

cos2
4  cos2  4  2
cos
2  cos 6  2cos 2  cos 6
1 1

71. sinx  y sinx
y  2cos 2y
cos 2x

1
72. sinx  y cosx
y  2sin 2x  sin 2y
1
 Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 503

73. cos
 sin    2

sin 2
sin
2
1
74. sin   sin
  12 cos 2
cos 2
 2sin 2  sin 2
1

75. sin 5
sin 3  2 cos 5 2 3 sin5
2 3 76. sin 3  sin   2 sin 3 2  cos3 2

 2 cos 4 sin   2 sin 2 cos 

6x  2x 6x
2x
77. cos 6x  cos 2x  2 cos  2  
cos
2 
 2 cos 4x cos 2x

x  5x x
5x
78. sin x  sin 5x  2 sin  2
cos  
2 
 2 sin 3x cos
2x  2 sin 3x cos 2x

 


79. sin  
sin
  2 cos  2
sin
2  
 2 cos  sin 

80. cos
 2  cos
 2 cos 
 22 
 cos
 22

  2 cos
  cos


81. cos  

2 

cos 

2

2 sin     2   
2 
2

sin
  2 

2 
2

2 sin  sin

2

   
 
   
x x
x
x

  

82. sin x 
2  
 sin x

2
 2 sin  2
2
2
cos
2
2
2
 2 sin x cos
2

60  30 60
30

83. sin 60  sin 30  2 sin  2
cos  2 
 2 sin 45 cos 15

3 1
3  1
sin 60  sin 30   
2 2 2

120  30 120
30

84. cos 120  cos 30  2 cos  2
cos  2 
 2 cos 75 cos 45

1
3
3
1
cos 120  cos 30 
 
2 2 2

3  3 

85. cos
3
4


cos 
2 sin
4
 4


2
4
 
sin
4

2
4
 
2 sin

2
sin

4
3 
2
2
cos
cos 



2
4 4 2 2

  
5 3 5 3


5 3 4 4 4 4 
86. sin
sin  2 cos sin  2 cos  sin
4 4 2 2 4

5 3
2
2
sin
sin 



2
4 4 2 2
504 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

87. sin 6x  sin 2x  0

6x  2x 6x
2x
2 sin  2  
cos
2
0 
2sin 4x cos 2x  0
sin 4x  0 or cos 2x  0


4x  n or cos 2x   n
2

n  n
x or cos 2x   2
4 4 2

In the interval
0, 2 we have 0 2␲

  3 5 3 7
x  0, , , , , , , . −2
4 2 4 4 2 4

88. hx  cos 2x
cos 6x

cos 2x
cos 6x  0

2 sin 4x sin
2x  0
2 sin 4x sin 2x  0
sin 4x  0 or sin 2x  0 2

4x  n 2x  n
0 2␲
n n
x x
4 2
−2

  3 5 3 7  3
x  0, , , , , , , x  0, , ,
4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2

cos 2x
89.
10 90. f x  sin2 3x
sin2 x
sin 3x
sin x
sin2 3x
sin2 x  0
cos 2x
1 sin 3x  sin xsin 3x
sin x  0
sin 3x
sin x
cos 2x 2 sin 2x cos x2 cos 2x sin x  0
1
2 cos 2x sin x  3
sin 2x  0 ⇒ x  0, , , or
2 2
2 sin x  1
 3
1 cos x  0 ⇒ x  , or
sin x  2 2
2
 3 5 7
 5 cos 2x  0 ⇒ x  , , , or
x , 4 4 4 4
6 6
2
sin x  0 ⇒ x  0, 
1

0 2␲

0 2␲

−2

−1
 Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 505

3 13
5
5
β
α4
12

Figure for Exercises 91–94

13 13
2 2
5 25 12 144
91. sin2    92. cos2   cos 2  
169 169
cos2   1
sin2 
13
2
12
sin2   1
cos2   1

13
5 2

144 25 1

1

169 169
25 144
1

169 169

135  13
5 4 4
135  65
93. sin  cos  12 3 36
94. cos  sin 

 
sin  cos  cos  2
 sin 2
 cos  sin  sin

 2
 cos 2



135  13
5 4 4
135  65
 12 3 36


1 1 1
95. csc 2  96. sec 2  
sin 2 cos 2 cos2 
sin2 
1 1

2 sin  cos  cos2 

1 1 sin2 
  2 cos  1

sin  cos2 
csc  sec2 
 
2 cos  1
tan2 
sec2 

1
sec2 
1
sec2 

2
sec2 

97. cos2 2
sin2 2  cos

22 98. cos4 x
sin4 x  cos2 x
sin2 xcos2 x  sin2 x
 cos 4  cos 2x1
 cos 2x

   
 3  cos 3   2 2sin 3  cos 3 
1
99. sin x  cos x2  sin2 x  2 sin x cos x  cos2 x 100. sin
 sin2 x  cos2 x  2 sin x cos x
1 2
 1  sin 2x  sin
2 3

101. 1  cos 10y  1  cos2 5y
sin2 5y

 1  cos2 5y
1
cos2 5y
 2 cos2 5y
506 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

cos 3 cos2   u 1
102.  103. sec 
cos cos 2 u
cos
cos 2 cos
sin 2 sin 2

cos
1
2 sin2  cos
2 cos sin  sin
±
1  2cos u

cos
 1
2 sin2
2 sin2 ±
sin u21sin ucos u
 1
4 sin2
±
sin u 2 sinsin uu cos u

2 sin u
cos u
±
sin u sin u cos u

cos u cos u

±
tan 2u tan sinu u

x±y xy
u 1
cos u sin x ± sin y
2 sin 2  cos 2 
104. tan  105. 
cos x  cos y xy x
y
2 cos  cos
2 
2 sin u
2
1 cos u


sin u sin u x±y
 csc u
cot u
 tan  2 
xy x
y
sin x  sin y
2 sin
2 cos  2  cos 4x  cos 2x
2 cos
4x  2x
 2  cos 2 
4x
2x
106.  107. 
cos x
cos y xy x
y

2 sin
2   
sin
2  sin 4x  sin 2x
2 sin
4x  2x
2 
cos
4x
2x
2 
x
y

cot  2  
2 cos 3x cos x
2 sin 3x cos x
 cot 3x

 2  cos
2 
4t 2t
2 cos
cos t  cos 3t   
108.
sin 3t
sin t
 109. sin  6  x  sin 6
x  2 sin 6 cos x
2 cos  sin 
4t 2t
2 2 1
2 cos x
cos
t 2

sint  cos x
cost
  cot t
sint

   
 
   
x
x x

x
 
110. cos
3 
 x  cos 
3 

x  2 cos
3
2
3

cos
3
2
3

 2 cos 3  cosx

2 12 cos x  cos x
 Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 507

111. 3

Let y1  cos3x and

−2␲ 2␲
y2  cos x3
3sin x2 cos x.

−3

cos 3  cos2  
 cos 2 cos
sin 2 sin
 cos2
sin2  cos
2 sin cos sin
 cos3
sin2 cos
2 sin2 cos
 cos3
3 sin2 cos

112. sin 4  2 sin 2 cos 2 113. 3

 22 sin cos 1
2 sin2  cos 4x
cos 2x

Let y1 
−2␲ 2␲
2 sin 3x
 4 sin cos 1
2 sin2 
3
and y2 
sin x.
−3

4x  2x 4x
2x
−2␲ 2␲

cos 4x
cos 2x

2 sin  2  sin
2 

−3
2 sin 3x 2 sin 3x

2 sin 3x sin x
 
sin x
2 sin 3x

3x  x 3x
x
cos 3x
cos x

2 sin  2  sin 2  1
cos 2x 1 cos 2x
114.  115. sin2 x  

sin 3x
sin x 3x  x 3x
x
2 cos
2   2 
2 2 2
sin
y

2 sin 2x sin x
 2
2 cos 2x sin x
1

tan 2x
x
3 π 2π

−1

−␲ ␲ −2

−3

1  cos 2x 1 cos 2x
116. f x  cos2 x    117. sin2 arcsin x  2 sinarcsin x cosarcsin x
2 2 2
1 y  2x
1
x2
Shifted upward by unit.
2 2

1
Amplitude: a 
2  1

x
2 π 2π
Period: 
2 −1

−2
508 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

1
118. cos2 arccos x  cos2arccos x
sin2arccos x 119. 752 sin 2  130
32
 x2
1
x2  2x2
1
13032
sin 2 
752
1
1 13032

2
sin 
752 
  23.85

1  
120. (a) A  bh (b) A  100 sin cos
2 2 2
θ
 
cos


h
⇒ h  10 cos
 10 m
h
10 m 
(b) A  50 2 sin
2
cos
2 
2 10 2
(b) A  50 sin 
 12b 1 
sin  ⇒ b  10 sin (b) When   2, sin   1 ⇒ the area
2 10 2 2 b
is a maximum.
    
A  10 sin 10 cos ⇒ A  100 sin cos (b) A  50 sin  501  50 square feet
2 2 2 2 2

 1
121. sin 
2 M
  1
(a) sin 1 (b) sin 
2 2 4.5
 
2
 arcsin 1
2
 arcsin 
1
4.5
 
2

2
  2 arcsin 4.51 
   0.4482
S  1
(c) 760  1 (d) sin 
2 M
S  760 miles per hour 
2
 arcsin 
1
M
S
 4.5
760
  2 arcsin M1 
S  3420 miles per hour

 1
cos 
122.
x
2
 2r sin2  2r
2 2   123. False. For u < 0, 124. False. If 90 < u < 180,
u
sin 2u 
sin
2u is in the first quadrant and
 r 1
cos  2

2 sin
u cos
u
So, x  2r1
cos .

2
sin u cos u
sin
u
2

1
2cos u.
 2 sin u cos u.
 Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 509

x
125. (a) y  4 sin  cos x 126. f x  cos 2x
2 sin x
2
(a) 2
4
)
0 2␲

0 2␲ −3
0
Maximum points: 3.6652, 1.5, 5.7596, 1.5
Maximum: , 3
Minimum points: 1.5708,
3, 4.7124, 1
x
(b) 2 cos
sin x  0
2 (b)
2 cos x2 sin x  1  0

2 cos x  0 2 sin x  1  0

1  2cos x  sin x
or
2 ±
1
cos x  0 sin x 

1  cos x 2
4 2 
 sin2 x
 3 7 11
x , x ,
21  cos x  1
cos x 2 2 2 6 6
cos2 x  2 cos x  1  0  7
 1.5708  3.6652
cos x  1  0
2 2 6

cos x 
1 3 11
 4.7124  5.7596
2 2
x

127. f x  sin4 x  cos4 x

(a) sin4 x  cos4 x  sin2 x2  cos2 x2
1
cos 2x 1  cos 2x
   
2 2

2 2
1

1
cos 2x2  1  cos 2x2
4
1
 1
2 cos 2x  cos2 2x  1  2 cos 2x  cos2 2x
4
1
 2  2 cos2 2x
4
1  cos 22x
  
1
 22
4 2
1
 3  cos 4x
4
(b) sin4 x  cos4 x  sin2 x2  cos4 x
 1
cos2 x2  cos4 x
 1
2 cos2 x  cos4 x  cos4 x
 2 cos4 x
2 cos2 x  1
(c) sin4 x  cos4 x  sin4 x  2 sin2 x cos2 x  cos4 x
2 sin2 x cos2 x
 sin2 x  cos2 x2
2 sin2 x cos2 x
 1
2 sin2 x cos2 x
(d) 1
2 sin2 x cos2 x  1
2 sin x cos xsin x cos x

2 sin 2x
1
 1
sin 2x

1 2
1
sin 2x
2
(e) No, it does not mean that one of you is wrong. There is often more than one way to rewrite
a trigonometric expression.
510 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

128. (a) 2 129. (a) y

−2␲ 2␲
5
(−1, 4)

3 (5, 2)
−2 2
1
x
(b) The graph appears to be that of sin 2x. −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5
−1

 2x 
1  2 sin x cos x

−2
(c) 2 sin x 2 cos2
(b) d 

1
52  4
22 

62  22
 sin 2x

40  2
10

(c) Midpoint: 5  2
1, 2 2 4  2, 3

130. (a) y 131. (a) y

12
(6, 10) 3
10
8 ( 43 , 52)
6 2
4
2 1
x
−6 −4
−2
2 4 6 8 10 (0, 12 )
x
(− 4, − 3) −1 1 2

(b) d 

4
62  
3
102

43
0  52
21 
169  4
2 2
(b) d 


102  
132


52 2 13


100  169 
269
9 3
(c) Midpoint: 
42 6,
3 2 10  1, 72 (c) Midpoint: 0 2
4 1
3 2
,
2 2 3
 ,
5

  
2 3 2

132. (a) y 133. (a) Complement: 90
55  35

1 Supplement: 180
55  125

( 13 , 23)
(b) Complement: Not possible. 162 > 90
x
−2 −1 1
Supplement: 180
162  18
−1

(− 1, − 32 ) − 2

13  1  23  23 
43  136

2 2 2 2
(b) d 


 

16 169 233 1
 233

9 36 36 6
(c) Midpoint:
 
1 3  
2 
1

    
2 3

23
56 1
5
3
2
,
2

2 2
, 
,
3 12 
 Review Exercises for Chapter 5 511

  4
134. (a) The supplement is 180
 109
 71
. 135. (a) Complement:  
2 18 9
There is no complement.
 17
Supplement:   
(b) The supplement is 180
 78
 102
. 18 18
The complement is 90
 78
 12
.  9 
(b) Complement:  
2 20 20
9 11
Supplement:   
20 20

136. (a) The supplement is   0.95  2.19. 137. Let x  profit for September,
then x  0.16x  profit for October.

The complement is  0.95  0.62.
2 x 
x  0.16x  507,600
(b) The supplement is   2.76  0.38. 2.16x  507,600
There is no complement. x  235,000
x  0.16x  272,600

Profit for September: $235,000

Profit for October: $272,600

138. Let x  number of gallons of 100% concentrate. 139. Second base d 2  902  902

0.30
55  x  1.00x  0.50
55  16,200

90 ft 90 ft

16.50  0.30x  x  27.50 d  16,200

d
0.70x  11  902
x  15.7 gallons  127 feet
90 ft 90 ft

Home plate

Review Exercises for Chapter 5

1 1 1
1.  sec x 2.  csc x 3.  cos x
cos x sin x sec x

cos x
 
1
4.  cot x 5.  cot x 6. 1  tan2 x  sec2 x  sec x
tan x sin x

3 4 2 13
7. sin x  , cos x  8. tan   , sec  
5 5 3 3
3
sin x 5 3  is in Quadrant I.
tan x   4 
cos x 4
5 1 3 313
cos    
1 4 sec  13 13
cot x  
tan x 3

sec x 
1

5
sin   1  cos2   1  139  134  2 1313 

cos x 4
1 13
csc   
1 5 sin  2
csc x  
sin x 3
1 3
cot   
tan  2
512 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

2  x  2    sec   9, sin   4 9 5

2 1 2 
9. sin ⇒ cos x   10. csc
2 2 2
2  is in Quadrant I.
sin x  
2
1 1
1 cos   
 sec  9
sin x 2
tan x    1 45
cos x 1
2 sin  9
tan     45
cos  1
1
cot x   1 9
tan x
1 9 95
sec x 
1
 2 csc    
cos x sin  45 20

1 1 1 5
csc x    2 cot    
sin x tan  45 20

sin 
1 1 tan  cos  1
11.   sin2 x 12.  
cot2 x  1 csc2 x 1  cos2  sin2  sin  cos 
 csc  sec 

13. tan2 x
csc2 x  1  tan2 x
cot2 x  tan2 x tan1 x  1

2
14. cot2 x
sin2 x 
cos2 x 2
sin2 x
sin x  cos2 x

sin 2   cos 

cot 2  u tan u
15.   cot  16.   tan u sec u
sin  sin  cos u cos u

17. cos2 x  cos2 x cot2 x  cos2 x
1  cot2 x  cos2 x
csc2 x 18. tan2  csc2   tan2   tan2 
csc2   1
 tan2  cot2   1
sin1 x  cos x2
 cos2 x 2 2
 cot 2
x
sin x

19.
tan x  12 cos x 
tan2 x  2 tan x  1 cos x


sec2 x  2 tan x cos x

 sec2 x cos x  2 cos x

sin x
cos x  sec x  2 sin x

1 1
csc   1 
csc   1
20.
sec x  tan x2  sec2 x  2 sec x tan x  tan2 x 21.  
csc   1 csc   1
csc   1
csc   1
 1  tan2 x  2 sec x tan x  tan2 x
2

 1  2 sec x tan x  2 tan2 x csc2   1
2

cot2 
 2 tan2 

1  sin x
22.
cos2 x

cos2 x
1  sin x
1  sin x

1  sin x 23. csc2 x  csc x cot x 
1
sin2 x
 1
sin x cos
sin x 
x

cos2 x
1  sin x 1  cos x

 
1  sin2 x sin2 x
 1  sin x
 Review Exercises for Chapter 5 513

1 sin x
24. sin12 x cos x 
cos x 
cos x 25. cos x
tan2 x  1  cos x sec2 x
sin x sin x
1
 sin x cos
sin x 
x
 sin x cot x

sec x
sec2 x

 sec x

  
26. sec2 x cot x  cot x  cot x
sec2 x  1  cot x tan2 x 
27. cos x 
2 
 cos x cos  sin x sin
2 2

1

tan x 
tan2 x  tan x 
cos x
0 
sin x
1
 sin x

28. cot 2  x  tan x by the Cofunction Identity 29.

1
tan  csc 

sin 
1
1
 cos 

cos  sin 

1 1 1
30.   31. sin5 x cos2 x  sin4 x cos2 x sin x
tan x csc x sin x

tan x 1
sin x 

sin x
tan x

1  cos2 x2 cos2 x sin x
 cot x 
1  2 cos2 x  cos4 x cos2 x sin x

cos2 x  2 cos4 x  cos6 x sin x

32. cos3 x sin2 x  cos x cos2 x sin2 x 33. sin x  3  sin x

 cos x
1  sin2 x sin2 x 3
sin x 
2
 cos x
sin2 x sin4 x
 2

sin2 x  sin4 x cos x x  2 n,  2 n
3 3

34. 4 cos   1  2 cos  35. 33 tan u  3

2 cos   1 1
tan u 
3
1
cos  
2 
u  n
6
 5
  2n or  2n
3 3

1
36. sec x  1  0 37. 3 csc2 x  4
2
4
1 csc2 x 
sec x  1 3
2
3
sec x  2 sin x  ±
2
1
cos x   2 4 5
2 x  2 n,  2 n,  2 n,  2 n
3 3 3 3
 5
x  2n or  2n These can be combined as:
3 3
 2
x  n or x   n
3 3
514 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

38. 4 tan2 u  1  tan2 u 39. 2 cos2 x  cos x  1

3 tan2 u  1  0 2 cos2 x  cos x  1  0
1
2 cos x  1
cos x  1  0
tan2 u 
3
2 cos x  1  0 cos x  1  0
1 3
tan u  ± ± 1
3 3 cos x   cos x  1
2
 5
u  n or  n 2 4
6 6 x , x0
3 3

40. 2 sin2 x  3 sin x  1 41. cos2 x  sin x  1

2 sin2 x  3 sin x  1  0 1  sin2 x  sin x  1  0

2 sin x  1
sin x  1  0 sin x
sin x  1  0
2 sin x  1  0 or sin x  1  0 sin x  0 sin x  1  0
1 x  0,  sin x  1
sin x  sin x  1
2

x
 5  2
x , x
6 6 2

42. sin2 x  2 cos x  2 43. 2 sin 2x  2  0

1 cos2 x  2 cos x  2 2
sin 2x 
2
0 cos2 x  2 cos x  1
 3
0 
cos x  12 2x   2 n,  2 n
4 4
cos x  1  0
 3
x   n,  n
cos x  1 8 8
x0  3 9 11
x , , ,
8 8 8 8

44. 3 tan 3x  0 45. cos 4x
cos x  1  0

tan 3x  0 cos 4x  0 cos x  1  0
3x  0, , 2, 3, 4, 5  3
4x   2 n,  2 n cos x  1
2 2
 2 4 5 
x  0, , , , ,
3 3 3 3   3 
x  n,  n x0
8 2 8 2
 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
x  0, , , , , , , ,
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

46. 3 csc2 5x  4 47. sin2 x  2 sin x  0 48. 2 cos2 x  3 cos x  0

4 sin x
sin x  2  0 cos x
2 cos x  3  0
csc2 5x  
3
sin x  0 sin x  2  0 cos x  0 or 2 cos x  3  0
csc 5x  ±  
4
3
x  0,  No solution  3
x ,
2 2
2 cos x  3

No real solution 3
cos x  
2
No solution
 Review Exercises for Chapter 5 515

49. tan2   tan   12  0

tan   4
tan   3  0
tan   4  0 tan   3  0
  arctan
4  n   arctan 3  n
  arctan
4  , arctan
4  2, arctan 3, arctan 3  

50. sec2 x  6 tan x  4  0 51. sin 285
 sin
315
 30


1 tan2 x  6 tan x  4  0  sin 315
cos 30
 cos 315
sin 30

tan2 x  6 tan x  5  0
  23   2212
2  
 
2

tan x  5
tan x  1  0
2
tan x  5  0 or tan x  1  0 
4

3  1
tan x  5 tan x  1
cos 285
 cos
315
 30

3 7
x  arctan
5   x ,  cos 315
cos 30
 sin 315
sin 30

4 4

 22 23   2212

  
x  arctan
5  2 

2

4

3  1
tan 315
 tan 30

tan 285
 tan
315
 30
 
1  tan 315
tan 30

 33


1 
  2  3
1 
1
3 
3

25 11  11  11 

52. sin
345
  sin
300
 45
 53. sin
12
 sin
6
4
 sin
6 4 
cos  cos
6
sin
4
 sin 300
cos 45
 cos 300
sin 45

 21 22   23 22 
   2
3 2 1 2
 
4

3  1

2
 2

2
 2
25 11  11  11 

2

 3  1 
2

1  3 
cos
12
 cos
6

4 cos
6 4 
cos  sin
6
sin
4
4 4
 23 22   21 22 
   2
cos
345
  cos
300
 45


4

3  1
 cos 300
cos 45
 sin 300
sin 45
11 
tan  tan
25 11 

1

2

  2
3 2 tan
12
 tan
6

4
  6
11
4

2 2 2 1  tan tan
6 4
2

1  3 
 33  1

4
tan
345
  tan
300
 45
   2  3
1  
3 
3

1 
tan 300
 tan 45
 3  1 1  3
 
1  tan 300
tan 45
1  3
1
 1  3
4  23
  2  3
2
516 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

54. sin 1912  sin116  4  cos 1912  cos116  4 

11  11  11  11 
 sin cos  cos sin  cos cos  sin sin
6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4

 21 22
1 2 3 2 3 2 

2
 2

2
 2

2
 2
 

2 2 2

4

1  3   4

3  1 
4

3  1

tan 1912  tan116  4 

11 
tan  tan
6 4

11 
1  tan tan
6 4
3
 1
3  3  3 3  3
  
1   3
3 
1 3  3 3  3


12  63
  2  3
6

55. sin 60
cos 45
 cos 60
sin 45
 sin
60
 45
  sin 15

56. cos 45
cos 120
 sin 45
sin 120
 cos
45
 120
  cos 165

tan 25
 tan 10
tan 68
 tan 115

57.  tan
25
 10
 58.  tan
68
 115
  tan
47

1  tan 25
tan 10
1  tan 68
tan 115

 tan 35

y y

4
3
u 13
12
x
− 7 v

x
−5

Figures for Exercises 59–64

59. sin
u  v  sin u cos v  cos u sin v 60. tan
u  v 

tan u  tan v

 37   125


1   
1  tan u tan v
34 135    4712
3
  
12

13 

 7 5
15  127 36  57 960  5077
3 
36  57
 36  57


52

5  47  1121
 Review Exercises for Chapter 5 517

61. cos
u  v  cos u cos v  sin u sin v 62. sin
u  v  sin u cos v  cos u sin v

34 135    47 12

13 

 4  13   4  13 
7 5 3 12
    

1 15  127 127  15


52

57  36 
52

52

63. cos
u  v  cos u cos v  sin u sin v

tan u  tan v  37   125
64. tan
u  v  
1  tan u tan v
1  
7  5 
3 12

  135   3412
13 
7
 
4 15  127 36  57

36  57
 36 
1 57

57  36
52 960  5077

1121

   3 3 3

65. cos x 
2 
 cos x cos  sin x sin
2 2 
66. sin x 
2 
 sin x cos
2
 cos x sin
2
 cos x
0  sin x
1  sin x
0  cos x
1
 sin x  cos x

67. cot 2  x  tan x by the cofunction identity. 68. sin
  x  sin  cos x  cos  sin x
 0  cos x 
1sin x
 sin x

sin
   sin  cos  cos  sin

69. cos 3x  cos
2x  x 70. 
cos  cos cos  cos
 cos 2x cos x  sin 2x sin x
sin  cos cos  sin
 

cos2 x  sin2 x  cos x 
2 sin x cos x sin x cos  cos cos  cos
 cos3 x  sin2 x cos x  2 sin2 x cos x sin  sin
 
 cos3 x  3 sin2 x cos x cos  cos

 cos3 x  3
1  cos2 x  cos x  tan   tan

 cos3 x  3 cos x  3 cos3 x

 4 cos3 x  3 cos x

 

71. sin x 
4 
 sin x  
4
1 

2 cos x sin 1
4
2
cos x 
2
 7
x ,
4 4
518 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

 
72. 
cos x 
6 
 cos x 
6 
1 
cos x cos 6  sin x sin 6   cos x cos 6  sin x sin 6   1

2 sin x sin 1
6

2 sin x 12  1
sin x  1
3
x
2

 

73. sin x 
2 
 sin x 
2
 3 

2 cos x sin  3
2
3
cos x 
2
 11
x ,
6 6

3 3
74. 
cos x 
4 
 cos x 
4 
0 
cos x cos 34  sin x sin 34  cos x cos 34  sin x sin 34  0
3
2 sin x sin 0
4

2 sin x  22  0


 2 sin x  0
sin x  0
x  0, 

4 3 2  1
75. sin u   ,  < u < 76. cos u   , < u <  ⇒ sin u  and
5 2 5 2 5

3 1
cos u   1  sin2 u  tan u  
5 2

tan u 
sin u

cos u 3
4
 15 25   45
sin 2u  2 sin u cos u  2
 

 54 53  25 cos 2u  cos u  sin u   5   15  53

24 2 2 2
sin 2u  2 sin u cos u  2  2 2
 

 53   54  21

2 2 7
cos 2u  cos2 u  sin2 u    2 
25 2 tan u 1 4
tan 2u    
1  tan2 u
1   
1 2 3 3
2 tan u 43
2
24 2 4
tan 2u   
1  tan2 u
1 
4 2 7
3
 Review Exercises for Chapter 5 519

1  cos 2x 1 
1  2 sin2 x
77. sin 4x  2 sin 2x cos 2x 78. 
1  cos 2x 1 
2 cos x2  1
 2 2 sin x cos x
cos2 x  sin2 x

2 sin2 x

 4 sin x cos x
2 cos2 x  1 2 cos2 x
 8 cos3 x sin x  4 cos x sin x  tan2 x
2
4

−2␲ 2␲

−2 2

−2
−1

1  cos 4x
sin2 2x 2 1  cos 4x 1  cos 6x
79. tan2 2x    80. cos2 3x 
cos2 2x 1  cos 4x 1  cos 4x 2
2

1  cos 2x
cos x  cos x
2 4
sin x sin x
81. sin2 x tan2 x  sin2 x 2
 2
82. cos2 x tan2 x  sin2 x 
2

1  cos  1  2 cos 2x  cos2 2x

2x 2

2 4
 
1  cos 2x 1  cos 2x
2 2
1  cos 4x
1  2 cos 2x 
2

2
1  cos 2x
2  4 cos 2x  1  cos 4x

4
1  cos 2x
3  4 cos 2x  cos 4x

4
1  cos 2x

83. sin
75
    1  cos 150

  1   3
2    2  3
2 2 2
1
 2  3
2

cos
75
   1  cos 150

  1   3
2   2  3
2 2 2
1
 2  3
2

  

3
1 
1  cos 150

tan
75
   
sin 150

  1
2
 
2  3 
2
 2  3
520 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry


3
1
84. sin 15
 sin
30

2
    1  cos 30

2

2
2

1
2
2  3


3
1
cos 15
 cos
30

2   

1  cos 30

2

2
2

1
2
2  3

3
1
1  cos 30

tan 15
 tan
30

2  

sin 30


1
2
 2  3
2

      2 
19 3
1  cos 1 
19
  6 2 3 1
85. sin    2  3
12 2 2 2 2

     2 
19 3
1  cos 1 
19
  6 2 3 1
cos    2  3
12 2 2 2 2

19
1  cos
19
1 
3
 
tan  
12

19
6

1
2
 2  3
sin 
6 2

      12 

17 17
 
3
1  cos  1 
17
86. sin  
12 
 sin 
6
2

2
6

2
2
2
3

       12 

17 17
 
3
 1  cos  1 
17
cos  12 
 cos
2
6
 
2
6

2
2
2
3

17
  

17
1  cos   17
1 
3
    2 
tan   
 tan
6

17
6

2
3
12 2

sin 
6
1
2

3  4 u
87. Given sin u  , 0 < u < ⇒ cos u  and is in Quadrant I.
5 2 5 2

u2  1  2cos u  1 245  101 

10
sin
10

u2  1  2cos u  1 245  109  3 1010


cos

tan u2  1 sincosu u  1 3

54
5  31
 Review Exercises for Chapter 5 521

5 3 y
88. tan u  ,  < u <
8 2
5
sin u  −8
89 u
x

8 −5
cos u  89
89

sin
u
2
 1  2cos u  1 
8
2
89 
 89  8
289
 89 1788 89

c os
u
2
 1  2cos u  1 
8
2
89 
 89  8
289
 89 1788 89

8
1
u 1  cos u 89 89  8 8  89
t an    
2 sin u 5 5 5
89

2  35 u
89. Given cos u   , < u <  ⇒ sin u  and is in Quadrant I.
7 2 7 2

u2  1  2cos u  1 
227  149  314  3 1414


sin

u2  1  2cos u  1 
227  145 

70
cos
14

u2  1 sincosu u  1 3
27 97 3 3 5 

tan   
57 357 5 5

90. sec u  6,


2
< u < ,1  361  635,
sin u 

cos u  
1
6

sin     
u 1  cos u 1 
16 7 21 
2 2 2 12 6

cos     
u 1  cos u 1 
16 5 15 
2 2 2 12 6
u 1  cos u 1 
16 7 6 7 35
tan       or
2 sin u 356 6 35 35 5
u sin
u2 216 21 35
tan    
2 cos
u2 156 15 5

91. 
 
1  cos2 10x   cos 10x2 
  cos 5x  92.
sin 6x
1  cos 6x
 tan 3x

  1  
93. cos
6 6 2 3  1
sin  sin  sin 0  sin
2 3  94. 6 sin 15
sin 45
 6 12 cos
15
 45
  cos
15
 45


 3 cos
30
  cos 60

 3
cos 30
 cos 60


96. 4 sin 3 cos 2  4
2  sin
3  2  sin
3  2

1
95. cos 5 cos 3  2 cos 2  cos 8

 2
sin 5  sin 
522 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

3  2 3  2
97. sin 4  sin 2  2 cos 4 2 2 sin4 2 2 98. cos 3  cos 2  2 cos  2  
cos
2 
 2 cos 3 sin  5 
 2 cos cos
2 2

  

99. cos x 
6 cos x  
6 
 2 sin x sin
6


100. sin x 

4 
 sin x 

4 
 2 cos   x  4   x  4 
2
 
sin
x  4   x  4 
2
  2 cos x sin

4

1 2
101. r v sin 2
32 0
range  100 feet
v0  80 feet per second
1
r
802 sin 2  100
32
sin 2  0.5
2  30


  15
or
12

102. Volume V of the trough will be the area A of the isosceles triangle times the length l of the trough.
VAl
1
(a) A bh
2
 h  4m
cos  ⇒ h  0.5 cos
2 0.5 2
b
b
h
 2 b 
sin  ⇒  0.5 sin 0.5 m
0.5 m
2 0.5 2 2
  Not drawn to scale
A  0.5 sin 0.5 cos
2 2
 

0.52 sin cos
2 2
 
 0.25 sin cos square meters
2 2
 
V 
0.25
4 sin cos cubic meters
2 2
 
 sin cos cubic meters
2 2

  1  
 
1
(b) V  sin cos  2 sin cos  sin  cubic meters
2 2 2 2 2 2

Volume is maximum when   .
2
 Review Exercises for Chapter 5 523

1
103. y  1.5 sin 8t  0.5 cos 8t 104. y  1.5 sin 8t  0.5 cos 8t 
3 sin 8t  1 cos 8t
2
2
Using the identity

0 2␲
a sin B  b cos B  a2  b2 sin
B  C,
b
C  arctan , a > 0
−2 a
(Exercise 83, Section 5.4), we have
1

y  
32 
12 sin 8t  arctan 
2
1
3  
 13.
10
 sin 8t  arctan
2

10 1 4
105. Amplitude  feet 106. Frequency   cycles per second
2 2 
8

    
107. False. If <  < , then < < and is in 108. False. The correct identity is
2 4 2 2 2
Quadrant I. sin
x  y  sin x cos y  cos x sin y.


cos > 0
2

109. True. 4 sin
xcos
x  4
sin xcos x

 4 sin x cos x  2
2 sin x cos x
 2 sin 2x

1 1
110. True. It can be verified using a product-to-sum identity. 111. Reciprocal Identities: sin   csc  
csc  sin 
1
4 sin 45
cos 15
 4  sin 60
 sin 30

1 1
2 cos   sec  
sec  cos 

2  23  12  3  1 tan  
1
cot  
1
cot  tan 
sin  cos 
Quotient Identities: tan   cot  
cos  sin 
Pythagorean Identities: sin2   cos2   1
1  tan2   sec2 
1  cot2   csc2 

112. No. For an equation to be an identity, the equation must 113. a sin x  b  0
be true for all real numbers. sin   12 has an infinite
b
number of solutions but is not an identity. sin x 
a

 
If b > a , then

b
a
> 1 and there is no solution

 
since sin x ≤ 1 for all x.
524 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

3
114. S
6hs  s 2
2 
3  cos 
sin  
, 0 <  ≤ 90

where h
2.4 inches, s
0.75 inch, and  is the given angle.

(a) For a surface area of 12 square inches, (b) Using a graphing calculator yields the following graph:
3
S
62.40.75  0.752
2
3  cos 
sin  
12  20

10.8  0.84375  3  cos 

sin  
12 0
(0.9553, 11.99)

3␲
4

 3  cos 

1.2.
0
0.84375
sin  Using the minimum function yields
Using the solve function of a graphing calculator gives 
0.9553 radians or 
54.73466.

49.91479 or 
59.86118.

cos 3x
115. The graph of y1 is a vertical shift of the graph of y2 116. y1
, y2
2 sin x2
one unit upward so y1
y2  1. cos x
If the graph of y2 is reflected in the x-axis and then
shifted upward by one unit, it coincides with the
graph of y1. Therefore,
cos 3x

 2 sin x2  1.
cos x
So, y1
1  y2.

117. y
x  3  4 cos x 1 x
11
118. y
2  x2  3 sin 7
2 2
Zeros: x
1.8431, 2.1758,
3.9903, 8.8935, 9.8820 Approximate roots: −10 10

−4 20
3.1395, 2.0000,
−2
0.4378, 2.0000 −7

1 x
y
2  x2  3 sin
2 2

Problem Solving for Chapter 5

1. (a) Since sin2   cos2 
1 and cos2 
1  sin2  : We also have the following relationships:
cos 
± 1  sin2 
cos 
sin 2  
sin  sin 
tan 

±
cos  1  sin2  sin 
tan 


cot 

1

±
1  sin2  sin
2 
tan  sin 

sec 

1

±
1 sin 2  
cos  1  sin2  cot 

sin 
1 1
cos 
sec 

sin  
sin
2  
1
csc 

sin 
—CONTINUED—
 Problem Solving for Chapter 5 525

1. —CONTINUED—
(b) sin 
± 1  cos2  We also have the following relationships:
sin  1  cos2 
tan 

cos 

±
cos 
sin 
cos 2  
1 1 cos 
2  
csc 

± tan 

sin  1  cos2  cos 
1 1
sec 
csc 

cos  cos 
2  

1 cos  1
cot 

± sec 

tan  1  cos2  cos 
cos 
cot 

cos 
2  

2. cos  2n 2 1
cos2n2  3. sin 

12n  1
6
1


sin 12n  
6  



cos n 
2  

sin 2n 


6
 

cos n cos  sin n sin  1
2 2
sin

6 2

± 10  01
12n  1
 
1

0 Thus, sin
for all integers n.
6 2

Thus, cos  2n 2 1
0 for all integers n.

1
4. pt
p t  30p2t  p3t  p5t  30p6t
4 1
(a) p1t
sin524 t 1.4
p1
p2 p3 p5 p6
1
p2t
sin1048 t − 0.003 0.003
2
1
p3t
sin1572 t −1.4
3
1
p5t
sin2620 t
5
1
p6t
sin3144 t
6
The graph of

pt

1
4 1 1
sin524 t  15 sin1048 t  sin1572 t  sin2620 t  5 sin3144 t
3 5 
y
yields the graph shown in the text and to the right. y = p(t)
1.4

t
0.006

−1.4
—CONTINUED—
526 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

4. —CONTINUED—

(b) Function Period (c) 1.4 Max

2 1
p1t

0.0038
524 262 0 0.00382

2 1
p2t

0.0019
1048 524 −1.4 Min
1
2 1 Over one cycle, 0 ≤ t < 262 , we have four t-intercepts:
p3t

0.0013
1572 786 t
0, t
0.00096, t
0.00191, and t
0.00285
2 1 (d) The absolute maximum value of p over one cycle is
p5t

0.0008
2620 1310 p
1.1952, and the absolute minimum value of p
2 1 over one cycle is p
1.1952.
p6t

0.0006
3144 1572
The graph of p appears to be periodic with a period
1
of 262
0.0038.

5. From the figure, it appears that u  v
w. Assume that u, v, and w are all in Quadrant I. From the figure:
s 1
tan u


3s 3
s 1
tan v


2s 2
s
tan w

1
s
tan u  tan v
tanu  v

1  tan u tan v
1
3  1
2


1  1
31
2
5
6


1  1
6

1
tan w.
Thus, tanu  v
tan w. Because u, v, and w are all in Quadrant I, we have
arctan tan(u  v
arctan tan wu  v
w.

16
6. y
 x2  tan x  h0
v02 cos2 
Let h0
0 and take half of the horizontal distance:


1 1 2
v sin 2

2 32 0
1 2

v 2 sin  cos 

64 0
1 2
v sin  cos 
32 0
Substitute this expression for x in the model.
sin  1
16
321 v   cos   32 
2
y
 2 cos2  0
2 sin  cos  v
0
2 sin  cos 
v0
1 2 2 1 2 2

 v sin   v sin 
64 0 32 0
1 2 2

v sin 
64 0
 Problem Solving for Chapter 5 527

7. The hypotenuse of the larger right triangle is:

θ sin2   1  cos 2
sin2   1  2 cos   cos2 
2
1 2(1 + cos θ )

2  2 cos 
1
21  cos 
cos θ θ

sin θ

2
21sin cos 
21sin cos   11  cos 


sin
cos 

sin 1  cos 
21  cos2


sin 1  cos 
2 sin 

1  2cos 
2
211coscos 
211coscos 
1  2cos 
2
cos

tan 2
1 sincos 

0.6W sin  90
  182.6
t  0.2
8. F

sin 12
9. Seward: D
12.2  6.4 cos 
0.6Wsin  cos 90  cos  sin 90
  182.6
t  0.2
(a) F

sin 12
New Orleans: D
12.2  1.9 cos 
0.6W sin 0  cos 1 (a) 20


sin 12
0.6W cos 


sin 12
0 365

0.6185 cos x 550

0

(b) Let y1
.
sin 12 (b) The graphs intersect when t
91 and when t
274.
These values correspond to April 1 and October 1, the
spring equinox and the fall equinox.
0 90
0 (c) Seward has the greater variation in the number of day-
light hours. This is determined by the amplitudes, 6.4
(c) The force is maximum (533.88 pounds) when 
0. and 1.9.
The force is minimum (0 pounds) when 
90.
2
(d) Period:
365.2 days

182.6


10. d
35  28 cos t when t
0 corresponds to 12:00 A.M.
6.2

(a) The high tides occur when cos t
1. Solving yields t
6.2 or t
18.6.
6.2
These t-values correspond to 6:12 A.M. and 6:36 P.M.

The low tide occurs when cos t
1. Solving yields t
0 and t
12.4 which corresponds to 12:00 A.M.
6.2
and 12:24 P.M.
(b) The water depth is never 3.5 feet. At low tide the depth is d
35  28
7 feet.
(c) 70

0 24
0
528 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

11. (a) Let y1
sin x and y2
0.5. (b) Let y1
cos x and y2
0.5.
2 2

0 2 0 2

−2 −2

 5 2 4
sin x ≥ 0.5 on the interval  6 , 6 . cos x ≤ 0.5 on the interval  3 , 3 .
(c) Let y1
tan x and y2
sin x. (d) Let y1
cos x and y2
sin x.
2 2

0 2 0 2

−2 −2

tan x < sin x on the intervals 2 ,  and 32, 2. cos x ≥ sin x on the intervals 0,
 
 4  and  54 , 2.

sin 2  2  (b) For glass, n
1.50.

12. (a) n


sin 

2 3 1
1.50
 cot
2 2 2
   
   cos  
 
cot2
sin cos sin 3
2 2 2 2 2 1.50 

2

sin
2  
  
1
3  3

tan
2 

cos
2 
 cot
2
sin
2  
3  3
1

2 tan1

For 
60, n
cos 30  cot
2
sin 30  
76.52


3 1
n
 cot .
2 2 2

13. (a) sinu  v  w
sin u  v  w

sinu  v cos w  cosu  v sin w

sin u cos v  cos u sin v cos w  cos u cos v  sin u sin v sin w

sin u cos v cos w  cos u sin v cos w  cos u cos v sin w  sin u sin v sin w
(b) tanu  v  w
tan u  v  w
tanu  v  tan w


1  tanu  v tan w

 1tan utanutantanvv  tan w 1  tan u tan v

tan u  tan v
 1  tan u tan v
1
1  tan u tan v
tan w

tan u  tan v  1  tan u tan v tan w

1  tan u tan v  tan u  tan v tan w
tan u  tan v  tan w  tan u tan v tan w


1  tan u tan v  tan u tan w  tan v tan w
 Problem Solving for Chapter 5 529

14. (a) cos3
cos2   (b) cos4
cos2  2

cos 2 cos  sin 2 sin 
cos 2 cos 2  sin 2 sin 2

1  2 sin2   cos   2 sin  cos  sin 
cos2 2  sin2 2

cos   4 sin2  cos 
1  sin2 2  sin2 2

cos 1  4 sin2 
1  2 sin2 2

1  22 sin  cos 2

1  8 sin2  cos2 

15. h1
3.75 sin 733t  7.5

4

h2
3.75 sin 733 t 
3 
 7.5

(a) 15

0 1
0

2
(b) The period for h1 and h2 is
0.0086.
733
12

0 2
733
3

The graphs intersect twice per cycle.

1
There are
116.66 cycles in the interval 0, 1, so the graphs intersect approximately 233.3 times.
2
733
530 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry

Chapter 5 Practice Test

sec2 x  csc2 x
1. Find the value of the other five trigonometric functions, 2. Simplify .
4 csc2 x
1  tan2 x
given tan x
11 , sec x < 0.

3. Rewrite as a single logarithm and simplify 4. True or false:

  
ln tan   ln cot  .  
 2  x
csc x
1
cos

5. Factor and simplify: sin4 x 
sin2 x cos2 x 6. Multiply and simplify:
csc x  1
csc x  1

7. Rationalize the denominator and simplify: 8. Verify:

cos2 x 1  cos  sin 

2 csc 
1  sin x sin  1  cos 

9. Verify: 10. Use the sum or difference formulas to determine:

tan4 x  2 tan2 x  1
sec4 x (a) sin 105 (b) tan 15

 1  tan 
11. Simplify:
sin 42 cos 38 
cos 42 sin 38 12. Verify tan   4

1  tan 
.

13. Write sin
arcsin x  arccos x as an algebraic 14. Use the double-angle formulas to determine:
expression in x.
(a) cos 120 (b) tan 300

15. Use the half-angle formulas to determine: 16. Given sin
45,  lies in Quadrant II, find cos
2.

(a) sin 22.5 (b) tan
12

17. Use the power-reducing identities to write
sin2 x cos2 x 18. Rewrite as a sum: 6
sin 5 cos 2.
in terms of the first power of cosine.

sin 9x  sin 5x
19. Rewrite as a product: sin
x    sin
x  . 20. Verify
cot 2x.
cos 9x  cos 5x

21. Verify: 22. Find all solutions in the interval 0, 2:

cos u sin v
12sin
u  v  sin
u  v. 4 sin2 x
1

23. Find all solutions in the interval 0, 2: 24. Find all solutions in the interval 0, 2:

tan2  
3  1 tan   3
0 sin 2x
cos x

25. Use the quadratic formula to find all solutions in the interval 0, 2:

tan2 x  6 tan x  4
0
 C H A P T E R 6
Additional Topics in Trigonometry

Section 6.1 Law of Sines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532

Section 6.2 Law of Cosines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number . . . . . . . . 571

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

C H A P T E R 6
Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Section 6.1 Law of Sines

■ If ABC is any oblique triangle with sides a, b, and c, then

a b c


.
sin A sin B sin C
■ You should be able to use the Law of Sines to solve an oblique triangle for the remaining three parts, given:
(a) Two angles and any side (AAS or ASA)
(b) Two sides and an angle opposite one of them (SSA)
1. If A is acute and h
b sin A:
(a) a < h, no triangle is possible.
(b) a
h or a > b, one triangle is possible.
(c) h < a < b, two triangles are possible.
2. If A is obtuse and h
b sin A:
(a) a ≤ b, no triangle is possible.
(b) a > b, one triangle is possible.
■ The area of any triangle equals one-half the product of the lengths of two sides and the sine of their included angle.
1 1 1
A
2ab sin C
2ac sin B
2bc sin A

Vocabulary Check
b 1
1. oblique 2. 3. ac sin B
sin B 2

1. C 2. C
b a = 20
b a
30° 45° 105°
A c B 40°
A c = 20 B
Given: A
30, B
45, a
20
Given: B
40, C
105, c
20
C
180  A  B
105
A
180  B  C
35
a 20 sin 45
b

sin B

202  28.28 c 20 sin 35
sin A sin 30 a

sin A
 11.88
sin C sin 105
a 20 sin 105
c

sin C
 38.64
sin A sin 30 c 20 sin 40
b

sin B
 13.31
sin C sin 105

532
 Section 6.1 Law of Sines 533

3. C 4. C
b a
b a = 3.5 135°
25° 35° 10°
A c B A c = 45 B

Given: A
25, B
35, a
3.5 Given: B
10, C
135, c
45

C
180  A  B
120 A
180  B  C
35
a 3.5
b

sin B

sin 35  4.75 a

c

sin A

45 sin 35
 36.50
sin A sin 25 sin C sin 135
a 3.5
c

sin C

sin 120  7.17 b

c

sin B

45 sin 10
 11.05
sin A sin 25
sin C sin 135

5. Given: A
36, a
8, b
5
b sin A 5 sin 36
sin B

 0.36737 ⇒ B  21.55
a 8
C
180  A  B  180  36  21.55
122.45
a 8
c

sin C

sin 122.45  11.49
sin A sin 36

6. Given: A
60, a
9, c
10
c sin A 10 sin 60
sin C

 0.9623 ⇒ C  74.21 or C  105.79
a 9
Case 1 Case 2
C  74.21 C  105.79
B
180  A  C  45.79 B
180  A  C  14.21
a 9 sin 45.79 a 9 sin 14.21
b

sin B   7.45 b

sin B   2.55
sin A sin 60 sin A sin 60

7. Given: A
102.4, C
16.7, a
21.6 8. Given: A
24.3, C
54.6, c
2.68

B
180  A  C
60.9 B
180  A  C
101.1
a 21.6 c 2.68 sin 24.3
b

sin B

sin 60.9  19.32 a

sin A
 1.35
sin A sin 102.4 sin C sin 54.6
a 21.6 c 2.68 sin 101.1
c

sin C

sin 16.7  6.36 b

sin B
 3.23
sin A sin 102.4 sin C sin 54.6

9. Given: A
83 20, C
54.6, c
18.1 10. Given: A
5 40, B
8 15, b
4.8
B
180  A  C
180  83 20  54 36
42 4 C
180  A  B
166 5

c 18.1 b 4.8 sin 5 40

a

sin A

sin 83 20   22.05 a

sin A
 3.30
sin C sin 54.6 sin B sin 8 15
c 18.1 b 4.8 sin 166 5
b

sin B

sin 42 4   14.88 c

sin C
 8.05
sin C sin 54.6 sin B sin 8 15
534 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

11. Given: B
15 30 , a
4.5, b
6.8

a sin B 4.5 sin 15 30
sin A

 0.17685 ⇒ A  10 11
b 6.8
C
180  A  B  180  10 11  15 30
154 19
b 6.8
c

sin C

sin 154 19   11.03
sin B sin 15 30

12. Given: B
2 45, b
6.2, c
5.8

c sin B 5.8 sin 2 45
sin C

 0.04488 ⇒ C  2.57 or 2 34
b 6.2
A
180  B  C  174.68, or 174 41
b 6.2 sin 174.68
a

sin A   11.99
sin B sin 2 45

13. Given: C
145, b
4, c
14 14. Given: A
100, a
125, c
10

c sin A 10 sin 100
b sin C 4 sin 145 sin C

 0.07878 ⇒ C  4.52
sin B

 0.16388 ⇒ B  9.43 a 125
c 14
B
180  A  C  75.48
A
180  B  C  180  9.43  145
25.57 a 125 sin 75.48
b

sin B   122.87
c 14 sin A sin 100
a

sin A 
sin 25.57  10.53
sin C sin 145

15. Given: A
110 15 , a
48, b
16

b sin A 16 sin 110 15

sin B

 0.31273 ⇒ B  18 13
a 48
C
180  A  B  180  110 15  18 13
51 32
a 48
c

sin C

sin 51 32   40.06
sin A sin 110 15

16. Given: C
85 20, a
35, c
50

a sin C 35 sin 85 20
sin A

 0.6977 ⇒ A  44.24, or 44 14
c 50
B
180  A  C  50.43, or 50 26
C sin B 50 sin 50.43
b
  38.67
sin C sin 85 20

3
17. Given: A
55, B
42, c
18. Given: B
28, C
104, a
3
5
4 8
C
180  A  B
83 A
180  B  C
48
5
c 0.75 a sin B 38 sin 28
a

sin A

sin 55  0.62 b

 2.29
sin C sin 83 sin A sin 48
5
c 0.75 a sin C 38 sin 104
b

sin B

sin 42  0.51 c

 4.73
sin C sin 83 sin A sin 48
 Section 6.1 Law of Sines 535

19. Given: A
110, a
125, b
100 20. Given: a
125, b
200, A
110
b sin A 100 sin 110 No triangle is formed because A is obtuse
sin B

 0.75175 ⇒ B  48.74
a 125 and a < b.
C
180  A  B  21.26
a sin C 125 sin 21.26
c
  48.23
sin A sin 110

21. Given: a
18, b
20, A
76 22. Given: A
76, a
34, b
21

h
20 sin 76  19.41 b sin A 21 sin 76
sin B

 0.5993 ⇒ B  36.82
a 34
Since a < h, no triangle is formed.
C
180  A  B  67.18
a sin C 34 sin 67.18
c
  32.30
sin A sin 76

23. Given: A
58, a
11.4, c
12.8

b sin A 12.8 sin 58
sin B

 0.9522 ⇒ B  72.21 or B  107.79
a 11.4
Case 1 Case 2
B  72.21 B  107.79
C
180  A  B  49.79 C
180  A  B  14.21
a 11.4 sin 49.79
c

sin C   10.27 c

a

sin C 
11.4 sin 14.21
 3.30
sin A sin 58 sin A sin 58

24. Given: a
4.5, b
12.8, A
58 25. Given: A
36, a
5

h
12.8 sin 58  10.86 5
(a) One solution if b ≤ 5 or b

sin 36
Since a < h, no triangle is formed.
5
(b) Two solutions if 5 < b <
sin 36
5
(c) No solution if b >
sin 36

26. Given: A
60, a
10 27. Given: A
10, a
10.8

10 10.8
(a) One solution if b ≤ 10 or b
. (a) One solution if b ≤ 10.8 or b

sin 60 sin 10

10 10.8
(b) Two solutions if 10 < b < . (b) Two solutions if 10.8 < b <
sin 60 sin 10

10 10.8
(c) No solutions if b > . (c) No solution if b >
sin 60 sin 10

1 1
28. Given: A
88, a
315.6 29. Area
ab sin C

4
6 sin 120  10.4
2 2
315.6
(a) One solution if b ≤ 315.6 or b

sin 88
315.6
(b) Two solutions if 315.6 < b <
sin 88
315.6
(c) No solutions if b >
sin 88
536 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

30. Area
12ac sin B
12
62
20 sin 130  474.9 31. Area
12bc sin A
12
57
85 sin 43 45  1675.2

33. Area
2ac sin B
2
105
64sin
7230   3204.5

1 1
32. A
5 15, b
4.5, c
22
Area
12bc sin A


2
4.5
22 sin 5.25  4.5
1

34. C
84 30, a
16, b
20 35. C
180  23  94
63

1 35
Area
ab sin C h

sin 23  15.3 meters
2 sin 63

2
16
20 sin 84.5  159.3

1

sin
42   sin 48

36. (a) 37.

10 17
20°
sin
42    0.43714
70°
h 32°
16 42    25.9
12°
  16.1
h 16
(b)

sin 32 sin 70
16 sin 32
(c) h
 9.0 meters
sin 70

38. N 39. Given: c
100 A

100
46°
W E
A
74  28
46, 65°
B
S
Elgin B
180  41  74
65, 69°
C
C
180  46  65
69
a = 720 km b = 500 km C
44° c 100
46° a

sin A

sin 46  77 meters
B A sin C sin 69
Canton Naples

Given: A
46, a
720, b
500

b sin A 500 sin 46
sin B

 0.50 ⇒ B  30
a 720
The bearing from C to B is 240.

40.

r
3000 ft

40° s

3000 sin12
180  40

(b) r
 4385.71 feet
sin 40

(c) s  40 1804385.71  3061.80 feet
 Section 6.1 Law of Sines 537

41. (a)
17.5°
42. Given: A
15, B
135, c
30
18.8°
x z C
180  A  B
30
From Pine Knob:
9000 ft y
Not drawn to scale c sin B 30 sin 135
b

 42.4 kilometers
sin C sin 30
x 9000
(b)
From Colt Station:
sin 17.5 sin 1.3
x  119,289.1261 feet  22.6 miles c sin A 30 sin 15
a

 15.5 kilometers
sin C sin 30
y x
(c)

sin 71.2 sin 90
B a
y
x sin 71.2  119,289.1261 sin 71.2
30 70° C
80° c = 65°
 112,924.963 feet  21.4 miles 65°
15°
b

(d) z
x sin 18.8  119,289.1261 sin 18.8 A

 38,443 feet  7.3 miles

43. 10
mi In 15 minutes the boat has traveled
4

70° 63°
27°
10 mph
14 hr
104 miles.
20° y
d
θ


180  20 
90  63


7
10 4 y


sin 7 sin 20
y  7.0161
d
sin 27

7.0161
d  3.2 miles

5.45 sin sin 

44. (a) sin 
 0.0934 ⇒   5.36 (b)

58.36 d 58.36
d 58.36 d sin 
(c)
or sin

sin
84.64   sin  58.36
58.36 sin
84.64   sin 
d

sin 

sin1 d58.36 
(d)
 10 20 30 40 50 60
d 324.1 154.2 95.19 63.80 43.30 28.10

45. True. If one angle of a triangle is obtuse, then there is less 46. False. Two sides and one opposite angle do not
than 90 left for the other two angles, so it cannot contain necessarily determine a unique triangle.
a right angle. It must be oblique.
538 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

sin  sin
47. (a)

9 18
sin 
0.5 sin

arcsin
0.5 sin 

(b) 1 Domain: 0 < < 


Range: 0 <  ≤
6
0 ␲
0

(c)

   
   arcsin
0.5 sin 

c 18


sin
sin
18 sin
18 sin   arcsin
0.5 sin 
c


sin sin
(d) 27

Domain: 0 < < 

Range: 9 < c < 27

0 ␲
0

(e)
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 As → 0, c → 27
 0.1960 0.3669 0.4848 0.5234 0.4720 0.3445 0.1683 As → , c → 9

c 25.95 23.07 19.19 15.33 12.29 10.31 9.27

  1
 
1 1
48. (a) A

30
20 sin   
8
20 sin 
8
30 sin 
2 2 2 2 2

3 
(a)
300 sin  80 sin  120 sin  20 cm
2 2
θ
8 cm
3  2
(a)

20 15 sin
2
 4 sin  6 sin 
2  θ
30 cm

(b) 170 (c) Domain: 0 ≤  ≤ 1.6690

The domain would increase in length and the area would

have a greater maximum value if the 8-centimeter line
segment were decreased.
0 1.7
0

cos x 1
49. sin x cot x
sin x
cos x 50. tan x cos x sec x
tan x cos x
tan x
sin x cos x

51. 1  sin2 2  x
1  cos 2

x
sin2 x 52. 1  cot2 2  x
1  tan 2
x
sec2 x

53. 6 sin 8 cos 3

6
12 sin
8  3  sin
8  3 54. 2 cos 5 sin 2
2  12sin
5  2  sin
5  2

3
sin 11  sin 5
sin 7  sin 3
 Section 6.2 Law of Cosines 539

Section 6.2 Law of Cosines

■ If ABC is any oblique triangle with sides a, b, and c, the following equations are valid.
b2  c2  a2
(a) a2
b2  c2  2bc cos A or cos A

2bc
a2  c2  b2
(b) b2
a2  c2  2ac cos B or cos B

2ac
a2  b2  c2
(c) c2
a2  b2  2ab cos C or cos C

2ab
■ You should be able to use the Law of Cosines to solve an oblique triangle for the remaining three parts, given:
(a) Three sides (SSS)
(b) Two sides and their included angle (SAS)
■ Given any triangle with sides of length a, b, and c, the area of the triangle is
abc
Area
ss  as  bs  c, where s
. (Heron’s Formula)
2

Vocabulary Check
1. Cosines 2. b2
a2  c2  2ac cos B
3. Heron’s Area

1. Given: a
7, b
10, c
15
a2  b2  c2 49  100  225
cos C


0.5429 ⇒ C
122.88
2ab 2710
b sin C 10 sin 122.88
sin B


0.5599 ⇒ B
34.05
c 15
A
180  34.05  122.88
23.07

2. Given: a
8, b
3, c
9
a2  b2  c2 82  32  92
cos C


0.16667 ⇒ C
99.59
2ab 283
a sin C 8 sin 99.59
sin A


0.8765 ⇒ A
61.22
c 9
B
180  61.22  99.59
19.19

3. Given: A
30, b
15, c
30

a2
b2  c2  2bc cos A

225  900  21530 cos 30
345.5771
a
18.59
a2  b2  c2 18.592  152  302
cos C


0.5907 ⇒ C
126.21
2ab 218.5915
B
180  30  126.21
13.79
540 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

4. Given: C
105, a
10, b
4.5

c2
a2  b2  2ab cos C
102  4.52  2104.5 cos 105
143.5437 ⇒ c
11.98
a2  c2  b2 102  12.02  4.52
cos B


0.93187 ⇒ B
21.27
2ac 21012.0
A
180  105  21.27
53.73

5. a
11, b
14, c
20
a2  b2  c2 121  196  400
cos C


0.2695 ⇒ C
105.63
2ab 21114
b sin C 14 sin 105.63
sin B


0.6741 ⇒ B
42.38
c 20
A
180  42.38  105.63
31.99

6. Given: a
55, b
25, c
72

a2  b2  c2 552  252  722
cos C


0.5578 ⇒ C
123.91
2ab 25525
b2  c2  a2 252  722  552
cos A


0.7733 ⇒ A
39.35
2bc 22572
B
180  123.91  39.35
16.74

7. Given: a
75.4, b
52, c
52

b2  c2  a2 522  522  75.42
cos A


0.05125 ⇒ A
92.94
2bc 25252
b sin A 520.9987
sin B


0.68876 ⇒ B
43.53
a 75.4
C
B
43.53

8. Given: a
1.42, b
0.75, c
1.25

b2  c  a2 0.752  1.252  1.422
2

cos A


0.05792 ⇒ A
86.68

2bc 20.751.25
a2  c2  b2 1.422  1.252  0.752
cos B


0.84969 ⇒ B
31.82
2ac 21.421.25
C
180  86.68  31.82
61.50

9. Given: A
135, b
4, c
9
a2
b2  c2  2bc cos A
16  81  249cos 135
147.9117 ⇒ a
12.16

b sin A 4 sin 135

sin B


0.2326 ⇒ B
13.45
a 12.16
C
180  135  13.45
31.55

10. Given: A
55, b
3, c
10

a2
b2  c2  2bc cos A
32  102  2310 cos 55
74.585 ⇒ a
8.64
b sin A 3 sin 55
sin B


0.2846 ⇒ A
16.53
a 8.636
C
180  16.53  55
108.47
 Section 6.2 Law of Cosines 541

11. Given: B
10 35, a
40, c
30

b2
a2  c2  2ac cos B
1600  900  24030cos 10 35
140.8268 ⇒ b
11.87
c sin B 30 sin 10 35
sin C


0.4642 ⇒ C
27.66
27 40
b 11.87
A
180  10 35  27 40
141 45

12. Given: B
75 20, a
6.2, c
9.5

b2
a2  c2  2ac cos B
6.22  9.52  26.29.5 cos 75 20
98.8636 ⇒ b
9.94
a sin B 6.2 sin 75 20
sin A


0.6034 ⇒ A
37.1, or 37 6
b 9.94
C
180  75 20  37 6
67 34

13. Given: B
125 40 , a
32, c
32

b2
a2  c2  2ac cos B
322  322  23232 cos 125 40
3242.1888 ⇒ b
56.94

A
C ⇒ 2A
180  125 40
54 20 ⇒ A
C
27 10

14. Given: C
15 15, a
6.25, b
2.15

c2
a2  b2  2ab cos C
6.252  2.152  26.252.15 cos 15 15
17.7563 ⇒ c
4.21
b2  c2  a2 2.152  4.21382  6.252
cos A


0.9208 ⇒ A
157.04 or 157 2
2bc 22.154.2138
B
180  15 15  157.04
7.7 or 7 43

4 7
15. C
43, a
, b

9 9

49  79 4979cos 43
0.2968 ⇒ c
0.54

2 2
c2
a2  b2  2ab cos C
2

a sin C 49 sin 43

sin A


0.5564 ⇒ A
33.80
c 0.5448
B
180  43  33.8
103.20

3 3
16. Given: C
103, a
, b

8 4

38  34 3834 cos 103
0.8297 ⇒ c
0.91

2 2
c2
a2  b2  2ab cos C
2

 38
3 2 2
 0.912 
b2  c2  a2 4
cos A


0.9160 ⇒ A
23.65
2bc
2 340.91
B
180  23.65  103
53.35

17. d2
52  82  258cos 45
32.4315 ⇒ d
5.69 8

φ c
2
360  245
270 ⇒ 
135 5
5
d
c2
52  82  258cos 135
145.5685 ⇒ c
12.07 45°
8
542 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

18. 35 19. 14
120° c
φ 20
25 10
25 10
d d
θ

θ 35
14

102  142  202

c2
252  352  22535 cos 120 cos 

21014

2725 ⇒ c
52.20

111.8º
1

360  2120
60 2
360  2111.8
2
d2
252  352  22535 cos 60 
68.2

975 ⇒ d
31.22 d 2
102  142  21014 cos 68.2

d
13.86

402  602  802 1

20. cos 

 ⇒ 
104.5 60
24060 4
c
1 φ

360  2104.5
75.5 40
2 40 80
c2
402  602  24060 cos 75.5
3998 θ

c
63.23 60

12.52  152  102

21. cos 

0.75 ⇒ 
41.41 b
212.515
β φ α
102  152  12.52 12
.5
cos


0.5625 ⇒

55.77
10

21015 15
z 15
.5 u
12
θ
10

z
180   

82.82 α
β
δ x
u
180  z
97.18 b

b2
12.52  102  212.510cos 97.18
287.4967 ⇒ b
16.96

12.52  16.962  102
cos

0.8111 ⇒
35.80
212.516.96

 
41.41  35.80
77.2
360  277.21
2
360  2 ⇒ 

102.8
2

252  17.52  252

22. cos 
25
22517.5 α
ω

69.512 17.5
25


180  
110.488 a
α
β a
a2
17.52  252  217.525 cos 110.488 α
25
a
35.18 µ
17.5

z
180  2
40.975 z α
25
252  35.182  17.52
cos 

22535.18

27.775

  z
68.7

180   

41.738

  
111.3
 Section 6.2 Law of Cosines 543

abc 12  15  9
23. a
5, b
7, c
10 ⇒ s

11 24. a
12, b
15, c
9 ⇒ s

18
2 2
Area
ss  as  bs  c
11641
16.25 Area
18639
54

abc
25. a
2.5, b
10.2, c
9 ⇒ s

10.85
2
Area
ss  as  bs  c
10.858.350.651.85
10.4

26. Given: a
75.4, b
52, c
52

75.4  52  52
s

89.7
2
Area
ss  as  bs  c
89.714.337.737.7
1350.2

abc
27. a
12.32, b
8.46, c
15.05 ⇒ s

17.915
2
Area
ss  as  bs  c
17.9155.5959.4552.865
52.11

28. Given: a
3.05, b
0.75, c
2.45

3.05  0.75  2.45
s

3.125
2
Area
ss  as  bs  c
3.1250.0752.3750.675
0.61

17002  37002  30002

29. cos
⇒
52.9 N
217003700
W E
Bearing: 90  52.9
N 37.1 E C S
17002  30002  37002 300
m

cos C
⇒ C
100.2 0m
00

217003000
17

Bearing: 90  26.9
S 63.1 E B

3700 m
A

30. Distance from Franklin to Rosemount: N

Rosemount
d
8102  6482  2810648 cos137 W E

S

1357.8 miles 32° 648 miles

Bearing from Franklin to Rosemount: 75°

Centerville
N 75   E 810 miles
Franklin
1357.82  8102  6482
cos 

21357.8810

0.9456

19.0
Bearing from Franklin to Rosemont: N 56.0 E

31. b2
2202  2502  2220250cos 105 ⇒ b
373.3 meters B

75°
220 m 250 m
105°

C b A
544 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

32. B 33. C

76 92
650 575

A 115 C
B A
725

1152  762  922

cos A

0.6028 ⇒ A
52.9 The largest angle is across from the largest side.
211576
6502  5752  7252
1152  922  762 cos C

cos C

0.75203 ⇒ c
41.2 2650575
211592
cos C
72.3

22  32  4.52
34. cos 

0.60417
223

127.2

35. C
180  53  67
60 N 36. The angles at the base of the tower are 96 and 84.
c2
a2  b2  2ab cos C The longer guy wire g1 is given by:
36 mi

362  482  236480.5 53°
g12
752  1002  275100 cos 96
c 60°

1872
W E
17,192.9 ⇒ g1
131.1 feet
67°
c
43.3 mi 48 mi
The shorter guy wire g2 is given by:
g22
752  1002  275100 cos 84
S

14,057.1 ⇒ g2
118.6 feet

2732  1782  2352 38. N

37. (a) cos 

2273178 W E


58.4 S
216 miles
Bearing: N 58.4 W C 165 miles
72.8°
17.2°
2352  
1782 2732 B
(b) cos 
59.7°
2235178 368 miles
A 13.1°

81.5
a
165, b
216, c
368
Bearing: S 81.5 W
1652  3682  2162
N cos B

0.9551
2165368
Niagara Falls
W
φ
E
B
17.2
235
Denver 2162  3682  1652
178 cos A

0.9741
273 2216368
θ
Orlando A
13.1
(a) Bearing of Minneapolis (C) from Phoenix (A)
S
N 90  17.2  13.1 E
N 59.7 E
(b) Bearing of Albany (B) from Phoenix (A)
N 90  17.2 E
N 72.8 E
 Section 6.2 Law of Cosines 545

39. d 2
60.52  902  260.590 cos 45
4059.8572 ⇒ d
63.7 ft

S

T d P F

90 60.5
45°

40. d
3302  4202  2330420 cos 8 41. a2
352  202  23520cos 42 ⇒ a
24.2 miles

103.9 feet

42. a
202  202  22020 cos 11 43. RS
82  102
164
241
12.8 ft

3.8 miles PQ
12162  102
12356
89
9.4 ft

10 QS QS
tan P


⇒ QS
5
16 PS 8

44. (a) 72
1.52  x2  21.5 x cos  (c) 10

49
2.25  x2  3x cos 
x2  3x cos   46.75
0
3 cos  ± 3 cos 2  4146.75 0 2␲
(b) x
0
21
(d) Maximum: 8.5 inches
1
x

2
3 cos   9 cos2   187 

45. d 2
102  72  2107 cos 

102  72  d 2

arccos
2107 
360   360  
s
2r

360 45

d (inches) 9 10 12 13 14 15 16
 (degrees) 60.9 69.5 88.0 98.2 109.6 122.9 139.8
s (inches) 20.88 20.28 18.99 18.28 17.48 16.55 15.37

x 10
46.
47. a
200
x sin 20 sin 120
40°
b
500
10 sin 20
120° x

3.95 feet
10 sin 120 200  500  600
c
600 ⇒ s

650
2
20°
Area
65045015050
46,837.5 square feet
546 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

510  840  1120

2 70100 sin 70
1
48. area
2 49. s

1235
2

6577.8 square meters Area
12351235  5101235  8401235  1120
(The area of the parallelogram is the
201,674 square yards
sum of the areas of two triangles.)
Cost
201,674
4840 
2000
$83,336.36

50. area
ss  as  bs  c 51. False. The average of the three sides of a triangle is
a  b  c 2490  1860  1350
s


2850 abc abc
2 2 , not
s.
3 2
area
28503609901500
1234346.0 ft2
1234346.0 ft2

28.33669 acre
43560 ft2acre
28.33669 acre$2200acre
$62,340.71

52. False. To solve an SSA triangle, the Law of Sines is needed.

53. False. If a
10, b
16, and c
5, then by the Law of Cosines, we would have:
162  5 2  10 2
cos A

1.13125 > 1
2165
This is not possible. In general, if the sum of any two sides is less than the third side, then they cannot form a triangle.
Here 10  5 is less than 16.

a2
54. (a) Working with
ODC, we have cos 
. (b) By Heron’s Formula, the area of the triangle is
R
a Area
ss  as  bs  c.
This implies that 2R
.
cos  We can also find the area by dividing the area into six
Since we know that triangles and using the fact that the area is 12 the base
a b c times the height. Using the figure as given, we have


, 1 1 1 1 1 1
sin A sin B sin C Area
xr  xr  yr  yr  zr  zr
2 2 2 2 2 2
we can complete the proof by showing that

rx  y  z
cos 
sin A. The solution of the system

rs.
A  B  C
180
Therefore: rs
ss  as  bs  c ⇒
CA



B
is 
90  A. Therefore:
r
s  as s bs  c.
A
a a a
2R


. z z
cos  cos90  A sin A
B r y

β α x
D B
y
β α x
A C
R R C
O
α−C
 Section 6.2 Law of Cosines 547

55. a
25, b
55, c
72

1
(a) Area of triangle: s
25  55  72
76 (b) Area of circumscribed circle:
2
252  552  722
Area
7651214
570.60 cos C

0.5578 ⇒ C
123.9
22555
(c) Area of inscribed circle:
R

1 c


43.37 (see #54)
r
 s  as  bs  c
s
2 sin C
Area
 R2
5909.2


51214

7.51 (see #54
76
Area
 r 2
177.09

56. Given: a
200 ft, b
250 ft, c
325 ft

200  250  325
s

387.5
2

Radius of the inscribed circle: r
s  as s bs  c
187.5387.5

137.562.5

64.5 ft (see #54)

Circumference of an inscribed circle: C
2r
264.5
405.2 ft

b2  c2  a2 a2  b2  c2


1 1


1 1
57. bc1  cos A
bc 1  58. bc1  cos A
bc 1 
2 2 2bc 2 2 2bc
2bc  b2  c2  a2 2bc  a2  b2  c2



1 1

bc
bc
2 2bc 2 2bc
1 a2  b2  2bc  c2

b  c2  a2

4 4

1 a2  b  c2

b  c  a b  c  a

4 4
a  b  c a  b  c


bca
2

bca
2

 2  2 
abc abc
abc a  b  c



2
 2
2 2

  
59. arcsin1
 60. arccos 0
61. arctan3

2 2 3

62. arctan 3 
arctan 3

 
 3  
  arccos
3 3 3
63. arcsin  64. arccos 
2 2 2



3  5



6 6

65. Let 
arcsin 2x, then 66. Let u
arccos 3x

2x 3x
sin 
2x
and 1 cos u
3x
. 1
1 − 9x 2
1 2x 1
1 u
sec 
. θ 3x
1  4x2
1 − 4x 2
1  9x2
tanarccos 3x
tan u

3x
548 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

x1
67. Let 
arctanx  2, then 68. Let u
arcsin
2
x2
tan 
x  2
and x−2 x1 2
x−1
1 sin u
.
2
1 θ
cot 
. x1
u
x2 1

cos arcsin
2

cos u 4 − (x − 1) 2

4  x  12


2

 
69. 5
25  x2, x
5 sin  70. x
2 cos ,  <  <
2 2
5
25  5 sin 2
 2
4  x2
5
251  sin2 
 2
4  2 cos 2
5
5 cos 
 2
4  4 cos2 
cos 
1
 2
41  cos2 
1
sec 

1  2
4 sin2 
cos 
 2
2 sin 
csc  is undefined.
2 2

sin  ⇒ cos 

2 2
1 1
sec 


2
cos  22
1 1
csc 


 2
sin   22

 
71.  3
x2  9, x
3 sec  72. x
6 tan ,  <  <
2 2
 3
3 sec 2  9
12
36  x2
 3
9 sec2   1
12
36  6 tan 2
 3
3 tan 
12
36  36 tan2 
3
tan 
 12
361  tan2 
3
12
36 sec2 
1   3  3 23
2
sec 
1  tan 
2


3 12
6 sec 
1 2
sec 
cot 

 3
tan 
1
cos 

csc 
 1  cot2 
 1   3 2
2 2

12
2
sin2  
1

1 3
sin2 
1 

4 4

sin 
± 34
± 23

1 1 2 23
csc 


±
±
sin  ± 32 3 3
 Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane 549

5  5 

 
5  6 3 6 3 7 
73. cos  cos  2 sin sin  2 sin sin
6 3 2 2 12 4

   

x x x  x
 

74. sin x 
2

 sin x 
2
 2 cos
2
2
2
sin
2
2
2

 2 cos 2x2
sin 2

 2 cos x sin  2

Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane

■ A vector v is the collection of all directed line segments that are equivalent to a given directed line segment PQ .
■ You should be able to geometrically perform the operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication.
■ The component form of the vector with initial point P   p1, p2 and terminal point Q  q1, q2 is
\

PQ  q1  p1, q2  p2  v1, v2  v.

■ The magnitude of v  v1, v2 is given by v  v12  v22.
■ If v  1, v is a unit vector.
■ You should be able to perform the operations of scalar multiplication and vector addition in component form.
(a) u  v  u1  v1, u2  v2 (b) ku  ku1, ku2 
■ You should know the following properties of vector addition and scalar multiplication.
(a) u  v  v  u (b) u  v  w  u  v  w
(c) u  0  u (d) u  u  0
(e) cdu  cdu (f) c  du  cu  du
(g) cu  v  cu  cv (h) 1u  u, 0u  0

(i) cv  c v

v
■ A unit vector in the direction of v is u  .
v
■ The standard unit vectors are i  1, 0 and j  0, 1. v  v1, v2 can be written as v  v1i  v2 j.

■ A vector v with magnitude v and direction
can be written as v  ai  bj  vcos
i  vsin
j,
where tan
 b
a.

Vocabulary Check
1. directed line segment 2. initial; terminal
3. magnitude 4. vector
5. standard position 6. unit vector
7. multiplication; addition 8. resultant
9. linear combination; horizontal; vertical
550 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

1. v  4  0, 1  0  4, 1 2. u  3  0, 4  4  3, 8

uv v  0  3, 5  3  3, 8
uv

3. Initial point: 0, 0 4. Initial point: 0, 0

Terminal point: 3, 2 Terminal point: 4, 2
v  3  0, 2  0  3, 2 v  4  0, 2  0  4, 2
v  32  22  13 v  42  22  20  25

5. Initial point: 2, 2 6. Initial point: 1, 1

Terminal point: 1, 4 Terminal point: 3, 5
v  1  2, 4  2  3, 2 v  3  1, 5  1  4, 6
v  32  22  13 v  42  62  52  213

7. Initial point: 3, 2 8. Initial point: 4, 1

Terminal point: 3, 3 Terminal point: 3, 1

v  3  3, 3  2  0, 5 v  3  4, 1  1  7, 0
v  02  52  25  5 v  72  02  7

9. Initial point: 1, 5 10. Initial point: 1, 11

Terminal point: 15, 12 Terminal point: 9, 3
v  15  1, 12  5  16, 7 v  9  1, 3  11  8, 8
v  162  72  305 v  82  82  82

11. Initial point: 3, 5 12. Initial point: 3, 11
Terminal point: 5, 1 Terminal point: 9, 40
v  5  3, 1  5  8, 6 v  9  3, 40  11  12, 29
v  82  62  100  10 v  122  292  985

13. Initial point: 1, 3 14. Initial point: 2, 7

Terminal point: 8, 9 Terminal point: 5, 17
v  8  1, 9  3  9, 12 v  5  2, 17  7  7, 24
v  9  12  225  15
2 2
v  72  242  25

15. y 16. 5v 17. y

y
u+v
v 5v
v
x

−v
u
x
v
x
 Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane 551

1
18. u  v 19. u  2v 20. v  2 u
y
y y

u
v
x u + 2v v − 12 u
2v

u−v x
−v − 12 u

u
x

21. u  2, 1, v  1, 3

(a) u  v  3, 4 (b) u  v  1, 2 (c) 2u  3v  4, 2  3, 9  1, 7
y y y

5 3 2 2u

4 x
u+v 2
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
3 v 1 u

2 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
1 −6
u
x 2u − 3v
−1 1 2 3 4 5 u−v −3v
−1 −v − 10

22. u  2, 3, v  4, 0

(a) u  v  6, 3 (b) u  v  2, 3 (c) 2u  3v  4, 6  12, 0
y y  8, 6
6 y
8
5
10
6 4 8
u−v 2u − 3v
4 u 2u
2 4
u u+v 2
2 −3v
−v x
x − 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2 4 6
v −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
x
−4
2 4 6 8
−6
−8

23. u  5, 3, v  0, 0

(a) u  v  5, 3  u (b) u  v  5, 3  u (c) 2u  3v  2u  10, 6
y y y

7 7 12
6 6 10
5 5 8
4 4 2u = 2u − 3v
u=u+v u=u−v 6
3 3
4
2 2
2
1 1 −3v
v v x
x x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 − 12 − 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2
−2
552 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

24. u  0, 0, v  2, 1

(a) u  v  2, 1 (b) u  v  2, 1 (c) 2u  3v  0, 0  6, 3
y y  6, 3
3 1 y

u 1
2 x 2u
−3 −2 1 x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 1
v=u+v −1 −1
1
−v = u − v −2
u −2 −3
x
−1 1 2 3 − 3v = 2u − 3v
−4
−1 −3 −5
−6
−7

25. u  i  j, v  2i  3j
(a) u  v  3i  2j (b) u  v  i  4j (c) 2u  3v  2i  2j  6i  9j
y y  4i  11j
3 5 y

2
u−v 4
2u − 3v 12
1 u
10
−v
x 8
−3 −2 −1 3 −3v
−1
u
u+v
−2 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
v
−3 −1 2u
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2

26. u  2i  j, v  i  2j
(a) u  v  3i  3j (b) u  v  i  j (c) 2u  3v  4i  2j  3i  6j
y y  i  4j
4 2 y
u+v 3
3
u 1 2u 2
2 1
v x x
−2 −1 1 2 − 6 − 5 −4 − 3 −1 1 2 3 4
u −1
x u−v
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 −v
−1 −2 2u − 3v
−5 − 3v
−6
−7

27. u  2i, v  j
(a) u  v  2i  j (b) u  v  2i  j (c) 2u  3v  4i  3j
y y y

3 1 1

u 2u
x x
2
−1 3 −1 1 2 3
−v −1
1 u+v −1
u−v
v
−2
u −2
x −3v
−1 1 2 3 −3
2u − 2v
−1 −3
−4
 Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane 553

28. u  3j, v  2i
(a) u  v  2i  3j (b) u  v  2i  3j (c) 2u  3v  6j  6i
y y  6i  6j
3 u+v u−v y
u u
2 2 8
2u − 3v
1 1 2u
v −v 4
x x
−1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2
−1 −1
−3v
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2
−2

1 1 1
29. v  u 3, 0  3, 0  1, 0 30. u  0, 2
u 32  02 3
1 1
v u 0, 2
u 02  22

1
 0, 2  0, 1
2

1 1 1
31. u  v 2, 2  2, 2 32. v  5, 12
v 22  22 22
1 1

 
1
,
2 2
1
 u
v
v
52  122
5, 12

1

 
2 2
2
,
2  
13
5, 12

 135 ,  1312
1 1 1
33. u  v 6i  2j  6i  2j 34. v  i  j
v 62  22 40
1
1 3 1 u v
 6i  2j  i j v
210 10 10
1 1 2 2
310 10  i  j  i  j  i j
 i j 12  12 2 2 2
10 10

1 1
35. u  w  4j  j 36. w  6i
w 4
1 1
v w 6i
w 62  02

1
 6i  i
6

1 1 1
37. u  w i  2j  i  2j 38. w  7j  3i
w 12  22 5
1 1
1 2 5 25 v w 3i  7j
 i j i j w 32  72
5 5 5 5
3 7 358 758
 i j i j
58 58 58 58
554 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

39. 5 u1 u
 5 3 1 3 3, 3
 35 2 3, 3
2 2
40. v  6 u1 u
 6 31 2  32
3, 3

 52, 52  52 2, 52 2  6 31 2 3, 3

  62, 62   32, 32

41. 9 u1 u
 9 2 1 5 2, 5
 929 2, 5
2 2 42. v  10 uu
 10 0
1
2
1
 102
10, 0

 1829, 4529  182929, 452929   10 1010, 0

 10, 0
1

43. u  4  3, 5  1 44. u  3  0, 6  2

 7, 4 u  3, 8
 7i  4j u  3i  8j

45. u  2  1, 3  5 46. u  0  6, 1  4

 3, 8 u  6, 3
 3i  8j u  6i  3j

47. v  32u 48. v  34 w  34 i  2j 49. v  u  2w

 2 2i
3
 j  3
4i  3
2j   
3 3
4, 2  2i  j  2i  2j
  3, 
3
 3i  2j  32 y  4i  3j  4, 3
y 2 w y

4 2w
1
1 3
w u + 2w
4 3
x
1 2 3 x 2
−1 1 2
1
−1 u −1
3u x
2 3 4 5
−2
−1 u

50. v  u  w 51. v  123u  w 52. v  u  2w

  2i  j  i  2j  126i  3j  i  2j  2i  j  2i  2j
 i  3j  1, 3  7
2i  1
2j   7
2,  12   5j  0, 5
y y
y

x
−u + w 3 2 −2 −1 2 3
1 u
2
w
1
2
w −2
x
4 −3
1 (3u + w)
−u 2 −2w
−1 −4

x 3u u − 2w
−2 −1 1 −2 2
 Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane 555

53. v  3cos 60i  sin 60ºj 54. v  8cos 135 i  sin 135 j 55. v  6i  6j
v  3,
 60 v  8,
 135 v  62  62  72
 62
6
tan
  1
6
Since v lies in Quadrant IV,

 315.

56. v  5i  4j 57. v  3 cos 0, 3 sin 0 58. v  cos 45, sin 45
v  5  4  41  3, 0
22, 22
2 2

4 y
tan
 
5 y
2
Since v lies in Quadrant II,

 141.3. 1 1

x
1 2 3
45°
−1 x
1

59. v  72 cos 150, 27 sin 150 60. v  52 cos 45, 25 sin 45 61. v  32 cos 150, 32 sin 150

   73 7
,
4 4    52 52
,     36 32
2
,
2 
4 4
y y y

4 5
3
4
3
3
2
2
2
150° 1 1 150°
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 45°
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
x
−1 1 2 3 −1

62. v   43 cos 90, 43 sin 90 63. v  2 1

12  32
i  3j 64. v  3 3
1
2
 42
3i  4j


 0, 43  2 3
y  i  3j  3i  4j
10 5
10

8

10
5
i
310
5
j
5
,
10 310
5 
9
5
12
5
9 12
 i j ,
5 5  
6

4 y
y
2 90° 3
x 3
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 2
−2
2
1

1 x
−1 1 2 3
−1
x
−1 1 2
556 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

65. u  5 cos 0, 5 sin 0  5, 0 66. u  4 cos 60, 4 sin 60   2, 23 
v  5 cos 90, 5 sin 90  0, 5 v  4 cos 90, 4 sin 90  0, 4

u  v  5, 5 u  v   2, 4  23 

67. u  20 cos 45, 20 sin 45   102, 102  68. u  50 cos 30, 50 sin 30   253, 25

v  50 cos 180, 50 sin 180  50, 0 43.301, 25

u  v   102  50, 102  v  30 cos 110, 30 sin 110 10.261, 28.191
u  v 33.04, 53.19

69. v  i  j y

w  2i  2j 1
v
u  v  w  i  3j u
α x
v  2 −1 1 2

w  22 −1 w

v  w  10 −2

v2  w2 v  w2 2  8  10

cos    0
2v w 22  22

  90

70. v  i  2j y

w  2i  j 2

u  v  w  i  3j 1 v
u
θ
v2  w2  v  w2 5  5  10 x
cos
  0 −2 −1 2
2v w 255 −1
w

 90 −2

71. Force One: u  45i

Force Two: v  60 cos
i  60 sin
j

Resultant Force: u  v  45  60 cos
 i  60 sin
j

u  v  45  60 cos
2  60 sin
2  90

2025  5400 cos
 3600  8100

5400 cos
 2475
2475
cos
 0.4583
5400

62.7
 Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane 557

72. Force One: u  3000i

Force Two: v  1000 cos
i  1000 sin
j
Resultant Force: u  v  3000  1000 cos
 i  1000 sin
j
u  v  3000  1000 cos
2  1000 sin
2  3750
9,000,000  6,000,000 cos
 1,000,000  14,062, 500
6,000,000 cos
 4,062, 500
4,062,500
cos
 0.6771
6,000,000

47.4

73. u  300i
125 125
v  125 cos 45i  125 sin 45j  i j
2 2

R  u  v  300 
125
2

i
125
2
j

 300  1252
 1252

2 2
R  398.32 newtons
 

125
2
tan
 ⇒
12.8
300 

125
2

74. u  2000 cos 30 i  2000 sin 30j y

1732.05i  1000j
v  900 cos45i  900 sin45j
2000
636.4i  636.4j u+v
x

u  v 2368.4 i  363.6j 900

u  v 2368.42  363.62 2396.19

363.6
tan
 0.1535 ⇒
8.7
2368.4

75. u  75 cos 30i  75 sin 30ºj 64.95i  37.5j

v  100 cos 45i  100 sin 45j 70.71i  70.71j
w  125 cos 120i  125 sin 120j 62.5i  108.3j
u  v  w 73.16i  216.5j
u  v  w 228.5 pounds
216.5
tan
2.9593
73.16

71.3º
558 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

76. u  70 cos 30 i  70 sin 30j 60.62i  35j

v  40 cos 45i  40 sin 45j 28.28i  28.28j
w  60 cos 135i  60 sin 135j 42.43i  42.43j
u  v  w  46.48i  35.71j
u  v  w 58.61 pounds
35.71
tan
0.7683
46.47

37.5

77. Horizontal component of velocity: 70 cos 35 57.34 feet per second
Vertical component of velocity: 70 sin 35 40.15 feet per second

78. Horizontal component of velocity: 1200 cos 6 1193.4 ft
sec

Vertical component of velocity: 1200 sin 6 125.4 ft
sec
\

79. Cable AC : u  ucos 50i  sin 50j

\

Cable BC : v  vcos 30i  sin 30j

Resultant: u  v  2000j
u cos 50  v cos 30  0
u sin 50  vsin 30  2000

Solving this system of equations yields:

TAC  u 1758.8 pounds
TBC  v 1305.4 pounds

80. Rope AC : u  10i  24j

The vector lies in Quadrant IV and its reference angle is arctan 5 .
12

u  u cosarctan  i  sinarctan j

12 12
5 5
\

Rope BC : v  20i  24j

The vector lies in Quadrant III and its reference angle is arctan5 .
6

v  v cosarctan 65  i  sinarctan 65 j

Resultant: u  v  5000j
u cosarctan 12
5   v cosarctan 5   0
6

u sinarctan 12
5   v sinarctan 5   5000
6

Solving this system of equations yields: TAC  u 3611.1 pounds

TBC  v 2169.5 pounds

81. Towline 1: u  ucos 18i  sin 18j

Towline 2: v  ucos 18i  sin 18j

Resultant: u  v  6000i
u cos 18  u cos 18  6000
u 3154.4

Therefore, the tension on each towline is u 3154.4 pounds.

 Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane 559

82. Rope 1: u  u cos 70i  sin 70j 70° 70°

Rope 2: v  u cos 70i  sin 70j 20° 20°

Resultant: u  v  100j
u sin 70  u sin 70  100
u 53.2 100 lb

Therefore, the tension of each rope is u 53.2 pounds.

y N
83. Airspeed: u  875 cos 58i  875 sin 58j
140° W E
Groundspeed: v  800 cos 50i  800 sin 50j 148° S

Wind: w  v  u  800 cos 50  875 cos 58i  800 sin 50  875 sin 58j x
32°
Wind: 50.5507i  129.2065j 40° v
u
Wind speed: w 50.5507  129.2065 2 2
w

Wind speed: 138.7 kilometers per hour

129.2065
Wind direction: tan

50.5507
Wind direction:
68.6; 90 
 21.4
Bearing: N 21.4 E

84. (a) y

W E

S
28°

580 mph 45°

x
60 mph

(b) The velocity vector vw of the wind has a magnitude of 60 and a direction angle of 45.
vw  vwcos
i  vwsin
j
 60cos 45i  60sin 45j
 60cos 45i  sin 45j
 60cos 45, sin 45, or  302, 302
(c) The velocity vector vj of the jet has a magnitude of 580 and a direction angle of 118.
vj  vjcos
i  vjsin
j
 580cos 118i  580sin 118j
 580cos 118i  sin 118j
 580cos 118, sin 118

—CONTINUED—
560 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

84. —CONTINUED—
(d) The velocity of the jet (in the wind) is
v  vw  vj
 60cos 45, sin 45  580cos 118, sin 118
 60 cos 45  580 cos 118, 60 sin 45  580 sin 118
229.87, 554.54

The resultant speed of the jet is

v  229.872  554.542
600.3 miles per hour
(e) If
is the direction of the flight path, then
554.54
tan
 2.4124
229.87
Because
lies in the Quadrant II,
 180  arctan2.4124 180  67.5  112.5. The true bearing of the jet is
112.5  90  22.5 west of north, or 360  22.5  337.5.

85. W  FD  100 cos 5030  1928.4 foot–pounds 86. Horizontal force: u  ui
Weight: w  j
Rope: t  t cos 135i  sin 135j
100 lb
u  w  t  0 ⇒ u  t cos 135  0
1  t sin 135  0
50°
30 ft
t 2 pounds
u 1 pound

87. True. See Example 1. 88. True.

u  a2  b2  1 ⇒ a2  b2  1

89. (a) The angle between them is 0.

(b) The angle between them is 180.
(c) No. At most it can be equal to the sum when the angle between them is 0.

90. F1  10, 0, F2  5cos
, sin


(a) F1  F2  10  5 cos
, 5 sin
 (b) 15

F1  F2  10  5 cos
2  5 sin
2

 100  100 cos
 25 cos2
 25 sin2

 54  4 cos
 cos2
 sin2
0
0
2␲

 54  4 cos
 1
 55  4 cos

(c) Range: 5, 15
Maximum is 15 when
 0.
Minimum is 5 when
 .
(d) The magnitude of the resultant is never 0 because the magnitudes of F1 and F2 are not the same.
 Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane 561

91. Let v  cos
i  sin
j.

v  cos2
 sin2
 1  1
Therefore, v is a unit vector for any value of
.

92. The following program is written for a TI-82 or TI-83 or PROGRAM: SUBVECT
TI-83 Plus graphing calculator. The program sketches :Input “ENTER A”, A
two vectors u  ai  bj and v  ci  dj in standard :Input “ENTER B”, B
position, and then sketches the vector difference u  v :Input “ENTER C”, C
using the parallelogram law. :Input “ENTER D”, D
:Line (0, 0, A, B)
:Line (0, 0, C, D)
:Pause
:A – C→E
:B – D→F
:Line (A, B, C, D)
:Line (A, B, E, F)
:Line (0, 0, E, F)
:Pause
:ClrDraw
:Stop

93. u  5  1, 2  6  4, 4 94. u  80  10, 80  60  70, 20

v  9  4, 4  5  5, 1 v  20  100, 70  0  80, 70
u  v  1, 3 or v  u  1, 3 u  v  70  80, 20  70  10, 50
v  u  80  70, 70  20  10, 50

95. x2  64  8 sec
2  64 96. x  8 sin

 64sec2
 1 64  x2  64  8 sin2


 8tan2
 64  64 sin2

 81  sin2


 8 tan
for 0 <
<  8cos2

2

 8 cos
for 0 <
<
2

97. x2  36  6 tan
2  36 98. x  5 sec

 36tan2
 1 x2  253  5 sec
2  253

 6sec2
 25 sec2
 253

  25sec2
 13
 6 sec
for 0 <
<
2  25 tan2
3
 15,625 tan6


 125 tan3
for 0 <
<
2

99. cos xcos x  1  0

cos x  0 or cos x  1  0

x  n cos x  1
2
x    2n
562 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

100. sin x2 sin x 
2 
0 101. 3 sec x sin x  2
3 sin x
0

sin x
0 2 sin x 
2
0 sin x3 sec x  2
3
0
x
0  n
2 sin x
0 or 3 sec x  2
3
0
sin x

2
2
3
x
n sec x

5 7 3
x
 2 n,  2 n
4 4
3
3
cos x


5 7 2
3 2
x
n,  2 n,  2 n
4 4

x
 2n
6
11
x
 2n
6

102. cos x csc x  cos x
2
0

cos x csc x 
2 
0
cos x
0 csc x 
2
0
 csc x

2
x
 n
2
5 7
x
 2 n,  2 n
4 4
 5 7
x
 n ,  2 n,  2 n
2 4 4

Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products

■ Know the definition of the dot product of u
u1, u2  and v
v1, v2 .

u  v
u1v1  u2v2
■ Know the following properties of the dot product:
1. uv
vu
2. 0v
0
3. u  v  w
u  v  u  w
4. v  v
v2
5. cu  v
cu  v
u  cv
■ If  is the angle between two nonzero vectors u and v, then
uv
cos 
.
u v
■ The vectors u and v are orthogonal if u  v
0.
■ Know the definition of vector components.
u
w1  w2 where w1 and w2 are orthogonal, and w1 is parallel to v. w1 is called the projection of u onto v

 v  v. Then we have w

u v
and is denoted by w1
projvu
2 2
u  w1.

■ Know the definition of work.

\

1. Projection form: w
projPQ F PQ 

\

Dot product form: w
F  PQ

\

2.
 Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products 563

Vocabulary Check
uv
1. dot product 2.
u v

3. orthogonal 4. uv vv

2

5. projPQ F PQ ; F  PQ
\ \
\

1. u
6, 1, v
2, 3 2. u
5, 12, v
3, 2 3. u
4, 1, v
2, 3
u  v
62  13
9 u  v
53  122
9 u  v
42  13
11

4. u
2, 5, v
1, 2 5. u
4i  2j, v
i  j 6. u
3i  4j, v
7i  2j

u  v
21  52 u  v
41  21
6 u  v
37  42
13

2  10
8

7. u
3i  2j, v
2i  3j 8. u
i  2j, v
2i  j 9. u
2, 2

u  v
32  23
12 u  v
12  21
4 u  u
22  22
8
The result is a scalar.

10. u
2, 2, v
3, 4 11. u
2, 2, v
3, 4

3u  v
3 23  24

32
6 u  vv
23  24
3, 4
The result is a scalar.
23, 4
6, 8

The result is a vector.

12. u
2, 2, v
3, 4, w
1, 2 13. u
2, 2, v
3, 4, w
1, 2

v  uw
32  42

1, 2 3w  vu
313  324
2, 2

21, 2
332, 2

2, 4 vector
66, 66

The result is a vector.

14. u
2, 2, v
3, 4, w
1, 2 15. w
1, 2
2v
6, 8 w  1

1222  1

5  1
u  2vw
26  28
1, 2 The result is a scalar.

41, 2

4, 8 vector

16. u
2, 2 17. u
2, 2, v
3, 4, w
1, 2

2  u
2 
u  u u  v  u  w
23  24
 21  22

2 
22  22
2  2

2 
8
4

2  2
2 scalar The result is a scalar.
564 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

18. u
2, 2, v
3, 4, w
1, 2

v  u  w  v
32  42
 13  24

2  11

13 scalar

19. u
5, 12 20. u
2, 4

u

u  u

52  122
13 u

u  u


22  44


20
2
5

21. u
20i  25j 22. u
12i  16j

u

u  u

20  25

1025
5
41

2 2 u

u  u

1212  1616


400
20

23. u
6j 24. u
21i

u

u  u

0  6

36
6
2 2 u

u  u

2121  00


212
21

25. u
1, 0, v
0, 2 26. u
3, 2, v
4, 0 27. u
3i  4j, v
2j
uv 0 uv 34  20 uv 8
cos 


0 cos 

cos 


u v 12 u v
13 4 u v 52

90 3

 0.83205
 5
4

13 
arccos 

  33.69
  143.13

28. u
2i  3j, v
i  2j 29. u
2i  j, v
6i  4j

uv uv 8
cos 
cos 


0.4961
u v u v
5
52

21  32 
60.26

22  32
12  22

8

 0.992278

65

  7.13

30. u
6i  3j, v
8i  4j 31. u
5i  5j, v
6i  6j

uv 68  34 36 uv
cos u



0.6 cos 

0
u v
45
80 60 u v
  53.13 
90

32. u
2i  3j, v
4i  3j
uv 24  33
cos 

 0.0555
u v
13
25

  93.18
 Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products 565

   
2
2

33. u
cos
3 
1
i  sin j
i 
3 2

3
2
j 34. u
cos  4 i  sin 4 j
2
i
2
j

3 3  

v
cos
4  
i  sin
4
j


2
2 
i

2
2
j v
cos  2  i  s in 2  j
j
u
v
1
2
2
0  1
uv 2 2
2
uv cos 



cos 

uv u v 11 2
u v

  2    2  2 
1
2
3
2 
2 
6 



4
2 4

 
75
512

2 
6

arccos
4

35. u
3i  4j y 36. u
6i  3j, v
4i  4j

v
7i  5j 8 u  v
u v cos 

64  34

62  32 
42  42  cos 
6
uv
cos 
v 4
u v 2
u
12

45 
32 cos 
37  45 x
12
12
10 cos 

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4
3
74 −2
1
1
−4
cos 

 0.0232
10
5
74
  91.3 cos1 
110
 ⇒   108.4
y

4
v
2 u
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2

−4

37. u
5i  5j y 38. u
2i  3j, v
8i  3j

v
8i  8j 10
u  v
u v cos 
8
uv v
6 28  33

22  32 
82  32  cos 
cos 

u v

73 cos 
4 u
7

13
2
58  58

−8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2 4 6
x 7

cos 

50
128 −2

13 
73
−4

0

90
cos1 
13 7
73
 ⇒   76.9
y

4
v
2

x
−2 2 4 6 8 10
−2
u
−4

−6
566 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

39. P
1, 2, Q
3, 4, R
2, 5

\ \ \

PQ
2, 2, PR
1, 3, QR
1, 1

 PR
\ \

PQ 8 2
cos


⇒

arccos  26.57
2
2
10
5
\ \

PQ  PR 
 QR
\ \

PQ
cos
\ \
0 ⇒
90. Thus, 
180  26.57  90
63.43.
PQ  QR 

40. P
3, 4, Q
1, 7, R
8, 2 41. P
3, 0, Q
2, 2, R
0, 6
\ \

PQ
4, 11, QR
7, 5,

\ \ \ \

QP
5, 2, PR
3, 6, QR
2, 4, PQ
5, 2

\ \

PR
11, 6, QP
4, 11  PR

\ \

PQ 27
cos

\ \
⇒
 41.63
PQ  PR PQ  PR 
29
45
\ \

110
cos


⇒
 41.41
PQ  PR   137 
157   QR
\ \ \ \

QP 2
cos
\ \
⇒  85.24
QR  QP QP  PR 
29
20
\ \

27
cos

⇒  74.45
QR  QP  
74 
137 
\ \


180  41.63  85.24
53.13

  180  41.41  74.45
64.14

42. P
3, 5, Q
1, 9, R
7, 9 43. u  v
u v cos 
2
\ \

PQ
2, 4, QR
8, 0,
410 cos

\ \ 3
PR
10, 4, QP
2, 4
 2
1
PQ  PR
\ \

36
40 
cos


⇒
 41.6
PQ  PR  
20 
116 
\ \

20
QR  QP
\ \

16
cos

⇒  116.6
QR  QP  8
20 
\ \

  180  41.6  116.6
21.8


44. u
100, v
250, 
45. u  v
u v cos  46. u
4
6
3 v
12
u  v
u v cos 
936 cos
4 
 


100250 cos 3
 
6
2

324 
2 u  v
u v cos 

3

25,000 
162
2  229.1 
2
412 cos
3

12,500
3

2
24
1

412

12,  45
1
47. u
12, 30, v
48. u
3, 15, v
1, 5 49. u
3i  j, v
5i  6j
4
u  kv ⇒ Not parallel
u
24v ⇒ u and v are parallel. u  kv ⇒ Not parallel
u v0 ⇒ Not orthogonal
u  v  0 ⇒ Not orthogonal
Neither
Neither
 Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products 567

50. u
1, v
2i  2j 51. u
2i  2j, v
i  j 52. u
cos , sin  

u  kv ⇒ Not parallel u v
0 ⇒ u and v are orthogonal. v
sin , cos  
u v0 ⇒ Not orthogonal u  v
0 ⇒ u and v are
orthogonal.
Neither

53. u
2, 2, v
6, 1

w1
projvu
uv vv
37146, 1
371 84, 14

2

w2
u  w1
2, 2 
14
37 
10 60
6, 1
 ,
37 37
10
 1

1, 6
10, 60
37 37
1 1
u
84, 14  10, 60
2, 2
37 37

54. u
4, 2, v
1, 2 55. u
0, 3, v
2, 15

 v v
01, 2
0, 0 uv v v
229

u v 45
w1
projvu
2
w1
projvu
2
2, 15

w2
u  w1
4, 2  0, 0
4, 2

u
4, 2  0, 0
4, 2
w2
u  w1
0, 3 
45
229
2, 15
 90 12
,
229 229 
6

15, 2
229
45 6
u
2, 15  15, 2
0, 3
229 229

56. u
3, 2, v
4, 1 57. projvu
0 since they are perpendicular.

w1
projvu
uv vv
14

2
17 
4, 1
Since u and v are orthogonal, u  v
0 and projv u
0.
uv
projvu
v
0, since u  v
0.
14 5 v2
w2
u  w1
3, 2  4, 1
1, 4
17 17
14 5
u
4, 1  1, 4
3, 2
17 17

58. Because u and v are orthogonal, the projection of u onto v is 0.

uv
projw u

v2
v
0 since u  v
0.

59. u
3, 5 60. u
8, 3

For v to be orthogonal to u, u  v must equal 0. For v to be orthogonal to u, u  v must be equal to 0.

Two possibilities: 5, 3 and 5, 3 Two possibilities: 3, 8, 3, 8

62. u
 2i  3j
1 2 5
61. u
2i  3j

For u and v to be orthogonal, u  v must equal 0. For v to be orthogonal to u, u  v must be equal to 0.

5 5
2 1 2 1
Two possibilities: v
3i  2j and v
 3i  2j Two possibilities: v
3i  2j and v
3i  2j
568 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

64. P
1, 3, Q
3, 5, v
2i  3j

\ \

63. w
 projPQ v PQ  where PQ
4, 7 and v
1, 4.

\

 PQ work
v  PQ
 PQ  
\ \

 
v \ 32
proj PQ v

\
PQ
4, 7
\
2 65
2i  3j  4i  2j

24  32
14
326565



\

w
 proj PQ v PQ 

65
32

\

65. (a) u
1650, 3200, v
15.25, 10.50 (b) Increase prices by 5%: 1.05v The operation is scalar
multiplication.
u  v
165015.25  320010.50
$58,762.50
u  1.05v
1.05u  v
This gives the total revenue that can be earned by
selling all of the pans.
1.05 165015.25  320010.50

1.0558,762.50

61,700.63

66. (a) u
3240, 2450, v
1.75, 1.25 (b) Increase prices by 2.5%:
u  v
32401.75  24501.25
8732.5 1.025v scalar multiplication
The fast food stand sold $8732.50 of hamburgers and
hot dogs in one month.

67. (a) Force due to gravity:

F
30,000j
Unit vector along hill:
v
cos di  sin dj
Projection of F onto v:

w1
projv F
Fv vv
F  vv
30,000 sin d v

2

The magnitude of the force is 30,000 sin d.

(b)
d 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Force 0 523.6 1047.0 1570.1 2092.7 2614.7 3135.9 3656.1 4175.2 4693.0 5209.4

(c) Force perpendicular to the hill when d
5:

Force

30,0002  2614.72  29,885.8 pounds

68. Force due to gravity: F
5400j

Unit vector along hill: v
cos 10i  sin 10j
Projection of F onto v: w1
projvF

Fv vv
2

F  vv because v is a unit vector, v
1

0cos 10  5400sin 10
v

5400sin 10v
937.7v
The magnitude of the force is 937.7, so a force of 937.7 pounds is required to keep the vehicle
from rolling down the hill.
Force perpendicular to the hill: Force

54002  9372  5318.0 pounds
 Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products 569

69. w
2453
735 newton-meters 70. work
24005
12,000 foot-pounds

71. w
cos 304520  779.4 foot-pounds 72. work
cos 3515,691800

 10,282,652 newton-meters

73. w
cos 30250100  21,650.64 foot-pounds

\

74. work
cos F PQ 

cos 2025 pounds50 feet

1174.62 foot-pounds

75. False. Work is represented by a scalar. 76. True.

W
F  PQ
0 if F and PQ are orthogonal.
\ \


77. (a) u v
0 ⇒ u and v are orthogonal and 

2
. 78. (a) projvu
u ⇒ u and v are parallel.
(b) projvu
0 ⇒ u and v are orthogonal.

(b) u  v > 0 ⇒ cos  > 0 ⇒ 0 ≤  <
2

(c) u  v < 0 ⇒ cos  < 0 ⇒ <  ≤ 
2

79. In a rhombus, u
v. The diagonals are 80. Let u
u1, u2  and v
v1, v2 .
u  v and u  v.
u  v
u1  v1, u2  v2 
u  v  u  v
u  v  u  u  v  v u  v2
u1  v12  u2  v22

uuvuuvvv
u12  2u1v1  v12  u22  2u2v2  v22

u2  v2
0
u12  u22  v12  v22  2u1v1  2u2v2
Therefore, the diagonals are orthogonal.
u 2  v 2  2u1v1  u2v2
u−v
u 2  v 2  2u  v
u
u+v
v

81.
42 
24

1008 82.
18 
112

18  112 83.
3
8

3i2
2i


144 7

2  32  24  7
2
6i 2

12
7
3  22
2  7
2
6

12
14

84.
12 
96
i
12  i
96 85. sin 2x 
3 sin x
0

i 2
12  96 2 sin x cos x 
3 sin x
0


22 3 25 3 sin x2 cos x 
3 
0


2  26  32 sin x
0 or 2 cos x 
3
0

23  3
2 x
0,  cos x


3
2

24
2
 11
x
,
6 6
570 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

86. sin 2x 
2 cos x
0 87. 2 tan x
tan 2x

2 sin x cos x 
2 cos x
0 2 tan x
2 tan x

1  tan2 x
cos x2 sin x 
2 
0
2 tan x1  tan2 x
2 tan x
cos x
0 2 sin x 
2
0
2 tan x1  tan2 x  2 tan x
0
 3
2
x
, sin x

2 2 2 2 tan x 1  tan2 x  1

0
5 7 2 tan xtan2 x
0
x
,
4 4 2 tan3 x
0
 5 3 7 tan x
0
x
, , ,
2 4 2 4
x
0, 

88. cos 2x  3 sin x
2

1  2 sin2 x  3 sin x  2
0
2 sin2 x  3 sin x  1
0
2 sin x  1sin x  1
0
2 sin x  1
0 sin x  1
0
1
sin x
 sin x
1
2
7 11 3
x
, x

6 6 2
7 3 11
x
, ,
6 2 6

For Exercises 89–92:

sin u
 12 5
13 , u in Quadrant IV ⇒ cos u
13 cos v
24 7
25 , v in Quadrant IV ⇒ sin v
 25

89. sin u  v
sin u cos v  cos u sin v 90. sin u
 13, cos u

1   13 
13
12 12 5 2

 12
13 25   13  25  25 , sin v

1  25 
 25
24 5 7 2
cos v
24 24 7

253

 325 sinu  v
sin u cos v  cos u sin v

 12
13 25   13  25 
24 5 7

 323
325

12 5 12
91. cosv  u
cos v cos u  sin v sin u 92. sin u
 , cos u
, tan u

13 13 5

24
25  13   25  13 
5
 
7

12
cos v

24 7
, sin v
 , tan v

7
25 25 24
204

tan u  tan v
325 tanu  v

1  tan u tan v

 125    247 
 253
120
1   12 5  24 
7 17
10

253


204
 Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 571

Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

■ You should be able to graphically represent complex numbers and know the following facts about them.
■ The absolute value of the complex number z
a  bi is z

a2  b2.

■ The trigonometric form of the complex number z
a  bi is z
rcos   i sin  where

(a) a
r cos 
(b) b
r sin 
(c) r

a2  b2; r is called the modulus of z.
b
(d) tan 
;  is called the argument of z.
a
■ Given z1
r1cos 1  i sin 1 and z2
r2cos 2  i sin 2:
(a) z1z2
r1r2cos1  2  i sin1  2
z1 r1
(b)
cos1  2  i sin1  2 , z2  0
z2 r2
■ You should know DeMoivre’s Theorem: If z
rcos   i sin , then for any positive integer n,
zn
rn cos n  i sin n.
■ You should know that for any positive integer n, z
rcos   i sin  has n distinct nth roots given by

  2k   2k

 
n r cos
n 
 i sin  n 
where k
0, 1, 2, . . . , n  1.

Vocabulary Check
1. absolute value 2. trigonometric form; modulus; argument
3. DeMoivre’s 4. nth root

1.
7i


02  72

2. 7

72  02

49
7 3.
4  4i


42  42


49
7 Imaginary
axis


32
4
2
Imaginary 8 Imaginary
axis axis
6
Real 5
−4 −2 2 4 axis 4 − 4 + 4i
4
−2
2 3
−7
−4 Real 2
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 axis
−2 1
−6
Real
−7i
−5 − 4 −3 −2 −1 1 axis
−8
−1
572 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

4. 5  12i

52  122 5.

6  7i


62  72

6. 8  3i

82  32

169
13

85

73

Imaginary Imaginary Imaginary
axis axis axis

Real
Real 6
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 axis
2 4 6 8 axis
−2 − 8 + 3i 4
−2
−4 2
−6 −4 Real
− 10 − 8 −6 −4 −2 axis
−8
−6 −2
− 10
−8 6 − 7i −4
− 12 5 − 12i

7. z
3i 8. z
2 9. z
3  i
r

02  32

9
3 r

22  02

4
2 r

32  12

10

 0 1
3
tan 
, undefined ⇒ 
tan 
⇒ 
 tan 
 ,  is in Quadrant IV.
2 3
0 2
z
2cos   i sin     5.96 radians
 

z
3 cos
2
 i sin
2  z 
10cos 5.96  i sin 5.96

10. z
1 
3i 11. z
3  3i

r

1  
3 

4
2
2 2
r

32  32

18
3
2

3 2
tan 


3 ⇒ 
3 7
1 3 tan 

1,  is in Quadrant IV ⇒ 
.
3 4
2 2

z
2 cos  i sin  7 7
 
3 3
z
3
2 cos  i sin
4 4
Imaginary
axis

Real
1 2 3 axis

−1

−2

−3 3 − 3i

12. z
2  2i 13. z

3  i
r

22  22

8
2
2 r


3   12

4
2
2

2 
tan 

1 ⇒ 
1
3 
2 4 tan 

⇒ 


3 3 6
 
z
2
2 cos   i sin  Imaginary
 
 
4 4 axis
z
2 cos  i sin Imaginary
6 6 axis
3

2 + 2i 2
2
3+i
1
1
Real
Real −1 1 2 axis
1 2 3 axis
−1
 Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 573

14. z
4  4
3i 15. z
21 
3i

r

42  4
3 2
8 r

22  2
32

16
4
4
3 5
3 4
tan 


3 ⇒ 
tan 


3,  is in Quadrant III ⇒ 
.
4 3 1 3
5 5
z
8 cos  3
 i sin
3  
z
4 cos
4
3
 i sin
4
3 
Imaginary Imaginary
axis axis

2 Real
−4 −3 −2 −1 axis
Real
−2 2 4 6 8 axis
−2
−2
−4
−3
−6

−8 4−4 3i −2( 1 + 3i) −4

5
16. z

2

3  i 17. z
5i
r

02  52

25
5

   


2 2
5 5 100
r

3  1

25
5 5 3
2 2 4 tan 
, undefined ⇒ 

0 2
1 
3 11
tan 

⇒ 
3 3

3 3 6

z
5 cos
2
 i sin
2 
11 11
z
5 cos
6  i sin
6  Imaginary
axis

Imaginary Real
axis axis
−4 −2 2 4

2 −2

1
−4
Real
axis
−5i
−1 2 3 4 5 −6
−1

−2 −8

−3 5
( 3 − i)
2
−4

18. z
4i 19. z
7  4i
r

02  42

162
4 r

72  42

65
4  4
tan 
, undefined ⇒ 
tan 
,  is in Quadrant II ⇒   2.62.
0 2 7
 
z
4 cos  2
 i sin
2  z 
65 cos 2.62  i sin 2.62
Imaginary
axis
Imaginary
axis −7 + 4 i
4
5
2
4 4i
Real
3
−8 −6 −4 −2 axis
2
−2
1
Real −4
−3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 axis
−1
574 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

20. z
3  i 21. z
7  0i
r

32  12

10 r

72  02

49
7
1 0
tan 

  5.96 radians tan 

0 ⇒ 
0
3 7
z

10 cos 5.96  i sin 5.96 z
7 cos 0  i sin 0
Imaginary Imaginary
axis axis

1 4

2
Real
2 3 axis 7 Real
2 4 6 8 axis
−1 3−i −2

−2 −4

22. z
4 23. z
3 
3i

r

32  
3

12
2
r

42  02

162
4
0
2
3
tan 

0 ⇒ 
0
4

3 
tan 
⇒ 

z
4cos 0  i sin 0 3 6
 
 
Imaginary
axis
z
2
3 cos  i sin
6 6
2
Imaginary
1 axis

4 Real 4
axis
1 2 3 4
3
−1
2 3+ 3i
−2
1
Real
−1 1 2 3 4 axis
−1

24. z
2
2  i 25. z
3  i

r

2
22  12

9
3 r

32  12

10

1
2 1 1
tan 

 ⇒   5.94 radians tan 

,  is in Quadrant III ⇒   3.46.
2
2 4 3 3
z 
10 cos 3.46  i sin 3.46
z
3cos 5.94  i sin 5.94
Imaginary
Imaginary axis
axis
Real
−4 −3 −2 axis
1
−1
−3 − i
Real
axis −2
2 3

−1 −3
2 2−i
−4
−2
 Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 575

26. z
1  3i 27. z
5  2i
r

12  32

10 r

52  22

29

tan 
31
3 ⇒   1.25 radians tan 
25

z 
10 cos 1.25  i sin 1.25   0.38

Imaginary z 
29cos 0.38  i sin 0.38

axis
Imaginary
1 + 3i axis
3

5
2
4
1 3
5 + 2i
Real 2
−1 1 2 3 axis
1
−1 Real
axis
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1

28. z
8  3i 29. z
8  5
3i

r

82  32

73 r

82  5
3 2

139
3 5
3
tan 
tan 

8 8

0.36   3.97
z 
73cos 0.36  i sin 0.36 z 
139cos 3.97  i sin 3.97

Imaginary Imaginary
axis axis

Real
6 axis
− 10 − 8 −6 −4 −2
4 8 + 3i −2

2 −4

Real −6
−2 2 4 6 8 axis
−2 −8

−4 − 8 − 5 3i − 10

30. z
9  2
10i
1
3
31. 3cos 120  i sin 120
3  
2 2
i  
r

92  2
102

121
3 3
3

  i
r
11 2 2
2
10 Imaginary
tan 
axis
9
4

3.75 −3 + 3 3 i
2 2 3

z  11cos 3.75  i sin 3.75 2

Imaginary
axis Real
−3 −2 −1 1 2 axis
Real
axis −1
− 10 − 8 −6 −4 −2
−2

−4

−6
− 9 − 2 10 i
−8

− 10
576 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

2
2
 2 

3
   
3 3 1
32. 5cos 135  i sin 135
5  i 33. cos 300  i sin 300
i 
2 2 2 2 2
5
2 5
2 3 3
3

  i
 i
2 2 4 4
Imaginary Imaginary
axis axis
5 2 5 2
− + i 4
2 2 1

3
Real
−1 1 2 axis
2

−1
1 3 −3 3
i
4 4
Real
−2
−4 −3 −2 −1 axis

3 3
  

2
2 15
2 15
2
 
1 1
34. cos 225  i sin 225
 i  35. 3.75 cos  i sin
  i
4 4 2 2 4 4 8 8

2
2 Imaginary

 i axis
8 8
− 15 2 + 15 2 i 3
Imaginary
8 8
axis
2

Real 1
axis
−1 −1 Real
2 4
axis
−4 −3 −2 −1
2 2 i −1 −1
− − 4
8 8

−1
2

5 5  

36. 6 cos
12
 i sin
12 
 1.5529  5.7956i 
37. 8 cos
2
 i sin
2

80  i
8i 
Imaginary Imaginary
axis axis

10
6 1.5529 + 5.7956i
8 8i
4 6

2 4

2
Real
axis Real
−2 2 4 6 axis
−2 2 4 6 8 10
−2 −2

38. 7cos 0  i sin 0
7 39. 3cos1845   i sin1845   2.8408  0.9643i

Imaginary Imaginary
axis axis

4 2
2.8408 + 0.9643i
2 1
7 Real Real
2 4 6 8 axis axis
1 2 3 4
−2 −1

−4 −2
 Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 577

40. 6cos230 30   i sin230 30   3.8165  4.6297i

Imaginary
axis

1
Real
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 axis

−2

−3

−4

− 3.8165 − 4.6297i − 5

  2 2
41. 5 cos  9
 i sin
9 
 4.6985  1.7101i 42. 10 cos  5
 i sin
5 
 3.0902  9.5106i

43. 3cos 165.5  i sin 165.5  2.9044  0.7511i 44. 9cos 58  i sin 58  4.7693  7.6324i

2 1
45. z

2
1  i
cos 45  i sin 45 46. z

2
1 
3i Imaginary
axis
1
z2
cos 90  i sin 90
i zn
r ncos n  i sin n z2 =
2
(−1 + 3i (
1
z= ( 1+ 3i (

2

    2 
3 2 2
1 2 z 3 = −1
z3
cos 135  i sin 135
1  i r

1 Real
axis
2 2 −2 −1 1

z4
cos 180  i sin 180
1 tan 

3 z4 =

1
(−1 − 3i (
2

The absolute value of each is 1, and consecutive powers  −2



of z are each 45 apart. 3
 
  1
3
Imaginary
axis z
1 cos  i sin
 i
3 3 2 2
2
2 2
 1
3
z2 = i
2 2 z2
12 cos  i sin
  i
z3 = (−1 + i) z= (1 + i) 3 3 2 2
2 2

Real z3
13cos   i sin 
1

−2 axis
z4 = −1 1
4 4
−1 z4
14 cos  3
 i sin
3 1
3

 
2 2
i

The absolute value of each is 1 and consecutive powers of z

are each 3 radians apart.

47. 2cos 4  i sin 4 6cos 12  i sin 12 
26cos4  12   i sin4  12 
 


12 cos
3
 i sin
3 

48.  34 cos 3  i sin 3 4cos 34  i sin 34
344cos 3  34  i sin3  34
13 13


3 cos
12
 i sin
12 
49. 53cos 140  i sin 140º 23cos 60  i sin 60
53 23 cos140  60  i sin140  60
9 cos 200  i sin 200

10
578 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

50. 0.5cos 100  i sin 100 0.8cos 300  i sin 300
0.50.8cos100  300  i sin100  300

0.4cos 400  i sin 400

0.4cos 40  i sin 40

51. 0.45cos 310  i sin 310 0.60cos 200  i sin 200
0.450.60cos310  200  i sin310  200

0.27cos 510  i sin 510

0.27cos 150  i sin 150

52. cos 5  i sin 5cos 20  i sin 20
cos5  20  i sin5  20
cos 25  i sin 25

cos 50  i sin 50

53.
cos50  20  i sin50  20
cos 30  i sin 30
cos 20  i sin 20

2cos 120  i sin 120 2

54.
cos120  40  i sin120  40
4cos 40  i sin 40 4
1

cos 80  i sin 80
2

5 5
cos  i sin
5 5 2 2
       
3 3
55.
cos    i sin  
cos  i sin
cos   i sin  3 3 3 3

5cos 4.3  i sin4.3 5

56.
cos4.3  2.1  i sin4.3  2.1
4cos 2.1  i sin2.1 4
5

cos2.2  i sin2.2
4

12cos 52  i sin 52

57.
4cos52  110  i sin52  110
3cos 110  i sin 110

4cos58  i sin(58

4cos 302  i sin 302

6cos 40  i sin 40 6

58.
cos 40  100  i sin40  100
7cos 100  i sin 100 7
6

cos 300  i sin 300
7

 
59. (a) 2  2i
2
2 cos 4
 i sin
4 
  7 7
  4   i sin 4 

2cos
(a) 1  i

2 cos 
4
 i sin
4 
  7 7

(b) 2  2i1  i
2
2 cos  4
 i sin
4 
2cos 4   i sin 4 
4cos 2  i sin 2

4cos 0  i sin 0
4
(c) 2  2i1  i
2  2i  2i  2i2
2  2
4
 Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 579

60. (a)
3  i
2cos 30  i sin 30

1  i

2cos 45  i sin 45
(b) 
3  i1  i
2cos 30  i sin 30 
2cos 45  i sin 45

2
2cos 75  i sin 75

6 
2
6 
2

2
2  4  4  i


3  1  
3  1 i  0.732  2.732i
(c) 
3  i1  i

3  
3  1 i  i2

3  1  
3  1 i  0.732  2.732i

  3 3
61. (a)   2   i sin 2 
2cos
2i
2 cos 
2
 i sin
2 
 
(a) 1  i

2 cos  4
 i sin
4 
3 3  
(b) 2i1  i
2 cos   2   i sin 2  
2cos 4  i sin 4 
7 7
(b)   4   i sin 4 

2
2 cos


2 
2i
2  2i
1 1
(b)
2
2

(c) 2i1  i
2i  2i2
2i  2
2  2i

62. (a) 4
4cos 0  i sin 0 (b) 41 
3i
8 cos    3   i sin 3 

  3   i sin3
1 
3i
2 cos 

8 12  i  23

(c) 41 
3i
4  4
3i

4  4
3i

3  4i 5cos 0.93  i sin 0.93

63. (a) 3  4i  5cos 0.93  i sin 0.93 (b) 
1 
3 i 5 5
5 5 
2 cos  i sin 

1 
3 i
2 cos
3
 i sin
3  3 3
 2.5cos4.31  i sin4.31
3  4i 3  4i 1 
3 i
(c)
5
1  3i 1 
3i

1 
3 i
cos 1.97  i sin 1.97
2
3  4  3
3  i  4
3i2

 0.982  2.299i
13
3  4
3 4  3
3

 i
4 4
 0.982  2.299i

 
64. (a) 1 
3i
2 cos  3
 i sin
3 
6  3i  3
5 cos0.464  i sin0.464

1 
3i  
      2155 cos 1.51  i sin 1.51  0.018  0.298i
2

(b)  cos  0.464  i sin  0.464
6  3i 3
5 3 3

(c)
1 
3i 6  3i
6  3i

6  3
3   i 3  6
3 
2 
3  i 1  2
3  0.018  0.298i
6  3i 45 15 15
580 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

65. (a) 5
5cos 0  i sin 0

(a) 2  3i 
13cos 0.98  i sin 0.98
5 5cos 0  i sin 0 5 5
(b) 
cos0.98  i sin0.98
cos 5.30  i sin 5.30  0.769  1.154i
2  3i
13cos 0.98  i sin 0.98
13
13

5 5 2  3i 10  15i 10 15
(c)

2  3i 2  3i
2  3i
13

 i  0.769  1.154i
13 13

4i 4cos 90  i sin 90

66. (a) 4i
4cos 90  i sin 90 (b)

4  2i 2
5cos 153.4  i sin 153.4
4  2i
2
5cos 153.4  i sin 153.4
2
5
4i 4i 4  i
cos 296.6  i sin 296.6
5
(c)

4  2i 4  2i
4  2i
 0.400  0.800i
8  16i 2 4


 i
0.400  0.800i
20 5 5

67. Let z
x  iy such that: Imaginary

axis

68. z
3

z

2 ⇒ 2

x2  y2 3 Imaginary
axis
⇒ 4
 x2 y2: 4
1
circle with radius of 2
Real
axis 2
−1 1 3
1
−1
Real
−2 −1 1 2 4 axis

−3 −2

−4

 Imaginary 5 Imaginary
69. Let 
. axis 70. 
axis
6 4
4 2
Since r ≥ 0, we have the Since r ≥ 0, we have the
1
portion of the line 
6 2 portion of the line 
54 Real
in Quadrant I. Real in Quadrant III. −3 −2 −1 1 2 axis
−4 axis
2 4 −1
−2
−2
−4 −3

   
     
5 6
71. 1  i5

2 cos  i sin 72. 2  2i6
2
2 cos  i sin
4 4 4 4
5 5 6 6


2 cos  
2
2  cos  
5 6
 i sin  i sin
4 4 4 4

2
2 3 3

4
2   2

2
i 
512 cos 2
 i sin
2 

4  4i
512i
 Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 581

3 3
  
10
30 30
73. 1  i10

2 cos
4
 i sin
4

2
10
cos 4
 i sin
4 
3 3
 2

32 cos 
 6  i sin 2  6 
32cos 32  i sin 32

320  i1
32i

74. 3  2i8

13 cosarctan23   i sinarctan23 

8


13  cos8 arctan23   i sin8 arctan23 

8

239  28,560i

  5 5
   
7 3
75. 2
3  i
2 2 cos 76. 41 
3i
4 2 cos
7 3
 i sin  i sin
6 6 3 3
7 7
423cos 5  i sin 5
 

2 27 cos
6
 i sin
6 
321

3
 
1
32

256   i
2 2

128
3  128i

125 125
3
77. 5cos 20  i sin 20 3
53cos 60  i sin 60
 i
2 2

cos 4  i sin 4  12 12

12
78. 3cos 150  i sin 150 4
34cos 600  i sin 600 79.
cos  i sin
4 4

81cos 240  i sin 240

cos 3  i sin 3

81cos 60  i sin 60

1
81 81
3

  i
2 2

 
2cos 2  i sin 2 
8
80.
28cos 4  i sin 4 81. 5cos 3.2  i sin 3.2 4
54cos 12.8  i sin 12.8

 608.02  144.69i

256cos 0  i sin 0

256

82. cos 0  i sin 020
cos 0  i sin 0 83. 3  2i5  3.6056cos0.588  i sin0.588 5

1  3.60565cos2.94  i sin2.94
 597  122i

84. 
5  4i3  
21cos1.06106  i sin1.06106

3

 
21 3cos31.06106  i sin31.06106 

 96.15  4.00i

85. 3cos 15  i sin 15 4
81cos 60  i sin 60 86. 2cos 10  i sin 10 8
256cos 80  i sin 80

81 81
3  44.45  252.11i

 i
2 2
582 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

  3 3
   
2cos 8  i sin 8   
6

   
5
87. 2 cos  i sin
25 cos  i sin 88.
64 cos  i sin
10 10 2 2 4 4

32i
32
2  32
2i

89. (a) Square roots of 5cos 120  i sin 120: (b) Imaginary
axis

120  360k 120  360k

(a)
5 cos   2 
 i sin
2  , k
0, 1 3

1
(a) k
0:
5cos 60  i sin 60 Real
−3 −1 1 3 axis
(a) k
1:
5cos 240  i sin 240

5
15
5
15 −3
(c)  i,   i
2 2 2 2

90. (a) Square roots of 16cos 60  i sin 60: (b) Imaginary
axis

 60 2k 360  i sin60 2k 360, k
0, 1

16 cos 6

k
0: 4cos 30  i sin 30

2
Real
−6 2 6 axis
k
1: 4cos 210  i sin 210 −2

(c) 2
3  2i, 2
3  2i

−6

2 2
91. (a) Cube roots of 8 cos  3
 i sin
3
:  (b) Imaginary
axis

23  2k 23  2k

    
3


3 8 cos
 i sin , k
0, 1, 2
3 3
1

2 2
 
Real
k
0: 2 cos  i sin −3 −1 1 3 axis
9 9 −1

8 8

k
1: 2 cos
9
 i sin
9  −3

14 14

k
2: 2 cos
9
 i sin
9 
(c) 1.5321  1.2856i, 1.8794  0.6840i, 0.3473  1.9696i

5 5
92. (a) Fifth roots of 32 cos  6
 i sin
6
:  (b) Imaginary
axis

 565 2k  i sin565 2k, k
0, 1, 2, 3, 4

3


5 32 cos

 
 
Real
k
0: 2 cos  i sin −3 3 axis
6 6
17 17

k
1: 2 cos
30
 i sin
30  −3

29 29

k
2: 2 cos
30
 i sin
30  (c)
3  i, 0.4158  1.9563i,
1.9890  0.2091i, 0.8135  1.8271i,
41 41 1.4863  1.3383i

k
3: 2 cos
30
 i sin
30 
53 53

k
4: 2 cos
30
 i sin
30 
 Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 583

3 3
93. (a) Square roots of 25i
25 cos  2
 i sin
2
: (b) Imaginary
axis

6
3 3

  2k
   2k

4
2 2 2
(a)
25 cos  i sin , k
0, 1 Real
2 2 axis
−6 −2 2 4 6
−2
3 3

(a) k
0: 5 cos
4
 i sin
4  −4

−6

7 7

(a) k
1: 5 cos
4
 i sin
4 
5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2
(c)   i,  i
2 2 2 2

 
94. (a) Fourth roots of 625i
625 cos  2 2
 i sin : (b) Imaginary
axis

    
  6
 2k  2k
2 2

625 cos
4
 i sin
4 2 Real
−6 2 4 6 axis
−2
k
0, 1, 2, 3 −4

−6
 

k
0: 5 cos
8
 i sin
8 
5 5

k
1: 5 cos
8
 i sin
8 
9 9

k
2: 5 cos
8
 i sin
8 
13 13

k
3: 5 cos
8
 i sin
8 
(c) 4.6194  1.9134i, 1.9134  4.6194i,
4.6194  1.9134i, 1.9134  4.6194i

4 4
 
125
95. (a) Cube roots of  1 
3i
125 cos  i sin : (b) Imaginary
2 3 3 axis

6
4 4

(a)

3

125 cos
3
 2k

3
   i sin
3
 2k

3
 , k
0, 1, 2
−6
2

4 6
Real
axis
−2
4 4

(a) k
0: 5 cos
9
 i sin
9  −4

−6

10 10

(a) k
1: 5 cos
9
 i sin
9 
16 16

(a) k
2: 5 cos
9
 i sin
9 
(c) 0.8682  4.9240i, 4.6985  1.7101i, 3.8302  3.2140i
584 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

3 3
96. (a) Cube roots of 4
21  i
8 cos  4
 i sin
4 
: (b) Imaginary
axis

 
3 3

  
3
 2k  2k
4 4


3
8 cos  i sin , k
0, 1, 2
3 3 Real
−3 3 axis
 

k
0: 2 cos
4
 i sin
4 
−3
11 11

k
1: 2 cos
12
 i sin
12 
19 19

k
2: 2 cos
12
 i sin
12 
(c)
2 
2i, 1.9319  0.5176i, 0.5176  1.9319i

97. (a) Fourth roots of 16
16cos 0  i sin 0: (b) Imaginary

axis

0  2k 0  2k


4 16 cos
4
 i sin
4 
, k
0, 1, 2, 3 3

k
0: 2cos 0  i sin 0 1
Real
 
 
−3 −1 1 3 axis
k
1: 2 cos  i sin −1
2 2
k
2: 2cos   i sin  −3

3 3

k
3: 2 cos
2
 i sin
2 
(c) 2, 2i, 2, 2i

 
98. (a) Fourth roots of i
cos  i sin : (b) Imaginary
2 2 axis

 

    
2
 2k  2k
2 2


4 1 cos
 i sin , k
0, 1, 2, 3
4 4 Real
−2 2 axis
 
k
0: cos  i sin
8 8
−2

5 5
k
1: cos  i sin
8 8
9 9
k
2: cos  i sin
8 8
13 13
k
3: cos  i sin
8 8
(c) 0.9239  0.3827i, 0.3827  0.9239i,
0.9239  0.3827i, 0.3827  0.9239i
 Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 585

99. (a) Fifth roots of 1
cos 0  i sin 0: (b) Imaginary

axis

2k 2k
(a) cos  5   i sin 5 , k
0, 1, 2, 3, 4 2

(a) k
0: cos 0  i sin 0 Real

−2 2 axis
2 2
(a) k
1: cos  i sin
5 5
−2

4 4
(a ) k
2: cos  i sin
5 5

6 6
( a) k
3: cos  i sin
5 5

8 8
(a) k
4: cos  i sin
5 5

(c) 1, 0.3090  0.9511i, 0.8090  0.5878i, 0.8090  0.5878i, 0.3090  0.9511i

100. (a) Cube roots of 1000
1000cos 0  i sin 0: (b) Imaginary
axis

2k 2k


3 1000 cos
3
 i sin
3  8
6
4
k
0, 1, 2 Real
−8 −6 −4 −2 axis
k
0: 10cos 0  i sin 0
2 4 6 8

−6
2 2

k
1: 10 cos
3
 i sin
3  −8

4 4

k
2: 10 cos
3
 i sin
3 
(c) 10, 5  5
3i, 5  5
3i

101. (a) Cube roots of 125
125cos   i sin : (b) Imaginary
axis

  32k  i sin 32k, k
0, 1, 2

6
(a)

3
125 cos
4

2
 
3
(a) k
0: 5 cos  i sin
3  −6 −2 2 4 6
Real
axis

(a) k
1: 5cos   i sin  −4

−6
5 5
(a) k
2: 5 cos 3
 i sin
3 
5 5
3 5 5
3
(c)  i, 5,  i
2 2 2 2
586 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

102. (a) Fourth roots of 4
4cos   i sin  : (b) Imaginary

axis

  2k   2k

 
4 4 cos
4 
 i sin
4   2

1
k
0, 1, 2, 3
Real
 
 
−2 −1 1 2 axis
k
0:
2 cos  i sin
4 4 −1

3 3
 
−2
k
1:
2 cos  i sin
4 4
(c) 1  i, 1  i, 1  i, 1  i
5 5
k
2:
2 cos  4
 i sin
4 
7 7
k
3:
2 cos  4
 i sin
4 
3 3 3 3
103. (a) Fifth roots of 1281  i
128
2 cos  4
 i sin
4
2152 cos
4 i sin
4 
3 3

    
 2k  2k
232 cos
4
 i sin
4 , k
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
5 5

3 3
 
(b) Imaginary
(a) k
0: 2
2 cos  i sin axis
20 20

11 11
(a) k
1: 2
2 cos  20
 i sin
20  1
Real
19 19
 
−2 −1 axis
1 2
(a) k
2: 2
2 cos  i sin
20 20
−2

27 27
(a) k
3: 2
2 cos
20 i sin
20 
(c) 2.5201  1.2841i, 0.4425  2.7936i,
7 7
(a) k
4: 2
2 cos
4 
 i sin
4  2.7936  0.4425i, 1.2841  2.5201i, 2  2i

 
104. (a) Sixth roots of 64i
64 cos  2
 i sin :
2  (b) Imaginary
axis

2  2k 2  2k
    
3


6 64 cos  i sin
6 6
1
k
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Real
−3 1 3 axis
 

k
0: 2 cos
12
 i sin
12 
5 5 −3


k
1: 2 cos
12
 i sin
12 
(c) 1.9319  0.5176i, 0.5176  1.9319i, 
2 
2 i,
3 3

k
2: 2 cos
4
 i sin
4  1.9319  0.5176i, 0.5176  1.9319i,
2 
2i

13 13

k
3: 2 cos
12
 i sin
12 
17 17

k
4: 2 cos
12
 i sin
12 
7 7

k
5: 2 cos
4
 i sin
4 
 Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 587

105. x4  i
0
x4
i
3 3
The solutions are the fourth roots of i
cos  i sin :
2 2
3 3

   
 2k  2k
2 2


4 1 cos  i sin , k
0, 1, 2, 3 Imaginary
4 4 axis

3 3
k
0: cos  i sin  0.3827  0.9239i 1
8 8 2

7 7 Real
k
1: cos  i sin  0.9239  0.3827i 1
−2
axis
8 8
11 11
k
2: cos  i sin  0.3827  0.9239i
8 8
15 15
k
3: cos  i sin  0.9239  0.3827i
8 8

106. x3  1
0 Imaginary
axis

x
1
3
2

The solutions are the cube roots of

1
cos   i sin : Real
−2 axis
  2k   2k 2
cos 3
 i sin 3  
−2
k
0, 1, 2
  1
3
k
0: cos  i sin
 i
3 3 2 2
k
1: cos   i sin 
1
5 5 1
3
k
2: cos  i sin
 i
3 3 2 2

107. x5  243
0
x5
243

The solutions are the fifth roots of 243
243cos   i sin :

  2k   2k


5 243 cos
  5 
 i sin
5  , k
0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Imaginary
axis

4
 
k
0: 3 cos 5
 i sin
5 
 2.4271  1.7634i

3 3 Real
k
1: 3 cos 5
 i sin
5 
 0.9271  2.8532i −4 −2 2 4 axis

k
2: 3cos   i sin 
3 −4

7 7
k
3: 3 cos 5
 i sin
5 
 0.9271  2.8532i

9 9
k
4: 3 cos 5
 i sin
5 
 2.4271  1.7634i
588 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

108. x 3  27
0 Imaginary
axis

x 3
27 4

The solutions are the cube roots of 27
27cos 0  i sin 0:

2

2k 2k


3 27
  
cos
3
 i sin
3   −4 −2 −1 1 2 4
Real
axis

k
0, 1, 2 −2

k
0: 3cos 0  i sin 0
3 −4

2 2
k
1: 3 cos  3
 i sin
3 3 3
3

 
2 2
i

4 4
k
2: 3 cos  3
 i sin
3 3 3
3

 
2 2
i

109. x4  16i
0
x4
16i
3 3
The solutions are the fourth roots of 16i
16 cos  2
 i sin
2
:

 
3 3
 2k  2 k
2 2


4 16 cos
 i sin , k
0, 1, 2, 3 Imaginary
4 4 axis

3 3
 
3
k
0: 2 cos  i sin  0.7654  1.8478i
8 8
1
7 7
k
1: 2 cos  8
 i sin
8 1.8478  0.7654i
−3 −1 3
Real
axis

11 11
k
2: 2 cos  8
 i sin
8 
 0.7654  1.8478i
−3

15 15
k
3: 2 cos 8
 i sin
8 
 1.8478  0.7654i

110. x6  64i
0 Imaginary

axis
x6
64i 3

3 3

The solutions are the sixth roots of 64i
64 cos
2
 i sin
2
:  1
Real

 
6 64 cos
32  2k
6 
 i sin
6

32  2k  −3 −1
−1
1 3
axis

−3
k
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 

k
0: 2 cos
4
 i sin
4

2 
2 i

7 7

k
1: 2 cos
12
 i sin
12 
 0.5176  1.9319i

11 11

k
2: 2 cos
12
 i sin
12 
 1.9319  0.5176i

5 5

k
3: 2 cos
4
 i sin
4 


2 
2 i

19 19

k
4: 2 cos
12
 i sin
12 

0.5176  1.9319i

23 23

k
5: 2 cos
12
 i sin
12 

1.9319  0.5176i
 Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 589

111. x3  1  i
0

7 7
x3
1  i

2 cos  4
 i sin
4 
The solutions are the cube roots of 1  i:

74  2k 74  2k


3
2 cos
 3 
 i sin 
3 
, k
0, 1, 2 Imaginary
axis

7 7
 12  i sin 12   0.2905  1.0842i
2
k
0:

6 2 cos

5 5
k
1:
2cos  i sin   0.7937  0.7937i
Real
6
axis
−2 2
4 4

23 23
k
2:

6 2 cos
 12
 i sin
12 
 1.0842  0.2905i −2

112. x4  1  i
0 Imaginary
axis

x4
1  i

2cos 225  i sin 225 2

The solutions are the fourth roots of 1  i:

225  360k 225  360k
    
Real


4
2 cos  i sin −2 2
axis
4 4
k
0, 1, 2, 3 −2

8 2cos 56.25  i sin 56.25  0.6059  0.9067i

k
0:

8 2cos 146.25  i sin 146.25  0.9067  0.6059i
k
1:

8 2cos 236.25  i sin 236.25  0.6059  0.9067i
k
2:

8 2cos 326.25  i sin 326.25  0.9067  0.6059i
k
3:

113. True, by the definition of the absolute value of 114. False. They are equally spaced along the circle centered
a complex number. at the origin with radius

n r.

115. True. z1z2
r1r2cos1  2  i sin1  2 andz1z2
0 if and only if r1
0 and/or r2
0.

116. False. The complex number must be converted to trigonometric form before applying DeMoivre’s Theorem.

4 
6i 8

22 cosarctan   i sinarctan 46

6
8

z1 r1cos 1  i sin 1 cos   i sin 

117.

z2 r2cos 2  i sin 2
cos 2  i sin 2
2 2

r1

cos 1 cos 2  sin 1 sin 2  isin 1 cos 2  sin 2 cos 1
r2cos 2  sin2 2
2

r1

cos1  2  i sin1  2
r2
590 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

118. z
r cos    i sin   119. (a) zz
r cos   i sin  r cos   i sin 

r cos   i sin  (a)
r2cos    i sin  

r cos   ir sin  (a)
r2cos 0  i sin 0
which is the complex conjugate of (a)
r2
r cos   i sin 
r cos   ir sin .
z rcos   i sin
(b)

z rcos   i sin 
r
(b)
cos     i sin   
r
(b)
cos 2  i sin 2

120. z
r cos   i sin   121. 

1
2
1 
3i
 cos 43  i sin 43
 
z
r cos   i sin  
 21 1 
3i
 cos 43  i sin 43
6 6

r cos   i sin  

r cos     i sin   
cos 8  i sin 8

1

7 7
122. 2141  i
214
2 cos   4
 i sin
4 
7 7


214 cos
4
 i sin
4 
2 cos 74  i sin 74
4
14

2144cos 7  i sin 7 

2cos   i sin  

2

123. (a) 2cos 30  i sin 30 124. (a) 3cos 45  i sin 45
2cos 150  i sin 150 3cos 135  i sin 135
2cos 270  i sin 270 3cos 225  i sin 225
(b) These are the cube roots of 8i. 3cos 315  i sin 315
(b) These are the fourth roots of 81.
(c) The fourth roots of 81:
Imaginary
axis

Real
−4 4 axis

−4
 Section 6.5 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 591

125. A
22, a
8 126. B
66, a
33.5

B
90  A
68 A
90  66
24
8 8 a sin B 33.5 sin 66
tan 22
⇒ b
 19.80 b

 75.24
b tan 22 sin A sin 24
8 8 a sin C 33.5 sin 90
sin 22
⇒ c
 21.36 c

 82.36
c sin 22 sin A sin 24

127. A
30, b
112.6 128. B
6, b
211.2

B
90  A
60 A
90  6
84
a b sin A 211.2 sin 84
tan 30
⇒ a
112.6 tan 30  65.01 a

 2009.43
112.6 sin B sin 6
112.6 112.6 b sin C 211.2 sin 90
cos 30
⇒ c
 130.02 c

 2020.50
c cos 30 sin B sin 6

129. A
4215
42.25, c
11.2 130. B
81 30, c
6.8

B
90  A
4745 A
90  81 30
8 30
a c sin A 6.8 sin 8 30
sin 42.25
⇒ a
11.2 sin 42.25  7.53 a

 1.01
11.2 sin C 1
b c sin B 6.8 sin 81 30
cos 42.25
⇒ b
11.2 cos 42.25  8.29 b

 6.73
11.2 sin C 1

 1
131. d
16 cos t 132. d
cos 12 t
4 8
Maximum displacement: 16
16

Maximum displacement:
1
8
  
16 cos t
0 ⇒ t
⇒ t
2
4 4 2  1
d
0 when 12t
, or t

2 24

sin54 t
1
133. d
16 1
134. d
12 sin 60 t
Maximum displacement:



1
16
1
16 Maximum displacement: 1
12

sin54 t
0
1 1
16 d
0 when 60 t
, or t
60
5
4 t

4
t
5

135. 6 sin 8 cos 3
612 sin8  3  sin8  3 136. 2 cos 5 sin 2
2 12sin5  2  sin5  2

3sin 11  sin 5
sin 7  sin 3
592 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

Review Exercises for Chapter 6

1. Given: A
35, B
71, a
8 2. Given: A
22, B
121, a
17

C
180  35  71
74 C
180  A  B
37
a sin B 8 sin 71 a sin B 17 sin 121
b


13.19 b


38.90
sin A sin 35 sin A sin 22
a sin C 8 sin 74 a sin C 17 sin 37
c


13.41 c


27.31
sin A sin 35 sin A sin 22

3. Given: B
72, C
82, b
54 4. Given: B
10, C
20, c
33

A
180  72  82
26 A
180  B  C
150
b sin A 54 sin 26 c sin A 33 sin 150
a


24.89 a


48.24
sin B sin 72 sin C sin 20
b sin C 54 sin 82 c sin B 33 sin 10
c


56.23 b


16.75
sin B sin 72 sin C sin 20

5. Given: A
16, B
98, c
8.4 6. Given: A
95, B
45, c
104.8

C
180  16  98
66 C
180  A  B
40
c sin A 8.4 sin 16 c sin A 104.8 sin 95
a


2.53 a


162.42
sin C sin 66 sin C sin 40
c sin B 8.4 sin 98 c sin B 104.8 sin 45
b


9.11 b


115.29
sin C sin 66 sin C sin 40

7. Given: A
24, C
48, b
27.5 8. Given: B
64, C
36, a
367

B
180  24  48
108 A
180  B  C
80
b sin A 27.5 sin 24 a sin B 367 sin 64
a


11.76 b


334.95
sin B sin 108 sin A sin 80
b sin C 27.5 sin 48 a sin C 367 sin 36
c


21.49 c


219.04
sin B sin 108 sin A sin 80

9. Given: B
150, b
30, c
10 10. Given: B
150, a
10, b
3

c sin B 10 sin 150 a sin B 10 sin 150
sin C


0.1667 ⇒ C
9.59 sin A


1.67 > 1
b 30 b 3
A
180  150  9.59
20.41 No solution
b sin A 30 sin 20.41
a


20.92
sin B sin 150

11. A
75, a
51.2, b
33.7

b sin A 33.7 sin 75
sin B


0.6358 ⇒ B
39.48
a 51.2
C
180  75  39.48
65.52
a sin C 51.2 sin 65.52
c


48.24
sin A sin 75
 Review Exercises for Chapter 6 593

12. Given: B
25, a
6.2, b
4

a sin B
sin A

0.65506 ⇒ A
40.92 or 139.08
b
Case 1: A
40.92 Case 2: A
139.08
C
180  25  40.92
114.08 C
180  25  139.08
15.92
c
8.64 c
2.60

13. Area
12bc sin A
1257sin 27
7.9 14. B
80º, a
4, c
8

Area
12ac sin B
12480.9848
15.8

15. Area
2ab sin C
2165sin 123
33.5

1 1
16. A
11, b
22, c
21
Area
12 bc sin A
12 22210.1908
44.1

h
17. tan 17
⇒ h
x  50 tan 17
x  50 h

h
x tan 17  50 tan 17 x

31° 17°
50

h
tan 31
⇒ h
x tan 31
x
x tan 17  50 tan 17
x tan 31
50 tan 17
xtan 31  tan 17
50 tan 17

x
tan 31  tan 17
x
51.7959
h
x tan 31
51.7959 tan 31
31.1 meters
The height of the building is approximately 31.1 meters.

h 75
18. 162
w2  122  2w12 cos 140 19.

sin 17 sin 45
w2  24 cos 140w  112
0 ⇒ w
4.83 75 sin 17 45°
h
h

sin 45
118°
h
31.01 feet
ft 62°
75

17°
28° 45°

20. The triangle of base 400 feet formed by the two angles of sight to the tree has base angles Tree
A
of 90  22 30
67 30, or 67.5, and 90  15
75. The angle at the tree measures N
180  67.5  75
37.5.
W E
400 sin 75
b

634.683 S
h
15°
sin 37.5 22° 30'

h
634.683 sin 67.5 C B

400 ft
h
586.4
The width of the river is about 586.4 feet.
594 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

21. Given: a
5, b
8, c
10 22. Given: a
80, b
60, c
100

a2   b2 c2 a2  b2  c2 6400  3600  10,000
cos C

0.1375 ⇒ C
97.90 cos C


2ab 2ab 28060
a2  c2  b2
0 ⇒ C
90
cos B

0.61 ⇒ B
52.41
2ac
80
A
180  B  C
29.69 sin A

0.8 ⇒ A
53.13º
100
60
sin B

0.6 ⇒ B
36.87º
100

23. Given: a
2.5, b
5.0, c
4.5

a2  c2  b2
cos B

0.0667 ⇒ B
86.18
2ac
a2  b2  c2
cos C

0.44 ⇒ C
63.90
2ab
A
180  B  C
29.92

24. Given: a
16.4, b
8.8, c
12.2

b2  c2  a2 8.82  12.22  16.42
cos A


0.1988 ⇒ A
101.47
2bc 28.812.2
b sin A 8.8 sin 101.47
sin B


0.5259 ⇒ B
31.73
a 16.4
C
180  101.47  31.73
46.80

25. Given: B
110, a
4, c
4 26. Given: B
150, a
10, c
20

b
a2  c2  2ac cos B
6.55 b2
102  202  21020cos 150 ⇒ b
29.09
A
C
12 180  110
35 a sin B 10 sin 150
sin A

⇒ A
9.90
b 29.09
C
180  150  9.90
20.10

27. Given: C
43, a
22.5, b
31.4

c
a2  b2  2ab cos C
21.42
a2  c2  b2
cos B

0.02169 ⇒ B
91.24
2ac
A
180  B  C
45.76

28. Given: A
62, b
11.34, c
19.52

a2
11.342  19.522  211.3419.52 cos 62 ⇒ a
17.37
b sin A 11.34 sin 62
sin B

⇒ B
35.20
a 17.37
C
180  62  35.20
82.80
 Review Exercises for Chapter 6 595

29. 5 ft 8 ft 30. 15 m 20 m
8 ft 28° a 34°
152° 5 ft 20 m s1
146° 15 m
b
s2

a2
52  82  258cos 28
18.364

s12
152  202  2  15  20 cos 34
127.58
a
4.3 feet
s1
11.3 meters
b2
82  52  285cos 152
159.636
s22
15 2  202  2  15  20 cos 146
1122.42
b
12.6 feet
s2
33.5 meters

31. Length of AC
3002  4252  2300425 cos 115 32. d 2
8502  10602  28501060 cos 72

615.1 meters
1,289,251
d
1135 miles
N

W E
d S
5°
850

67° 1060

33. a
4, b
5, c
7 34. a
15, b
8, c
10

abc 457 15  8  10
s


8 s

16.5
2 2 2
Area
ss  as  bs  c Area
16.51.58.56.5
36.979

8431
9.80

35. a
12.3, b
15.8, c
3.7 36. a
38.1, b
26.7, c
19.4

a  b  c 12.3  15.8  3.7 38.1  26.7  19.4
s


15.9 s

42.1
2 2 2
Area
ss  as  bs  c Area
42.1415.422.7
242.630

15.93.60.112.2
8.36

37. u
4  22  6  12
61 38. u
3  12  2  42
210
v
6  02  3  22
61 v
1  32  4  22
210
61 5 2  4
u is directed along a line with a slope of
. u is directed along a line with a slope of
3.
4  2 6 31
3  2 5 4  2
v is directed along a line with a slope of
. v is directed along a line with a slope of
3.
60 6 1  3
Since u and v have identical magnitudes and directions, Since u and v have identical magnitudes and directions,
u
v. u
v.

39. Initial point: 5, 4 40. Initial point: 0, 1

Terminal point: 2, 1 Terminal point: 6, 2 
7

v
2  5, 1  4
7, 5 v
 6  0, 72  1
 6, 52

596 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry
41. Initial point: 0, 10
Terminal point: 7, 3
v
7  0, 3  10
7, 7
43. v
8, 
120
8 cos 120, 8 sin 120
 4, 43
45. u
1, 3, v
3, 6
(a) u  v
1, 3  3, 6
4, 3
(b) u  v
1, 3  3, 6
2, 9
(c) 3u
31, 3
3, 9
(d) 2v  5u
23, 6  51, 3

6, 12  5, 15
11, 3
47. u
5, 2, v
4, 4
(a) u  v
5, 2  4, 4
1, 6
(b) u  v
5, 2  4, 4
9, 2
(c) 3u
35, 2
15, 6
(d) 2v  5u
24, 4  55, 2

8, 8  25, 10
17,18
49. u
2i  j, v
5i  3j
(a) u  v
2i  j  5i  3j
7i  2j
(b) u  v
2i  j  5i  3j
3i  4j
(c) 3u
32i  j
6i  3j
(d) 2v  5u
25i  3j  52i  j

10i  6j  10i  5j
20i  j
51. u
4i, v
i  6j
(a) u  v
4i  i  6j
3i  6j
(b) u  v
4i  i  6j
5i  6j
(c) 3u
34i
12i
(d) 2v  5u
2i  6j  54i

2i  12j  20i
18i  12j
42. Initial point: 1, 5
Terminal point: 15, 9
v
15  1, 9  5
14, 4
1
44. v
, 
225
2
12 cos 225, 21 sin 225
 42,  42
46. u
4, 5, v
0, 1
(a) u  v
4  0, 5  1
4, 4
(b) u  v
4  0, 5  1
4, 6
(c) 3u
34, 35
12, 15
(d) 2v  5u
20, 21  54, 55

0  20, 2  25
20, 23
48. u
1, 8, v
3, 2
(a) u  v
1  3, 8  2
4, 10
(b) u  v
1  3, 8  2
2, 6
(c) 3u
31, 38
3, 24
(d) 2v  5u
23, 22  51, 58

6  5, 4  40
11, 44
50. u
7i  3j, v
4i  j
(a) u  v
7i  3j  4i  j
3i  4j
(b) u  v
7i  3j  4i  j
11i  2j
(c) 3u
37i  3j
21i  9j
(d) 2v  5u
8i  2j  35i  15j

27i  17j
52. u
6j, v
i  j
(a) u  v
6j  i  j
i  5j
(b) u  v
6j  i  j
i  7j
(c) 3u
18j
(d) 2v  5u
2i  2j  30j

2i  28j
 Review Exercises for Chapter 6 597

53. u
6i  5j, v
10i  3j 54. u
6i  5j, v
10i  3j

2u  v
26i  5j  10i  3j 4u  5v
24i  20j  50i  15j

22i  7j y

26i  35j y

2
v

22, 7
26,35 20
x
−5 10 20 25 30
−2 x
− 60 − 40 20
−4 −5v 4u
−6
−8 2u + v
2u 4u − 5v − 40
− 10

− 12 − 60

55. v
10i  3j y
56. v
10i  3j y

3v
310i  3j
5i  32j
 5, 32

1
2v
20 8

30i  9j 6
10 3v 4

30, 9 v
v
2 1
x v
2
10 20 30
x
2 4 6 8 10
− 10
−2

57. u
3, 4
3i  4j 58. u
6, 8
6i  8j

59. Initial point: 3, 4 60. Initial point: 2, 7

Terminal point: 9, 8 Terminal point: 5, 9
u
9  3i  8  4j
6i  4j u
5  2, 9  7
7, 16
7i  16j

61. v
10i  10j 62. v
4i  j

v
10  10
200
102
2 2
v
42  12
17
10 1
tan 

1 ⇒ 
135 since tan 
,  in Quadrant IV ⇒ 
346
10 4
v is in Quadrant II.
v
17cos 346 i  sin 346 j
v
102i cos 135  j sin 135

63. v
7cos 60 i  sin 60 j 64. v
3cos 150i  sin 150 j
v
7 v
3, 
150

60

65. v
5i  4j 66. v
4i  7j

v
52  42
41 v
42  72
65
4 7
tan 
⇒ 
38.7 tan 
,  in Quadrant II ⇒ 
119.7
5 4

67. v
3i  3j 68. v
8i  j

v
3  3
32
2 2
v
82  12
65
3 1
tan 

1 ⇒ 
225 tan 
,  in Quadrant IV ⇒ 
352.9
3 8
598 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

69. Magnitude of resultant: 70. Rope One:

c
852  502  28550 cos 165

23i  21j

u
ucos 30i  sin 30j
u

133.92 pounds
Let  be the angle between the resultant and the 85-pound Rope Two:


force. 3 1
v
u cos 30i  sin 30j
u  i j
133.92  85  50
2 2 2 2 2
cos 

2133.9285 Resultant: u  v
uj
180j

0.9953 u
180
⇒ 
5.6 Therefore, the tension on each rope is u
180 lb.

71. Airspeed: u
430cos 45i  sin 45j
2152i  j y N

135° W E
35
Wind: w
35cos 60  sin 60 j
i  3j S
2 θ
x
353



35
Groundspeed: u  w
2152  i  2152 45°
2 2
u

353

35 2 2
u  w
215 2    2152 w
2 2

422.30 miles per hour
17.53  2152
Bearing: tan 

2152  17.5

40.4

90  
130.4

72. Airspeed: u
724cos 60i  sin 60j y

362i  3j
Wind: w
32i
Groundspeed
u  w
394i  3623j 724
30°
u  w
3942  36232
740.5 km hr
x
3623 32
tan 
⇒ 
57.9
394
Bearing: N 32.1 E

73. u
6, 7, v
3, 9 74. u
7, 12, v
4, 14

u  v
63  79
45 u  v
74  1214
140

75. u
3i  7j, v
11i  5j 76. u
7i  2j, v
16i  12j

u  v
311  75
2 u  v
716  212
136

77. u
3, 4 78. v
2, 1

2u
6, 8 v2
v  v
22  12
5; scalar
2u  u
63  84
50
The result is a scalar.
 Review Exercises for Chapter 6 599

79. u
3, 4, v
2, 1 80. u
3, 4, v
2, 1

u  v
32  41
2 3u  v
332  41
32
6; scalar
uu  v
u2
2u
6, 8
The result is a vector.

7 7
81. u
cos
4
i  sin j

4
1
2 
,
1
2 82. u
cos 45 i  sin 45 j
v
cos 300 i  sin 300 j
5 5

3 1
v
cos i  sin j
 ,
6 6 2 2 Angle between u and v: 60  45
105

uv  3  1 11
cos 

⇒ 

u v 22 12

83. u
 22, 4, v
  2, 1 84. u
 3, 3 , v
 4, 33 

uv 8 uv 21
cos 

⇒ 
160.5 cos 

⇒ 
22.4
u v 243 u v 1243

85. u
3, 8 86. u
 14,  12, v
2, 4 87. u
i

v
8, 3 v
8u ⇒ Parallel v
i  2j
u  v
38  83
0 u v 0 ⇒ Not orthogonal
u and v are orthogonal. v ku ⇒ Not parallel
Neither

88. u
2i  j, v
3i  6j 89. u
4, 3, v
8, 2

v
0

v v

688, 2
 174, 1
u ⇒ Orthogonal u v 26 13
w1
projvu
2

w2
u  w1
4, 3  
13
17 16
4, 1
1, 4
17

13 16
u
w1  w2
 4, 1  1, 4
17 17

90. u
5, 6, v
10, 0 91. u
2, 7, v
1, 1

uv vv
100
v v
 2 1, 1
50 u v 5
w1
projvu
2
10, 0
5, 0 w1
projvu
2

w2
u  w1
5, 6  5, 0
0, 6 5

1, 1
2
u
w1  w2
5, 0  0, 6
w2
u  w1
2, 7 
521, 1
9

1, 1
2
5 9
u
w1  w2
1, 1  1, 1
2 2
600 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

92. u
3, 5, v
5, 2 93. P
5, 3, Q
8, 9 ⇒ PQ
3, 6

uv W
v  PQ
2, 7  3, 6
48
\

w1
projvu

v2  25
v
5, 2
29
25 19
w2
u  w1
3, 5  5, 2
2, 5
29 29
25 19
u
w1  w2
5, 2  2, 5
29 25

94. work
v  PQ 95. w
18,00048

12 
72,000 foot-pounds
\

3i  6j  10i  17j

30  102

132

 
97. 7i
02  72
7
\

96. W
cos  F PQ  Imaginary

axis

cos 2025 pounds12 ft 10

281.9 foot-pounds 8
7i
6

2
Real
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 axis
−2


98. 6i
6  Imaginary
axis  
99. 5  3i
52  32 Imaginary
axis

8
34 5
6
4
4 5 + 3i
2 3
Real
2
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 axis
1
−4 Real
−6 −6i −1 1 2 3 4 5
axis
−8 −1

 
100. 10  4i
102  42 101. 5  5i

229 Imaginary r
52  52
50
52
axis

6
5 7
4 tan 

1 ⇒ 
since the
5 4
2
Real
−12 − 10 −8 − 6 axis complex number is in Quadrant IV.
−2
7 7
− 10 − 4i
−4
−6
5  5i
52 cos
4
 i sin
4 

102. z
5  12i 103. 33  3i

z
52  122
13 r
33 2  32
36
6

12 3 1 5
tan 
⇒ 
1.176 tan 

 ⇒ 

5 33 3 6
z
13cos 1.176  i sin 1.176 since the complex number is in Quadrant II.
5 5
33  3i
6 cos
6
 i sin
6 
 Review Exercises for Chapter 6 601

104. z
7

z
7
0
tan 

0 ⇒ 

7
z
7cos   i sin  

11 11
105. (a) z1
23  2i
4 cos
6
 i sin
6 
3 3
(a ) z2
10i
10 cos
2
 i sin
2 
11 11 3 3


(b) z1z2
4 cos

6
 i sin
6 10
cos 2
 i sin
2 
10 10

40 cos
3
 i sin
3 
11 11

4 cos  i sin
  


z1 6 6 2


cos  i sin
3 3


z2 5 3 3
10 cos  i sin
2 2

5 5
106. (a) z1
31  i
32 cos
4
 i sin
4 
 
z2
23  i
4 cos
6
 i sin
6 
5 5  

(b) z1z2
32 cos
4
 i sin
4 4
cos 6  i sin 6 
17 17

122 cos
12
 i sin
12 
5 5
32 cos  4  i sin 4  32 13 13
4
12 
z1


cos  i sin
 
4 cos  i sin 
z2 12
6 6

  4 4 4 4 4 4



4

2
cos 15  i sin 15 

5
107. 5 cos  i sin
54 cos  i sin 108.
25 cos  i sin
12 12 12 12 3 3
 

625 cos
3
 i sin
3 
32 

1 3
2

2
i 

12  23i
16  163i


625

625 6253

 i
2 2

110. 1  i8
2cos 315  i sin 315

8
109. 2  3i6
13cos 56.3  i sin 56.36

133cos 337.9  i sin 337.9
16cos 2520  i sin 2520

13 0.9263  0.3769i
3

16cos 0  i sin 0

2035  828i
16
602 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

3 3
111. Sixth roots of 729i
729 cos
2
 i sin
2
: 
(a) and (c) (b) Imaginary
axis

3 3




4
 2k  2k
2 2

6
729 cos  i sin , k
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
6 6
Real
  32 32


−4 −2 4 axis
k
0: 3 cos  i sin
 i
4 4 2 2 −2

7 7


−4
k
1: 3 cos  i sin
0.776  2.898i
12 12
11 11

k
2: 3 cos
12
 i sin
12 

2.898  0.776i

5 5 32 32

k
3: 3 cos
4
 i sin
4


2

2 i

19 19

k
4: 3 cos
12
 i sin
12 

0.776  2.898i

23 23

k
5: 3 cos
12
 i sin
12 

2.898  0.776i

 
112. (a) 256i
256 cos
2
 i sin
2  (b) Imaginary
axis

5
Fourth roots of 256i:
3
 


4 256 cos

2
 2k

4
 i sin
2
 2k

4
, k
0, 1, 2, 3  −3
1

−1
−2
1 2 3 5
Real
axis

−3
 
k
0: 4 cos
8
 i sin
8  −5

5 5
k
1: 4 cos
8
 i sin
8  (c) 3.696  1.531i
1.531  3.696i
9 9
k
2: 4 cos
8
 i sin
8  3.696  1.531i

13 13 1.531  3.696i

k
3: 4 cos
8
 i sin
8 
113. Cube roots of 8
8cos 0  i sin 0, k
0, 1, 2
(a) and (c) (b) Imaginary
axis

0  2k 0  2k

3


8 cos
3 
 i sin
3
 3

k
0: 2cos 0  i sin 0
2 Real

−3 −1 1 3 axis
2 2

k
1: 2 cos
3
 i sin
3

1  3i 
−3
4 4

k
2: 2 cos
3
 i sin
3

1  3i
 Review Exercises for Chapter 6 603

114. (a) 1024
1024cos   i sin  (b) Imaginary

axis

Fifth roots of 1024: 5

  2k   2k


5 1024 cos
5
 i sin
5

, k
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
1
Real
−3 −2 −1 axis
 
2 3 5

k
0: 4 cos  i sin
5 5 
−5
3 3

k
1: 4 cos
5
 i sin
5 
(c) 3.236  2.351i
k
2: 4cos   i sin 
1.236  3.804i
7 7

k
3: 4 cos
5
 i sin
5  4
1.236  3.804i
9 9

k
4: 4 cos
5
 i sin
5  3.236  2.351i

115. x4  81
0
x4
81 Solve by finding the fourth roots of 81.
81
81cos   i sin 

  2k   2k
4 81

 4 81 cos

4
 i sin 4

, k
0, 1, 2, 3 Imaginary
axis

4
  32 32

k
0: 3 cos  i sin
4 4


2 

2
i
2

Real
3 3 32 32

 −4 −2 axis
k
1: 3 cos  i sin
  i 2 4
4 4 2 2 −2

5 5 32 32

k
2: 3 cos
4
 i sin
4

 2

2
i
−4

7 7 32 32

k
3: 3 cos
4
 i sin
4

2

2
i

116. x5  32
0 Imaginary
axis
x5
32 3

32
32cos 0  i sin 0
1
2k 2k
3 32

 

5 32 cos 0 
5 
 i sin 0 
5  −3
−1
1 3
Real
axis

k
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
−3
k
0: 2cos 0  i sin 0
2
2 2

k
1: 2 cos
5
 i sin
5 

0.6180  1.9021i

4 4

k
2: 2 cos
5
 i sin
5 

1.6180  1.1756i

6 6

k
3: 2 cos
5
 i sin
5 

1.6180  1.1756i

8 8

k
4: 2 cos
5
 i sin
5 

0.6180  1.9021i
604 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

117. x3  8i
0 Imaginary
axis
x3
8i Solve by finding the cube roots of 8i. 3

3 3
8i
8 cos
2
 i sin
2  1
Real
−3 3 axis



3 3

−1
 2k  2 k
3 8i

2 2
 3 8 cos  i sin , k
0, 1, 2 −3
3 3
 
k
0: 2 cos
2
 i sin
2 

2i

7 7
k
1: 2 cos
6
 i sin
6 

 3  i

11 11
k
2: 2 cos
6
 i sin
6 

3  i

118. x3  1x2  1
0 Imaginary

axis

x3  1
0 2

x2  1
0
x3
1 Real
axis
−2 2

1
1cos 0  i sin 0
0  2k 0  2k


, k
0, 1, 2
−2

3
1

3
1 cos  i sin
3 3
1cos 0  i sin 0
1
2 2 1 3

1 cos
3
 i sin
3

 
2 2
i
4 4 1 3

1 cos
3
 i sin
3

 
2 2
i
x2  1
0
x2
1
1
1cos   i sin 
  2k   2k
1
1 cos 
2 
 i sin
2

, k
0, 1 
k
0, 1
 

1 cos
2
 i sin
2

i 
3 3

1 cos
2
 i sin
2

i 
119. True. sin 90 is defined in the Law of Sines. 120. False. There may be no solution, one solution, or
two solutions.

121. True, by the definition of a unit vector. 122. False, a
b
0.

v
u
so v
vu
v
 Review Exercises for Chapter 6 605

a b c sin A sin B sin C

123. False. x
3  i is a solution to x3  8i
0, not 124.

or


sin A sin B sin C a b c
x2  8i
0.
Also, 3  i2  8i
2  23  8i 0.

125. a2
b2  c2  2bc cos A 126. A vector in the plane has both a magnitude and
a direction.
b2
a2  c2  2ac cos B
c2
a2  b2  2ab cos C

127. A and C appear to have the same magnitude and direction. 128. u  v is larger in figure (a) since the angle between
u and v is acute rather than obtuse.

129. If k > 0, the direction of ku is the same, and the 130. The sum of u and v lies on the diagonal of the
magnitude is ku. parallelogram with u and v as its adjacent sides.
If k < 0, the direction of ku is the opposite direction of

u, and the magnitude is k u.

131. (a) The trigonometric form of the three roots shown is: 132. (a) The trigonometric forms of the four roots shown are:
4cos 60  i sin 60 4cos 60  i sin 60
4cos 180  i sin 180
4cos 150  i sin 150
4cos 300  i sin 300
4cos 240  i sin 240
(b) Since there are three evenly spaced roots on the cir-
cle of radius 4, they are cube roots of a complex 4cos 330  i sin 330
number of modulus 43
64.
(b) Since there are four evenly spaced roots on the circle
Cubing them yields 64. of radius 4, they are fourth roots of a complex
number of modulus 44. In this case, raising them to
4cos 60  i sin 603
64
the fourth power yields 128  1283i.
4cos 180  i sin 1803
64
4cos 300  i sin 3003
64

133. z1
2cos   i sin 

z2
2cos    i sin  
z1z2
22cos      i sin    

4cos   i sin 

4
z1 2cos   i sin 


z2 2cos    i sin  

1cos      i sin    

cos2    i sin2  

cos 2 cos   sin 2 sin   isin 2 cos   cos 2 sin 

cos 2  i sin 2

134. (a) z has 4 fourth roots. Three are not shown.

(b) The roots are located on the circle at 
30  90k, k
0, 1, 2, 3.
The three roots not shown are located at 120, 210, 300.
606 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

Problem Solving for Chapter 6

\

1. PQ 2  4.72  62  24.76 cos 25
P

θ
\ 4.7 ft θ
PQ
2.6409 feet β
γ α
25° φ
sin  sin 25

 ⇒ 
48.78
O
6 ft
T Q
4.7 2.6409
   180
 25
 48.78
 106.22

      180
⇒   180
 106.22
 73.78

 106.22
 73.78
 32.44

  180
    180
 48.78
 32.44
 98.78

  180
   180
 98.78
 81.22

\

PT 4.7

sin 25
sin 81.22

\

PT
2.01 feet

2. 55° 3
35°
300 yd mile  1320 yards
25° 4
55°

θ
x2  13202  3002  21320300cos 10

1320 yd x x
1025.881 yards
0.58 mile

sin  sin 10


1320 1025.881
sin 
0.2234
  180
 sin10.2234

167.09

Bearing:   55
 90

22.09

S 22.09
E

3. (a) A 75 mi B (c) A 10°

30° 15° 20 mi Rescue
x 135° y 75° 80° 20° party
60° Lost party 60°
z
27.452 mi

x 75 y 75 Lost
(b)  and  party
sin 15
sin 135
sin 30
sin 135

x
27.45 miles y
53.03 miles z2  27.452  202  227.4520 cos 20

z
11.03 miles
sin  sin 20


27.45 11.03
sin 
0.8511
  180
 sin10.8511

121.7

To find the bearing, we have   10
 90

21.7
.
Bearing: S 21.7
E
 Problem Solving for Chapter 6 607

sin C sin 65

4. (a) (b) 
46 52
65°
46 sin 65

46 ft sin C 
0.801734
52
52 ft C
53.296

A  180
 B  C  61.704

1 a 52
(c) Area  4652sin 61.704

1053.09 square feet 
2 sin 61.704
sin 65

1053.09 52 sin 61.704

Number of bags:
21.06 a
50 sin 65

To entirely cover the courtyard, you would a
50.52 feet
need to buy 22 bags.

5. If u
0, v
0, and u  v
0, then  uu    vv    uu  vv   1 since all of these are magnitudes of unit vectors.
(a) u  1, 1, v  1, 2, u  v  0, 1
u  2, v  5, u  v  1
(b) u  0, 1, v  3, 3, u  v  3, 2
u  1, v  18  32, u  v  13

(c) u  1,  21 , v  2, 3, u  v  3,  72

u 
5
2
, v  13, u  v  9  494  85
2
(d) u  2, 4, v  5, 5, u  v  7, 1
u  20  25, v  50  52, u  v  50  52

6. (a) u  120j 120

(d) tan  40 ⇒   tan1 3 ⇒ 
71.565

v  40i (e) Up

(b) s  u  v  40i  120j 140

120
Up 100
80 u
140 60
120 s
100
v
80 u s W E
60 −60 − 20 20 40 60 80 100
40 Down
v
20
W E
− 60 −20 20 40 60 80 100 s  30i  120j
Down
s  302  1202

(c) s  402  1202  16000  4010  15300

126.49 miles per hour
123.69 miles per hour

This represents the actual rate of the skydiver’s fall.

608 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

7. Initial point: 0, 0 8. Let u  v  0 and u  w  0.

 v1 u2  v2 Then, u  cv  dw  u  cv  u  dw
Terminal point:
u 1
2
,
2 
 cu  v  du  w
w 1
2 
u  v1 u2  v2
,
2
1
 u  v
2  c0  d0
 0.
Initial point: u1, u2
Thus for all scalars c and d, u is orthogonal to cv  dw.
1
Terminal point: u  v1, u2  v2
2 1

w u 1  v1
2
u  v2
 u1, 2
2
 u2
 v 1  u1 v2  u2
2
,
2
1
 v  u
2
→
9. W  cos F   PQ  and F1  F2
(a) F1
θ1
If 1   2 then the work is the same since cos   cos .
F2 θ2

P Q

1 →
(b) F1 If 1  60
then W1  F   PQ
2 1
60°
F2
3 →
If 2  30
then W2  F2  PQ
30° 2
P Q
W2  3 W1
The amount of work done by F2 is 3 times as great as the amount of work done by F1.

10. (a)
 100 sin  100 cos 

0.5
0.8727 99.9962

1.0
1.7452 99.9848

1.5
2.6177 99.9657

2.0
3.4899 99.9391

2.5
4.3619 99.9048

3.0
5.2336 99.8630

(b) No, the airplane’s speed does not equal the sum of the vertical and horizontal components of its velocity. To find speed:
speed  v sin2  v cos2
(c) (i) speed  5.235 2  149.909 2
150 miles per hour
(ii) speed  10.463 2  149.634 2
150 miles per hour
 Practice Test for Chapter 6 609

Chapter 6 Practice Test

For Exercises 1 and 2, use the Law of Sines to find the remaining sides and
angles of the triangle.

1. A
40, B
12, b
100 2. C
150, a
5, c
20

3. Find the area of the triangle: a
3, b
6, C
130.

4. Determine the number of solutions to the triangle: a
10, b
35, A
22.5.

For Exercises 5 and 6, use the Law of Cosines to find the remaining sides and
angles of the triangle.

5. a
49, b
53, c
38 6. C
29, a
100, b
300

7. Use Heron’s Formula to find the area of the triangle: a
4.1, b
6.8, c
5.5.

8. A ship travels 40 miles due east, then adjusts its course 12 southward. After traveling
70 miles in that direction, how far is the ship from its point of departure?

9. w
4u  7v where u
3i  j and v
i  2j. Find w.

10. Find a unit vector in the direction of v
5i  3j.

11. Find the dot product and the angle between u
6i  5j and v
2i  3j.

12. v is a vector of magnitude 4 making an angle of 30 with the positive x-axis.
Find v in component form.

13. Find the projection of u onto v given u

3, 1 and v

2, 4.

14. Give the trigonometric form of z
5  5i.

15. Give the standard form of z
6cos 225  i sin 225.

16. Multiply 7cos 23  i sin 23 4cos 7  i sin 7.

5 5

9 cos
4
 i sin
4 
17. Divide . 18. Find 2  2i8.
3cos   i sin 

 

19. Find the cube roots of 8 cos
3
 i sin .
3  20. Find all the solutions to x4  i
0.
 C H A P T E R 7
Systems of Equations and Inequalities

Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations . . . . . . . . 611

Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

Section 7.4 Partial Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

Section 7.6 Linear Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

C H A P T E R 7
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations

■ You should be able to solve systems of equations by the method of substitution.

1. Solve one of the equations for one of the variables.
2. Substitute this expression into the other equation and solve.
3. Back-substitute into the first equation to find the value of the other variable.
4. Check your answer in each of the original equations.
■ You should be able to find solutions graphically. (See Example 5 in textbook.)

Vocabulary Check
1. system of equations 2. solution
3. solving 4. substitution
5. point of intersection 6. break-even


x
1. 4x
y  y 3
6x  y 
6
1 2
2. 4x

y  11
?
(a) 4
0


3  1 (a) 4
22 

13  3

0,
3 is not a solution. 16
13  3

?
(b) 4

1


4  1
2


13  11

1,
4 is not a solution.
2  13  11

(c) 4

32


2  1
2,
13 is a solution.

?


2 is not a solution.

32, (b) 4
22 

9  3

(d) 4

12 


3  1 16
9  3

6

12  

3 
6
2,
9 is not a solution.

12,
3 is a solution. (c) 4

2  

3   3
3 2 31 ?

36
4
31
3  3

32,
313  is not a solution.

(d) 4

4  

4   3
7 2 37 ?

49

37
4 4  3

4 


4   11
7 37 ?

7
4  37
4  11

74,
374  is a solution.

611
612 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

y 
2ex
3x
y 
3.

4.
log x  3  y
1 28
9x y  9
2
(a) 0 
2e
2 37
(a)
log 9  3  9


2, 0 is not a solution.
9, 379  is not a solution.
(b)
2 
2e0 (b)
log 10  3  2
3
0


2  2 9
10
1
 2  28
9

0,
2 is a solution.
10, 2 is a solution.

(c)
3 
2e0 (c)
log
1  3  3

0,
3 is not a solution. 9
1
1
 3  28
9

(d) 2 
2e
1
1, 3 is a solution.

1, 2 is not a solution. (d)
log 2  3  4

2, 4 is not a solution.

2x  y  6

x  y  0 
5. Equation 1 6. x
y 
4 Equation 1
Equation 2 x  2y  5 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y  6
2x Solve for x in Equation 1: x  y
4
Substitute for y in Equation 2:
x  (6
2x)  0 Substitute for x in Equation 2:
y
4  2y  5
Solve for x:
3x  6  0 ⇒ x  2 Solve for y: 3y
4  5 ⇒ y  3
Back-substitute x  2: y  6
2(2)  2 Back-substitute y  3: x  3
4 
1
Solution:
2, 2 Solution:

1, 3

xx

yy 
4
7. Equation 1
2

2 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y  x  4
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x2
(x  4) 
2
Solve for x: x2
x
2  0 ⇒
x  1
x
2  0 ⇒ x 
1, 2
Back-substitute x 
1: y 
1  4  3
Back-substitute x  2: y  2  4  6
Solutions:

1, 3,
2, 6

 y2
8. 3x Equation 1
x3
2  y  0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y  2
3x
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x 3
2 
2
3x  0
x 3
3x  0
Solve for x: x 3
3x  0 ⇒ x
x2
3  0 ⇒ x  0, ± 3
Back-substitute x  0: y  2
3
0  2
Back-substitute x  3: y  2
33
Back-substitute x 
3: y  2
3

3   2  33
Solutions:
0, 2,
3, 2
33 ,

3, 2  33 
 Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations 613

9.
2x  y 
5 xy0

Equation 1 10. Equation 1
x2  y  25
2
Equation 2 x
5x
y  0
3 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y  2x
5 Solve for y in Equation 1: y 
x
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x2 
2x
52  25 Substitute for y in Equation 2: x 3
5x


x  0
Solve for x: Solve for x:
5x2
20x  0 ⇒ 5x
x
4  0 ⇒ x  0, 4 x3
4x  0 ⇒ x
x2
4  0 ⇒ x  0, ± 2
Back-substitute x  0: y  2
0
5 
5 Back-substitute x  0: y 
0  0
Back-substitute x  4: y  2
4
5  3 Back-substitute x  2: y 
2
Solutions:
0,
5,
4, 3 Back-substitute x 
2: y 


2  2
Solutions:
0, 0,
2,
2,

2, 2

 y0 y 
2x2  2
11. x2 Equation 1 12. Equation 1
x2
4x
y  0 Equation 2 y  2
x 4

2x 2  1 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y 
x2 Substitute for y in Equation 1:
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x2
4x


x2  0 2
x 4
2x 2  1 
2x 2  2
Solve for x: 2x2
4x  0 ⇒ 2x
x
2  0 ⇒ x  0, 2 Solve for x: x 4
2x 2  1  x 2
1  0
Back-substitute x  0: y 
02 0 x4
x2  0
Back-substitute x  2: y 
2 
4 2
x 2
x 2
1  0 ⇒ x  0, ± 1
Solutions:
0, 0,
2,
4 Back-substitute x  0: y 
2
02  2  2
Back-substitute x  1: y 
2
12  2  0
Back-substitute x 
1: y 
2

12  2  0
Solutions:
0, 2,
1, 0,

1, 0

 y  x
3x  1
13. y  x3
3x2  1 Equation 1 14. y  x 3
3x 2  4 Equation 1
2
Equation 2  y 
2x  4 Equation 2
Substitute for y in Equation 2: Substitute for y in Equation 1:
2x  4  x 3
3x 2  4
x3
3x2  1  x2
3x  1 Solve for x: 0  x 3
3x 2  2x
x3
4x2  3x  0 0  x
x 2
3x  2
x
x
1
x
3  0 ⇒ x  0, 1, 3 0  x
x
2
x
1 ⇒ x  0, 1, 2
Back-substitute x  0: y  03
3
0  1  1
2
Back-substitute x  0: y 
2
0  4  4
Back-substitute x  1: y  13
3
12  1 
1 Back-substitute x  1: y 
2
1  4  2
Back-substitute x  3: y  33
3
32  1  1 Back-substitute x  2: y 
2
2  4  0
Solutions:
0, 1,
1,
1,
3, 1 Solutions:
0, 4,
1, 2,
2, 0

x
y 0
5x
3y  10
15. Equation 1
Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y  x
Substitute for y in Equation 2: 5x
3x  10
Solve for x: 2x  10 ⇒ x  5
Back-substitute in Equation 1: y  x  5
Solution:
5, 5
614 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

x  2y  17. 2x
y  2  0
 4x  y
5  0
16. 1 Equation 1 Equation 1
5x
4y 
23 Equation 2 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 1: x  1
2y Solve for y in Equation 1: y  2x  2
Substitute for x in Equation 2: 5
1
2y
4y 
23 Substitute for y in Equation 2: 4x 
2x  2
5  0
1
Solve for y:
14y 
28 ⇒ y  2 Solve for x: 6x
3  0 ⇒ x  2
Back-substitute y  2: x  1
2y  1
2
2 
3 Back-substitute x  2: y  2x  2  2
2   2  3
1 1

Solution:

3, 2 Solution:
12, 3

18. 6x
3y
4  0 Equation 1
 x  2y
4  0 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 2: x  4
2y
Substitute for x in Equation 1: 6
4
2y
3y
4  0
4
Solve for y: 24
12y
3y
4  0 ⇒
15y 
20 ⇒ y  3
Back-substitute y  3: x  4
2y  4
2
3   3
4 4 4

Solution:
43, 43 

19. 1.5x  0.8y  2.3

0.3x
0.2y  0.1
Equation 1
Equation 2
Multiply the equations by 10.
15x  8y  23 Revised Equation 1
3x
2y  1 Revised Equation 2
3 1
Solve for y in revised Equation 2: y  2 x
2
Substitute for y in revised Equation 1: 15x  8
2 x
2   23
3 1

Solve for x: 15x  12x
4  23 ⇒ 27x  27 ⇒ x  1

Back-substitute x  1: y  2
1
2  1
3 1

Solution:
1, 1


20. 0.5x  3.2y  9.0 Equation 1
0.2x
1.6y 
3.6 Equation 2
Multiply the equations by 10.
5x  32y  90 Revised Equation 1
2x
16y 
36 Revised Equation 2
Solve for x in revised Equation 2: x  8y
18
Substitute for x in revised Equation 1: 5
8y
18  32y  90
Solve for y: 40y
90  32y  90 ⇒ 72y  180
⇒ y  52
Back-substitute y  2: x  8
2 
18  2
5 5

Solution:
2, 2 
5
 Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations 615

 xx  yy  208
1 1 1
21. Equation 1  34 y  10
 2x
5 2 22. Equation 1
Equation 2 3

y 4
4x Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 2: x  20
y 3
Solve for y in Equation 2: y  4x
4
5
20
y 
1 1
Substitute for x in Equation 1: 2y 8 Substitute for y in Equation 1: 12x  4
4x
4  10
3 3

3 40
Solve for y: 4  10 y 8 ⇒ y 1 9
Solve for x: 2x  16x
3  10 ⇒
17
 13 ⇒ x  208
16 x
3
17
40 40 20
Back-substitute y  x  20
y  20
 y  34
208
17 
4  17
3:
208 88
3 3 Back-substitute x  17 :
Solution:
20
3, 3
40
Solution:
208
17 , 17 
88

y2

x6x 
5yy 
3 
2 xx
 3y  6
23. 2 Equation 1
Equation 1 24. 3
5
6
7 Equation 2 Equation 2
5
Solve for x in Equation 2: x  7
6y Solve for y in Equation 1: y  23x  2
Substitute for x in Equation 1: 6
7
5
6y   5y 
3 Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2x
3
23x  2  6
Solve for y: 42
5y  5y 
3 ⇒ 42 
3 (False) Solve for x: 2x
2x
6  6 ⇒ 0  12 Inconsistent
No solution No solution

x2
y  0
 2x  y  0
25. Equation 1
Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 2: y 
2x
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x2


2x  0
Solve for x: x2  2x  0 ⇒ x
x  2  0 ⇒ x  0,
2
Back-substitute x  0: y 
2
0  0
Back-substitute x 
2: y 
2

2  4
Solutions:
0, 0,

2, 4

x
2y  0 x
y 
1
3x
y x
26. Equation 1 27. Equation 1
2
0 Equation 2 2

y 
4 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 1: x  2y Solve for y in Equation 1: y  x  1
Substitute for x in Equation 2: 3
2y
y 2  0 Substitute for y in Equation 2: x 2

x  1 
4
Solve for y: 6y
y 2  0 ⇒ y
6
y  0 ⇒ y  0, 6 Solve for x: x 2
x
1 
4 ⇒ x 2
x  3  0
Back-substitute y  0: x  2
0  0 The Quadratic Formula yields no real solutions.
Back-substitute y  6: x  2
6  12
Solutions:
0, 0,
12, 6

x2


28. y 
x
y  x
x  2y  2 ⇒ y 
Equation 1 29.
2
3  3x2  2x Equation 2
3x  y  15 ⇒ y 
3x  15
Substitute for y in Equation 2:
x  x 3  3x2  2x
y

Solve for x: x 3  3x2  3x  0 ⇒ x
x2  3x  3  0 6

−x + 2y = 2

5

3 ± i3
⇒ x  0, 4
(4, 3) Point of intersection:
4, 3
2 3
2
Back-substitute x  0: y  0
x
The only real solution is
0, 0. −2 −1 1 2 3 4 6

−2
3x + y = 15
616 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

 x y 0 x
3y 
2 ⇒ y  13
x  2
30.
 5x  3y 
31.
3x
2y  10
17 ⇒ y  13

5x  17
y
y
1
5x + 3y = 17
4
x
−1 1 2 4 3

−1
x − 3y = −2 2 ( 52 , 32 )
−2 (2, −2) 1
x
x+y=0 −2 −1
−3 1 2 3 4
−1
−4 3x − 2y = 10 −2

Point of intersection:
2,
2 Point of intersection:
52, 32 


32.
x  2y  1 x  y  4 ⇒ y 
x  4
x  y
33.
x
y2 2 2

4x  0 ⇒
x
22  y 2  4
y y

6 6 x+y=4

4
4 (2, 2)
−x + 2y = 1
2
2 (5, 3) (4, 0)
x
−2 2 6 8
x −2
2 4 6
−4
x−y=2 x 2 + y 2 − 4x = 0

Point of intersection:
5, 3 Points of intersection:
2, 2,
4, 0

x
y30 ⇒ yx3
x
6x

x27  y
 y3
 y  x
4x  7 ⇒ y 
x
2  3
34. 35.
2 2  0 2 2

y y

12
8
10 (1, 4)
(4, 7)
8 6
(3, 6)
6 x−y+3=0 4
(− 3, 0)
y = x 2 − 4x + 7
x x
2 4 6 8 10 12 −6 −2 2 4 6
−2

−6 −4

Points of intersection:

3, 0,
3, 6 Points of intersection:
1, 4,
4, 7

7x  8y  24 ⇒ y 
78x  3

36. y2
4x  11  0
 x
8y 
37.

12x  y 
12 8 ⇒ y 1

1
8x
y
− 1x + y = − 1 y
2 2
9
(15, 7) 7x + 8y = 24
6
(3, 1) 2
3
(4, − 21 )
x x
6 9 12 15 18 −2
−3
−2 x − 8y = 8
−6
y2 − 4x + 11 = 0
−9 −4

Point of intersection:
4,
2 

1
Points of intersection:
3, 1,
15, 7
 Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations 617


3
3x
2y  0 ⇒ y  x
 x
y0
38. 39.
2
5x
2y  6
x2 y2
y x2
y2  4 ⇒
1
4 4
4
y
3 3x − 2y = 0
2 (2, 2)
1 2

x 1
−2 −1 2 3 4 x
−1 −4 −3 −1 1 3 4

−2 −2
−3

Point of intersection:
2, 2 −4 x 2 − y2 = 4

No points of intersection ⇒ No solution

x 2x
y y
4x3  00
y
40.
2 2 5
4
No points of intersection 3

so, no solution
1
x
−3 −1 1 2 3 5

−2
−3

3xx 
16yy  250⇒ y 

41. 2 2
Algebraically we have:
2 3 2
16 x
x2  25
y2
y
16
3y  25
y2
6
3x 2 − 16y = 0
4 16y  75
3y2
(−4, 3) (4, 3)
2 3y2  16y
75  0
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
3y  25
y
3  0
−2

−4 y 
25 2 400
3 ⇒ x 
9 , No real solution
−6 x 2 + y 2 = 25
y  3 ⇒ x2  16
Solutions:
± 4, 3
Points of intersection:

4, 3 and
4, 3

 x 2  y 2  25
x
y  1y  0e ⇒ y  x  1
y x
42. 43.
6

x
82  y 2  41 12
10
8
Points of intersection: 6 Point of intersection:
0, 1
(3, 4)

3, 4,
3,
4 2 −6 6
x
−6 −2 6 8 10 12 16
(3, − 4) −2
−6
−8
−10
−12

 y  3x  8y  0
4e
44.
x 0
−7 8

Point of intersection:


0.49,
6.53
− 10
618 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities


1 y 
2  ln
x
1
x  2y  8 ⇒ y
x4
3y  2x  9
45. 46.
2
ln x
y  log2 x ⇒ y 
ln 2 4

5
−1 14

−2 10
−6

−3
Point of intersection:
5.31,
0.54
Point of intersection:
4, 2


47. x2  y2  169 ⇒ y1  169
x2 and y2 
169
x2
x2
8y  104 ⇒ y3  18x2
13
16

Points of intersection:
0,
13,
± 12, 5

−24 24

−16

y  2x
 x2  y2  4 ⇒ y1  4
x2, y2 
4
x2
y  x
48. 49. Equation 1
2x2
y  2 ⇒ y3  2x2
2 2
1 Equation 2
Points of intersection: 4
Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2x  x2  1

0,
2,
1.32, 1.5,

1.32, 1.5 Solve for x: x2
2x  1 
x
12  0 ⇒ x  1
−6 6

Back-substitute x  1 in Equation 1: y  2x  2
−4 Solution:
1, 2

xx  yy  24
50. Equation 1
2
Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y  4
x
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x2 
4
x  2
Solve for x: x2
x  2  0
No real solutions because the discriminant in the Quadratic Formula is negative.
Inconsistent; no solution

51. 3x
7y  6  0

Equation 1
x2
y2  4 Equation 2
3x  6
Solve for y in Equation 1: y 
7
3x  6
 
2
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x2
4
7
 36x  36 3x  6 3(2910)  6 21
9x 
2
29
Solve for x: x2
4 Back-substitute x  :y  
49 10 7 7 10
49x2

9x2  36x  36  196 3x  6 3

2  6
Back-substitute x 
2: y   0
40x2
36x
232  0 7 7

10, 10,

2, 0

29 29 21
4
10x
29
x  2  0 ⇒ x  ,
2 Solutions:
10
 Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations 619

x2x  yy  2510
52. 2 2
Equation 1
Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 2: y  10
2x
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x2 
10
2x2  25
Solve for x: x2  100
40x  4x2  25 ⇒ x2
8x  15  0
⇒
x
5
x
3  0 ⇒ x  3, 5
Back-substitute x  3: y  10
2
3  4
Back-substitute x  5: y  10
2
5  0
Solutions:
3, 4,
5, 0

53. x
2y  4
x
y  0
Equation 1
2
Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 2: y  x2
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x
2x2  4
1 ± 1
4
2
4 1 ± 
31
Solve for x: 0  2x2
x  4 ⇒ x  ⇒ x
2
2 4
The discriminant in the Quadratic Formula is negative.
No real solution

54. y 
x  13

y
e
x  1 ⇒ y  e
x  1
 y
ln x  3
55.
y  x
1 ⇒ y  ln x  3
y y

3 6

2 5

1 4

x
−3 −1 1 2 3 2
−1
1
−2
x
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
−3

No points of intersection, so no solution Point of intersection: approximately
0.287, 1.751


56. x2  y  4 ⇒ y  4
x2 y  x4
2x2  1
y  1
x
57. Equation 1
ex
y  0 ⇒ y  ex 2
Equation 2
y
Substitute for y in Equation 1: 1
x2  x4
2x2  1
5
Solve for x: x4
x2  0 ⇒ x2
x2
1  0

3 ⇒ x  0, ± 1
2
Back-substitute x  0: 1
x2  1
02  1

x
Back-substitute x  1: 1
x2  1
12  0
−3 −1 1 3
−1 Back-substitute x 
1: 1
x2  1


12  0

Points of intersection (solutions): Solutions:
0, 1,
± 1, 0

approximately

1.96, 0.14,
1.06, 2.88

620 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities


58. y  x3
2x2  x
1 xy
1  0
2x
4y  7  0
Equation 1 59. Equation 1
y 
x2  3x
1 Equation 2 Equation 2
Substitute for y in Equation 1: 1
Solve for y in Equation 1: y 

x2  3x
1  x3
2x2 x
1 x

x  7  0
1
Solve for x: 0  x3
x2
2x Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2x
4
0  x
x2
x
2
Solve for x:
0  x
x
2
x  1 ⇒ x  0, 2,
1
2x2
4  7x  0 ⇒
2x
1
x  4  0
Back-substitute x  0 in Equation 2:
1
⇒ x  ,
4
y 
02  3
0
1 
1 2
Back-substitute x  2 in Equation 2: 1 1
Back-substitute x  : y  2
2 12
y 
22  3
2
1  1
1 1
Back-substitute x 
1 in Equation 2: Back-substitute x 
4: y  


4 4
y 


12  3

1
1 
5
2, 2, 
4,
4
1 1
Solutions:
Solutions:
0,
1,
2, 1,

1,
5


60. x
2y  1 Equation 1 61. C  8650x  250,000, R  9950x
y  x
1 Equation 2 RC
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x
2x
1  1 9950x  8650x  250,000
Solve for x: x
1  2x
1 1300x  250,000

x
12  4
x
1 x  192 units
x2
2x  1  4x
4
x2
6x  5  0

x
1
x
5  0 ⇒ x  1, 5
Back-substitute x  1: y  1
1  0
Back-substitute x  5: y  5
1  2
Solutions:
1, 0,
5, 2

62. C  5.5x  10,000, R  3.29x

RC
3.29x  5.5x  10,000
3.29x
5.5x
10,000  0
Let u  x.
3.29u2
5.5u
10,000  0
5.5 ± 

5.52
4
3.29

10,000
u
2
3.29
5.5 ± 131,630.25
u
6.58
u  55.974,
54.302
Choosing the positive value for u, we have
x  u2 ⇒ x 
55.9742  3133 units.
 Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations 621

63. C  35.45x  16,000, R  55.95x 64. C  2.16x  5000, R  3.49x

(a) RC (a) RC
55.95x  35.45x  16,000 2.16x  5000  3.49x
20.50x  16,000 5000  1.33x
x  781 units x  3760
(b) PR
C 3760 items must be sold to break even.
60,000  55.95x

35.45x  16,000 (b) P  R
C
60,000  20.50x
16,000 8500  3.49x

2.16x  5000
76,000  20.50x 8500  1.33x
5000
x  3708 units 13,500  1.33x
10,151  x
10,151 items must be sold to make a profit of $8500.

65. R  360
24x

R  24  18x
Equation 1
Equation 2
(a) Substitute for R in Equation 2: 360
24x  24  18x
Solve for x: 336  42x ⇒ x  8 weeks
(b)
Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The rentals are equal when
R  360
24x 336 312 288 264 240 216 192 168 144 120 x  8 weeks.
R  24  18x 42 60 78 96 114 132 150 168 186 204

S 25x  100
 S 
50x  475
66. (a) Rock CD
Rap CD
25x  100 
50x  475
75x  100  475
75x  375
x5
Conclusion: It takes 5 weeks for the sales of the two CDs to become equal.
(b)
Number of weeks, x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
By inspecting the table, we can see that the
Sales, S (rock) 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 two sales figures are equal when x  5.
Sales, S (rap) 475 425 375 325 275 225 175

67. 0.06x  0.03x  350 68. p  1.45  0.00014x 2 10

0.03x  350 p 
2.388
0.007x2

x  $11,666.67 The market equilibrium
(point of intersection) is 0 150
To make the straight commission offer the better offer,
approximately
99.99, 2.85. 0
you would have to sell more than $11,666.67 per week.
622 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

0.06x  0.085y  2000

69. (a) x  y  25,000 (c) The point of intersection occurs when x  5000, so
the most that can be invested at 6% and still earn
$2000 per year in interest is $5000.
(b) y1  25,000
x
27,000

2000
0.06x
y2 
0.085
As the amount at 6% increases, the amount at 8.5%
decreases. The amount of interest is fixed at $2000. 0
12,000
10,000

VV 
0.79D
D
4 , 5 ≤ D ≤ 40
70. 2 Doyle Log Rule

2D
4,
2
5 ≤ D ≤ 40 Scribner Log Rule
(a) 1500 (b) The graphs intersect when D  24.7 inches.
V1
(c) For large logs, the Doyle Log Rule gives a greater volume for a given diameter.
V2

0 40
0

71.
t 8 9 10 11 12 13
Solar 70 69 66 65 64 63
Wind 31 46 57 68 105 108

(a) Solar: C  0.1429t 2
4.46t  96.8 (d) 0.1429t 2
4.46t  96.8  16.371t
102.7
Wind: C  16.371t
102.7 0.1429t 2
20.831t  199.5  0
(b) 150 By the Quadratic Formula we obtain t  10.3 and
t  135.47.
(e) The results are the same for t  10.3. The other “solu-
tion”, t  135.47, is too large to consider
8 13
0 as a reasonable answer.

(c) Point of intersection:
10.3, 66.01 (f) Answers will vary.

During the year 2000, the consumption of solar

energy will equal the consumption of wind energy.

72. (a) For Alabama, P  17.4t  4273.2. 4800

For Colorado, P  84.9t  3467.9.

(b) The lines appear to intersect at (11.93, 4480.79).
9 13
Colorado’s population exceeded Alabama’s just after this point. 4000

(c) Using the equations from part (a),

17.4t  4273.2  84.9t  3467.9
4273.2  67.5t  3467.9
805.3  67.5t
11.93  t.
 Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations 623

73. 2l  2w  30 ⇒ l  w  15 74. 2l  2w  280 ⇒ l  w  140

l  w  3 ⇒
w  3  w  15 w  l
20 ⇒ l 
l
20  140

2w  12 2l  160
l  80
w6
w  l
20  80
20  60
lw39
Dimensions: 60  80 centimeters
Dimensions: 6  9 meters

75. 2l  2w  42 ⇒ l  w  21 76. 2l  2w  210 ⇒ l  w  105

3 3 3 3
w 4l ⇒ l 4l  21 l 2w ⇒ 2w  w  105
7 5
4l  21 2w  105
l  12 w  42
3
2
42
3
w 4l 9 l  63
Dimensions: 9  12 inches Dimensions: 42  63 feet

77. 2l  2w  40 ⇒ l  w  20 ⇒ w  20
l 78. A  12bh

lw  96 ⇒ l
20
l  96 1  12a2
20l
l 2  96 a2  2
2
a  2 a
0  l 2
20l  96
The dimensions are
0 
l
8
l
12 2  2  2 inches.
l  8 or l  12
a
If l  8, then w  12.
If l  12, then w  8.
Since the length is supposed to be greater than the width,
we have l  12 kilometers and w  8 kilometers.
Dimensions: 8  12 kilometers

79. False. To solve a system of equations by substitution, you 80. False. The system can have at most four solutions
can solve for either variable in one of the two equations because a parabola and a circle can intersect at
and then back-substitute. most four times.

81. To solve a system of equations by substitution, use the following steps.

1. Solve one of the equations for one variable in terms of the other.
2. Substitute this expression into the other equation to obtain an equation in one variable.
3. Solve this equation.
4. Back-substitute the value(s) found in Step 3 into the expression found in Step 1 to find the value(s) of the other variable.
5. Check your solution(s) in each of the original equations.

82. For a linear system the result will be a contradictory equation such as 0  N, where N is a nonzero real number.
For a nonlinear system there may be an equation with imaginary solutions.

83. y  x2
(a) Line with two points of intersection (b) Line with one point of intersection (c) Line with no points of intersection
y  2x y0 yx
2

0, 0 and
2, 4
0, 0
624 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

84. (a) b  1 b2 b3 b4

6 6 6 6

−6 6 −6 6 −6 6 −6 6

−2 −2 −2 −2

(b) Three

85.

2, 7,
5, 5 86.
3.5, 4,
10, 6

5
7 2 6
4 2
m 
m 
5


2 7 10
3.5 6.5
2 2
y
7 

x


2 y
6
x
10
7 6.5
7y
49 
2x
4 6.5y
39  2x
20
2x  7y
45  0 2x
6.5y  19  0

87.
6, 3,
10, 3 88.
4,
2,
4, 5

3
3 x4
m  0 ⇒ The line is horizontal.
10
6
x
40
y3
y
30

5, 0,
4, 6   

3 7 5 1
89. 90.
, 8 , ,
3 2 2
6
0 6 30 8

12 152 45
m   m  

4

35 175 17

73

52
296 29

 
30 1 45 5
y
6
x
4 y

x

17 2 29 2
17y
102  30x
120 29 225
29y

45x 
0  30x
17y
18 2 2

30x
17y
18  0 45x  29y
127  0

5 2x
7
91. f
x  92. f
x 
x
6 3x  2
Domain: All real numbers except x  6 2
Domain: All real numbers except x 

3
Horizontal asymptote: y  0
2
Horizontal asymptote: y 
Vertical asymptote: x  6 3
2
Vertical asymptote: x 

3

x2  2 2
93. f
x  94. f
x  3

x2
16 x2
Domain: All real numbers except x  ± 4. Domain: All real numbers except x  0
Horizontal asymptote: y  1 Horizontal asymptote: y  3
Vertical asymptotes: x  ± 4 Vertical asymptote: x  0
 Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems 625

Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems

■ You should be able to solve a linear system by the method of elimination.

1. Obtain coefficients for either x or y that differ only in sign. This is done by multiplying all the terms of one or both
equations by appropriate constants.
2. Add the equations to eliminate one of the variables and then solve for the remaining variable.
3. Use back-substitution into either original equation and solve for the other variable.
4. Check your answer.
■ You should know that for a system of two linear equations, one of the following is true.
1. There are infinitely many solutions; the lines are identical. The system is consistent. The slopes are equal.
2. There is no solution; the lines are parallel. The system is inconsistent. The slopes are equal.
3. There is one solution; the lines intersect at one point. The system is consistent. The slopes are not equal.

Vocabulary Check
1. elimination 2. equivalent
3. consistent; inconsistent 4. equilibrium price

1. 2x  y  5

x  2y  4
x  3y  1
 x
y1
Equation 1 2. Equation 1
Equation 2 Equation 2
Add to eliminate y: 3x  6 ⇒ x  2 Add to eliminate x: x  3y  1
Substitute x  2 in Equation 2: 2
y  1 ⇒ y  1
x  2y  4
5y  5 ⇒ y  1
Solution:
2, 1
y
Substitute y  1 in Equation 1: x  3
1  1 ⇒ x 
2
x−y=1
4 Solution:

2, 1
3
y
2
1
4
− x + 2y = 4
x
−2 − 1 1 2 4 5 6 x + 3y = 1
2x + y = 5
−3
−4 x
−6 −4 −2

−2

x y0
3x  2y  1
3. Equation 1 y

4
Equation 2
3
Multiply Equation 1 by
2:
2x
2y  0 2 3x + 2y = 1
x+y=0
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: x  1 x
−4 −3 − 2 − 1 2 3 4
Substitute x  1 in Equation 1: 1  y  0 ⇒ y 
1 −2

Solution:
1,
1 −3

−4
626 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

2x4x
 3yy  213

4. Equation 1 y
2x − y = 3
Equation 2
6

Multiply Equation 1 by 3: 6x
3y  9
4
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: 6x
3y  9 4x + 3y = 21

4x  3y  21 2

10x  30 x
2 4
⇒ x 3
−2

Substitute x  3 in Equation 1: 2
3
y  3 ⇒ y  3

Solution:
3, 3


x
y2 6. 3x  2y  3

2x  2y  5
5. Equation 1 Equation 1
Equation 2 6x  4y  14 Equation 2

Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 2x
2y  4 Multiply Equation 1 by
2:
6x
4y 
6

Add this to Equation 2: 0  9 Add this to Equation 2:
6x
4y 
6

There are no solutions. 6x  4y  14

y 0 8
4 There are no solutions. y

− 2x + 2y = 5
6x + 4y = 14
1
x
−4 −2 −1 2 3 4
x
−2 −2 2 4
x−y=2
−2
−4

−4 3x + 2y = 3

3x
2y 

6x  4y 
10 
3x9x
 3yy 
155
7. 5 Equation 1 8. Equation 1
Equation 2 Equation 2

Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and add to Equation 2: 0  0 Multiply Equation 2 by 3:
9x  3y  15

The equations are dependent. There are infinitely Add this to Equation 1: 9x
3y 
15
many solutions.
9x  3y  15
3a
5 3 5 0 0
Let x  a, then y   a
.
2 2 2 There are infinitely many solutions. Let x  a.
y
Solution:  3
a, a

2
5
2
where 4
3x − 2y = 5
3a  y  5 ⇒ y  3a  5
3 Solution:
a, 3a  5, where a is any real number.
a is any real number. 2
y
1 − 3x + y = 5
x
−3 −2 −1 2 3 4 5 8
6
−2
− 6x + 4y = −10 9x − 3y = − 15
x
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8

−4
−6
−8
 Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems 627

9. 9x  3y  1
3x
6y  5
Equation 1 y

Equation 2 4
3
3x − 6y = 5
Multiply Equation 2 by

3: 9x  3y  1

9x  18y 
15 x
−4 −3 −2 − 1 2 3 4
Add to eliminate x: 21y 
14 ⇒ y 
32 −2
9x + 3y = 1

Substitute y 
23 in Equation 1: 9x  3

23 1 −3

−4
x  13
Solution:
13,
23 

10. 5x  3y 
18 Equation 1 y

2x
6y  1 Equation 2
5x + 3y = −18 4

Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 10x  6y 
36 2

2x − 6y = 1

Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: −6 −4 2

x

10x  6y 
36 −2

2x
6y  1
12x 
35 ⇒ x 
35
12
35
Substitute x 
12 in Equation 2:
2

35
12 
6y  1 ⇒ y 
36
41

Solution:

12 ,
36 
35 41

11. x  2y  4 12. 3x
5y  2
x
2y  1
Equation 1 Equation 1
Equation 2 2x  5y  13 Equation 2
Add to eliminate y: Add to eliminate y: 3x
5y  2
2x  5 2x  5y  13
x 5 5x  15 ⇒ x  3
2
5
Substitute x  2 in Equation 1: Substitute x  3 in Equation 1: 3
3
5y  2 ⇒ y  57
5
 2y  4 ⇒ y  43 Solution:
3, 75 
2

Solution:
52, 34 

13. 2x  3y  18 x  7y  12
5x

Equation 1 14. Equation 1
y  11 Equation 2 3x
5y  10 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 2 by 3: 15x
3y  33 Multiply Equation 1 by
3:
3x
21y 
36
Add this to Equation 1 to eliminate y: Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate x:
17x  51 ⇒ x  3
3x
21y 
36
Substitute x  3 in Equation 1: 3x
5y  10
6  3y  18 ⇒ y  4
26y 
26

Solution:
3, 4 ⇒ y 1
Substitute y  1 in Equation 1: x  7  12 ⇒ x  5
Solution:
5, 1
628 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

15. 3x  2y  10 2r  4s  5
2x  5y  13
16. Equation 1
16r  50s  55
Equation 1
Equation 2 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and Multiply Equation 1 by

8:
16r
32s 
40
Equation 2 by

3:
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate r:
6x  4y  20

6x
15y 
9
16r
32s 
40
16r  50s  55
Add to eliminate x:
11y  11 ⇒ y 
1
18s  15
Substitute y 
1 in Equation 1: ⇒ s 5
6
5
3x
2  10 ⇒ x  4 Substitute s  in Equation 1:
6

Solution:
4,
1 2r  4
56   5 ⇒ r  65

Solution:
56, 56 

17. 5u  6v  24
3u  5v  18 
2x3x 
11y5y  49
Equation 1 18. Equation 1
Equation 2 Equation 2

Multiply Equation 1 by 5 and Equation 2 by
6: Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and Equation 2 by 3:

25u  30v 

18u
30v 
108
120

6x6x 
22y  8
15y  27
Add to eliminate x: 6x  22y  8
Add to eliminate v: 7u  12 ⇒ u  12
7

6x
15y  27
Substitute u  12
7 in Equation 1:
7y  35 ⇒ y  5
5
12
7   6v  24 ⇒ 6v  7 ⇒ v  7
108 18

Substitute y  5 in Equation 1: 3x  11
5  4

Solution:
127, 187 
⇒ x 
17
Solution:

17, 5

9
 65 y  4
 9x  6y  3  x  3yy 
3x 1 Equation 1
19. 5x Equation 1 20. 4 8
9 3
Equation 2 4 8 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 10 and Equation 2 by
2: Multiply Equation 1 by
3:
18x  12y  40
94 x
3y 
38

18x
12y 
6  9
4x  3y  3
8

Add to eliminate x and y: 0  34 Add these two together to obtain 0  0.

Inconsistent The original equations are dependent. They have infinitely
many solutions.
No solution
3 1
Set x  a in 4x  y  8 and solve for y.
The points on the line have the form
a, 8
4a.
1 3


x y
21.  1 Equation 1
4 6 18
Substitute x  in Equation 2:
x
y3 Equation 2 5
3 18
Multiply Equation 1 by 6: xy6
y3
2 5
3
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: y
5
5 18
 
x9 ⇒ x 18 3
2 5 Solution: ,
5 5
 Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems 629

 
2
22. 3x  16 y  23 Equation 1 23.
5x  6y 
3 Equation 1
4x  y  4 Equation 2 20x
24y  12 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by

6:
4x
y 
4 Multiply Equation 1 by 4:
Add this to Equation 2:
4x
y 
4
4x  y  4 
20x  24y 
12
20x
24y  12
0 0 Add to eliminate x and y: 0  0
There are infinitely many solutions. Let x  a. The equations are dependent. There are infinitely many
4a  y  4 ⇒ y  4
4a solutions.

Solution:
a, 4
4a where a is any real number Let x  a, then

5a
3 5 1

5a  6y 
3 ⇒ y   a
.
6 6 2

Solution: a, 65 a
21 where a is any real number

7x  8y 

14x
16y 
12 25. 0.05x
0.03y  0.21
0.07x  0.02y  0.16
24. 6 Equation 1 Equation 1
Equation 2 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 2: Multiply Equation 1 by 200 and Equation 2 by 300:


14x
14x  16y 

16y 
12
12
10x
6y  42
21x  6y  48

Add these two together to obtain 0  0. Add to eliminate y: 31x  90

x  90
31
The original equations are dependent. They have infinitely
90
many solutions. Substitute x  31 in Equation 2:
Set x  a in 7x  8y  6 and solve for y. 0.07
90
31   0.02y  0.16

The points on the line have the form
a, 4
8a.

3 7
y 
67
31

Solution:
9031,
6731 

27. 4b  3m  3
 0.3x  0.4y 
0.2x
0.5y 
27.8
3b  11m  13
26. Equation 1 Equation 1
68.7 Equation 2 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 4 and Equation 2 by 5: Multiply Equation 1 by 3 and Equation 2 by

4:
0.8x
2y 
111.2
1.5x  2y  343.5
12b  9m 

12b
44m 
52
9

Add these to eliminate y: 0.8x
2y 
111.2 Add to eliminate b:
35m 
43

1.5x  2y  343.5 m  43
35

2.3x  232.3 Substitute m  43

35 in Equation 1:
⇒ x 4b  3
43
35   3 ⇒ b 
35
101 6

Substitute x  101 in Equation 1: Solution:

35, 35 

6 43

0.2
101
0.5y 
27.8 ⇒ y  96

Solution:
101, 96
630 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

x3 y
1

28. 2x  5y  8
5x  8y  10
Equation 1
Equation 2
29.
 4

3
1
2x
y  12
Equation 1
Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 5 and Equation 2 by

2:
Multiply Equation 1 by 12 and Equation 2 by 4:


10x
16y 
20

10x  25y  40
3x  4y  7
8x
4y  48
Add to eliminate x:
Add to eliminate y: 11x  55 ⇒ x  5
10x  25y  40
Substitute x  5 into Equation 2:

10x
16y 
20
2
5
y  12 ⇒ y 
2
20
9y  20 ⇒ y 
9 Solution:
5,
2

Substitute y 
20
9
in Equation 1: 2x  5
20
9
8  
14
⇒ x

9

Solution: 
149, 209

x
1 y2


 4 31. 2x
5y  0
 x

30. Equation 1
2 3
y3
x
2y  5 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 2 by
5:
Multiply Equation 1 by 6:
2x
5y  0
3
x
1  2
y  2  24 ⇒ 3x  2y  23 
5x  5y 
15
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y:
Add to eliminate y:
3x 
15 ⇒ x  5
3x  2y  23
Matches graph (b).
x
2y  5
Number of solutions: One
4x  28
Consistent
⇒x 7
Substitute x  7 in Equation 2: 7
2y  5 ⇒ y  1
Solution:
7, 1

33. 2x
5y  0
 2x
3y 
4
32.
7x  6y 
4
14x
12y  8

7x  6y 
4 ⇒ 6y  7x
4 ⇒ y  76x
23; Multiply Equation 1 by
1:
The graph contains
0,
23  and
4, 4.
2x  5y  0
14x
12y  8 ⇒
12y 
14x  8 ⇒ y 
7
6x
2
3;
 2x
3y 
4

The graph is the same as the previous graph. Add to eliminate x: 2y 
4 ⇒ y 
2

The graph of the system matches (a). Matches graph (c).

Number of solutions: Infinite Number of solutions: One

Consistent Consistent
 Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems 631

35. 3x
5y  7

7x7x
 6y6y 
6 2x 
34. Equation 1

4 y9 Equation 2
7x
6y 
6 ⇒
6y 
7x
6 ⇒ y 7
6x  1; Multiply Equation 2 by 5:
The graph contains
0, 1 and
3, . 10x  5y  45
9
2

7x  6y 
4 ⇒ 6y  7x
4 ⇒ y  76x
23; Add this to Equation 1:

The graph contains
0,
 and is parallel to the 13x  52 ⇒ x  4
2
3
previous graph.
Back-substitute x  4 into Equation 2:
The graph of the system matches (d).
2
4  y  9 ⇒ y  1
Number of solutions: None
Solution:
4, 1
Inconsistent

36.
x  3y  17 y  2x
51
 y  5x
11
Equation 1 37. Equation 1
 4x  3y  7 Equation 2 Equation 2

Subtract Equation 2 from Equation 1 to eliminate y: Since both equations are solved for y, set them
equal to one another and solve for x.

x  3y  17
2x
5  5x
11

4x
3y 
7

5x  10 ⇒ x 
2 2x
6  3x
Substitute x 
2 in Equation 1: 2x
2  x



2  3y  17 ⇒ y  5
Back-substitute x  2 into Equation 1:
Solution:

2, 5
y  2
2
5 
1
Solution:
2,
1

7x  3y  16 x
5y  21
6x  5y  21
38. Equation 1 39. Equation 1
 yx2 Equation 2 Equation 2

Substitute for y in Equation 1: Add the equations: 7x  42 ⇒ x  6

7x  3
x  2  16 Back-substitute x  6 into Equation 1:

7x  3x  6  16 6
5y  21 ⇒
5y  15 ⇒ y 
3

10x  10 ⇒ x  1 Solution:
6,
3

Substitute x  1 in Equation 2: y  1  2  3
Solution:
1, 3


40. y 
3x
8 41.
2x  8y  19

Equation 1 Equation 1
y  15
2x Equation 2 yx
3 Equation 2
Since both equations are solved for y, set them equal to Substitute the expression for y from Equation 2
one another and solve for x: into Equation 1.

3x
8  15
2x
2x  8
x
3  19 ⇒
2x  8x
24  19

x  23 6x  43
x 
23 x  43
6
Back-substitute x 
23 into Equation 1: Back-substitute x  43
6 into Equation 2:
y 
3

23
8  61 y  43 25
6
3 ⇒ y  6
Solution:

23, 61 Solution:
436, 256 
632 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities


5x4x
 3y7y 
16

42. Equation 1
Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 5 and Equation 2 by 4:


20x
20x
15y  30
 28y 
4
Add to eliminate x:
20x
15y  30

20x  28y 
4
13y  26 ⇒ y  2
Back-substitute y  2 into Equation 1:
4x
3
2  6 ⇒ x  3
Solution:
3, 2

43. Let r1  the air speed of the plane

and r2  the wind air speed.
3.6
r1
r2  1800 Equation 1 ⇒ r1
r2  500
3
r1  r2  1800 r1  r2  600
Equation 2 ⇒
2r1  1100 Add the equations.
r1  550
550  r2  600
r2  50

The air speed of the plane is 550 mph and the speed of the wind is 50 mph.

44. Let x  the speed of the plane that leaves first and y  the speed of the plane that leaves second.

2xy
 3
x  80
2y  3200
Equation 1
Equation 2

2x  2y  160
2x  32 y  3200
7
2y  3360
y  960
960
x  80
x  880
Solution: First plane: 880 kilometers per hour; Second plane: 960 kilometers per hour

45. 50
0.5x  0.125x 46. Supply  Demand

50  0.625x 25  0.1x  100
0.05x
x  80 units 0.15x  75
p  $10 x  500
Solution:
80, 10 p  75
Equilibrium point:
500, 75
 Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems 633

47. 140
0.00002x  80  0.00001x 48. Supply  Demand

60  0.00003x 225  0.0005x  400
0.0002x
x  2,000,000 units 0.0007x  175
p  $100.00 x  250,000
Solution:
2,000,000, 100 p  350
Equilibrium point:
250,000, 350

49. Let x  number of calories in a cheeseburger 50. Let x  Vitamin C in a glass of apple juice
y  number of calories in a small order of french fries y  Vitamin C in a glass of orange juice.

3x  2y  1390 2xx  3yy  185

2x  y  850 Equation 1 Equation 1
Equation 2 452 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by
2: Multiply Equation 1 by
2; then add the equations:


4x3x
 2y2y 
1700

1390 
2x2x
 2y3y 
370
452

x 
310 Add the equations. y 82
x 310
Then x  185
82  103.
y 230
The point (103, 82) is the solution of the system.
Solution: The cheeseburger contains 310 calories and the
Apple juice has 103mg of Vitamin C, while orange juice
fries contain 230 calories.
has 82 mg.

51. Let x  the number of liters at 20%

Let y  the number of liters at 50%.
x y  10
 0.2x  0.5y  0.3
10
(a) (b) 12

2  Equation 1:
2x
2y 
20

−6 18

10  Equation 2: 2x  5y  30
−4

3y  10 As x increases, y decreases.
10
y 3 (c) In order to obtain the specified concentration of
10
x 3  10 the final mixture, 623 liters of the 20% solution and
x 20 313 liters of the 50% solution are required.
3

52. Let x  the number of gallons of 87 octane gasoline; y  the number of gallons of 92 octane gasoline.

87x  92y  44,500

(a) x y 500 Equation 1 (c)

87Equation 1:
87x
87y 
43,500
Equation 2
Equation 2: 87x  92y  44,500
(b) 500
5y  1000
y 200
x  200  500
0 500
0
x 300
As the amount of 87 octane gasoline increases,
Solution: 87 octane: 300 gallons;
the amount of 92 octane gasoline decreases.
92 octane: 200 gallons
634 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

53. Let x  amount invested at 7.5%

y  amount invested at 9%.
x y  12,000
0.075x  0.09y 
Equation 1
990 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 9 and Equation 2 by
100.
9x  9y  108,000

7.5x
9y 
99,000
1.5x  9,000 Add the equations.
x $6000
y $6000
The most that can be invested at 7.5% is $6000.

54. Let x  the amount invested at 5.75%; y  the amount invested at 6.25%.
x y  32,000 Equation 1 ⇒

5.75Equation 1:
5.75x
5.75y 
184,000
 0.0575x  0.0625y  1900 Equation 2 ⇒
100Equation 2: 5.75x  6.25y  190,000
0.5y  6000
y 12,000
x  12,000  32,000
x 20,000
The amount that should be invested in the bond that pays 5.75% interest is $20,000.

55. Let x  number of student tickets

y  number of adult tickets.
x y  1435
1.50x  5.00y  3552.50
Equation 1
Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by
1.50.

1.50x
1.50y 
2152.50
 1.50x  5.00y  3552.50
3.50y  1400.00 Add the equations.
y 400
x 1035
Solution: 1035 student tickets and 400 adult tickets were sold.

56. Let x  the number of jackets sold before noon; y  the number of jackets sold after noon.
x y  214 Equation 1 ⇒

31.95Equation 1:
31.95x
31.95y 
6837.30
31.95x  18.95y  5108.30 Equation 2 ⇒ Equation 2: 31.95x  18.95y  5108.30

13y 
1729
y 133
x  133  214
x 81
So, 81 jackets were sold before noon and 133 jackets were sold after noon.
 Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems 635

5b  10a  20.2 ⇒
10b
20a 
40.4 5b  10a  11.7 ⇒
10b
20a 
23.4
10b  30a  50.1 ⇒
57.

58.
10b  30a  50.1 10b  30a  25.6 ⇒ 10b  30a  25.6
10a  9.7 10a  2.2
a 0.97 a 0.22
b 2.10 5b  10
0.22  11.7
Least squares regression line: y  0.97x  2.10 b 1.9
Least squares regression line: y  0.22x  1.9

7b  21a  35.1 ⇒
21b
63a 
105.3 6b  15a  23.6 ⇒
15b
37.5a 
59
 15b  55a  48.8 ⇒
59. 60.
21b  91a  114.2 ⇒ 21b  91a  114.2 15b  55a  48.8
28a  8.9 17.5a 
10.2
a 89 a 
0.583
280
b 5.390
b  1137
280
Least squares regression line: y 
0.583x  5.390
Least squares regression line: y  280
89x  1137
1

y  0.32x  4.1

61.
0, 4,
1, 3,
1, 1,
2, 0 8b  28a  8 ⇒
224b
784a 
224
28b  116a  37 ⇒
62.
4 4 4 4 224b  928a  296
n  4,  x  4,  y  8,  x
i1
i
i1
i
i1
2
i  6, x y  4
i1
i i
144a  72
4b  4a  8 ⇒ 4b  4a 
4b  6a  4 ⇒
4b
6a 
4
8 a 1
2

8b  28
12   8

2a  4
b
34
a 
2 1 3
Least squares regression line: y  2 x
4
b 4
Least squares regression line: y 
2x  4

63.
5, 66.65,
6, 70.93,
7, 75.31,
8, 78.62,
9, 81.33,
10, 85.89,
11, 88.27
7 7 7 7
(a) n  7,  x  56,  x
i1
i
i1
i 
2 476,  y  547,  x y  4476.8
i1
i
i1
i i
(c)
t Actual room rate Model approximation

7b  56a  5 $66.65 $67.34

56b  476a  4476.8
547
6 $70.93 $70.94
Multiply Equation 1 by
8. 7 $75.31 $74.54

56b
448a 
4376

8 $78.62 $78.14
56b  476a  4476.8 9 $81.33 $81.74
28a  100.8
10 $85.89 $85.34
a  3.6
11 $88.27 $88.94
b  49.343
Least squares regression line: y  3.6t  49.343 The model is a good fit to the data.
(b) y  3.6t  49.343, This agrees with part (a). (d) When t  12: y  $92.54
This is a little off from the actual rate.
(e) 3.6t  49.343  100
3.6t  50.657
t  14.1
According to the model, room rates will average
$100.00 during the year 2004.
636 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

64. (a)
1.0, 32,
1.5, 41,
2.0, 48,
2.5, 53 (b) When x  1.6: y  14
1.6  19  41.4 bushels
per acre.
4b  7a  174 ⇒
7b
12.25a 
304.5
7b  13.5a  322 ⇒ 7b  13.5a  322
1.25a  17.5
a 14
4b  98  174
b 19
Least squares regression line: y  14x  19

65. False. Two lines that coincide have infinitely many 66. False. Solving a system of equations algebraically will
points of intersection. always give an exact solution.

67. No, it is not possible for a consistent system of linear 68. Answers will vary.
equations to have exactly two solutions. Either the lines
will intersect once or they will coincide and then the (a) No solution (b) Infinite number of solutions

xx  yy  1020 2xx  2yy  36

system would have infinite solutions.


69. 100y
x  200
99y
x 
198
Equation 1
Equation 2 13x
12y  1200
70. 21x
20y  Equation 1
Equation 2
Subtract Equation 2 from Equation 1 to eliminate x: Multiply Equation 2 by

53 :
65
3 x  20y 
200
100y
x  200 Add this to Equation 1 to eliminate y:

99y  x  198

23 x 
200 ⇒ x  300
y  398
Back-substitute x  300 in Equation 1:
Substitute y  398 into Equation 1:
21
300
20y  0 ⇒ y  315
100
398
x  200 ⇒ x  39,600
Solution:
300, 315
Solution:
39,600, 398
The lines are not parallel. It is necessary to change the
The lines are not parallel. The scale on the axes scale on the axes to see the point of intersection.
must be changed to see the point of intersection.


71. 4x
8y 
3
2x  ky  16
Equation 1
Equation 2
72.

10x
15x  3y  6 ⇒ 30x  6y  12
 ky  9 ⇒
30x  3ky  27
Multiply Equation 2 by
2:
4x
2ky 
32 (6  3k)y  39
If k 
2, then we would have 0  39 and
Add this to Equation 1: 4x
8y 
3
the system would be inconsistent.

4x
2ky 
32

8y
2ky 
35
The system is inconsistent if
8y
2ky  0.
This occurs when k 
4.
 Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems 637

73.
11
6x ≥ 33 − 22
3
74. 2
x
3 >
5x  1 x
x 0 1 2 3 4

6x ≥ 44 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 2x
6 >
5x  1
x ≤
22
3 7x > 7
x > 1

75. 8x
15 ≤
4
2x
1 19
16
76.
6 ≤ 3x
10 < 6 4
3
16
3
x x
8x
15 ≤
8x  4 −1 0 1 2 3 4 ≤ 3x < 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 16
16x ≤ 19 3 ≤ x < 3
19
x ≤ 16

 
77. x
8 < 10 −2
x

78. x  10 ≥
3  −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x

10 < x
8 < 10 −3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 All real numbers x

2 < x < 18

79. 2x2  3x
35 < 0 7 80. 3x2  12x > 0 x

2
− 8 −6 − 4 − 2 0 2 4
3x
x  4 > 0
x

2x
7
x  5 < 0 − 6 − 5 − 4 − 3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

Critical numbers: x 
5,

7
2
Critical numbers: x  0,
4

Test intervals:

,
5,

5, ,
 Test Intervals:

,
4,

4, 0,
0, 
7 7
2 2,

Test: Is
2x
7
x  5 < 0? Test: Is 3x
x  4 > 0?

Solution:
5 < x <

7 Solution: x <
4, x > 0
2

81. ln x  ln 6  ln
6x 82. ln x
5 ln
x  3  ln x
ln
x  35

x
 ln

x  35

83. log9 12
log9 x  log9 12x  84.

1
4
log6 3x  log6
4 3x

86. 30x
40y
33  0


4x  2y 
12
85. 2x
y  4 ⇒ y  2x
4
1 21
10x  20y
21  0 ⇒ y 
2x  20

4x  2
2x
4 
12 30x
40

2x  20 
33  0
1 21

4x  4x
8 
12 30x  20x
42
33  0

8 
12 50x  75
There are no solutions. x  32
y 
12
32   21 6 3
20  20  10

Solution:
32, 103 

87. Answers will vary.

638 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems

■ You should know the operations that lead to equivalent systems of equations:
(a) Interchange any two equations.
(b) Multiply all terms of an equation by a nonzero constant.
(c) Replace an equation by the sum of itself and a constant multiple of any other equation in the system.
■ You should be able to use the method of Gaussian elimination with back-substitution.

Vocabulary Check
1. row-echelon 2. ordered triple
3. Gaussian 4. row operation
5. nonsquare 6. position


3x
y  z  3x  4y
z  17


1. 1 2.
2x
3z 
14 5x
y  2z 
2
5y  2z  8 2x
3y  7z 
21

(a) 3
2

0 

3  1 (a) 3
3  4

1
2  17

2, 0,
3 is not a solution.
3,
1, 2 is not a solution.

(b) 3

2

0  8  1 (b) 3
1  4
3


2  17

2, 0, 8 is not a solution. 5
1
3  2

2 
2

(c) 3
0


1  3  1 2
1
3
3  7

2 
21

0,
1, 3 is not a solution.
1, 3,
2 is a solution.

(d) 3

1

0  4  1 (c) 3
4  4
1


3  17

2

1
3
4 
14
4, 1,
3 is not a solution.
5
0  2
4  8 (d) 3
1  4

2
2  17


1, 0, 4) is a solution.
1,
2, 2 is not a solution.

4x  y
z  0


3.

8x
6y  z 
74
3x
y 
94
(a) 4
2  

4 


4   0
1 3 7

12,
34,
74  is not a solution.

(b) 4

32  
54 


54   0


32, 54,
54  is not a solution.
(c) 4

12  
34 


54   0

8

12 
6
34  

54  
74
3

12 

34  
94


12, 34,
54  is a solution.
(d) 4

12  
16 


34   0


12, 16,
34  is not a solution.
 Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 639

2x
y  5z  24



4x
y
8z 
6


4. 5. Equation 1
y z 0 y  2z  6 Equation 2
4x
7y  6 z 4 Equation 3
(a)
4

2


2
8
2 
6 Back-substitute z  4 into Equation 2:

2  2  0 y  2
4  6
4

2
7

2  6 y 
2


2,
2, 2 is a solution. Back-substitute y 
2 and z  4 into Equation 1:
(b)
4

33
2 


10
8
10 
6 2x


2  5
4  24


33
2,
10, 10 is not a solution. 2x  22  24
(c)
4
18 


12 
8
12  
6 x1

18,
12, 12  is not a solution. Solution:
1,
2, 4
(d)
4

11 2 


4
8
4 
6

4  4  0
4

11
2 
7

4  6

112,
4, 4 is a solution.

 
6. 4x
3y
2z  21 Equation 1 7. 2x  y
3z  10 Equation 1
6y
5z 
8 Equation 2 y  z  12 Equation 2
z 
2 Equation 3 z 2 Equation 3

Back-substitute z 
2 in Equation 2: Substitute z  2 into Equation 2: y 
2  12 ⇒ y  10

6y
5

2 
8 Substitute y  10 and z  2 into Equation 1:

y 
3 2x 
10
3
2  10

Back-substitute z 
2 and y 
3 in Equation 1: 2x  4  10

4x
3

3
2

2  21 2x  6

4x  13  21 x3

x2 Solution:
3, 10, 2

Solution:
2,
3,
2

4x
2y  z  8


x
y  2z  22


8. Equation 1 9. Equation 1
3y
8z 
9 Equation 2 4x
2y
y  z  4 Equation 2
z 
3 Equation 3 z2 Equation 3
Back-substitute z 
3 in Equation 2: Substitute z  2 into Equation 2:
3y
8

3 
9
y 
2  4 ⇒ y 
2
3y  24 
9 Substitute y 
2 and z  2 into Equation 1:
y 
11 4x
2

2 
2  8
Back-substitute z 
3 and y 
11 in Equation 1: 4x  6  8
x


11  2

3  22 4x  2
x  5  22 x  21
x  17 Solution:
12,
2, 2
Solution:
17,
11,
3
640 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities



8z  22 2x
2y  3z  5


10. 5x 11. Equation 1
3y
5z  10
x  3y
5z  4 Equation 2
z 
4 2x  2y
3z  0 Equation 3
Back-substitute z 
4 in Equation 2: Add Equation 1 to Equation 2:
3y
5

4  10 ⇒ y 
10 x
2y  3z  5


3

Back-substitute z 
4 in Equation 1: y
2z  9
5x
8

4  22 ⇒ x 
2 2x
3z  0

Solution:

2,
3 ,
4 This is the first step in putting the system in
10
row-echelon form.


x y z


12. x
2y  3z  5 Equation 1 13. 6 Equation 1

x  3y
5z  4 Equation 2 2x
y z 3 Equation 2
2x
3z  0 Equation 3 3x
z 0 Equation 3


Add
2 times Equation 1 to Equation 3: x y z 6

3y
z 
9
2Eq.1  Eq.2


x
2y  3z  5

3y
4z 
18
3Eq.1  Eq.3

x  3y
5z  4


4y
9z 
10 x y z 6

3y
z 
9
This is the first step in putting the system
in row-echelon form.
3z 
9
Eq.2  Eq.3


x y z 6

3y
z 
9
z 3
13Eq.3

3y
3 
9 ⇒ y  2
x23 6 ⇒ x1
Solution:
1, 2, 3


x y z 2x  2z  2


14. 3 Equation 1 15.
x
2y  4z  5 Equation 2 5x  3y  4
3y  4z  5 Equation 3 3y
4z  4
1


x  z 1 2 Eq.1
x y z


3
5x  3y  4

3y  3z  2

1Eq.1  Eq.2
3y
4z  4
3y  4z  5


x  z 1
x y z


3 3y
5z 
1
5Eq.1  Eq.2

3y  3z  2 3y
4z  4
7z  7 Eq.2  Eq.3


x  z 1
x y z 3


3y
5z 
1
y
z 
23

13 Eq.2 z 5
Eq.2  Eq.3
z 1
17 Eq.3 3y
5
5 
1 ⇒ y  8

23 1
y
1 ⇒ y 3 x5 1 ⇒ x 
4
1 5
x 13 3 ⇒ x 3 Solution:

4, 8, 5

Solution:
5 1
3, 3, 1
 Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 641


x  y
z 
1 3x  


16. Interchange equations. 17. 3y 9 Interchange equations.
2x  4y  z  1 2x
3z  10
x
2y
3z  2 6y  4z 
12
1


x y
z 
1 x y  3 3 Eq.1

 2y  3z  3

3y
2z  3


2Eq.1  Eq.2


1Eq.1  Eq.3
2x

6y 
3z  10
4z 
12


x y  3
x y
z 
1

 2y  3z  3

6y
4z  6 2 Eq.3

2y

6y 
3z  4
4z 
12

2Eq.1  Eq.2


x y  3


x y
z 
1
2y
3z  4
2y  3z  3
5z  0 3Eq.2  Eq.3
5z  15 3Eq.2  Eq.3


x y  3


x y
z 
1
2y
3z  4
y  32 z  32
12  Eq.2 z 0
15Eq.3

2y
3
0  4 ⇒ y 
2
z 3
15  Eq.3
x
23 ⇒ x 5
y  32
3  32 ⇒ y 
3
Solution:
5,
2, 0
x
3
3 
1 ⇒ x  5
Solution:
5,
3, 3

 
18. x  4y  z  0 Interchange equations. 19. x
2y  2z 
9 Interchange equations.
2x  4y
z  7 2x  y
z  7
2x
4y  2z 
6 3x
y  z  5

 
x  4y  z  0 x
2y  2z 
9

4y
3z  7

2Eq.1  Eq.2 5y
5z  25
2Eq.1  Eq.2

12y 
6

2Eq.1  Eq.3 5y
5z  32
3Eq.1  Eq.3

 
x  4y  z  0 x
2y  2z 
9

4y
3z  7 5y
5z  25
9z 
27

3Eq.2  Eq.3 0 7
Eq.2  Eq.3


x  4y  z 0 Inconsistent, no solution
y 3
4z
74

14 Eq.2
z 
3
19 Eq.3
y  34

3 
74 ⇒ y  1
2

x  4
12  

3  0 ⇒ x1

Solution:
1, 2,
3
1


20. x
11y  4z  3
5x
3y  2z  3 Interchange equations.
2x  4y
z  7


x
11y  4z  3
52y
18z 
12

5Eq.1  Eq.2
26y
9z  1

2Eq.1  Eq.3


x
11y  4z  3
52y
18z 
12
0 7

12 Eq.2  Eq.3
Inconsistent, no solution
642 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

 
21. 3x
5y  5z  1 x
8y  7z  2
5x
2y  3z  0 2090y
1760z 
550 55Eq.2
7x
y  3z  0
2090y  1748z  532
38Eq.3

 
6x
10y  10z  2 2Eq.1 x
8y  7z  2
5x
2y  3z  0 2090y
1760z 
550
7x
y  3z  0
12z 
18 Eq.2  Eq.3
3


x
8y  7z  2
Eq.2  Eq.1
12z 
18 ⇒ z  2
5x
2y  3z  0 38y
32
32  
10 ⇒ y  1
7x
y  3z  0
x
8
1  7

3
2 2 ⇒ x 
12


x
8y  7z  2
38y
32z 
10
5Eq.1  Eq.2 Solution:

2, 1, 32 
1

55y
46z 
14
7Eq.1  Eq.3

 
22. 2x  y  3z  1 Equation 1 23. x 2y
7z 
4
2x  6y  8z  3 Equation 2 2x  y  z  13
6x  8y  18z  5 Equation 3 3x  9y
36z 
33


x 2y
7z 
4


2x  y  3z  1
5y  5z  2

1Eq.1  Eq.2
3y  15z  21
2Eq.1  Eq.2
5y  9z  2

3Eq.1  Eq.3 3y
15z 
21
3Eq.1  Eq.3


x 2y
7z 
4


2x  y  3z  1
5y  5z  2
3y  15z  21
4z  0

1Eq.2  Eq.3 0 0 Eq.2  Eq.3

Eq.1

  x
x 1
2y  3
2z  1
2
1
2 2y
7z 
4
y
5z 
7
13Eq.2
y z
2
5
15 Eq.2
x  3z  10
2Eq.2  Eq.1
z0
14 Eq.3
y
5z 
7
2 2
y0 5 ⇒ y 5
Let z  a, then:
x  2
5   2
0  2 ⇒ x 
1 2 3 1 3
10
y 5a
7
Solution:
103 , 25, 0 x 
3a  10
Solution:

3a  10, 5a
7, a


3x
3y  6z 


24. 2x  y
3z  4 Equation 1 25. 6
4x  2z  10 Equation 2 x 2y
z  5

2x  3y
13z 
8 Equation 3 5x
8y  13z  7
1




2Eq.1  Eq.2 x
y  2z 


2x  y
3z  4 2 3 Eq.1

2y  8z  2 Eq.1  Eq.3 x 2y
z  5
4y
16z 
4 5x
8y  13z  7


x
y  2z  2


2x  y
3z  4

2y  8z  2 3y
3z  3
Eq.1  Eq.2
0 0 2Eq.2  Eq.3
3y  3z 
3
5Eq.1  Eq.3


x
y  2z  2

12 Eq.2  Eq.1

2x  z 5 1
y
z 1 3 Eq.2

2y  8z  2
0 0 Eq.2  Eq.3

12 Eq.1

x  z2  52
  z
x 3 Eq.2  Eq.1
y
4z 
1

12 Eq. 2 y
z 1
za Let z  a, then:
y
4a 
1 ⇒ y  4a
1 y a1
1 5 1 5
x  2a  2 ⇒ x 
2a  2
x 
a  3
Solution:

12a  52, 4a
1, a
Solution:

a  3, a  1, a
 Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 643


 2z  5
4xx
2y 
5zz  20
26. x Equation 1 27.
3x
y
z  1 Equation 2
6x
y  5z  16 Equation 3 Let z  a, then x  14a.


x  2z  5 1

2y  5a  2
4a

y
7z 
14

3Eq.1  Eq.2 a
8y  20a  8

y
7z 
14

6Eq.1  Eq.3
8y 
21a  8
21
y  8a
1


x  2z  5

y
7z 
14 Answer:
14a, 218a
1, a
0 0

1Eq.2  Eq.3
To avoid fractions, we could go back and let

 x  2z  5
y  7z  14

1Eq.2
z  8a, then 4x
8a  0 ⇒ x  2a.
2a
2y  5
8a  2
za

2y  42a  2
y  7 a  14 ⇒ y 
7a  14
y  21a
1
x  2a  5 ⇒ x 
2a  5
Solution:
2a, 21a
1, 8a
Solution:

2a  5,
7a  14, a

5xx

13y3y  12z2z  
4x2x
 3y9y  z 
27

28. 18 Equation 1 29.
80 Equation 2

 x
3y  2z  18
2y  2z 
10

5Eq.1  Eq.2  2x
3y3y  2zz 
23 2Eq.1  Eq.2

 2x 3y  3z2z  13
Eq.2  Eq.1

x
3y  2z  18
y  z 
5
12 Eq.2
Let z  a, then:
x  5z  3 3Eq.2  Eq.1
y  z 
5 y 
23a  1
Let z  a, then: y  a 
5 ⇒ y 
a
5 x 
32a  12
x  5a  3 ⇒ x 
5a  3
Solution:

2a  2,
3a  1, a
3 1 2

Solution:

5a  3,
a
5, a


30. 2x  3y  3z  7 Equation 1
4x  18y  15z  44 Equation 2


2x  3y  3z  7
12y  9z  30

2Eq.1  Eq.2


14 Eq.2  Eq.1
2x  34z 
12
12y  9z  30


12 Eq.1
x 3
8z

14
y 3
4z 
5
2
121 Eq.2
Let z  a, then:
y  34a  5
⇒ y 
34a  5
2 2
3 1 3 1
x  8a 
4 ⇒ x 
8a
4

Solution:

38a
14,
34a  52, a

644 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

 
31. x  3w  4 x  3w  4
2y
z
w  0 y
4z  6w  3
3y
2w  1 z
3w 
2
12Eq.4  Eq.3
2x
y  4z  5 12z
20w 
8

 
x  3w  4 x  3w  4
2y
z
w  0 y
4z  6w  3
3y
2w  1 z
3w 
2

y  4z
6w 
3
2Eq.1  Eq.4 16w  16
12Eq.3  Eq.4


x  3w  4 16w  16 ⇒ w  1
y
4z  6w  3
Eq.4 and interchange
z
3
1 
2 ⇒ z  1
2y
z
w  0 the equations.
3y
2w  1 y
4
1  6
1  3 ⇒ y1
x  3
1  4 ⇒ x1


x  3w  4
y
4z  6w  3 Solution:
1, 1, 1, 1
7z
13w 
6
Eq.2  Eq.3
12z
20w 
8
3Eq.2  Eq.4

 
32. x y z w 6 Equation 1 33. x  4z  1
2x  3y
w 0 Equation 2 x  y  10z  10

3x  4y  z  2w  4 Equation 3 2x
y  2z 
5
x  2y
z w 0 Equation 4


x  4z  1


x y z w 6 y  6z  9
Eq.1  Eq.2
y
2z
3w 
12

2Eq.1  Eq.2
y
6z 
7
2Eq.1  Eq.3
7y  4z  5w  22 3Eq.1  Eq.3


x  4z  1
y
2z 
6

1Eq.1  Eq.4 y  6z  9
0 Eq.2  Eq.3


x y z w  6 2
y
2z
3w 
12 No solution, inconsistent
18z  26w  106

7Eq.2  Eq.3
3w  6

1Eq.2  Eq.4


x y z w 6
y
2z
3w 
12
z  13
9w 
53
9
181 Eq.3
w 2
13 Eq.4
9
2 
z  13 53
9 ⇒ z  3
y
2
3
3
2 
12 ⇒ y  0
x032 6 ⇒ x1
Solution:
1, 0, 3, 2


34. 2x
2y
6z 
4 Equation 1

3x  2y  6z  1 Equation 2
x
y
5z 
3 Equation 3


x
y
5z 
3

3x  2y  6z  1 Interchange equations.


x
y
5z 
3
2x
2y
6z 
4
y  9z  8

1Eq.2

14 Eq.3

x
y
5z 
3 z  12

y
9z 
8 3Eq.1  Eq.2
y  9
12   8 ⇒ y  72
4z  2

2Eq.1  Eq.3
x
72
5
12  
3 ⇒ x  3
Solution:
3, 72, 12 
 Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 645

 
35. 2x  3y 0 36. 4x  3y  17z  0
4x  3y
z  0 5x  4y  22z  0
8x  3y  3z  0 4x  2y  19z  0


5x  4y  22z  0


2x  3y 0

3y
z  0
2Eq.1  Eq.2 4x  3y  17z  0 Interchange equations.

9y  3z  0
4Eq.1  Eq.3 4x  2y  19z  0


1Eq.2  Eq.1

x y  5z  0


2x  3y 0

3y
z  0 4x  3y  17z  0
6z  0
3Eq.2  Eq.3 4x  2y  19z  0


6z  0 ⇒ z  0 x y  5z  0

3y
0  0 ⇒ y  0

y
3z  0

4Eq.1  Eq.2

2y
z  0

4Eq.1  Eq.3
2x  3
0  0 ⇒ x  0


x y  5z  0
Solution:
0, 0, 0 y  3z  0

1Eq.2
5z  0

2Eq.2  Eq.3


x y  5z  0
y  3z  0
z0
15 Eq.3
y  3
0  0 ⇒ y  0
x  0  5
0  0 ⇒ x  0
Solution:
0, 0, 0


37. 12x  5y  z  0 38.

2x2x
 6yy
 4zz  02
Equation 1
23x  4y
z  0 Equation 2

24x
23x 
 10y  2z  0
4y
z  0
2Eq.1
 2x
5yy
 3zz  02 Eq.1  Eq.2

12 Eq.1
23xx  6y4y 
3zz  00
Eq.2  Eq.1 1 1
x

0
 2y
3
y  5z 
2z
2
5
15 Eq.2
 x 
134y6y 
70z3z  00
23Eq.1  Eq.2
Let z  a, then:
y  35a  2
⇒ y 
35a  2

 x 6y  3z  0 5 5

x
12

35a  25 
12a  0 ⇒ x  1 1

67y
35z  0
1
2 Eq.2 5a  5

To avoid fractions, let z  67a, then: Solution:
15a  15,
35a  25, a

67y
35
67a  0
y 
35a
x  6

35a  3
67a  0
x  9a
Solution:
9a,
35a, 67a

39. s  12at2  v0t  s0

1, 128,
2, 80,
3, 0
128  12a  2v0  s0 ⇒ a  2v0  2s0  256
180  2a  2v0  s0 ⇒ 2a  2v0  2s0  280
120  92a  3v0  s0 ⇒ 9a  6v0  2s0  0
Solving this system yields a 
32, v0  0, s0  144.
Thus, s  12

32t2 
0t  144 
16t2  144.
646 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

40. s  12at 2  v0 t  s0 1
41. s  2at2  v0t  s0

1, 48,
2, 64,
3, 48
1, 452,
2, 372,
3, 260


1
48  2a  v0  s0 452  12a  2v0  s0 ⇒ a  2v0  2s0  904
64  2a  2v0  s0 372  2a  2v0  s0 ⇒ 2a  2v0  2s0  372
9
48  2a  3v0  s0 260  92a  3v0  s0 ⇒ 9a  6v0  2s0  520


a 2v0  2s0  96 2Eq. 1 Solving this system yields a 
32, v0 
32, s0  500.
2a  2v0  s0  64
Thus, s  12

32t 2 

32t  500
9a  6v0  2s0  96 2Eq. 3
hus, s 
16t 2
32t  500.


a 2v0  2s0  96

2v0
3s0 
128

2Eq.1  Eq.2

12v0
16s0 
768

9Eq.1  Eq.3


a 2v0  2s0  96

2v0
3s0 
128
2s0  0

6Eq.2  Eq.3


a 2v0  2s0  96
v0  1.5s0  64

0.5Eq.2
s0  0
0.5Eq.3
v0  1.5
0  64 ⇒ v0  64
a  2
64  2
0  96 ⇒ a 
32
Thus, s  12

32t 2  64t  0

16t 2  64t.

1
42. s  2at 2  v0 t  s0 43. y  ax2  bx  c passing through
0, 0,
2,
2,
4, 0

1, 132,
2, 100,
3, 36
0, 0: 0  c


1
132  2a  v0  s0
2,
2:
2  14a  2b  c ⇒
1  2a  b
100  2a  2v0  s0
4, 0: 0  16a  4b  c ⇒ 0  4a  b
9
36  2a  3v0  s0 Solution: a  12, b 
2, c  0


a 2v0  2s0  264 2Eq. 1 1
The equation of the parabola is y  2x2
2x.
2a  2v0  s0  100 5
9a  6v0  2s0  72 2Eq. 3


a 2v0  2s0  264
−4 8

2v0
3s0 
428

2Eq.1  Eq.2

12v0
16s0 
2304

9Eq.1  Eq.3 −3


a 2v0  2s0  264

2v0
3s0 
428
2s0  264

6Eq.2  Eq.3


a 2v0  2s0  264
v0  1.5s0  214

0.5Eq.2
s0  132
0.5Eq.3
v0  1.5
132  214 ⇒ v0  16
a  2
16  2
132  264 ⇒ a 
32
Thus, s  12

32t 2  16t  132

16t 2  16t  132.
 Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 647

44. y  ax2  bx  c passing through
0, 3,
1, 4,
2, 3 45. y  ax2  bx  c passing through
2, 0,
3,
1,
4, 0

0, 3: 3  c
2, 0: 0  4a  2b  c

1, 4: 4  a  b  c ⇒ 1  a  b
3,
1:
1  9a  3b  c

2, 3: 3  4a  2b  c ⇒ 0  2a  b
4, 0: 0  16a  4b  c
Solution: a 
1, b  2, c  3


0  4a  2b  c
The equation of the parabola is y 
x2  2x  3.
1  5a  b
Eq.1  Eq.2
0  12a  2b
Eq.1  Eq.3
5


0  4a  2b  c

1  5a  b
−5 7
2  2a
2Eq.2  Eq.3

−3 Solution: a  1, b 
6, c  8
The equation of the parabola is y  x2
6x  8.
10

−6 12

−2

46. y  ax2  bx  c passing through
1, 3,
2, 2,
3,
3 47. x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F  0 passing through

0, 0,
2, 2,
4, 0

1, 3: 3  a  b  c

0, 0: F  0

2, 2: 2  4a  2b  c

2, 2: 8  2D  2E  F  0 ⇒ D  E 
4

3,
3:
3  9a  3b  c

4, 0: 16  4D  F  0 ⇒ D 
4 and E  0


a bc 3
3a  b 
1

1Eq.1  Eq.2 The equation of the circle is x2  y2
4x  0.
8a  2b 
6

1Eq.1  Eq.3 To graph, let y1  4x
x2 and y2 
4x
x2.


a bc 3 3

3a  b 
1
2a 
4

2Eq.2  Eq.3 −3 6

Solution: a 
2, b  5, c  0
−3
The equation of the parabola is y 
2x2  5x.
4

−4 8

−4
648 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

48. x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F  0 passing through
0, 0,
0, 6,
3, 3 7

0, 0: F  0

0, 6: 36  6E  F  0 ⇒ E 
6
−6 6

3, 3: 18  3D  3E  F  0 ⇒ D  0 −1

The equation of the circle is x2  y2
6y  0. To graph, complete the square first, then solve for y.
x2 
y2
6y  9  9
x2 
y
32  9

y
32  9
x2
y
3  ± 9
x2
y  3 ± 9
x2
Let y1  3  9
x2 and y2  3
9
x2.

49. x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F  0 passing through

3,
1,
2, 4,

6, 8 10

3,
1: 10
3D
E  F  0 ⇒ 10  3D  E
F

2, 4: 20  2D  4E  F  0 ⇒ 20 
2D
4E
F
−12 6


6, 8: 100
6D  8E  F  0 ⇒ 100  6D
8E
F −2

Solution: D  6, E 
8, F  0
The equation of the circle is x2  y2  6x
8y  0. To graph, complete the squares first, then solve for y.

x2  6x  9 
y2
8y  16  0  9  16

x  32 
y
42  25

y
42  25

x  32
y
4  ± 25

x  32
y  4 ± 25

x  32
Let y1  4  25

x  32 and y2  4
25

x  32 .

50. x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F  0 passing through
0, 0,
0,
2,
3, 0 1

0, 0: F  0 −2 4

0,
2: 4
2E  F  0 ⇒ E  2

3, 0: 9  3D  F  0 ⇒ D 
3 −3

The equation of the circle is x2  y2
3x  2y  0. To graph, complete the squares first, then solve for y.

x2

3x  
y  2y  1   1
9
4
2 9
4

x
32 2 
y  12  134
4

x
2 
3 2

y  12  13
y  1  ± 134

x
2 
3 2

y 
1 ± 13 4

x
2 
3 2

Let y1 
1  13 4

x
2  and y2 
1
 4

x
2  .

3 2 13 3 2
 Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 649

51. Let x  number of touchdowns.

Let y  number of extra-point kicks.
Let z  number of field goals.


x  y  z  13
6x  y  3z  45
x
y  0
x
6z  0


x  y  z  13

5y
3z 
33
6Eq.1  Eq.2

2y
z 
13
Eq.1  Eq.3

y
7z 
13
Eq.1  Eq.4


x  y  z  13

y
7z 
13 Interchange Eq.2 and Eq.4.

2y
z 
13

5y
3z 
33


x  y  z  13
y  7z  13
Eq.2

2y
z 
13

5y
3z 
33


x  y  z  13
y  7z  13
13z  13 2Eq.2  Eq.3
32z  32 5Eq.2  Eq.4
z1
y  7
1  13 ⇒ y  6
x  6  1  13 ⇒ x  6
Thus, 6 touchdowns, 6 extra-point kicks, and 1 field goal were scored.

52. Let x  number of 2-point baskets.

Let y  number of 3-point baskets.
Let z  number of free throws.


2x  3y  z  70
x
z 2

2y  z  1
Add Equation 2 to Equation 3, and then add Equation 1 to Equation 2:


2x  3y  z  70
3x  3y  72
x
2y  3
Divide Equation 2 by 3:


2x  3y  z  70
x y  24
x
2y  3
Subtract Equation 3 from Equation 2: 3y  21 ⇒ y  7
Back-substitute into Equation 2: x  24
7  17
Back-substitute into Equation 1: z  70
2
17
3
7  15
There were 17 two-point baskets, 7 three-pointers, and 15 free-throws.
650 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

53. Let x  amount at 8%. 54. Let x  amount at 8%.

Let y  amount at 9%. Let y  amount at 9%.
Let z  amount at 10%. Let z  amount at 10%.

 
x  y  z  775,000 x y z  800,000
0.08x  0.09y  0.10z  67,500 0.08x  0.09y  0.10z  67,000
x 4z x  5z
y  5z  775,000 y 6z  800,000
0.09y  0.42z  67,500
0.09y  0.5z  67,000
z  125,000
z  75,000 y  800,000
6
125,000  50,000
y  775,000
5z  400,000 x  5
125,000  625,000
x  4z  300,000 Solution: x  $625,000 at 8%
$300,000 was borrowed at 8%. y  $50,000 at 9%
$400,000 was borrowed at 9%. z  $125,000 at 10%
$75,000 was borrowed at 10%.

55. Let C  amount in certificates of deposit. 56. Let C  amount in certificates of deposit.
Let M  amount in municipal bonds. Let M  amount in municipal bonds.
Let B  amount in blue-chip stocks. Let B  amount in blue-chip stocks.
Let G  amount in growth or speculative stocks. Let G  amount in growth or speculative stocks.


C  M  B  G  500,000


C  M  B  G  500,000
0.10C  0.08M  0.12B  0.13G  0.10
500,000 0.09C  0.05M  0.12B  0.14G  0.10
500,000
B  G  14
500,000 B  G  14
500,000
This system has infinitely many solutions. This system has infinitely many solutions.
Let G  s, then B  125,000
s Let G  s, then B  125,000
s
1
M  125,000  2s M  12s
31,250
1
C  250,000
2s C  406,250
12s.
One possible solution is to let s  50,000. Solution:
Certificates of deposit: $225,000 406,250
12 s in certificates of deposit,
1
Municipal bonds: $150,000
31,250  2 s in municipal bonds,
Blue-chip stocks: $75,000 125,000
s in blue-chip stocks,
Growth or speculative stocks: $50,000 s in growth stocks
One possible solution is to let s  $100,000.
Certificates of deposit: $356,250
Municipal bonds: $18,750
Blue-chip stocks: $25,000
Growth or speculative stocks: $100,000
 Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 651

57. Let x  pounds of brand X. 58. Let x  liters of spray X.

Let y  pounds of brand Y. Let y  liters of spray Y.
Let z  pounds of brand Z. Let z  liters of spray Z.
1 2
  5 Chemical A: 15x  12z  12 ⇒ x  20, z  16

Fertilizer A: 3y 9z
1 2 5
Fertilizer B: 2x  3y  9z  13 Chemical B: 2
5x  1
2z  16
1 2
Fertilizer C: 2x  9z  4 Chemical C: 2
5x  y  26 ⇒ y  18


1 2 5
2x  3 y  9 z  13 Interchange Eq.1 and Eq.2. 20 liters of spray X, 18 liters of spray Y, and 16 liters of
1
3y  29 z  5 spray Z are needed to get the desired mixture.
1
2x  29 z  4


1
2x  23 y  59 z  13
1
3y  29 z  5
2 1

3y
3z 
9
Eq.1  Eq.3


1
2x  23 y  59 z  13
1
3y  29 z  5
1
9z  1 2Eq.2  Eq.3
z9
 29
9  5 ⇒ y  9
1
3y

 23
9  59
9  13 ⇒ x  4
1
2x

4 pounds of brand X, 9 pounds of brand Y, and 9 pounds

of brand Z are needed to obtain the desired mixture.

59. Let x  pounds of Vanilla coffee. 60. Each centerpiece costs $30.
Let y  pounds of Hazelnut coffee. Let x  number of roses in a centerpiece.
Let z  pounds of French Roast coffee. Let y  number of lilies.


x y  z  10 Let z  number of irises.
2x  2.50 y  3z  26


x  y  z  12
y
z 0
2.5x  4 y  2z  30
x
2y
2z  0


x y  z  10
0.5 y  z  6
2Eq.1  Eq.2


x  y  z  12
y
z 0
3.5x  2 y  30 Eq.3  Eq.2
 24 2Eq.1  Eq.3


x y  z  10 3x
0.5 y  z  6
3x  24 ⇒ x  8

3z 
12
2Eq.2  Eq.3
3.5x  2y  30 ⇒ y  12
30
3.5
8
z4
 12
30
28  12
2  1
0.5y  4  6 ⇒ y  4
x  y  z  12 ⇒ z  12
8
1  3
x  4  4  10 ⇒ x  2
The point (8, 1, 3) is the solution of the system of equations.
2 pounds of Vanilla coffee, 4 pounds of Hazelnut coffee,
and 4 pounds of French Roast coffee are needed to obtain Each centerpiece should contain 8 roses, 1 lily, and 3 irises.
the desired mixture.
652 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

61. Let x  number of television ads. 62. Let x  number of rock songs.
Let y  number of radio ads. Let y  number of dance songs.
Let z  number of local newspaper ads. Let z  number of pop songs.

 
x y z 60 x  y  z  32
1000x  200 y  500z  42,000 x
2z  0
x
y
z 0 y
z 
4


x y  z  32


x y z 60

800 y
500z 
18,000
1000Eq.1  Eq.2
y
3z 
32

1Eq.1  Eq.2

2y
2z 
60
Eq.1  Eq.3 y
z 
4


x y z  32


x y z 60

y
3z 
32

2 y
2z 
60 Interchange

4z 
36 Eq.2  Eq.3

800y
500z 
18,000 Eq.2 and Eq.3.

4z 
36 ⇒ z  9


x y z  60

y
3
9 
32 ⇒ y  5

2 y
2z 
60
300z  6000
400Eq.2  Eq.3 x  5  9  32 ⇒ x  18

z  20 Play 18 rock songs, 5 dance songs, and 9 pop songs.

2y
2
20 
60 ⇒ y  10

x  10  20  60 ⇒ x  30
30 television ads, 10 radio ads, and 20 newspaper ads can
be run each month.

63. (a) To use 2 liters of the 50% solution: (c) To use as much of the 50% solution as possible, the
chemist should use no 20% solution.
Let x  amount of 10% solution.
Let x  amount of 10% solution.
Let y  amount of 20% solution.
Let y  amount of 50% solution.
xy8 ⇒ y8
x
x  y  10 ⇒ y  10
x
x
0.10  y
0.20  2
0.50  10
0.25
x
0.10  y
0.50  10
0.25
0.10x  0.20
8
x  1  2.5
0.10x  0.50
10
x  2.5
0.10x  1.6
0.20x  1  2.5
0.10x  5
0.50x  2.5

0.10x 
0.1

0.40x 
2.5
x  1 liter of 10% solution
x  614 liters of 10% solution
y  7 liters of 20% solution
y  334 liters of 50% solution
Given: 2 liters of 50% solution
(b) To use as little of the 50% solution as possible, the
chemist should use no 10% solution.
Let x  amount of 20% solution.
Let y  amount of 50% solution.
x  y  10 ⇒ y  10
x
x
0.20  y
0.50  10
0.25
x
0.20 
10
x
0.50  10
0.25
x
0.20  5
0.50x  2.5

0.30x 
2.5
1
x  83 liters of 20% solution
y  123 liters of 50% solution
 Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 653

64. Let x  amount of 10% solution.

Let y  amount of 15% solution.
Let z  amount of 25% solution.

0.10xx  0.15yy  0.25zz  0.20  1212

2xx  3yy  5zz  1248 20Eq.2
(a) If z  4, (b) 2xx  3yy  5zz  1248
2xx  3yy  204  1248 Minimize z while x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, and z ≥ 0.

2xx  3yy  288 
xx  y  2zz  1212

3Eq.1  Eq.2

1

x  2z  12 ⇒ z  6  2x ⇒ z is smallest when
x  yy  128 Eq.2 

2Eq.1
x  0.
x  0 and z  6 ⇒ y  6
y  12 ⇒ x  8
12 
4, but x ≥ 0.
The 12-gallon mixture using the least amount of the
There is no solution; 4 gallons of the 25% solution is
25% solution is made using none of the 10% solution
not enough.
and 6 gallons each of the 15% and 25% solution.
(c) 2xx  3yy  5zz  1248
x  yy  3zz  1224

2Eq.1  Eq.2
1
y  3z  24 ⇒ z  8
3 y ⇒ z is largest when
y  0.
y  0 and z  8 ⇒ x  12
0
8  4.
The 12-gallon mixture made with the largest portion
of the 25% solution contains 4 gallons of the 10%
solution, none of the 15% solution, and 8 gallons of
the 25% solution.


65. I1
I2  I3  0 Equation 1
3I1  2I2  7 Equation 2
2I2  4I3  8 Equation 3


I1
I2  I3  0
5I2
3I3  7

3Eq.1  Eq.2
2I2  4I3  8


I1
I2  I3  0
10I2
6I3  14 2Eq.2
10I2  20I3  40 5Eq.3


I1
I2  I3  0
10I2
6I3  14
26I3  26

1Eq.2  Eq.3
26I3  26 ⇒ I3  1
10I2
6
1  14 ⇒ I2  2
I1
2  1  0 ⇒ I1  1
Solution: I1  1, I2  2, I3  1
654 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities


t1
2t2  0


66. (a) (b) t1
2t2  0 Equation 1
t1
2a  128 ⇒ 2t2
2a  128 t1
2a  128 Equation 2
t2  a  32 ⇒
2t2
2a 
64 t2  2a  64 Equation 3

4a  64


t1
2t2  0
a 
16 2t2
2a  128

1Eq.1  Eq.2
t2  48 t2  2a  64
t1  96


t1
2t2  0
So, t1  96 pounds 2t2
2a  128
t2  48 pounds 3a  0

12 Eq.2  Eq.3
a 
16 feet per second squared. 3a  0 ⇒ a  0
2t2
2
0  128 ⇒ t2  64
t1
2
64  0 ⇒ t1  128
Solution: a  0 ftsec2
t1  128 lb
t2  64 lb
The system is stable.

67.

4, 5,

2, 6,
2, 6,
4, 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4
n  4, 
i1
xi  0, 
i1
xi2  40, 
i1
xi3  0, 
i1
xi4 544, 
i1
yi  19, 
i1
xi yi 
12, x
i1
2
i yi  160


4c  40a  19
40b 
12
40c  544a  160


4c  40a  19
40b 
12
144a 
30
10Eq.1  Eq.3
144a 
30 ⇒ a 
24
5

40b 
12 ⇒ b 
10
3

4c  40

24  
5
19 ⇒ c  41
6
5 2 3
Least squares regression parabola: y 
24 x
10 x  41
6


68. 5c  10a  8
10b  12
10c  34a  22


5c  10a  8
10b  12
14a  6

2Eq.1  Eq.3
3
14a  6 ⇒ a  7
6
10b  12 ⇒ b  5

5c  10
37   8 ⇒ c 
26
35

Least squares regression parabola: y  37 x2  65 x  26

35
 Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 655

69.
0, 0,
2, 2,
3, 6,
4, 12

4 4 4 4 4 4 4
n  4,  x  9,  x
i1
i
i1
i 
2 29,
i1
x i 
3 99, x
i1
i 
4 353,  y  20,  x y  70,  x
i1
i
i1
i i
i1
2
i yi  254


4c  9b  29a  20
9c  29b  99a  70
29c  99b  353a  254


9c  29b  99a  70 Interchange equations.
4c  9b  29a  20
29c  99b  353a  254


c 11b  41a  30
2Eq.2  Eq.1

35b
135a 
100
4Eq.1  Eq.2

220b
836a 
616
29Eq.1  Eq.3


c 11b  41a  30
1540b  5940a  4400
44Eq.2

1540b
5852a 
4312 7Eq.3


c 11b  41a  30
1540b  5940a  4400
88a  88 Eq.2  Eq.3
88a  88 ⇒ a  1
1540b  5940
1  4400 ⇒ b 
1
c  11

1  41
1  30 ⇒ c  0
Least squares regression parabola: y  x2
x


70. 4c  6b  14a  25
6c  14b  36a  21
14c  36b  98a  33


4c  6b  14a  25

10b
30a  33 3Eq.1
2Eq.2

60b
196a  218 14Eq.1
4Eq.3


4c  6b  14a  25

10b
30a  33

16a  20

6Eq.2  Eq.3

16a  20 ⇒ a 
54

10b
30

54   33 ⇒ b 
9
20

4c  6
20   14

54   25 ⇒ c 
9 199
20

Least squares regression parabola: y 
54 x2  20

9
x  199
20
656 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

71. (a)
100, 75,
120, 68,
140, 55 (c)

x Actual Percent y Model Approximation y
3 3 3
n  3,  x  360, 
i1
i
i1
xi2  44,000,
i1
 xi3  5,472,000 100 75 75

3 3 3
120 68 68

i1
xi4  691,520,000, 
i1
yi  198, 
i1
xi yi  23,360,
140 55 55
3
The model is a good fit to the actual data.
x
i1
2
i yi  2,807,200
The values are the same.
3c  360b  44,000a  198 (d) For x  170:
360c  44,000b  5,472,000a  23,360
y 
0.0075
1702  1.3
170  20
44,000c  5,472,000b  691,520,000a  2,807,200
 24.25%
Solving this system yields a 
0.0075, b  1.3
and c  20. (e) For y  40:

Least squares regression parabola: 40 
0.0075x2  1.3x  20

y 
0.0075x2  1.3x  20
0.0075x2
1.3x  20  0
(b) 100
By the Quadratic Formula we have x  17 or x  156.
Choosing the value that fits with our data, we have
156 females.
75 175
0

72.
30, 55,
40, 105,
50, 188


(a) 3c  120b  5000a  348
120c  5000b  216,000a  15,250
5000c  216,000b  9,620,000a  687,500


3c  120b  5000a  348
200b  16,000a  1330

40Eq.1  Eq.2
48,000b  3,860,000a  322,500

5000Eq.1 
3Eq.3


3c  120b  5000a  348
200b  16,000a  1330
20,000a  3300

240Eq.2  Eq.3
20,000a  3300 ⇒ a  0.165
200b  16,000
0.165  1330 ⇒ b 
6.55
3c  120

6.55  5000
0.165  348 ⇒ c  103
Least-squares regression parabola: y  0.165x2
6.55x  103
(b) y

450
Stopping distance

400
350
(in feet)

300
250
200
150
100
50
x
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Speed
(in miles per hour)

(c) When x  70, y  453 feet.

 Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 657

73. Let x  number of touchdowns. 74. Let t  number of touchdowns.

Let y  number of extra-point kicks. Let x  number of extra-points.
Let z  number of two-point conversions. Let f  number of field goals.
Let w  number of field goals. Let s  number of safeties.

 
xy z w  16 tx f s  22
6x  y  2z  3w  32  29 6t  x  3f  2s  74
x
4w  0 ⇒ x  4w t
x  0
2z
w  0 ⇒ z  12w f
3s  0
1


4w  y   w  16 ⇒ 5.5w  y  16
6
4w  y  2
w  3w  61 ⇒
1
2
2w
28w  y  61
2t
7t
 f  s  22
 3f  2s  74
Eq.1  Eq.3
Eq.2  Eq.3
28w  y  61 t
x  0
f
3s  0

5.5w
y 
16


2t  4s  22 Eq.1
Eq.4
22.5w  45
7t  3f  2s  74
w2 t
x  0
y5 f
3s  0


x  4w  8 2t  4s  22 Eq.2

3Eq.4
7t  11s  74
z  12w  1 t
x  0
f
3s  0
Thus, 8 touchdowns, 5 extra-point kicks, 1 two-point

12 Eq.1


conversion, and 2 field goals were scored. t  2s  11
7t  11s  74
t
x  0
f
3s  0


t  2s  11

3s 
3

7Eq.1  Eq.2
t
x  0
f
3s  0

3s 
3 ⇒ s  1
t  2
1  11 ⇒ t  9
9
x0 ⇒ x9
f
3
1  0 ⇒ f  3
There were 9 touchdowns, each with an extra point; and
there were 3 field goals and 1 safety.


75.

 x
y0

   0 ⇒ x  y 

76.


2x    0
2y    0xy

2
x  y
10  0 ⇒ 2x
10  0 x  y
4  0 ⇒ 2x
4  0
x 5
2x  4
y 5
 
5 x2
y2
 
4
658 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

2x
2x  0 ⇒ 2x
1
  0 ⇒   1 or x  0


77.

2y    0
y
x2  0
If   1:
1
2y   ⇒ y 
2

x2  y ⇒ x  ± 12  ± 22 

If x  0:
x2  y ⇒ y  0
2y   ⇒   0
2
Solution: x  ± or x  0
2
1
y y0
2
1 0


78. 2  2y  2  0
2x  1    0 ⇒  
2x
1
2x  y
100  0
2  2y  2

2x
1  0 ⇒
4x  2y  0 ⇒
4x  2y  0
2x  y
100  0 ⇒ 2x  y  100 ⇒ 4x  2y  200
4y  200
y  50
x  25
 
2
25
1 
51

79. False. Equation 2 does not have a leading coefficient of 1. 80. True. If a system of three linear equations is inconsistent,
then it has no points in common to all three equations.

81. No, they are not equivalent. There are two arithmetic 82. When using Gaussian elimination to solve a system of
errors. The constant in the second equation should be linear equations, a system has no solution when there

11 and the coefficient of z in the third equation is a row representing a contradictory equation such as
should be 2. 0  N, where N is a nonzero real number.
For instance: xy3 Equation 1

x
y  3 Equation 2
xy0
06 Eq.1  Eq.2
No solution

83. There are an infinite number of linear systems that 84. There are an infinite number of linear systems that have
have
4,
1, 2 as their solution. Two such systems

5,
2, 1 as their solution. Two systems are:
are as follows:

 
x  y  z 
6 2x
y
z 
9

 
3x  y
z  9 x y z5
2x
y  3z  15
x  2y  2z  3
x  2y
z  0 x
2z  0 x  4y
z 
14
3x  y
2z  11

x  y  3z  1 2y  z  0
 Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 659

85. There are an infinite number of linear systems that have 86. There are an infinite number of linear systems that have

3,
12, 74  as their solution. Two such systems are

32, 4,
7 as their solution. Two systems are:
as follows:

 
2x
y  3z 
28 4x  y
2z  12

 
x  2y
4z 
5 x  2y  4z  9
6x  4y  z  18 4y  2z  2

x
4y  8z  13 y  2z  3
4x
2y
3z  19
2x  y  z  0
x  6y  4z  7 x
4z 
4

x
87.
0.075
85  6.375 88. 225 
150 89.
0.005n  400 90.
0.48n  132
100
n  80,000 n  275
225  1.5x
150%  x

91.
7
i 
4  2i 
7  4 

i  2i  11  i 92.

6  3i

1  6i 

6
1 
3
6i

7
3i

93.
4
i
5  2i  20  8i
5i
2i2  20  3i  2 94.
1  2i
3
4i  3
4i  6i
8i2

 22  3i  3  2i
8

1  11  2i

i
1
i  6
1  i 4
i 8  3i

95.
i

6
1i 1
i


1  i
1
i
96.
i


2i

i
4  i 8
3i 4  i 4
i


2i

8
3i 8  3i

i
i2  6  6i 1  4i
6  16i
 

1
i2 17 73
7  7i 73
1  4i
17

6  16i
 
2 17
73
7 7 73  292i  102
272i
  i 
2 2 1241
175 20
  i
1241 1241

97. f
x  x 3  x2
12x 98. f
x 
8x 4  32x2

(a) x 3  x2
12x  0 (b) y
(a)
8x 4  32x2  0 (b) y
25
x
x2  x
12  0 20
8x2
x2
4  0 36

15 30
x
x  4
x
3  0 Zeros: x  0, ± 2 24

Zeros: x 
4, 0, 3 x
18

−5 −3 −2 −1 1 2 4

−10
−15 x
−3 −1 1 3
−20 −6

99. f
x  2x 3  5x2
21x
36 (b) y

30
(a) 2x 3  5x2
21x
36  0 20
10
3 2 5
21
36 x
−5 −3 −2 1 2 4
6 33 36
2 11 12 0 − 30
− 40
f
x 
x
3
2x2  11x  12 − 50
− 60

x
3
x  4
2x  3
Zeros: x 
4,
32, 3
660 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

100. f
x  6x3
29x2
6x  5 101. y  4x
4
5

(a) 6x3
29x2
6x  5  0
x
2 0 2 4 5
5 6
29
6 5
y
4.9998
4.996
4.938
4
1
30 5
5
6 1
1 0
Horizontal asymptote: y 
5
f
x 
x
5
6x2  x
1
y

x
5
3x
1
2x  1 12
1 1
Zeros: x  5, 3,
2 10
8
6
(b) y
4
20 2
x
x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 6
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
−4
−6

102. y 
2 

x1
5

4 103. y  1.9
0.8x  3
Horizontal asymptote: y 
4
x
2
1 0 1 2
y
x y y 5.793 4.671 4 3.598 3.358
12

2 11.625 10
8 Horizontal asymptote: y  3

1 2.25 6
4 y
0
1.5 2
7
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 6
1
3 5
4
−6
2
3.6 2
2
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6

−2

104. y  3.5
x2  6
 2xx  2yy  120
105. Equation 1
Horizontal asymptote: y  6 120 Equation 2

y
2x  y  120
x y
2x
4y 
240

2Eq.2

12 28.918
3y 
120
y 40
0 18.25 18

1 12 x  2
40  120 ⇒ x  40
2 12.548
Solution:
40, 40
1 9.5 x
−1 1 2 3 4
−6
2 7
 Section 7.4 Partial Fractions 661

 10x6x

12y5y  35
106. Equation 1 107. Answers will vary.
Equation 2


50x
72x
60y  36
 60y 
25
12Eq.1


5Eq.2
22x  11
1
x 2

6
12 
5y  3 ⇒ y  0
Solution:
12, 0

Section 7.4 Partial Fractions

N
x
■ You should know how to decompose a rational function into partial fractions.
D
x
(a) If the fraction is improper, divide to obtain

N
x N
x
 p
x  1
D
x D
x
(a) where p
x is a polynomial.
(b) Factor the denominator completely into linear and irreducible quadratic factors.
(c) For each factor of the form
px  qm, the partial fraction decomposition includes the terms
A1 A2 Am
 . . . .

px  q
px  q2
px  qm
(d) For each factor of the form
ax2  bx  cn, the partial fraction decomposition includes the terms
B1x  C1 B2x  C2 Bnx  Cn
 . . . .
ax2  bx  c
ax2  bx  c2
ax2  bx  cn
■ You should know how to determine the values of the constants in the numerators.
N1
x
(a) Set  partial fraction decomposition.
D
x
(b) Multiply both sides by D
x to obtain the basic equation.
(c) For distinct linear factors, substitute the zeros of the distinct linear factors into the basic equation.
(d) For repeated linear factors, use the coefficients found in part (c) to rewrite the basic equation. Then use
other values of x to solve for the remaining coefficients.
(e) For quadratic factors, expand the basic equation, collect like terms, and then equate the coefficients of like terms.

Vocabulary Check
1. partial fraction decomposition 2. improper

3. m; n; irreducible 4. basic equation

3x
1 A B 3x
1 A B C 3x
1 A Bx  C
1.   2.   2 3.   2
x
x
4 x x
4 x2
x
4 x x x
4 x
x2  4 x x 4
Matches (b). Matches (c). Matches (d).
662 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

3x
1 3x
1 A B C 7 7 A B
4.     5.   
x
x2
4 x
x
2
x  2 x x
2 x2 x2
14x x
x
14 x x
14
Matches (a).

x
2 x
2 A B 12 12 A B C
6.    7.  2   2
x2  4x  3
x  3
x  1 x  3 x  1 x
10x
3 2
x
x
10 x x x
10

x2
3x  2 x2
3x  2 A B C 4x2  3 A B C
8.  2   2 9.   
4x  11x
3 2 x
4x  11 x x 4x  11
x
53 x
5
x
52
x
53

6x  5 6x  5 2x
3 2x
3 A Bx  C
10.  11.    2

x  24
x  2
x  2
x  2
x  2 x3  10x x
x2  10 x x  10
A B C D
   
x  2
x  22
x  23
x  24

x
6 x
6 A Bx  C x
1 A Bx  C Dx  E

12.    2 13.   2  2
2x3  8x 2x
x2  4 2x x 4 x
x2  12 x x 1
x  12

x4 A B C D 1 A B
14.   2  15.  
x2
3x
12 x x 3x
1
3x
12 x2
1 x  1 x
1
1  A
x
1  B
x  1
1
Let x 
1: 1 
2A ⇒ A 

2
1
Let x  1: 1  2B ⇒ B 
2

 
1 12 12 1 1 1



x2
1 x
1 x  1 2 x
1 x  1

1 A B 1 A B
16.   17.  
4x2
9 2x  3 2x
3 x2  x x x1
1  A
2x
3  B
2x  3 1  A
x  1  Bx
3 1 Let x  0: 1  A
Let x 
: 1 
6A ⇒ A 

2 6 Let x 
1: 1 
B ⇒ B 
1
3 1
Let x  : 1  6B ⇒ B  1 1


1
2 6 x x
2
x x1

 
1 1 1 1


4x2
9 6 2x
3 2x  3

3 A B 1 A B
18.   19.  
x2
3x x
3 x 2x2  x 2x  1 x
3  Ax  B
x
3 1  Ax  B
2x  1
Let x  3: 3  3A ⇒ A  1 1 1
Let x 
: 1 
A ⇒ A 
2
Let x  0: 3 
3B ⇒ B 
1 2 2

3 1 1 Let x  0: 1  B


x2
3x x
3 x 1 1 2


2x2  x x 2x  1
 Section 7.4 Partial Fractions 663

5 A B 3 A B
20.   21.  
x2  x
6 x  3 x
2 x2  x
2 x
1 x  2
5  A
x
2  B
x  3 3  A
x  2  B
x
1
Let x 
3: 5 
5A ⇒ A 
1 Let x  1: 3  3A ⇒ A  1
Let x  2: 5  5B ⇒ B  1 Let x 
2: 3 
3B ⇒ B 
1
3 1 1
5 1 1 


x2  x
2 x
1 x  2
x2 x
6 x
2 x3

x1 x1 1
22.   , x 
1
x2  4x  3
x  3
x  1 x  3

x2  12x  12 A B C
23.   
x3
4x x x2 x
2
x2  12x  12  A
x  2
x
2  Bx
x
2  Cx
x  2
Let x  0: 12 
4A ⇒ A 
3
Let x 
2:
8  8B ⇒ B 
1
Let x  2: 40  8C ⇒ C  5
x2  12x  12 3 1 5



x3
4x x x2 x
2

x2 A B 4x2  2x
1 A B C
24.   25.   2
x
x
4 x x
4 x2
x  1 x x x1
x  2  A
x
4  Bx 4x2  2x
1  Ax
x  1  B
x  1  Cx2
1 Let x  0:
1  B
Let x  0: 2 
4A ⇒ A 

2 Let x 
1: 1  C
3
Let x  4: 6  4B ⇒ B  Let x  1: 5  2A  2B  C
2
5  2A
2  1
x2
 
1 3 1

6  2A
x
x
4 2 x
4 x
3A
4x2  2x
1 3 1 1

2
x2
x  1 x x x1

2x
3 A B 3x A B
26.   27.  

x
12 x
1
x
12
x
32 x
3
x
32
2x
3  A
x
1  B 3x  A
x
3  B
Let x  1:
1  B Let x  3: 9  B
Let x  0:
3 
A  B Let x  0: 0 
3A  B

3 
A
1 0 
3A  9
2A 3A
2x
3 2 1 3x 3 9

 

x
12 x
1
x
12
x
32 x
3
x
32
664 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

6x2  1 A B C D x2
1 A Bx  C
28.   2  29.   2
x
x
12
2
x x x
1
x
12 x
x2  1 x x 1
6x2  1  Ax
x
12  B
x
12  Cx2
x
1  Dx2 x2
1  A
x2  1 
Bx  Cx
Let x  0 : 1  B  Ax2  A  Bx2  Cx
Let x  1 : 7  D 
A  Bx2  Cx  A
Substitute B and D into the equation, expand the binomials, Equating coefficients of like terms gives
collect like terms, and equate the coefficients of like terms.
1  A  B, 0  C, and
1  A.

2x2  2x 
A  Cx 3 

2A
Cx2  Ax
Therefore, A 
1, B  2, and C  0.
A2
x2
1 1 2x

 2

2A
C 
2 ⇒ C 
2 or x
x2  1 x x 1
A  C  0 ⇒ C 
2
6x2 1 2 1 2 7
  2

x2
x
12 x x x
1
x
12

x A Bx  C
30.  

x
1
x2  x  1 x
1 x2  x  1
x  A
x2  x  1 
Bx  C
x
1
 Ax2  Ax  A  Bx2
Bx  Cx
C

A  Bx2 
A
B  Cx 
A
C
Equating coefficients of like powers gives 0  A  B, 1  A
B  C, and 0  A
C. Substituting
A for
1 1 1
B and A for C in the second equation gives 1  3A, so A  3, B 
3, and C  3.
x
1
x

1 1




x
1
x2  x  1 3 x
1 x2  x  1 
x x A Bx  C
31.    2
x3
x2
2x  2
x
1
x2
2 x
1 x
2
x  A
x2
2 
Bx  C
x
1
 Ax2
2A  Bx2
Bx  Cx
C

A  Bx2 
C
Bx

2A  C
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 0  A  B, 1  C
B, and 0  2A  C. Therefore, A 
1, B  1, and C  2.
x
1 x2
 
x3
x2
2x  2 x
1 x2
2

x6 x6 A B C
32.    
x3
3x2
4x  12
x  2
x
2
x
3 x  2 x
2 x
3
x  6  A
x
2
x
3  B
x  2
x
3  C
x  2
x
2
9
Let x  3 : 9  5C ⇒ 5 C
1
Let x 
2 : 4  20A ⇒ 5 A
Let x  2 : 8 
4B ⇒
2  B
1 9
x6
2
x3
3x2
4x  12
 5   5 
1 1


10

x2 x
2 x
3 5 x2 x
2 x
3
9
 
 Section 7.4 Partial Fractions 665

x2 x2 x2
33.  
x4
2x2
8
x2
4
x2  2
x  2
x
2
x2  2
A B Cx  D
   2
x2 x
2 x 2
x2  A
x
2
x2  2  B
x  2
x2  2 
Cx  D
x  2
x
2
 A
x3
2x2  2x
4  B
x3  2x2  2x  4 
Cx  D
x2
4
 Ax3
2Ax2  2Ax
4A  Bx3  2Bx2  2Bx  4B  Cx3  Dx2
4Cx
4D

A  B  Cx3 

2A  2B  Dx2 
2A  2B
4Cx 

4A  4B
4D
Equating coefficients of like terms gives
0  A  B  C, 1 
2A  2B  D, 0  2A  2B
4C, and 0 
4A  4B
4D.
Using the first and third equation, we have A  B  C  0 and A  B
2C  0;
by subtraction, C  0. Using the second and fourth equation, we have
2A  2B  D  1
1 1
and
2A  2B
2D  0; by subtraction, 3D  1, so D  3. Substituting 0 for C and 3 for
D in the first and second equations, we have
A  B  0 and
2A  2B  23, so A 
16 and B  16.

16 1 1
x2
  6  2 3
x4
2x
8 x  2 x
2 x  2
2

1 1 1


3
x2  2 6
x  2 6
x
2


1
 2


1

1
6 x2  2 x  2 x
2 
2x2  x  8 Ax  B Cx  D
34.  2  2

x2  42 x 4
x  42
2x2  x  8 
Ax  B
x2  4  Cx  D
2x2  x  8  Ax3  Bx2 
4A  Cx 
4B  D
Equating coefficients of like powers:
0A
2B
1  4A  C ⇒ C  1
8  4B  D ⇒ D  0
2x2  x  8 2 x
 2 

x2  42 x  4
x2  42

x x x
35.  
16x4
1
4x2
1
4x2  1
2x  1
2x
1
4x2  1
A B Cx  D
   2
2x  1 2x
1 4x  1
x  A
2x
1
4x2  1  B
2x  1
4x2  1 
Cx  D
2x  1
2x
1
 A
8x3
4x2  2x
1  B
8x3  4x2  2x  1 
Cx  D
4x2
1
 8Ax3
4Ax2  2Ax
A  8Bx3  4Bx2  2Bx  B  4Cx3  4Dx2
Cx
D

8A  8B  4Cx3 

4A  4B  4Dx2 
2A  2B
Cx 

A  B
D
—CONTINUED—
666 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

35. —CONTINUED—
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 0  8A  8B  4C, 0 
4A  4B  4D, 1  2A  2B
C,
and 0 
A  B
D.
Using the first and third equations, we have 2A  2B  C  0 and 2A  2B
C  1;
1
by subtraction, 2C 
1, so C 
2.
Using the second and fourth equations, we have
A  B  D  0 and
A  B
D  0;
by subtraction 2D  0, so D  0.
1
Substituting
2 for C and 0 for D in the first and second equations, we have 8A  8B  2
and
4A  4B  0, so A  18 and B  18.
x

1
8

1
8



12 x
16x4
1 2x  1 2x
1 4x2  1
1 1 x
 

8
2x  1 8
2x
1 2
4x2  1


1
 1

1


4x
8 2x  1 2x
1 4x2  1 
x1 A Bx  C
36.   2
x3  x x x 1

A  Bx2  Cx  A
Equating coefficients of like powers gives 0  A  B, 1  C, and 1  A.
Therefore, A  1, B 
1, and C  1.
x1 1 x
1

2
x x
3 x x 1

x2  5 A Bx  C
37.  

x  1
x2
2x  3 x  1 x2
2x  3
x2  5  A
x2
2x  3 
Bx  C
x  1
 Ax2
2Ax  3A  Bx2  Bx  Cx  C

A  Bx2 

2A  B  Cx 
3A  C
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1  A  B, 0 
2A  B  C, and 5  3A  C.
Subtracting both sides of the second equation from the first gives 1  3A
C;
combining this with the third equation gives A  1 and C  2. Since A  B  1,
we also have B  0.
x2  5 1 2
 

x  1
x2
2x  3 x  1 x2
2x  3

x2
4x  7 A Bx  C
38.  

x  1
x2
2x  3 x  1 x2
2x  3
x2
4x  7  A
x2
2x  3 
Bx  C
x  1
 Ax2
2Ax  3A  Bx2  Bx  Cx  C

A  Bx2 

2A  B  Cx 
3A  C
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1  A  B,
4 
2A  B  C, and 7  3A  C.
Adding the second and third equations, and subtracting the first, gives 2  2C, so C  1. Therefore,
A  2, B 
1, and C  1.
x2
4x  7 2 x
1



x  1
x2
2x  3 x  1 x2
2x  3
 Section 7.4 Partial Fractions 667

x2
x
2x
1 2x  1 x2
4x
39. 1 2 1
2 40.
x x1
2
x x1 x x1 x2  x  6
x2
4x 5x  6
Using long division gives 1
2 .
x2x6 x x6

2x3
x2  x  5 18x  19
41.  2x
7 
x2  3x  2
x  1
x  2
18x  19 A B
 

x  1
x  2 x  1 x  2
18x  19  A
x  2  B
x  1
Let x 
1: 1  A
Let x 
2:
17 
B ⇒ B  17
2x3
x2  x  5 1 17
 2x
7  
x2  3x  2 x1 x2

x3  2x2
x  1
42.
x2  3x
4
Using long division gives:
x3  2x2
x  1 6x
3
 x
1 2
x2  3x
4 x  3x
4
x3  2x2
x  1 6x
3 6x
3
x2  3x
4

x1 2 
x  3x
4
x  4
x
1

A

B
x4 x
1  
6x
3

x  4
x
1

A
 
B
x4 x
1 
6x
3  A
x
1  B
x  4
6x
3 
A  Bx 
4B
A
AB6⇒ A6
B
4B
A 
3 ⇒ 4B
6  B 
3
5B
6 
3
5B  3
3
B
5
3 30
3 27
A6
 
5 5 5
27 3
x3  2x2
x  1
x2  3x
4
x
1
5

5
x4 x
1    x
1  51 x 27 4  x
3 1
668 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

x4 x4 6x2
8x  3
43.  3 x3

x
13 x
3x  3x
1
2
x
13
6x2
8x  3 A B C
  

x
13 x
1
x
12
x
13
6x2
8x  3  A
x
12  B
x
1  C
Let x  1: 1  C
Let x  0: 3  A
B  1  A
B2
Let x  2: 11  A  B  1 A  B  10
So, A  6 and B  4.
x4 6 4 1
x3  

x
13 x
1
x
12
x
13

16x4 16x4 24x2
16x  3

3   2x  3 
44.

2x
1 8x
12x  6x
1
3 2

2x
13
24x2
16x  3 A B C
  

2x
12 2x
1
2x
12
2x
13
24x2
16x  3  A
2x
12  B
2x
1  C
1
Let x  :1C
2
24x2
16x  3  4Ax2
4Ax  A  2Bx
B  1
24x2
16x  3  4Ax2 

4A  2Bx 
A
B  1
Equating coefficients of like powers:
6  A, 3  A
B  1
36
B1
4B
16x4 6 4 1
 2x  3   

2x
13 2x
1
2x
12
2x
13

5
x A B
45.   2
2x  x
1 2x
1 x  1
2

−6 6

x  5  A
x  1  B
2x
1
1 9 3
Let x  :  A ⇒ A  3
2 2 2 −6

Let x 
1: 6 
3B ⇒ B 
2

5
x 3 2


2x2  x
1 2x
1 x  1

3x2
7x
2 A B C
46.    4
x3
x x x1 x
1
3x2
7x
2  A
x2
1  Bx
x
1  Cx
x  1 −6 6

Let x  0:
2 
A ⇒ A  2
Let x 
1: 8  2B ⇒ B  4 −4

Let x  1:
6  2C ⇒ C 
3
3x2
7x
2 2 4 3
 

x3
x x x1 x
1
 Section 7.4 Partial Fractions 669

x
1 A B C 4x2
1 A B C
47.   2 48.   
x3  x2 x x x1 2x
x  12 2x x  1
x  12
x
1  Ax
x  1  B
x  1  Cx2 4x2
1  A
x  12  2Bx
x  1  2Cx
Let x 
1:
2  C Let x  0:
1  A
Let x  0:
1  B 3
Let x 
1: 3 
2C ⇒ C 

2
Let x  1: 0  2A  2B  C
Let x  1: 3  4A  4B  2C
0  2A
2
2
3 
4  4B
3
2A
5
x
1 2 1 2 B

2
2
x3  x2 x x x1
4x2
1
 
1 1 5 3
20 


2x
x  12 2 x x  1
x  12
4
−4 2

−6 6
−20

−4

x2  x  2 Ax  B Cx  D 2
49.  2  2

x2  22 x 2
x  22
x2  x  2 
Ax  B
x2  2  Cx  D −3 3

x2  x  2  Ax3  Bx2 
2A  Cx 
2B  D

−2
Equating coefficients of like powers:
0A
1B
1  2A  C ⇒ C  1
2  2B  D ⇒ D  0
x x2
2 1 x
 2 

x2  22 x  2
x2  22

x3 A B C D
50.    

x  2
x
2
2 2 x  2
x  22 x
2
x
22
x3  A
x  2
x
22  B
x
22  C
x  22
x
2  D
x  22
1
Let x 
2:
8  16B ⇒ B 

2
1
Let x  2: 8  16D ⇒ D 
2
1 1
x3  A
x  2
x
22

x
2  2  C
x  22
x
2 
x  22
2 2
x3
4x 
A  Cx3 

2A  2C x2 

4A
4C x 
8A
8C

—CONTINUED—
670 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

50. —CONTINUED—
Equating coefficients of like powers:
0 
2A  2C ⇒ A  C
1AC 4

1 1
1  2A ⇒ A  ⇒ C
2 2 −6 6

 
x3 1 1 1 1 1

 

x  22
x
22 2 x  2
x  22 x
2
x
22 −4

2x3
4x2
15x  5 x5 x3
x  3 2x  1

51.  2x  52. x
1
x
2x
8
2

x  2
x
4 x2  x
2
x  2
x
1
x5 A B 2x  1 A B
   

x  2
x
4 x  2 x
4
x  2
x
1 x  2 x
1
x  5  A
x
4  B
x  2 2x  1  A
x
1  B
x  2
1 Let x 
2:
3 
3A ⇒ A  1
Let x 
2: 3 
6A ⇒ A 

2 Let x  1: 3  3B ⇒ B  1
3
Let x  4: 9  6B ⇒ B  x3
x  3 1 1
2 x
1 
x2  x
2 x2 x
1
2x3
4x2
15x  5
 
1 3 1
 2x 
5
x2
2x
8 2 x
4 x2
20 −9 9

−6 6
−7

−20

x
12 A B
53. (a)  
x
x
4 x x
4
x
12  A(x
4  Bx
Let x  0:
12 
4A ⇒ A  3
Let x  4:
8  4B ⇒ B 
2
x
12 3 2


x
x
4 x x
4
x
12 3 2
(b) y  y y

x
x
4 x x
4
y y y

8 8 8
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2
x x x
−6 −4 2 8 10 –6 2 4 6 8 10 –6 –4 –2 2 8 10

–4
–6
−8 –8 –8

Vertical asymptotes: x  0 Vertical asymptote: x  0 Vertical asymptote: x  4

and x  4
(c) The combination of the vertical asymptotes of the terms of the decomposition are
the same as the vertical asymptotes of the rational function.
 Section 7.4 Partial Fractions 671

2
x  12 A Bx  C 2
x  12 2 4

54. (a) y    2 (b) y and y  2
x
x2  1 x x 1 x
x2  1 x x 1
2
x  12  A
x2  1  Bx2  Cx y y

4
2x2  4x  2 
A  Bx2  Cx  A
4
y= 4
3
x2 + 1
2 2
Equating coefficients of like powers gives
1
2  A  B, 4  C, and 2  A.
1
x x
–4 – 3 – 2 – 1 1 2 3 4 −1 1 2 3 4
Therefore, A  2, B  0, and C  4.
y= 2
2
x  12 2 4 x
  2
x
x  1 x 1
2 –4
x
2
Vertical asymptote at x  0 y has vertical asymptote x  0.
x
2
(c) The vertical asymptote of y  is the same as the
x
vertical asymptote of the rational function.

2
4x
3 A B
55. (a)  
x2
9 x
3 x3
2
4x
3  A(x  3  B
x
3
Let x  3: 18  6A ⇒ A  3
Let x 
3:
30 
6B ⇒ B  5
2
4x
3 3 5
 
x2
9 x
3 x3
2
4x
3 3 5
(b) y  y y
x2
9 x
3 x3
y y y

8 8 8
6 6 6
4 4
2
x x x
−4 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 2 4 6 8 –4 2 4 6 8

−4 –4 –4
−6 –6 –6
−8 –8 –8

Vertical asymptotes: x  ± 3 Vertical asymptote: x  3 Vertical asymptote: x 
3

(c) The combination of the vertical asymptotes of the terms of the decomposition are
the same as the vertical asymptotes of the rational function.

2
4x2
15x  39 A B Cx  D

56. (a) y    2 2
x2
x2
10x  26 x x x
10x  26
2
4x2
15x  39  Ax
x2
10x  26  B
x2
10x  26  Cx3  Dx2
8x2
30x  78  Ax 3
10Ax2  26Ax  Bx2
10Bx  26B  Cx 3  Dx2

A  Cx 3 

10A  B  Dx2 
26A
10Bx  26B
Equating coefficients of like powers gives 0  A  C, 8 
10A  B  D,
30  26A
10B,
and 78  26B. Since 78  26B, B  3. Therefore, A  0, B  3, C  0, and D  5.
2
4x2
15x  39 3 5
 2 2
x2
x2
10x  26 x x
10x  26

—CONTINUED—
672 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

56. —CONTINUED—
2
4x2
15x  39 3 5
(b) and 2
x2
x2
10x  26 x2 x
10x  26
y y

12 12
10 10
y = 32
x

y= 5
x 2 − 10x + 26

x x
−4 − 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 −4 − 2 2 4 6 8 10 12

−4 −4

Vertical asymptote is x  0. y
3
has vertical asymptote x  0.
x2
3
(c) The vertical asymptote of y  is the same as the vertical asymptote of the rational function.
x2

2000
4
3x A B
57. (a)   , 0 < x ≤ 1

11
7x
7
4x 11
7x 7
4x
2000
4
3x  A
7
4x  B
11
7x
11 10,000 5
Let x  :
 A ⇒ A 
2000
7 7 7
7 5
Let x  :
2500 
B ⇒ B  2000
4 4
2000
4
3x
2000 2000 2000 2000
  
,0 < x ≤ 1

11
7x
7
4x 11
7x 7
4x 7
4x 11
7x

(b) Ymax 

2000
7
4x
(c) 1000 (d) Ymax
0.5  400F

Ymin
0.5
266.7F
2000 Ymax
Ymin 
11
7x Ymin
0 1
−100

58. One way to find the constants is to choose values of the variable that eliminate one or more of the constants in
the basic equation so that you can solve for another constant. If necessary, you can then use these constants
with other chosen values of the variable to solve for any remaining constants. Another way is to expand the basic
equation and collect like terms. Then you can equate coefficients of the like terms on each side of the equation
to obtain simple equations involving the constants. If necessary, you can solve these equations using substitution.

59. False. The partial fraction decomposition is 60. False. The expression is an improper rational expression,
so you must first divide before applying partial fraction
A B C
  . decomposition.
x  10 x
10
x
102

1 A B 1 A B
61.   , a is a constant. 62.   , a is a constant.
a
x
2 2
ax a
x x
x  a x xa
1  A
a
x  B
a  x 1  A
x  a  Bx
1 1
Let x 
a: 1  2aA ⇒ A  Let x  0: 1  aA ⇒ A 
2a a
1 1
Let x  a: 1  2aB ⇒ B  Let x 
a: 1 
aB ⇒ B 

2a a

 
1 1 1 1
 
  1 1 1 1
a2
x2 2a a  x a
x 

x
x  a a x xa
 Section 7.4 Partial Fractions 673

1 A B 1 A B
63.   64.   , a is a positive integer.
y
a
y y a
y
x  1
a
x x  1 a
x
1  A
a
y  By 1  A
a
x  B
x  1
1 1
Let y  0: 1  aA ⇒ A  Let x 
1: 1  A
a  1 ⇒ A 
a a1
1
Let y  a: 1  aB ⇒ B  1
a Let x  a: 1  B
a  1 ⇒ B 
a1
 
1 1 1 1
 
 
y
a
y a y a
y 1 1 1 1
 

x  1
a
x a  1 x  1 a
x

65. f
x  x2
9x  18 
x
6
x
3 66. f
x  2x2
9x
5 
2x  1
x
5

 2
x
94 
121
y 2
Intercepts: 8 y

0, 18,
3, 0,
6, 0 8
Vertex:
9
4,
121
8  x
Graph rises to the left and 6
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12
rises to the right. 4 x-intercepts:
−4
2

12, 0,
5, 0 −6

x −8
−2 2 4 8 10 − 10
−2 − 12
−4 − 14
− 16

67. f
x 
x2
x
3 y 68. f
x  12x3
1 y

Intercepts:
0, 0,
3, 0 5

Intercepts:
0,
1,

3 2, 0
 2
4 1
Graph rises to the left and 3
x
falls to the right. −3 −2 −1 2 3

x −2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 4 5
−1
−3
−2
−3 −4

x2  x
6 3x
1 3x
1
69. f
x  70. f
x  
x5 x2  4x
12
x  6
x
2
x-intercepts:

3, 0,
2, 0 x-intercept:
13, 0
y-intercept:
0,
5 
6
Vertical asymptotes: x 
6 and x  2
Vertical asymptote: x 
5 Horizontal asymptote: y  0
Slant asymptote: y  x
4 y

No horizontal asymptote. 8
y 6
4
2
5 x
− 4 −2 4 6
x
− 20 − 15 − 10 5 10 15 20 −4
−6
−8
− 10
674 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities

■ You should be able to sketch the graph of an inequality in two variables.

(a) Replace the inequality with an equal sign and graph the equation. Use a dashed line for < or >,
a solid line for ≤ or ≥.
(b) Test a point in each region formed by the graph. If the point satisfies the inequality, shade the
whole region.
■ You should be able to sketch systems of inequalities.

Vocabulary Check
1. solution 2. graph
3. linear 4. solution
5. consumer surplus

1. y < 2  x 2 2. y2  x < 0 3. x ≥ 2
Using a dashed line, graph Using a dashed line, graph the Using a solid line, graph the
y
2  x 2 and shade inside the parabola y2  x
0, and shade vertical line x
2 and shade
parabola. the region inside this parabola. to the right of this line.
(Use
1, 0 as a test point.)
y y
y
3 3
3
2
2
1 1
1 x
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x −1 1 3 4 5
−1 −1 1 2 3 4 5 −1
−1
−2 −2
−2
−3 −3
−3

4. x ≤ 4 5. y ≥ 1 6. y ≤ 3
Using a solid line, graph the Using a solid line, graph the Using a solid line, graph the
vertical line x
4, and shade horizontal line y
1 and horizontal line y
3, and
to the left of this line. shade above this line. shade below this line.
y y y

3 4 4

2 3

1 2 2

x 1 1
−1 1 2 3 5
−1 x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2 −1

−3 −2 −2
 Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities 675

7. y < 2  x 8. y > 2x  4 9. 2y  x ≥ 4
Using a dashed line, graph Using a dashed line, graph Using a solid line, graph
y
2  x, and then shade below y
2x  4, and shade above 2y  x
4, and then shade above
the line.
Use
0, 0 as a test point. the line. (Use
0, 0 as a test point.) the line.
Use
0, 0 as a test point.
y
y y
4
4 2
1 3
3
x
2 − 3 − 2 −1 1 3 4 5
1
1 −2
x
x −3 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4

−2
−2

10. 5x  3y ≥ 15 11.
x  12 
y  22 < 9 12.
x  12 
y  42 > 9
Using a solid line, graph Using a dashed line, sketch the Using a dashed line, graph the
5x  3y
15, and shade above circle
x  12 
y  22
9. circle
x  12 
y  42
9
the line. (Use
0, 0 as a test point.) Center:
1, 2 and shade the exterior. The circle
y Radius: 3 has center
1, 4 and radius 3, so
the origin could serve as a test
2
Test point:
0, 0 point.
x Shade the inside of the circle.
y
−6 −4 2 4
y
8
7
6
6
5
−6 (1, 4)
4 4
−8 3 3
2 2

1 (0, 0)
x
x −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−5 −4 2 3
−2
−2

1 15
13. y ≤ 14. y >
1  x2 x2  x  4
1
Using a solid line, graph y
, and then shade 15
1  x2 Using a dashed line, graph y
and then
x2  x  4
below the curve.
Use
0, 0 as a test point. shade above the curve. (Use
0, 0 as a test point.)
y
y

3 3
2 2
1
x
x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2

−2 −3

−3
−5

15. y < ln x 16. y ≥ 6  ln
x  5 17. y < 3x4

2 10 4

0 6
−8 1
−9 9

−2 −2 −2
676 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

18. y ≤ 22x0.5  7 19. y ≥ 23 x  1 20. y ≤ 6  32x

4 9
4
−8 4

−6 6

−6 9
−12 −1
−4

21. y < 3.8x  1.1 22. y ≥ 20.74  2.66x 23. x2  5y  10 ≤ 0

2 2 x2
− 18 18 y ≤ 2
5
−3 3
3

−9 9
−2 − 22

−9

5
24. 2x2  y  3 > 0 25. 2y  3x2  6 ≥ 0 1 3 1
26.  10 x2  8 y <  4
y < 2x2  3 y ≥ 25
3x2  6 y > 2
3
4 2
 15 x
4 6 2

−8 8

−6 6

−5 4
−4 0 −10

27. The line through
4, 0 and
0, 2 is y
2 x  2. For the

1
28. The parabola through
2, 0,
0, 4,
2, 0 is
1
shaded region below the line, we have y ≤ 2x  2. y
x2  4. For the shaded region inside the parabola,
we have y ≥ x2  4.

29. The line through
0, 2 and
3, 0 is y
 23x  2. For the 30. The circle shown is x2  y2
9. For the shaded region
shaded region above the line, we have inside the circle, we have x2  y2 ≤ 9.
y ≥  23x  2.


31. x ≥ 4
y > 3
y ≤ 8x  3
(a) 0 ≤ 8
0  3, False (b) 3 > 3, False

0, 0 is not a solution.
1, 3 is not a solution.

(c) 4 ≥ 4, True (d) 3 ≥ 4, True

0 > 3, True 11 > 3, True

0 ≤ 8
4  3, True 11 < 8
3  3, True

4, 0 is a solution.
3, 11 is a solution.

 Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities 677


2x  5y ≥ 3


32. 33. 3x  y > 1
y < 4 y  12x2 ≤ 4
4x  2y < 7 15x  4y > 0
(a) 2
0  5
2 ≥ 3, True (a) 3
0 
10 > 1, True

2
0
1
2 < 4, True 10  2 ≤ 4, True
4
0  2
2 < 7, True 15
0  4
10 > 0, True

0, 2 is a solution
0, 10 is a solution.
(b) 2
6  5
4 ≥ 3, True (b) 3
0 
1 > 1, False ⇒
0, 1 is not a solution.
4 < 4, False (c) 3
2 
9 > 1, True

6, 4 is not a solution. 9  2
2
1 2 ≤ 4, True
(c) 2
8  5
2 ≥ 3, True 15
2  4
9 > 0, True
2 < 4, True
2, 9 is a solution.
4
8  2
2 < 7, False (d) 3
1  6 > 1, True

8, 2 is not a solution. 6  2
1
1 2
≤ 4, True
(d) 2
3  5
2 ≥ 3, True 15
1  4
6 > 0, True
2 < 4, True
1, 6 is a solution.
4
3  2
2 < 7, False

3, 2 is not a solution.


34. x 2  y 2 ≥ 36
3x  y ≤ 10
2
3x  y ≥ 5

(a)
12  72 ≥ 36, True (b)
52  12 ≥ 36, False

3
1  7 ≤ 10, True
5, 1 is not a solution.

3
1
2
 7 ≥ 5, False (d) 42 
82 ≥ 36, True

1, 7 is not a solution. 3
4  8 ≤ 10, True

3
4 
8 ≥ 5, True

2
(c) 62  02 ≥ 36, True
3
6  0 ≤ 0, True
4, 8 is a solution.

3
6
2
 0 ≥ 5, False

6, 0 is not a solution.

 
35. xy ≤ 1 y
36. 3x  2y < 6 y

x  y ≤ 1 3
x > 0
(0, 3)
3
y ≥ 0 y > 0
2
First, find the points 2
First, find the points of
(0, 1)
intersection of each pair of intersection of each
(− 1, 0) (1, 0) 1
of equations. x pair of equations.
−2 1 2
(0, 0) (2, 0)
−1 x
1 3

Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C

xy
1 xy
1 x  y
1 3x  2y
6 x
0 3x  2y
6
x  y
1 y
0 y
0 x
0 y
0 y
0

0, 1
1, 0
1, 0
0, 3
0, 0
2, 0
678 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

 
37. x2  y ≤ 5 y 38. 2x 2  y ≥ 2 y

x ≥ 1 6 x ≤ 2
( 2
2
,1 (
y ≥ 0
( 2
− 2 ,1 ( (2, 1)
y ≤ 1
(−1, 4) 4
x
First, find the points −4 −2 4
3 First, find the points
of intersection of each 2
of intersection of each −2
1 (
pair of equations. (−1, 0) 5, 0( pair of equations.
x −4
−4 −3 1 2 3 4

−6
(2, − 6)

Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C

x2  y
5 x2  y
5 x
1 2x  y
2 x
2 2x2  y
2
x
1 y
0 y
0 x
2 y
1 y
1

1, 4
± 5, 0
1, 0
2, 6
2, 1

 
39. 2x  y > 2 y
40. x  7y > 36 y

6x  3y < 2 4 5x  2y > 5 (6, 6)

6

The graphs of 2x  y
2 6x  5y > 6

and 6x  3y
2 are First, find the points
1
parallel lines. The first of intersection of each
x
inequality has the region −2 −1 2 3 4 pair of equations. 2
(1, 0)
above the line shaded. The −1

second inequality has the −2

2 4 6
x

region below the line shaded.

There are no points that
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C
satisfy both inequalities.
x  7y
36 5x  2y
5 x  7y
36
No solution 5x  2y
5 6x  5y
6 6x  5y
6

1, 5
1, 0
6, 6

41.


3x  2y < 6 42.
5xx  2y3y <> 6
y
y
x  4y > 2 5 9
2x  y < 3 Point of intersection:
6
3
First, find the points ( 109 , 79 (
0, 3 4

of intersection of each 1 (0, 3)

(− 2, 0)
x
pair of equations. −3 −1 1 3 4
x
−2 2 4 6
−3 –2

Vertex A Point B Vertex C

3x  2y
6 3x  2y
6 x  4y
2
x  4y
2 2x  y
3 2x  y
3

2, 0
0, 3
109, 79 
Note that B is not a vertex of the solution region.

x < y  2 x  y2 > 0 y
43. x > y2 y
44.
3 xy > 2 2
(4, 2)

2
Points of intersection: (4, 2) Points of intersection: 1
1
y2
y2 x y2
y2 x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4
y2 y2
0 y2  y  2
0 −1
−2 (1, − 1)
(1, −1)

y  1
y  2
0
y  1
y  2
0 −2
−3
y
1, 2 y
1, 2

1, 1,
4, 2

1, 1,
4, 2
 Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities 679

45. x2  y2 ≤ 9
x  y 4xx  3yy ≤ 25
y 2 2 y
46.
2 2 ≥ 1 4 ≤ 0 6

4 (3, 4)
There are no points of 2 Points of intersection:
2
intersection. The region
x2 
43x
25
2
x x
common to both −4 −2 2 4 −6 −2 2 4 6
25 2
inequalities is the region −2 9x
25
between the circles. (− 3, −4) −4
x
±3
−4 −6

3, 4,
3, 4

47. 3x  4 ≥ y2
 x < 2y  y2 y
y 48.
xy < 0 4 0 < xy (− 3, 3)
3
(4, 4)
3
Points of intersection: 2 Points of intersection:
1
xy
0⇒y
x x
y
2y  y2 1
1 2 3 4 5
(− 1, −1)
3y  4
y2 y2  3y
0 x
−3 −2 1
(0, 0)
0
y2  3y  4 −3 y
y  3
0 −1
−4
0

y  4
y  1 y
0, 3
y
4 or y
1
0, 0,
3, 3
x
4 x
1

4, 4 and
1, 1

  yy <> xx  2x4x  33 

49. y ≤ 3x  1 50. 2 51. y < x3  2x  1
y ≥ x2  1 2 y > 2x
7 5
x ≤ 1
5

−4 8

−5 7 −6 6
−1 −3

−3


1
y ≤ ex 2


2


52. y ≥ x4  2x2  1 53. x2y ≥ 1 ⇒ y ≥ 54.
x2
y ≤ 1  x2 0 < x ≤ 4
y ≥ 0
2 ≤ x ≤ 2
2
y ≤ 4
3
5
−3 3

−3 3
−2
−2 7
−1
−1


55. y ≤ 4x 56.
0, 6,
3, 0,
0, 3
x ≥ 0


y < 6  2x
y ≥ 0 y ≥ x3
x ≥ 1
680 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

57. Line through points
0, 4 and
4, 0: y
4  x 58. Circle: x2  y2 > 4
Line through points
0, 2 and
8, 0: y
2  14x


y ≥ 4 x
y ≥ 2  14x
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0

60.
0, 0,
0, 4,
8, 8


59. x2  y2 ≤ 16
x ≥ 0


x2  y2 ≤ 16
y ≥ 0 x ≤ y
x ≥ 0

61. Rectangular region with vertices at 62. Parallelogram with vertices at
0, 0,
4, 0,
1, 4,
5, 4

2, 1,
5, 1,
5, 7, and
2, 7 y

0, 0,
4, 0: y ≥ 0 y


x ≥ 2 8 (2, 7) (5, 7)

4, 0,
5, 4: 4x  y ≤ 16 6

x ≤ 5 6
5
(1, 4) (5, 4)
y ≥ 1
1, 4,
5, 4: y ≤ 4 4
4 3
y ≤ 7
0, 0,
1, 4: 4x  y ≥ 0 2
2


This system may be written as: (5, 1) 4x  y ≥ 0 1
(2, 1) x
x
4x  y ≤ 16
2 ≤ x ≤ 5 −2 2 4 6 (0, 0) 1 2 3 (4, 0) 6

1 ≤ y ≤ 7 0 ≤ y ≤ 4

63. Triangle with vertices at
0, 0,
5, 0,
2, 3 64. Triangle with vertices at
1, 0,
1, 0,
0, 1

0, 0,
5, 0 Line: y
0
1, 0,
1, 0: y ≥ 0

0, 0,
2, 3 Line: y
3
2x
1, 0,
0, 1: y ≤ x  1

2, 3,
5, 0 Line: y
x  5
0, 1,
1, 0: y ≤ x  1
3

 
y ≤ 2x
y
y ≤ x1 y

y ≤ x  5 5 y ≤ x  1 3
y ≥ 0 4
(2, 3) y ≥ 0
3 2

2 (0, 1)
1
(5, 0) (−1, 0) (1, 0)
x x
(0, 0) 2 3 4 5 6 −2 −1 1 2
−1
−1

65. (a) Demand
Supply p

Consumer Surplus
(b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region
Producer Surplus defined by
50  0.5x
0.125x 50


p = 50 − 0.5x p ≤ 50  0.5x
50
0.625x 40

30
p ≥ 10
80
x p = 0.125x
x ≥ 0.
20
10
p 10 Consumer surplus
12
base
height
12
80
40
$1600
(80, 10)
Point of equilibrium: x The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region

80, 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
defined by


p ≥ 0.125x
p ≤ 10
x ≥ 0.
Producer surplus
12
base
height
12
80
10
$400
 Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities 681

66. (a) Demand
Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region
defined by
100  0.05x
25  0.1x


p ≤ 100  0.05x
75
0.15x
p ≥ 75
500
x x ≥ 0.
75
p Consumer surplus
12
base
height
12
500
25
6250
Point of equilibrium:
500, 75 The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region
p
defined by


Consumer Surplus p ≤ 25  0.1x
200 Producer Surplus
p ≤ 75
150
p = 100 − 0.05x x ≤ 0.
100 (500, 75) Producer surplus
12
base
height
12
500
50
12,500
50
p = 25 + 0.1x
x
200 400 600

67. (a) Demand
Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region
defined by
140  0.00002x
80  0.00001x


p ≤ 140  0.00002x
60
0.00003x
p ≥ 100
2,000,000
x x ≥ 0.
100
p Consumer surplus
12
base
height
Point of equilibrium:
2,000,000, 100
12
2,000,000
40
p
Consumer Surplus
$40,000,000 or $40 million
Producer Surplus
160
The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region
p = 140 − 0.00002x
140 defined by


(2,000,000, 100)
120
p ≥ 80  0.00001x
100 p ≤ 100
80 x ≥ 0.
p = 80 + 0.00001x

1,000,000 2,000,000
x
Producer surplus
12
base
height

12
2,000,000
20

$20,000,000 or $20 million

68. (a) Demand
Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region
defined by
400  0.0002x
225  0.0005x


p ≤ 400  0.0002x
175
0.0007x
p ≥ 350
250,000
x x ≥ 0.
350
p Consumer surplus
Point of equilibrium:
250,000, 350
12
base
height
12
250,000
50
6,250,000

p The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region

Consumer Surplus
Producer Surplus defined by
600
p = 400 − 0.0002x


500 p ≥ 225  0.0005x
(250,000, 350)
400 p ≤ 350
300 x ≥ 0.
200 p = 225 + 0.0005x Producer surplus

2
base
height
2
250,000
125
15,625,000
100 1 1
x
200,000 400,000
682 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

69. x
number of tables 70. x
number of model A

y
number of chairs y
number of model B

 
3
x 2y ≤ 12 Assembly center x ≥ 2y y

4 3
3x 2y ≤ 15 Finishing center 8x  12y ≤ 200 24

x ≥ 0 x ≥ 4 20

y ≥ 0 y ≥ 2 16

12
y
8
12
4
10
x
8 12 16 20 24

x
2 4 6 8 10

71. x
amount in smaller account 72. x
number of $30 tickets

y
amount in larger account y
number of $20 tickets


Account constraints: y x y ≤ 3000 y

30x  20y ≥ 75,000 4500


xy ≤ 20,000 15,000
x ≤ 2000
y ≥ 2x 3500
x ≥ 0
x ≥ 5,000 10,000
y ≥ 0 2500

y ≥ 5,000
1500

500
x
x
10,000 15,000
500 1500 2500 3500 4500

73. x
number of packages of gravel 74. Let x
number of large trucks.

y
number of bags of stone Let y
number of medium trucks.


55x  70y ≤ 7500 Weight The delivery requirements are:


y
x ≥ 50 6x  4y ≥ 15
y ≥ 40 3x  6y ≥ 16 6
5
y
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0
120
2
100
1
80
x
60 1 2 4 5

40

20
x
20 40 60 80 100 120

75. (a) x
number of ounces of food X (b) y (c) Answers will vary. Some possible
solutions which would satisfy the
y
number of ounces of food Y 30
minimum daily requirements for


20x  10y ≥ 300
calcium calcium, iron, and vitamin B:
15x  10y ≥ 150
iron
0, 30 ⇒ 30 ounces of food Y
10x  20y ≥ 200
vitamin B

20, 0 ⇒ 20 ounces of food X
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0 30
x

1313, 313  ⇒ 1313 ounces of food X and
313 ounces of food Y
 Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities 683

76. (a) Let y
heart rate. (b) y (c) Answers will vary. For example, the
175 points
24, 98 and
24, 147 are on
y ≥ 0.5
220  x
150 the boundary of the solution set; a
y ≤ 0.75
220  x 125 person aged 24 should have a heart
100 rate between 98 and 147.
x ≥ 20 75
50
x ≤ 70
25
x
25 50 75 100


77. (a)
9, 125.8,
10, 145.6,
11, 164.1, (b) y ≤ 19.17t  46.61 (c) Area of a trapezoid: A

a  b
2

12, 182.7,
13, 203.1 t ≥ 8.5
t ≤ 13.5 h
13.5  8.5
5
Linear model:
y ≥ 0
y
19.17t  46.61 a
19.17
8.5  46.61
116.335
225
b
19.17
13.5  46.61
212.185
5
A

116.335  212.185
2
8
0
14

$821.3 billion


78. (a) xy ≥ 500 Body-building space (b) y

2x  y ≥ 125 Track
Two semi–circles and two lengths 60

x ≥ 0 50

y ≥ 0
30

20

10

x
10 20 30 40 50 60

79. True. The figure is a rectangle with length of 9 units and 80. False. The graph shows the solution of the system
width of 11 units.


y < 6
4x  9y < 6
3x  y2 ≥ 2.

81. The graph is a half-line on the real number line; 82. Test a point on either side of the boundary.
on the rectangular coordinate system, the graph is
a half-plane.

83. x
radius of smaller circle

y
radius of larger circle
(a) Constraints on circles: (b) 4 (c) The line is an asymptote to the
y2  x2 ≥ 10 boundary. The larger the circles, the
−6
closer the radii can be and the
y > x 6
constraint still be satisfied.
x > 0
−4
684 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities


84. (a) The boundary would be included in the solution. 85. x2  y 2 ≤ 16 ⇒ region inside the circle
(b) The solution would be the half-plane on the opposite x  y ≥ 4 ⇒ region above the line
side of the boundary. Matches graph (d).


86. x2  y2 ≤ 16 ⇒ region inside the circle 87. x2  y 2 ≥ 16 ⇒ region outside the circle
x  y ≤ 4 ⇒ region below the line x  y ≥ 4 ⇒ region above the line
Matches graph (b). Matches graph (c).

88 . x2  y2 ≥ 16 ⇒ region outside the circle 89.
2, 6,
4, 4

x  y ≤ 4 ⇒ region below the line 4  6 10 5
m



Matches graph (a). 4 
2 6 3
5
y 
4

x  4
3
3y  12
5x  20
5x  3y  8
0

90.
8, 0,
3, 1 91. 34, 2,  27, 5

1  0 1
m

 5 
2 7 28
3 
8 11 m

17

 72  34 4 17
1
y0

x 
8
11 y 
2

28
17 
x
3
4 
1 8
y
 x 17y  34
28x  21
11 11
28x  17y  13
0
11y
x  8
x  11y  8
0

92.  21, 0, 112, 12 93.
3.4, 5.2,
2.6, 0.8
0.8 
5.2 6
12  0 12 m


1
m


2 2.6  3.4 6
11
2

1
2 6
y  0.8
1
x 
2.6

y0
2 x    21 y  0.8
x  2.6

x  y  1.8
0
y
2x  1
2x  y  1
0

94.
4.1, 3.8,
2.9, 8.2

8.2 
3.8 12
m


2.9 
4.1 7
12
y  3.8

x  4.1
7
12 246
y  3.8
x
7 35
12 113
y
x
7 35
35y
60x  113
60x  35y  113
0
 Section 7.6 Linear Programming 685

95. (a)
8, 39.43,
9, 41.24,
10, 45.27,
11, 47.37 ,
12, 48.40 ,
13, 49.91 (b) 60
y3
y1
Linear model: y  2.17t  22.5
y2
Quadratic model: y  0.241t 2  7.23t  3.4
Exponential model: y  27
1.05t
5 18
30

(c) The quadratic model is the best fit for the actual data.
(d) For 2008, use t
18: y  0.241
182  7.23
18  3.4  $48.66

 r

nt
96. A
P 1 
t
0.06 5  12
A
4000 1  12 

4000
1.00560

5395.40061
The amount after 5 years is $5395.40.

Section 7.6 Linear Programming

■ To solve a linear programming problem:

1. Sketch the solution set for the system of constraints.
2. Find the vertices of the region.
3. Test the objective function at each of the vertices.

Vocabulary Check
1. optimization 2. linear programming
3. objective 4. constraints; feasible solutions
5. vertex

1. z
4x  3y
At
0, 5: z
4
0  3
5
15
At
0, 0: z
4
0  3
0
0
At
5, 0: z
4
5  3
0
20
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0.
The maximum value is 20 at
5, 0.
2. z
2x  8y
At
0, 4: z
2
0  8
4
32
At
0, 0: z
2
0  8
0
0
At
2, 0: z
2
2  8
0
4
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0.
The maximum value is 32 at
0, 4.
3. z
3x  8y
At
0, 5: z
3
0  8
5
40
At
0, 0: z
3
0  8
0
0
At
5, 0: z
3
5  8
0
15
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0.
The maximum value is 40 at
0, 5.
686 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

4. z
7x  3y
At
0, 4: z
7
0  3
4
12
At
0, 0: z
7
0  3
0
0
At
2, 0: z
7
2  3
0
14
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0.
The maximum value is 14 at
2, 0.
5. z
3x  2y
At
0, 5: z
3
0  2
5
10
At
4, 0: z
3
4  2
0
12
At
3, 4: z
3
3  2
4
17
At
0, 0: z
3
0  2
0
0
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0.
The maximum value is 17 at
3, 4.
6. z
4x  5y
At
0, 2: z
4
0  5
2
10
At
0, 4: z
4
0  5
4
20
At
3, 0: z
4
3  5
0
12
At
4, 3: z
4
4  5
3
31
The minimum value is 10 at
0, 2.
The maximum value is 31 at
4, 3.

7. z
5x  0.5y 8. z
2x  y
At
0, 5: z
5
0  52
52 At
0, 2: z
2
0  2
2
At
4, 0: z
5
4 
20
0
2 At
0, 4: z
2
0  4
4
At
3, 4: z
5
3 
17
4
2 At
3, 0: z
2
3  0
6
At
0, 0: z
5
0 
0
0
2 At
4, 3: z
2
4  3
11
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0. The minimum value is 2 at
0, 2.
The maximum value is 20 at
4, 0. The maximum value is 11 at
4, 3.

9. z
10x  7y 10. z
25x  35y

At
0, 45: z
10
0  7
45
315 At
0, 400: z
25
0  35
400
14,000
At
30, 45: z
10
30  7
45
615 At
0, 800: z
25
0  35
800
28,000
At
60, 20: z
10
60  7
20
740 At
450, 0: z
25
450  35
0
11,250
At
60, 0: z
10
60  7
0
600 At
900, 0: z
25
900  35
0
22,500
At
0, 0: z
10
0  7
0
0 The minimum value is 11,250 at
450, 0.
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0. The maximum value is 28,000 at
0, 800.
The maximum value is 740 at
60, 20.

11. z
25x  30y 12. z
15x  20y

At
0, 45: z
25
0  30
45
1350 At
0, 400: z
15
0  20
400
8000
At
30, 45: z
25
30  30
45
2100 At
0, 800: z
15
0  20
800
16,000
At
60, 20: z
25
60  30
20
2100 At
450, 0: z
15
450  20
0
6750
At
60, 0: z
25
60  30
0
1500 At
900, 0: z
15
900  20
0
13,500
At
0, 0: z
25
0  30
0
0 The minimum value is 6750 at
450, 0.
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0. The maximum value is 16,000 at
0, 800.
The maximum value is 2100 at any point along the line
segment connecting
30, 45 and
60, 20.

13. z
6x  10y y

At
0, 2: z
6
0  10
2
20 4

3
At
5, 0: z
6
5  10
0
30 (0, 2)

At
0, 0: z
6
0  10
0
0

1

The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0. (5, 0)

x
(0, 0) 2 3 4 5
The maximum value is 30 at
5, 0. −1
 Section 7.6 Linear Programming 687

14. z
7x  8y 15. z
9x  24y

At
0, 8: z
7
0  8
8
64 At
0, 2: z
9
0  24
2
48
At
4, 0: z
7
4  8
0
28 At
5, 0: z
9
5  24
0
45
At
0, 0: z
7
0  8
0
0 At
0, 0: z
9
0  24
0
0
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0. The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0.
The maximum value is 64 at
0, 8. The maximum value is 48 at
0, 2.
y y

8 (0, 8) 4

3
6
(0, 2)
4
1
2 (5, 0)
x
(4, 0) (0, 0) 2 3 4 5
x
(0, 0) −1
2 6 8

16. z
7x  2y
At
0, 8: z
7
0  2
8
16
At
4, 0: z
7
4  2
0
28
At
0, 0: z
7
0  2
0
0
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0.
The maximum value is 28 at
4, 0.
y
8 (0, 8)
6
17. z
4x  5y
At
10, 0: z
4
10  5
0
40
At
5, 3: z
4
5  5
3
35
At
0, 8: z
4
0  5
8
40
The minimum value is 35 at
5, 3.
The region is unbounded. There is no maximum.
y
10
(0, 8)

4 4

2
(5, 3)
2
(4, 0) x
x 2 4 6 8
(10, 0)
(0, 0) 2 6 8

18. z
4x  5y
At
0, 0: z
4
0  5
0
0
At
5, 0: z
4
5  5
0
20
At
4, 1: z
4
4  5
1
21
At
0, 3: z
4
0  5
3
15
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0.
The maximum value is 21 at
4, 1.
19. z
2x  7y
At
10, 0: z
2
10  7
0
20
At
5, 3: z
2
5  7
3
31
At
0, 8: z
2
0  7
8
56
The minimum value is 20 at
10, 0.
The region is unbounded. There is no maximum.
y

y 10

(0, 8)

4
(0, 3) 4

2
(5, 3)
2
(4, 1) x
1 2 4 6 8
(10, 0)
x
(0, 0) 2 3 (5, 0)
688 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

20. z
2x  y y

At
0, 0: z
2
0  0
0

4
At
5, 0: z
2
5  0
10 (0, 3)

At
4, 1: z
2
4  1
7

2

At
0, 3: z
2
0  3
3 1

(4, 1)

The minimum value is 3 at
0, 3. (0, 0) 2 3 (5, 0)

x

The maximum value is 10 at
5, 0.

21. z
4x  y 15 22. z
x 25

At
36, 0: z
4
36  0
144 At
0, 0: z
0

At
40, 0: z
4
40  0
160 At
12, 0: z
12
20 50 −5 40

At
24, 8: z
4
24  8
104 −5

At
10, 8: z
10 −5

The minimum value is 104 at
24, 8. At
6, 16: z
6

The maximum value is 160 at
40, 0. At
0, 20: z
0
The minimum value is 0 at any point along the line
segment connecting
0, 0 and (0, 20. The maximum
value is 12 at
12, 0.

23. z
x  4y 15 24. z
y 25

At
36, 0: z
36  4
0
36 At
0, 0: z
0

At
40, 0: z
40  4
0
40 20 50
At
12, 0: z
0
−5 40

At
24, 8: z
24  4
8
56 −5 At
10, 8: z
8 −5

The minimum value is 36 at
36, 0. At
6, 16: z
16

The maximum value is 56 at
24, 8. At
0, 20: z
20
The minimum value is 0 at any point along the line
segment connecting
0, 0 and (12, 0.The maximum
value is 20 at
0, 20.

(0, 10)
8
(3, 6)
6

2
(0, 0)
x
−2 2 (5, 0) 6

Figure for Exercises 25–28

25. z
2x  y 26. z
5x  y
At
0, 10: z
2
0 
10
10 At
0, 10: z
5
0  10
10
At
3, 6: z
2
3 
6
12 At
3, 6: z
5
3  6
21
At
5, 0: z
2
5 
0
10 At
5, 0: z
5
5  0
25
At
0, 0: z
2
0 
0
0 At
0, 0: z
5
0  0
0
The maximum value is 12 at
3, 6. The maximum value is 25 at
5, 0.
 Section 7.6 Linear Programming 689

27. z
x  y 28. z
3x  y
At
0, 10: z

0 
10
10 At
0, 10: z
3
0  10
10
At
3, 6: z

3 
6
9 At
3, 6: z
3
3  6
15
At
5, 0: z

5 
0
5 At
5, 0: z
3
5  0
15
At
0, 0: z

0 
0
0 At
0, 0: z
3
0  0
0
The maximum value is 10 at
0, 10. The maximum value is 15 at any point along
the line segment connecting
3, 6 and
5, 0.

25

15

10
(223 , 196 )
(0, 5) (212 , 0)
x
(0, 0) 10 15

Figure for Exercises 29–32

29. z
x  5y 30. z
2x  4y
At
0, 5: z
0  5
5
25 At
0, 5: z
2
0  4
5
20
At
: z
 5

At
22
3 , 6 : z
2
3   4
6 
3
22 19 22 19 139 19 22 19 82
3, 6 3 6 6

At
2 , 0: z
21
21
2  5
0
2
21
At
21
2 , 0: z
2
2   4
0
21
21

At
0, 0: z
0  5
0
0 At
0, 0: z
2
0  4
0
0

The maximum value is 25 at
0, 5. at
22
3 , 6 .
82 19
The maximum value is 3

31. z
4x  5y 32. z
4x  y
At
0, 5: z
4
0  5
5
25 At
0, 5: z
4
0  5
5
At
3, 6: z
4
  5


22 19 22
3
19
6
271
6 At
3 ,
22 19
6 : z
4
22
3  6
2
19 65

At
2 , 0: z
4
21
21
2   5
0
42 At
2 , 0:
21
z
4
21
2   0
42

At
0, 0: z
4
0  5
0
0 At
0, 0: z
4
0  0
0

at
. The maximum value is 42 at
2 , 0.
271 22 19 21
The maximum value is 6 3, 6

33. Objective function: z
2.5x  y y

Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 3x  5y ≤ 15, 5x  2y ≤ 10 (0, 3)

( 2019 , 4519 (
At
0, 0: z
0 2

At
2, 0: z
5 1

At
20
19 , 19 : z
19
5
45 95
(2, 0)
x
(0, 0) 1 3
At
0, 3: z
3
The maximum value of 5 occurs at any point on the line segment
connecting
2, 0 and
20
19 , 19 .
45
690 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

34. Objective function: z
x  y 35. Objective function: z
x  2y

Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x  y ≤ 1, x  2y ≤ 4 Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x ≤ 10, x  y ≤ 7
At
0, 0: z
0  0
0 At
0, 0: z
0  2
0
0
At
0, 1: z
0  1
1 At
0, 7: z
0  2
7
14
At
2, 3: z
2  3
5 At
7, 0: z
7  2
0
7
The constraints do not form a closed set of points. The constraint x ≤ 10 is extraneous.
Therefore, z
x  y is unbounded.
The maximum value of 14 occurs at
0, 7.
y
y

4
10
(2, 3)
3
(0, 7)
6

(0, 1) 4

2
(7, 0)
x x
(0, 0) 1 2 3 4 (0, 0) 2 4 6

36. Objective function: z
x  y y

Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x  y ≤ 0, 3x  y ≥ 3 3

The feasible set is empty.

x
−3 −2 1 2
−1

−2

37. Objective function: z
3x  4y 38. Objective function: z
x  2y

Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x  y ≤ 1, 2x  y ≤ 4 Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x  2y ≤ 4, 2x  y ≤ 4

At
0, 0: z
3
0  4
0
0 At
0, 0: z
0  2
0
0

At
0, 1: z
3
0  4
1
4 At
0, 2: z
0  2
2
4

At
43, 43 : z
43  2
43 
4
At
1, 0: z
3
1  4
0
3
At
2, 0: z
2  2
0
2
The constraint 2x  y ≤ 4 is extraneous.
The maximum value is 4 at any point along the line
The maximum value of 4 occurs at
0, 1. segment connecting
0, 2 and
43, 43 .
y
y

(0, 2)
3 ( 43 , 43 (
2
1
(0, 1)

(1, 0) (2, 0)
x x
(0, 0) 3 4
(0, 0) 1
 Section 7.6 Linear Programming 691

39. x
number of Model A 40. x
number of Model A

y
number of Model B y
number of Model B

Constraints: 2x  2.5y ≤ 4000 Constraints: 2.5x  3y ≤ 4000

4x  y ≤ 4800 2x  y ≤ 2500
x  0.75y ≤ 1500 0.75x  1.25y ≤ 1500
x ≥ 0
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0
y ≥ 0
Objective function: P
45x  50y
Objective function: P
50x  52y
Vertices:
Vertices:

0, 0,
0, 1600,
750, 1000,
1050, 600,
1200, 0
0, 0,
0, 1200,
4000
7 , 7 ,
1000, 500,
1250, 0
6000

At
0, 0: P
45
0  50
0
0 At
0, 0: P
50
0  52
0
0

At
0, 1600: P
45
0  50
1600
80,000 At
0, 1200: P
50
0  52
1200
62,400
At
750, 1000: P
45
750  50
1000
83,750 At
: P
50
4000
7   52
7   73,142.86
4000 6000 6000
7 , 7

At
1050, 600: P
45
1050  50
600
77,250 At
1000, 500: P
50
1000  52
500
76,000
At
1200, 0: P
45
1200  50
0
54,000 At
1250, 0: P
50
1250  52
0
62,500
The optimal profit of $83,750 occurs when 750 units of The optimal profit of $76,000 occurs when 1000 units of
Model A and 1000 units of Model B are produced. Model A and 500 units of Model B are produced.
y y

2000

(0, 1600) (750, 1000)

( 4000
7
, 6000
7 (
(0, 1200)
1000 (1050, 600) (1000, 500)
500
500
x
(0, 0) 500
x
500 (1250, 0)
(1200, 0)

41. x
number of $250 models y

y
number of $300 models

Constraints: 250x  300y ≤ 65,000 (0, 216 23 )
x y ≤ 250 200

x ≥ 0
100
y ≥ 0 (200, 50)
(0, 0)
Objective function: P
25x  40y 100 200
x

Vertices:
0, 0,
250, 0,
200, 50,
0, 21623 

(250, 0)

At
0, 0: P
25
0  40
0
0

At
250, 0: P
25
250  40
0
6250
At
200, 50: P
25
200  40
50
7000
At
0, 21623 : P
25
0  40
21623   8666.67
An optimal profit of $8640 occurs when 0 units of the $250 model and 216 units of the $300 model are stocked in inventory.

Note: A merchant cannot sell 23 of a unit.
692 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

42. x
number of acres for crop A 43. x
number of bags of Brand X

y
number of acres for crop B y
number of bags of Brand Y
y
Constraints: Constraints: y

x y ≤ 150 (60, 90)

2x  y ≥ 12 18
100
x 2y ≤ 240 (0, 120) 2x  9y ≥ 36
75
2x  3y ≥ 24 12 (0, 12)
0.3x  0.1y ≤ 30 (75, 75)
50 x ≥ 0 (3, 6)
x ≥ 0 6
25 y ≥ 0 (9, 2)
y ≥ 0 (0, 0) (100, 0)
x
(18, 0)
x
25 50 75 125 Objective function: 12 18

Objective function: C
25x  20y

P
140x  235y Vertices:
0, 12,
3, 6,
9, 2,
18, 0
Vertices:
0, 0,
100, 0,
0, 120,
60, 90,
75, 75 At
0, 12: C
25
0  20
12
240
At
0, 0: P
140
0  235
0
0 At
3, 6: C
25
3  20
6
195
At
100, 0: P
140
100  235
0
14,000 At
9, 2: C
25
9  20
2
265
At
0, 120: P
140
0  235
120
28,200 At
18, 0: C
25
18  20
0
450
At
60, 90 : P
140
60  235
90
29,550 To optimize cost, use three bags of Brand X and
At
75, 75: P
140
75  235
75
28,125 six bags of Brand Y for an optimal cost of $195.

To optimize the profit, the fruit grower should plant 60

acres of crop A and 90 acres of crop B. The optimal
profit is $29,550.

44. (a) x
the proportion of regular gasoline (c) y

y
the proportion of premium

C
1.84x  2.03y 3
4

1
(b) The constraints are: 2
( 23 , 13 (
x y
1 1
4

87x  93y ≥ 89
x
x ≥ 0 1
4
1
2
3
4
y ≥ 0

(d) Actually the only points of the plane which satisfy all (e) The optimal cost is C
1.84
23   2.03
13 
$1.90.
the constraints are the points of the line segment con-
(f) This is lower than the national average of $1.96.
necting (0, 1) and
3, 3 . Evaluate C
1.84x  2.03y
2 1

at the two endpoints to find that the lower cost occurs

at
23, 13 .

45. x
number of audits y At
0, 0: R
2500
0  350
0
0

y
number of tax returns At
12, 0: R
2500
12  350
0
30,000
Constraints: (0, 62) At (5, 42: R
2500
5  350
42
27,200
(5, 42)
75x  12.5y ≤ 900 40
At
0, 62: R
2500
0  350
62
21,700
10x  2.5y ≤ 155 20

x ≥ 0 (0, 0)
x
The revenue will be optimal if 12 audits and 0 tax returns are
−3 3 6 9 15 done each week. The optimal revenue is $30,000.
y ≥ 0 − 20
(12, 0)

Objective function:
R
2500x  350y
Vertices:
0, 0,
12, 0,
5, 42,
0, 62
 Section 7.6 Linear Programming 693

46. The modified objective function is R
2000x  350y.

The vertices of the region are at
0, 0,
0, 62,
5, 42, and
12, 0.
At
0, 0: R
2000
0  350
0
0
At
0, 62: R
2000
0  350
62
21,700
At
5, 42: R
2000
5  350
42
24,700
At
12, 0: R
2000
12  350
0
24,000
The optimal revenue of $24,700 occurs with 5 audits and 42 tax returns.

47. x
amount of Type A y

y
amount of Type B 250,000

(62,500, 187,500)
Constraints: x  y ≤ 250,000 187,500

≥ 4
250,000
1
x 125,000
y ≥ 4
250,000
1
(187,500, 62,500)

Objective Function: P
0.08x  0.10y x

125,000 187,500
Vertices:
62,500, 62,500,
62,500, 187,500,
187,500, 62,500 (62,500, 62,500)

At
62,500, 62,500: P
0.08
62,500  0.10
62,500
$11,250

At
62,500, 187,500: P
0.08
62,500  0.10
187,500
$23,750
At
187,500, 62,500: P
0.08
187,500  0.10
62,500
$21,250

To obtain an optimal return the investor should allocate $62,500 to Type A and $187,500 to Type B.
The optimal return is $23,750.

48. x
amount in investment of Type A; y
amount in investment of Type B y

Constraints: x  y ≤ 450,000 400,000

x ≥ 225,000 300,000
(225,000, 225,000)
y ≥ 112,500 200,000
(337,500, 112,500)
Objective function: R
0.06x  0.1y
Vertices:
225,000, 112,500,
337,500, 112,500,
225,000, 225,000 x
100,000 400,000
(225,000, 112,500)
At
225,000, 112,500: R
0.06
225,000  0.1
112,500
24,750
At
337,500, 112,500: R
0.06
337,500  0.1
112,500
31,500
At
225,000, 225,000: R
0.06
225,000  0.1
225,000
36,000

The optimal return of $36,000 occurs for an investment of $225,000 to Type A and $225,000 to Type B.

49. True. The objective function has a maximum value at any point on the line segment connecting the two vertices.
Both of these points are on the line y
x  11 and lie between
4, 7 and
8, 3.

50. True. If an objective function has a maximum value at more than one vertex, then any point on the line segment
connecting the points will produce the maximum value.
694 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

51. Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x  3y ≤ 15, 4x  y ≤ 16 y

(0, 5)
Vertex Value of z
3x  ty
(3, 4)
4

0, 0 z
0
3

0, 5 z
5t 2

3, 4 z
9  4t 1
(0, 0) (4, 0)
x

4, 0 z
12 −1 1 2 3

(a) For the maximum value to be at
0, 5, z
5t must be (b) For the maximum value to be at
3, 4, z
9  4t must
greater than or equal to z
9  4t and z
12. be greater than or equal to z
5t and z
12.
5t ≥ 9  4t and 5t ≥ 12 9  4t ≥ 5t and 9  4t ≥ 12
12
t ≥ 9 t ≥ 5 9 ≥ t 4t ≥ 3
3
Thus, t ≥ 9. t ≥ 4
3
Thus, 4 ≤ t ≤ 9.

52. Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x  2y ≤ 4, x  y ≤ 1 y

z
3x  ty 4

3
At
0, 0: z
3
0  t
0
0 (0, 2)

At
1, 0: z
3
1  t
0
3 (2, 1)

1

At
2, 1: z
3
2  t
1
6  t x

(0, 0) (1, 0) 3 4
At
0, 2: z
3
0  t
2
2t

(a) For the maximum value to be at
2, 1, z
6  t must (b) For maximum value to be at
0, 2, z
2t must be
be greater than or equal to z
2t and z
3. greater than or equal to z
6  t and z
3.
6  t ≥ 2t and 6t ≥ 3 2t ≥ 6  t and 2t ≥ 3
6 ≥ t t ≥ 3 t ≥ 6 t ≥ 3
2

Thus, 3 ≤ t ≤ 6. Thus, t ≥ 6.

53. There are an infinite number of objective functions that 54. There are an infinite number of objective functions that
would have a maximum at
0, 4. One such objective would have a maximum at
4, 3. One such objective
function is z
x  5y. function is z
x  y.

55. There are an infinite number of objective functions that 56. There are an infinite number of objective functions that
would have a maximum at
5, 0. One such objective would have a minimum at
5, 0. One such objective
function is z
4x  y. function is z
10x  y.

9 9
x x 9 x 9 9
57.

6  2x

 2
3  x
2
3  x
2
x  3, x0
 
6 x
2
x x

x2
1  x 
2
x x2 x x2 x 1
58.
4

2
x 4


x
 x2  4
x

x  2
x  2
x  2, x  0, 2
x
x x
 Section 7.6 Linear Programming 695

4
x  2  2
x2  9 x3

x  9  x  2 x  1  2
4 2 1 1
2

x  2
x2  9 2
x  1
59.
60.


x  3 
x  3
x  3 x  3  
1 1 3 3

x2  9 2x  4x  2
2 2
x  12
2x2  4x  26 x2  9 x3 2
x  12



x  2
x2  9


2x 2
x  1 3
2
x2  2x  13
x  3
x  1


, x  1

x  2
2x 3
x2  2x  13

, x  ±3
x
x  2

61. e2x  2ex  15
0 62. e2x  10e x  24
0 63. 8
62  ex4
192

ex  5
ex  3
0
e x  4
e x  6
0 62  ex4
24
ex
5 or ex
3 ex
4 or e x
6 ex4
38
No real x
ln 3 x
ln 4 x
ln 6 ex4
38
solution. x  1.099
x  1.386 x  1.792 x

ln 38
4
x
4 ln 38
x  14.550

150
64.
75 65. 7 ln 3x
12 66. ln
x  92
2
ex  4
150
75ex  300 12 2 ln
x  9
2
ln 3x

7
75ex
450 ln
x  9
1
3x
e127
ex
6 x9
e
e127
x
ln 6 x
x
e9
3
x
ln 6 x  6.282
x  1.851
x  1.792


x  2 y  3 z
23


67. 68. 7x  3y  5z
28
2x  6y  z
17 4x  4z
16
5y  z
8 7x  2y  z
0


x  2y  3z
23


7x  3y  5z
28
2y  5z
29 2Eq.1  Eq.2 12y  8z
0
4Eq.1  7Eq.2
5y  z
8 5y  6z
28
1Eq.1  Eq.3


x  2y  3z
23


7x  3y  5z
28
2y  5z
29 12y  8z
0
5
 23
2z

161
2
 2Eq.2  Eq.3 112z
336
5Eq.2  12Eq.3
 23
161
⇒ z
7


2z 2 7x  3y  5z
28
2y  5
7
29 ⇒ y
3 3y  2z
0
14 Eq.2
z
3
 1121 Eq.3
x  2
3  3
7
23 ⇒ x  27
23
3y  2
3
0 ⇒ y
2
⇒ x
4
7x  3
2  5
3
28 ⇒ x
1
Solution:
4, 3, 7
Solution:
1, 2, 3
696 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

Review Exercises for Chapter 7


1. x  y
2

2. 2x  3y
3
xy
0 ⇒ x
y x y
0 ⇒ x
y
xx
2 2y  3y
3
2x
2 y
3
x
1 y
3
y
1 x
3
Solution:
1, 1 Solution:
3, 3

2 3
4.  x  5 y
5
1.25x
0.5x  y
0.75 ⇒ y
0.75  0.5x

3.
 4.5y
2.5 x  15 y
 45
1.25x  4.5
0.75  0.5x
2.5 Multiply both equations by 5 to clear the denominators.
1.25x  3.375  2.25x
2.5
3.50x
0.875
5x  2y
3
5x  y
4 ⇒ 5x
4  y

x
0.25
4  y  2y
3

y
0.625 4  y
3

Solution:
0.25, 0.625 y
7

5x
4  7
5x
11
x
11
5

Solution:
115, 7

  x2  y2
169
5. x2  y2
9 6.
3x  2y
39 ⇒ x
3
39  2y
1
x y
1 ⇒ x
y1

y  12  y2
9
 13
39  2y 2  y2
169
9
1521  156y  4y2  y2
169
1
2y  1
9
1521  156y  4y 2  9y 2
1521
y
4
13y 2  156y
0
x
5
13y
y  12
0 ⇒ y
0, 12
Solution:
5, 4
3
39  2
0
13
1
y
0: x

3
39  2
12
5
1
y
12: x

Solution:
13, 0,
5, 12

 xx

yy 3
7. y
2x2 8.
y
x4  2x2 ⇒ 2x2
x4  2x2 2
1
0
x4  4x2 y  3
y2  1
0
x2
x2  4 0
y2  y  2
0
x2
x  2
x  2 0

y  2
y  1 ⇒ y
2, 1
x
0, x
2, x
2
y
2: x
2  3
5
y
0, y
8, y
8
y
1: x
1  3
2
Solutions:
0, 0,
2, 8,
2, 8
Solution:
5, 2,
2, 1
 Review Exercises for Chapter 7 697

 
9. 2x  y
10 10. 8x  3y
3
x  5y
6 2x  5y
28
Point of intersection:
4, 2 The point of intersection appears to be at
1.5, 5.
y y
6
8
4
7
2
x 5
(1.5, 5)
−6 6 8 10
−2 4
−4 (4, −2) 3
−6 2

−8 1
x
−10 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


11. y
2x2  4x  1 y

y
x2  4x  3 21
18
Point of intersection:
1.41, 0.66,
1.41, 10.66 15
12
(−1.41, 10.66) 9

x
−3 −2 −1 3 4 5
−3 (1.41, − 0.66)

12. y2  2y  x
0 ⇒
y  12
1  x ⇒ y
1 ± 1  x 4

x  y
0 ⇒ y
x
Points of intersection:
0, 0 and
3, 3 −5 2

−2

2e  yy

02e⇒ y
2e 14. y
ln
x  1  3

13. x 4

x x
1
y
4 2x
Point of intersection:
0, 2 0 12
Point of intersection:
2
9.68, 0.84
−4
−6 6

−6

15. Let x
number of kits.

C
12x  50,000

16. y
35,000  0.015x
y
32,500  0.02x
35,000  0.015x
32,500  0.02x
R
25x
2500
0.005x
Break-even: R
C
$500,000
x
25x
12x  50,000
For the second offer to be better, you would have to sell
13x
50,000
more than $500,000 per year.
x  3846.15
You would need to sell 3847 kits to cover your costs.
698 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

17. 2l  2w
480
l
1.50w

18. 2l  2w
68
w
89l

2
1.50w  2w
480 2l  2
89 l
68

34
5w
480 9l
68
w
96 l
18
8
l
144 w
9l
16
The dimensions are 96  144 meters. The width of the rectangle is 16 feet, and the
length is 18 feet.


19. 2x  y
2 ⇒ 16x  8y
16
6x  8y
39 ⇒ 6x  8y
39
20.
40x  30y
24 ⇒ 40x  30y
24
20x  50y
14 ⇒ 40x  100y
28
22x
55 130y
52
x
55 5
22
2
y
25
Back-substitute x
52 into Equation 1. Back-substitute y
25 in Equation 1.
2
52   y
2 40x  30
25 
24
y
3 40x
12
Solution:
5
2, 3 3
x
10
Solution:
103 , 25 


21. 0.2x  0.3y
0.14 ⇒ 20x  30y
14 ⇒ 20x  30y
14
0.4x  0.5y
0.20 ⇒ 4x  5y
2 ⇒ 20x  25y
10
5y
4
y
45
4
Back-substitute y
into Equation 2.
5

4x  5
45 
2
4x
2
x
 12
Solution:
 2, 5 

0.5, 0.8
1 4


22. 12x  42y
17 ⇒ 36x  126y
51 3x  2y
0 ⇒ 3x  2y
0
3x  2
y  5
10 ⇒ 3x  2y
0
23.
30x  18y
19 ⇒ 210x  126y
133
246x
82 6x
0
1
x
3 x
0
Back-substitute x
13 in Equation 1. Back-substitute x
0 into Equation 1.
12
1
3   42y
17 3
0  2y
0
42y
21 2y
0
y
 12 y
0
Solution:
13,  12  Solution:
0, 0

Back-substitute x
3 in Equation 1.

24. 7x  12y
63
2x  3
y  2
21 7
3  12y
63

7x2x  12y3y

6315 ⇒ 7x  12y
63

⇒ 8x  12y
60
12y
84
y
7
x
3
Solution:
3, 7
 Review Exercises for Chapter 7 699

25.
1.25x5x  2y8y

3.5 ⇒ 5x  8y
14
14 ⇒ 5x  8y
14 
26. 1.5x  2.5y
8.5 ⇒ 3x  5y
17
6x  10y
24 ⇒ 3x  5y
12
0
0 0
5
There are infinitely many solutions. The system is inconsistent. There is no solution.
8 14
Let y
a, then 5x  8a
14 ⇒ x
5a  5.

Solution:
8
5a  14
5, a where a is any real number.

 
27. x  5y
4 ⇒ x  5y
4 28. 3x  y
7
x  3y
6 ⇒ x  3y
6 9x  3y
21
8y
2 ⇒ y
 41 3x  y
7 ⇒ y
3x  7;
Matches graph (d). The system has one solution and is The graph contains
0, 7 and
2, 1.
consistent. 9x  3y
21 ⇒ 3y
9x  21 ⇒ y
3x  7;
The graph is the same as the previous graph.
The graph of the system matches (c). The system has
infinitely many solutions and is consistent.

6x3x  2yy

87 ⇒ 
29. ⇒ 6x  2y
14 30. 2x  y
3
6x  2y
8 x  5y
4
0  22 2x  y
3 ⇒ y
2x  3 ⇒ y
2x  3;
Matches graph (b). The system has no solution and is The graph contains
0, 3 and
2, 1.
inconsistent. x  5y
4 ⇒ 5y
x  4 ⇒ y
 15x  45;

The graph contains
0, 45  and
4, 0.

The graph of the system matches (a). The system has one
solution and is consistent.

31. 37  0.0002x
22  0.00001x 32. 45  0.0002x
120  0.0001x

15
0.00021x 0.0003x
75
500,000 159 x
250,000 units
x
,p

7 7 p
$95.00


500,000 159 Point of equilibrium:
250,000, 95
Point of equilibrium: ,
7 7

 
33. x  4y  3z
3 34. x  7y  8z
85
y  z
1 y  9z
35
z
5 z
3
y 
5
1 ⇒ y
4 y  9
3
35 ⇒ y
8
x  4
4  3
5
3 ⇒ x
2 x  7
8  8
3
85 ⇒ x
5

Solution:
2, 4, 5 Solution:
5, 8, 3

700 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities


x 3y  z


35. x 2y  6z
4 36. 13 Equation 1
3x  2y  z
4 2x  5z
23 Equation 2
4x  2z
16 4x  y  2z
14 Equation 3


x 3y  z
13


x 2y  6z
4
8y  17z
8 3Eq.1  Eq.2 6y  3z
3
2Eq.1  Eq.2
8y  22z
0 4Eq.1  Eq.3 13y  2z
38
4Eq.1  Eq.3


x 3y  z
13


x 2y  6z
4
8y  17z
8 6y  3z
3
5z
8 Eq.2  Eq.3
17 63
2z
2
 136 Eq.2  Eq.3


x 3y  z


x 2y  6z
4 13
8y  17z
8 y 1

1

 16 Eq.2
2z 2
z
 85  15Eq.3 63
z
 17
172 Eq.3
8y  17

8
 85 22
⇒ y
5
y 1

 6317 
12 ⇒ y
40

x  2
  6

4
22 2 17
 85 24
⇒ x

x  3
40
17  
 17 
13
5 5 63 38
⇒ x
17
Solution:
5 , 5 ,  5 
24 22 8
Solution:
38
17 , 17 ,  17 
40 63


 6z
9


37. x  2y  z
6 38. 2x Equation 1
2x  3y
7 3x  2y  11z
16 Equation 2
x  3y  3z
11 3x  y  7z
11 Equation 3


x  2y  5z

 1Eq.2  Eq.1

x  2y  z
6 7
y  2z
5 2Eq.1  Eq.2 3x  2y  11z
16
y  2z
5 Eq.1  Eq.3 3x  y  7z
11


x  2y  5z


x  2y  z
6 7
y  2z
5 4y  4z
5 3Eq.1  Eq.2
0
0 Eq.2  Eq.3 5y  8z
10 3Eq.1  Eq.3


Let z
a, then: x  2y  5z
7
4y  4z
5
y
2a  5
3y
0
2Eq.2  Eq.3
x  2
2a  5  a
6


x  2y  5z
7
x  3a  10
6 y z
5

14 Eq.2
4
x
3a  4 y
0
 13 Eq.3
Solution:
3a  4, 2a  5, a where a is any real number.
0  z
⇒ z
 545
4
x  2
0  5
 54 
7 ⇒ x
 34
Solution:
 4, 0,  4 
3 5

 
39. 5x  12y  7z
16 ⇒ 15x  36y  21z
48
3x  7y  4z
9 ⇒ 15x  35y  20z
45 
40. 2x  5y  19z
34 ⇒ 6x  15y  57z
102
3x  8y  31z
54 ⇒ 6x  16y  62z
108
y  z
3 y  5z
6
Let z
a. Then y
a  3 and Let z
a. Then:
5x  12
a  3  7a
16 ⇒ x
a  4. y  5a
6 ⇒ y
5a  6
Solution:
a  4, a  3, a where a is any real number. 2x  5
5a  6  19a
34 ⇒ x
3a  2
Solution:
3a  2, 5a  6, a where a is any
real number.
 Review Exercises for Chapter 7 701

41. y
ax2  bx  c through
0, 5,
1, 2, and
2, 5. 42. y
ax2  bx  c through
5, 6,
1, 0,
2, 20.

0, 5: 5
c ⇒ c
5
5, 6: 6
25a  5b  c

1, 2: 2
a  b  c ⇒

2, 5: 5
4a  2b  c ⇒ a
2a
b
3
b
5

1, 0: 0
a  b  c ⇒ c
a  b

2, 20: 20
4a  2b  c
2a
a
b
5
 b
3
a
2 24a3a  6bb

620 ⇒ 24a  6b
6
⇒ 24a  8b
160
b
1 14b
154
The equation of the parabola is y
2x2  x  5. b
11
10
3a  11
20 ⇒ a
3
c
3  11 ⇒ c
14
−5 5
The equation of the parabola 24

is y
3x2  11x  14.

−10
−12 12

−24

43. x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F
0 through
1, 2,
5, 2 and
2, 1.

1,2: 5  D  2E  F
0 ⇒ D  2E  F
5



5,2: 29  5D  2E  F
0 ⇒ 5D  2E  F
29

2, 1: 5  2D  E  F
0 ⇒ 2D  E  F
5
From the first two equations we have
6D
24
D
4.
Substituting D
4 into the second and third equations yields:


20  2E  F
29 ⇒ 2E  F
9
8  E  F
5 ⇒ E  F
3
3E
12
E
4
F
1
The equation of the circle is x2  y2  4x  4y  1
0. 4

To verify the result using a graphing utility, solve the equation for y.
−6 9

x 2  4x  4 
y 2  4y  4
1  4  4

x  22 
y  22
9 −6

y  2
9 
x  2
2 2

y
2 ± 9 
x  22
Let y1
2  9 
x  22 and y2
2  9 
x  22.
702 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

44. x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F
0 through
1, 4,
4, 3,
2, 5. To verify the result using a graphing utility, solve the
equation for y.

1, 4: 17  D  4E  F
0

4, 3: 25  4D  3E  F
0
x 2  2x  1 
y 2  2y  1
23  1  1

2, 5: 29  2D  5E  F
0
x  12 
y  12
25

y  12
25 
x  12


D  4E  F
17 Equation 1
4D  3E  F
25 Equation 2 y
1 ± 25 
x  12
2D  5E  F
29 Equation 3
Let y1
1  25 
x  12 and


D  4E  F
17 y2
1  25 
x  12.
 13E  3F
43
4Eq.1  Eq.2
7
 3E  3F
63
2Eq.1  Eq.3


D  4E  F
17 −10 11
 3E  3F
63 Interchange equations.
 13E  3F
43
−7


D  4E  F
17
 3E  3F
63
10F
230
 133 Eq.2  Eq.3
F
23, E
2, D
2
The equation of the circle is x 2  y 2  2x  2y  23
0.

45.
3, 101.7,
4, 108.4,
5, 121.1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
(a) n
3,
x
12,
x
i
1
i
i
1
i

2 50,
x
i
1
i

3 216,
x
i
1
i

4 962,
y
331.2,
x y
1344.2,
x
i
1
i
i
1
i i
i
1
2
i yi
5677.2


3c  12b  50a
331.2
12c  50b  216a
1344.2
50c  216b  962a
5677.2

Solving this system yields c
117.6, b
14.3, a
3.

Quadratic model: y
3x2  14.3x  117.6
(b) 130 The model is a good fit (c) For 2008, use x
8:
to the data. The actual y
3
82  14.3
8  117.6
points lie on the parabola.
195.2 million online shoppers
This answer seems reasonable.
0 6
80

46. From the following chart we obtain our system of equations. 47. Let x
amount invested at 7%
y
amount invested at 9%
A B C
1 2 2 z
amount invested at 11%.
Mixture X 5 5 5
y
x  3000 and
Mixture Y 0 0 1 z
x  5000 ⇒ y  z
2x  8000
1 1 1
Mixture Z


3 3 3 x y z
40,000
Desired Mixture 6
27
8
27
13
27
0.07x  0.09y  0.11z
3500
y z
2x  8000
1
 13z
6
5x
2
5x  13z
x

27
8
27
10
27 , z
12
27
x 
2x  8000
40,000 ⇒ x
16,000
y
16,000  3000 ⇒ y
13,000
2
 y  13z
13 5
5x 27 ⇒ y
27 z
16,000  5000 ⇒ z
11,000
To obtain the desired mixture, use 10 gallons of spray X, 5 Thus, $16,000 was invested at 7%, $13,000 at 9% and
gallons of spray Y, and 12 gallons of spray Z. $11,000 at 11%.
 Review Exercises for Chapter 7 703

48. s
12at2  v0 t  s0
(a) When t
1: s
134: 2a
12  v0
1  s0
134 ⇒ a  2v0  2s0
268
1

When t
2: s
86: 2a
22  v0
2  s0
86 ⇒ 2a  2v0  s0
86

1

When t
3: s
6: 2a
32  v0
3  s0
6 ⇒ 9a  6v0  2s0
12

1


a  2v0  2s0
268
2a  2v0  s0
86
9a  6v0  2s0
12


a  2v0  2s0
268
 2v0  3s0
450
2Eq.1  Eq.2
 12v0  16s0
2400
9Eq.1  Eq.3


a  2v0  2s0
268
 2v0  3s0
450
3v0  4s0
600
 14 Eq.3


a  2v0  2s0
268
 2v0  3s0
450
s0
150 3Eq.2  2Eq.3
s0
150 ⇒ s0
150
2v0  3
150
450 ⇒ v0
0
a  2
0  2
150
268 ⇒ a
32
The position equation is s
2
32t2 
0t  150, or s
16t2  150.
1

(b) When t
1: s
184: 2a
12  v0
1  s0
184 ⇒ a  2v0  2s0
368

1

When t
2: s
116: 2a
22  v0
2  s0
116 ⇒ 2a  2v0  s0
116

1

When t
3: s
16: 2a
32  v0
3  s0
16 ⇒ 9a  6v0  2s0
32

1


a  2v0  2s0
368
2a  2v0  s0
116
9a  6v0  2s0
32


a  2v0  2s0
368
 2v0  3s0
620
2Eq.1  Eq.2
 12v0  16s0
3280
9Eq.1  Eq.3


a  2v0  2s0
368
 2v0  3s0
620
3v0  4s0
820
 14 Eq.3


a  2v0  2s0
368
 2v0  3s0
620
s0
220 3Eq.2  2Eq.3
s0
220 ⇒ s0
220
2v0  3
220
620 ⇒ v0
20
a  2
20  2
220
368 ⇒ a
32
The position equation is s
2
32t2 
20t  220, or s
16t2  20t  220.
1

3 3 A B x8 x8 A B
49.

 50.


x2  20x x
x  20 x x  20 x2  3x  28
x  7
x  4 x  7 x  4

3x  4 3x  4 A B C x2 A Bx  C Dx  E
51.

 2 52.
 2  2
x3  5x2 x2
x  5 x x x5 x
x2  22 x x 2
x  22
704 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

4x A B x A B
53.
 54.

x2  6x  8 x  2 x  4 x2  3x  2 x  1 x  2
4  x
A
x  4  B
x  2 x
A
x  2  B
x  1
Let x
2: 6
2A ⇒ A
3 Let x
1: 1
A
Let x
4: 8
2B ⇒ B
4 Let x
2: 2
B ⇒ B
2
4x 3 4 x 1 2



x2  6x  8 x  2 x  4 x2  3x  2 x  1 x  2

x2 2x  15 9 A B
55.
1 2 56.

x  2x  15
2
x  2x  15 x2  9 x  3 x  3

2x  15 A B 9
A
x  3  B
x  3



x  5
x  3 x  5 x  3 3
Let x
3: 9
6A ⇒ A

2x  15
A
x  3  B
x  5 2

25 3
Let x
5: 25
8A ⇒ A
 Let x
3: 9
6B ⇒ B

8 2


9 9 1 3 3
Let x
3: 9
8B ⇒ B


8 x2  9 2 x  3 x  3

x2 25 9

1 
x2  2x  15 8
x  5 8
x  3

x2  2x x2  2x A Bx  C 4x A B
57.

 2 58.

x3  x2  x  1
x  1
x2  1 x  1 x 1 3
x  12 x  1
x  12
x2  2x
A
x2  1 
Bx  C
x  1 4
x
A
x  1  B

Ax2 A Bx2  Bx  Cx  C 3

A  B x2 
B  Cx 
A  C 4
Let x
1:
B
3
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1
A  B,
2
B  C, and 0
A  C. Adding both sides of all 8 4 4
Let x
2:
A ⇒ A

three equations gives 3
2A. Therefore, 3 3 3
A
32, B
 12, and C
32.
4x 4 4
3 1 3

x2  2x 2 2 x  2 3
x  12 3
x  1 3
x  12

 2
x  x2  x  1
3
x1 x 1
x3


1
 3

2 x  1 x2  1
3x3  4x Ax  B Cx  D 4x2 A Bx  C
59.
2  2 60.
 2

x2  12 x 1
x  12
x  1
x2  1 x  1 x 1

3x3  4x

Ax  B
x2  1  Cx  D 4x2
A
x2  1 
Bx  C
x  1

Ax3  Bx2 
A  Cx 
B  D
Ax2  A  Bx2  Bx  Cx  C

Equating coefficients of like powers:

A  Bx2 
B  Cx 
A  C

3
A Equating coefficients of like terms gives 4
A  B,

0
B  C, and 0
A  C. Adding both sides of all
0
B three equations gives 4
2A, so A
2. Then B
2 and
4
3C ⇒ C
1 C
2.

0
BD ⇒ D
0 4x2 2 2x  2



x  1
x2  1 x  1 x2  1
3x3  4x 3x x



x2  12 x2  1
x2  12
2 x 1 1  xx  11
2
 Review Exercises for Chapter 7 705

61. y ≤ 5  12 x
y
62. 3y  x ≥ 7 y

10
8
8
6 6

4 4
2
x
−2 2 4 6 8 10 x
−2
−6 −4 −2 2
−4 −2

3
63. y  4x2 > 1 y
64. y ≤ y
x2  2
4 4
3
3
Using a solid line, graph 2
2 3
y
2 , and shade
1 x 2 − 4 − 3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x
−1
x below the curve. Use
0, 0
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −2
as a test point. −3
−2 −4


y
65. x  2y ≤ 160
3x  y ≤ 180 100

x ≥ 0 (0, 80)

y ≥ 0 60 (40, 60)

40

20
(0, 0) (60, 0)
x
20 40 80 100

Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C Vertex D

x  2y
160 x  2y
160 3x  y
180 x
0
3x  y
180 x
0 y
0 y
0

40, 60
0, 80
60, 0
0, 0


66. 2x  3y ≤ 24 y

2x  y ≤ 16 16
x ≥ 0
12
y ≥ 0
Vertices:
0, 0,
0, 8,
6, 4,
8, 0 (0, 8)
(6, 4)
4

(0, 0)
x
4 (8, 0) 12 16


y
67. 3x  2y ≥ 24
x  2y ≥ 12 16 (2, 15)
2 ≤ x ≤ 15 (15, 15)
12
y ≤ 15 (2, 9)
8

4 (15, − 32 (
(6, 3)
x
4 12

Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C Vertex D Vertex E

3x  2y
24 3x  2y
24 x
2 x
15 x  2y
12
x  2y
12 x
2 y
15 y
15 x
15

6, 3
2, 9
2, 15
15, 15
15,  32 
706 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

  yy <> xx  11
68. 2x  y ≥ 16 69.
x  3y ≥ 18 2

0 ≤ x ≤ 25 Vertices:
0 ≤ y ≤ 25
x  1
x2  1
Vertices:
6, 4,
0, 16,
0, 25,
25, 25,
25, 0,
18, 0
0
x2  x  2

x  1
x  2
y

(0, 25) (25, 25) x
1 or x
2 y

y
0 or y
3 6
5
(0, 16)
15
1, 0
2, 3 4
(2, 3)
3
10 2

5 (6, 4)
(−1, 0)
(18, 0) (25, 0) x
x −4 − 3 1 2 3 4
5 15
−2


2x  3y ≥ 0

70. y ≤ 6  2x  x2 71. y

y ≥ x6 2x  y ≤ 8 8
y ≥ 0
Vertices: x  6
6  2x  x2 6

x2  3x
0 4
(6, 4)
2
x
x  3
0 ⇒ x
0, 3 (0, 0) (4, 0)
x

0, 6,
3, 3

2 4 6 8
y
−2

(0, 6) Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C

(− 3, 3)
4 2x  3y
0 2x  3y
0 2x  y
8
2 2x  y
8 y
0 y
0
x
6, 4
0, 0
4, 0
−6 −2 4
−2

73. x
number of units of Product I

 x2  y2 ≤ 9 ⇒ y2 ≤ 9  x2
72.

x  32  y2 ≤ 9 ⇒ y2 ≤ 9  (x  32 y
number of units of Product II
Vertices: 9 x2
9 
x  3 2


20x  30y ≤ 24,000

x  3  2 x2
0 12x  8y ≤ 12,400
x ≥ 0
x2  6x  9  x2
0
y ≥ 0
3
x
1600
2

32, ±
33
2 − 400 1600

y −400

4 ( 32 , 3 2 3 (
2

x
−4 2 4 8

−4
( 32 , − 3 2 3 (
−6
 Review Exercises for Chapter 7 707

74. (a) Let x
amount of Food X., (b) y (c) Answers may vary. For example,

15, 8 or
16, 9 represent accept-
Let y
amount of Food Y.
25 able quantities
x, y for Foods X


12x  15y ≥ 300 20
and Y.
10x  20y ≥ 280
20x  12y ≥ 300 10
x ≥ 0 5
y ≥ 0 x
5 10 20 25

75. (a) p Consumer Surplus 76. (a) p

Consumer Surplus
Producer Surplus Producer Surplus
175 200
p = 160 − 0.0001x
150 p = 130 − 0.0002x
150
125 (200,000, 90)
100 (300,000, 130) 100

75
50
50 p = 70 + 0.0002x p = 30 + 0.0003x
x x
100,000 200,000 300,000 100,000 300,000

160  0.0001x
70  0.0002x 130  0.0002x
30  0.0003x

90
0.0003x 100
0.0005x
x
300,000 units x
200,000 units
p
$130 p
$90
Point of equilibrium:
300,000, 130 Point of equilibrium:
200,000, 90

2
300,000
30
1
(b) Consumer surplus:
$4,500,000 (b) Consumer surplus: 2
200,000
40
$4,000,000
1

Producer surplus: 2
300,000
60
$9,000,000

1
Producer surplus: 2
200,000
60
$6,000,000
1

77. Objective function: z
3x  4y 78. z
10x  7y

At
0, 100: z
10
0  7
100
700


Constraints: x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0 At
25, 50: z
10
25  7
50
600
2x  5y ≤ 50
4x  y ≤ 28
At
75, 0: z
10
75  7
0
750

At
0, 0: z
0 The minimum value is 600 at
25, 50.

At
0, 10: z
40 There is no maximum value.

y
At
5, 8: z
47
100 (0, 100)
At
7, 0: z
21
75
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0.
50
(25, 50)
The maximum value is 47 at
5, 8.
25
y
(75, 0)
x
15 25 75 100

12
(0, 10)
9 (5, 8)

3
(0, 0) (7, 0)
x
3 6 9 12 15
708 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

79. Objective function: z
1.75x  2.25y 80. z
50x  70y


Constraints: x ≥ 0 y
At
0, 0: z
50
0  70
0
0
y ≥ 0 27
(0, 25)
At
0, 750: z
50
0  70
750
52,500
24
2x  y ≥ 25 21

3x  2y ≥ 45 18 At
500, 500: z
50
500  70
500
60,000

15 (5, 15)
12 At
700, 0: z
50
700  70
0
35,000
At
0, 25: z
56.25 9
6 The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0.
At
5, 15: z
42.5 3 (15, 0)
x The maximum value is 60,000 at
500, 500.
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
At
15, 0: z
26.25
y

The minimum value is 26.25 at
15, 0.

(0, 750)
Since the region in unbounded, there is no maximum value.
600
(500, 500)

400

200

(0, 0) (700, 0)
x
200 400 600 800

81. Objective function: z
5x  11y 82. z
2x  y


Constraints: x ≥ 0 y At
0, 10: z
2
0  10
10
y ≥ 0 At
2, 5: z
2
2  5
1
6
x  3y ≤ 12
3x  2y ≤ 15
5
(0, 4)
At
7, 0: z
2
7  0
14
4

At
0, 0: z
0 3
(3, 3) The minimum value is 14 at
7, 0.

At
5, 0: z
25
2 There is no maximum value.
1
(0, 0) (5, 0) y
At
3, 3: z
48 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 (0, 10)
10
At
0, 4: z
44
The minimum value is 0 at
0, 0.
6
(2, 5)
The maximum value is 48 at
3, 3. 4

2
(7, 0)
x
2 6 10

83. Let x
number of haircuts y

y
number of permanents. 25

20
(0, 1447)
Objective function: Optimize R
25x  70y subject
to the following constraints: 15


10
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0 5
(72, 0)

20
60 x 
60 y ≤ 24 ⇒ 2x  7y ≤ 144
70 (0, 0)
x
20 40 60

At
0, 0: R
0
At
72, 0: R
1800
At
0, 144
7 : R
1440

The revenue is optimal if the student does 72 haircuts

and no permanents. The maximum revenue is $1800.
 Review Exercises for Chapter 7 709

84. x
number of walking shoes

y
number of running shoes
Objective function: Optimize P
18x  24y subject to the following constraints:


4x  2y ≤ 24 y

x  2y ≤ 9 12

x y ≤ 8 10

x ≥ 0 6
y ≥ 0
( )9
0, 2 (5, 2)
At
0, 0: P
18
0  24
0
0
x
(0, 0) 2 (6, 0) 8 12
At
6, 0: P
18
6  24
0
108
At
5, 2: P
18
5  24
2
138
At
0, 2 : P
19
0  24
2 
108
9 9

The optimal profit of $138 occurs when 5 walking shoes and 2 running shoes are produced.

85. Let x
the number of bags of Brand X, and y

y
the number of bags of Brand Y.

Objective function: Optimize C
15x  30y. 8 (0, 8)


8x  2y ≥ 16 (1, 4)
x y ≥ 5 4
(3, 2)
Constraints: 2x  7y ≥ 20 2
(10, 0)
x ≥ 0 x
4 8 10
y ≥ 0
At
0, 8: C
15
0  30
8
240
At
1, 4: C
15
1  30
4
135
At
3, 2: C
15
3  30
2
105
At
10, 0: C
15
10  30
0
150
To optimize cost, use three bags of Brand X and two bags of Brand Y. The minimum cost is $105.

86. x
fraction of regular y

y
fraction of premium (0, 1)


87x  93y ≥ 89
x y
1 1
Constraints:
x ≥ 0
2 ( 23 , 13(
y ≥ 0
x
Objective function: Minimize C
1.63x  1.83y. 1
2
1

Note that the “region” defined by the constraints is actually the

line segment connecting
0, 1 and
23, 13 .
At
0, 1: C
1.63
0  1.83
1
1.83
At
23, 13 : C
1.63
23   1.83
13 
1.70
The minimum cost is $1.70 and occurs with a mixture of 32 gallon of regular and 13 gallon of premium.

87. False. The system y ≤ 5, y ≥ 2, y ≤ 72 x  9, and y ≤  72 x  26 represents the

region covered by an isosceles trapezoid.
710 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

88. False. A linear programming problem either has one
optional solution or infinitely many optimal solutions.
(However, in real-life situations where the variables must
have integer values, it is possible to have exactly ten
integer-valued solutions.)
90. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
solution 5, 4. One possible system is:
89. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
solution 6, 8. One possible solution is:

xx
 yy  142
91. There are infinite linear systems with the solution  43, 3.
One possible solution is:

3xx 
yy  119
6x3x

3yy  71

92. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the 93. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
solution 1, 94 . One possible system is: solution 4, 1, 3. One possible system is as follows:

x3x
 4y8y  2110

x
y
z6
x
yz0
xyz2

94. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the 95. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
solution 3, 5, 6. One possible system is: solution 5, 32, 2. One possible solution is:

x  2y
z  7 2x
2y  3z  7
2x
y  4z  25 x  2y
z  4
x
3y  z  12 x
4y  z  1

96. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the 97. A system of linear equations is inconsistent if it has
solution 4, 2, 8. One possible system is:
3
no solution.
4x
y  z  7
8x
3y
2z  16
4x  2y
3z  31

98. The lines are distinct and parallel. 99. If the solution to a system of equations is at fractional or
irrational values, then the substitution method may yield

2xx

2y4y  39 an exact answer. The graphical method works well when
the solution is at integer values, otherwise we can usually
only approximate the solution.

Problem Solving for Chapter 7

y
1. The longest side of the triangle is a diameter of the circle and has a length of 20.
12 (6, 8)
The lines y  2x
5 and y  2x
20 intersect at the point 6, 8.
1
(−10, 0)
8

The distance between 10, 0 and 6, 8 is: a b

c (10, 0)
d1  6  10
8  0  320  85
2 2
−8 −4 4 8
x

−4
The distance between 6, 8 and 10, 0 is:
−8
d2  10  62
0  82  80  45 − 12

Since 3202
802  202

400  400
the sides of the triangle satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem. Thus, the triangle is a right triangle.
 Problem Solving for Chapter 7 711

2. The system will have infinite solutions when the lines 3. The system will have exactly one solution when the slopes
coincide, or are identical. of the line are not equal.

2x3x
 k5yy  8k ⇒ 6x  10y  16 a e

ax
by  e ⇒ y   x

1 2 ⇒ 6x
3k1y  3k2 b b
c f
cx
dy  f ⇒ y   x

3k1  10 ⇒ k1   10
3
d d

3k2  16 ⇒ k2  16 a c
3  
b d
a c

b d
ad  bc

5xx  4y6y  313
4x2x 
3y6y  147

4. (a) Eq. 1 (b) Eq.1
Eq. 2 Eq.2
y y

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1
x x
−2 −1 1 3 4 5 6 −2 −1 1 2 4 5 6
−1 −1

−2 −2

−4 −4

x 14y4y  328 5Eq.1
Eq.2
2x  3y0  70 2Eq.1
Eq.2

y2 The lines coincide. Infinite solutions.
x  42  3 ⇒ x  5 3a
7
Let y  a, then 2x  3a  7 ⇒ x 
Solution: 5, 2 2

3a 2
7, a
y
Solution:
4
3
The solution(s) remain the same at each step of the process.
1
x
− 2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2
−3
−4

5. There are a finite number of solutions.

(a) If both equations are linear, (b) If one equation is linear and (c) If both equations are quadratic,
then the maximum number of the other is quadratic, then the then the maximum number of
solutions to a finite system is maximum number of solutions solutions to a finite system is
one. is two. four.
712 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

6. B  total votes cast for Bush

K  total votes cast for Kerry

BB
 KK
354,912  118,304,000
3,320,000

N  total votes cast for Nader

BB
 KK  117,949,088
3,320,000

B
K
N  118,304,000
BK  3,320,000 2B  121,269,088
N  0.003118,304,000 B  60,634,544
N  354,912 K  57,314,544

Bush: 60,634,544 votes

Kerry: 57,314,544 votes
Nader: 354,912 votes

7. The point where the two sections meet is at a depth 8. Let C  weight of a carbon atom.
of 10.1 feet. The distance between 0, 10.1 and
252.5, 0 is: Let H  weight of a hydrogen atom.

d  252.5  02
0  10.12  63858.26

2C
6H  30.07 ⇒ 8C
24H  120.28
3C
8H  44.097 ⇒ 9C  24H  132.291
d  252.7 C  12.011
Each section is approximately 252.7 feet long. C 12.011
y
H 1.008
Each carbon atom weighs 12.011 u.
10
(−252.5, 0) (252.5, 0)
x Each hydrogen atom weighs 1.008 u.
− 250 − 50 50 250

(0, −10.1)
2x − 50y = 505
2x + 50y = − 505 − 20

9. Let x  cost of the cable, per foot.

Let y  cost of a connector.

6x3x

2y2y  10.25

15.50 ⇒ 6x
2y  15.50
⇒ 3x  2y  10.25
3x  5.25
x 1.75
y 2.50
For a four-foot cable with a connector on each end the cost should be 41.75
22.50  $12.00

10. Let t  time that the 9:00 A.M. bus is on the road. d

1
Then t   time that the 9:15 A.M. bus is on the road.
4
40

30
d  30t
d  40t  14  20

40t  14   30t
10

t
40t  10  30t 1
−2
1
2
1 3
2
2

10t  10
t1
The 9:15 A.M. bus will catch up with the 9:00 A.M. bus in one hour. At that point both buses have traveled
30 miles and are 5 miles from the airport.
 Problem Solving for Chapter 7 713

1 1 1
11. Let X  , Y  , and Z  .
x y z

12 12
(a)   7 ⇒ 12X  12Y  7 ⇒ 12X  12Y  7
x y
3 4

 0 ⇒ 3X
4Y  0 ⇒ 9X
12Y  0
x y
21X 7
1
X
3
1
Y
4
1 1 1 1
Thus,  ⇒ x  3 and   ⇒ y  4.
x 3 y 4
Solution: 3, 4

2 1 3
(b)
  4 ⇒ 2X
Y  3Z  4 Eq.1
x y z
4 2

 10 ⇒ 4X
2Z  10 Eq.2
x z
2 3 13

  8 ⇒ 2X
3Y  13Z  8 Eq.3
x y z

2X
Y  3Z  4

2Y
8Z  2
4Y  16Z  4
2Eq.1
Eq.2
Eq.1
Eq.3
2X
Y  3Z  4

2Y
8Z  2
00 2Eq.2
Eq.3
The system has infinite solutions.
a
5
Let Z  a, then Y  4a  1 and X  .
2
1 1 1 1
Then a ⇒ z  4a  1 ⇒ y 
z a, y 4a  1
a
5 2
x ⇒ x .
2 a
5

Solution: a2
5, 4a 1 1, a1, a  5, 41, 0

12. Solution: 1, 2, 3

x
2y  3z  a ⇒ 1
22  33  12  a
x  y
z  b ⇒  1  2
3  4  b
2x
3y  2z  c ⇒ 21
32  23  10  c
Thus, a  12, b  4, and c  10.
714 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

13. Solution: 1, 1, 2

4x  2 y
5 z  16 Equation 1
x
y  0 Equation 2
x  3y
2z  6 Equation 3

(a) 4x  2y
5z  16
x
y  0
(b)

x4x  2y3y

5z2z  166

4xx
 2yy
5z  160 Interchange the equations.

x4x  2y3y

5z2z  166 Interchange the equations.

x
y  0
6y
5z  16 4Eq.1
Eq.2

x  14y3y

13z2z  406 4Eq.1
Eq.2
5a  16 5a
16
Let z  a, then y  and x  . 13b  40 11b
36
6 6 Let z  b, then y  and x 
14 14
Solution: 5a6
16, 5a 6 16, a Solution: 11b14
36, 13b14 40, b
When a  2 we have the original solution.
When b  2 we have the original solution.
(c)
x
y 0
x  3y
2z  6 (d) Each of these systems has infinite solutions.

x
y 0
2y
2z  6 Eq.1
Eq.2

Let z  c, then y  c  3 and x  c
3

Solution: c
3, c  3, c
When c  2 we have the original solution.

14. x1  x2
2x3
2x4
6x5  6
3x1  2x2
4x3
4x4
12x5  14
x2  x3  x4  3x5  3
2x1  2x2
4x3
5x4
15x5  10
2x1  2x2
4x3
4x4
13x5  13

x1  x2
2x3
2x4
6x5  6
x1  2 2Eq.1
Eq.2
x2  x3  x4  3x5  3
2x1  2x2
4x3
5x4
15x5  10
2x1  2x2
4x3
4x4
13x5  13

x1
x2  0 Eq.1
2Eq.3
x1  2
x2  x3  x4  3x5  3
2x1  2x2
4x3
5x4
15x5  10
2x1  2x2
4x3
4x4
13x5  13

x2  2 Eq.1  Eq.2
x1  2
x2  x3  x4  3x5  3
2x1  2x2
4x3
5x4
15x5  10
2x1  2x2
4x3
4x4
13x5  13

—CONTINUED—
 Problem Solving for Chapter 7 715

14. —CONTINUED—
Substitute into the subsequent equations and simplify:

x1  2
x2  2
2  x3  x4  3x5  3
22  22
4x3
5x4
15x5  10
22  22
4x3
4x4
13x5  13

x1  2
x2  2
x3  x4  3x5  1
4x3
5x4
15x5  2
4x3
4x4
13x5  5

x1  2
x2  2
x3
x4
3x5  1 Eq.3
x4
3x5  2 Eq.4
4Eq.3
x5  1 Eq.5
4Eq.3

x1  2
x2  2
x3  3 Eq.3  Eq.4
x4  5 Eq.4  3Eq.5
x5  1

15. t  amount of terrestrial vegetation in kilograms 16. x  number of inches by which a person’s height exceeds
4 feet 10 inches
a  amount of aquatic vegetation in kilograms
y  person’s weight in pounds
a
t ≤ 32 t

(a) y 91
3.7x (b) 300
0.15a ≥ 1.9 30 y ≤ 119
4.8x
193a
4193t ≥ 11,000 25
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
20

(c) For someone 6 feet tall,

x  14 inches.
10 0 45
0
5

−5 5 10 15 20 25 30
a Minimum weight: 91
3.714  142.8 pounds
−5
Maximum weight: 119
4.814  186.2 pounds

17. (a) x  HDL cholesterol (good) (c) y  120 is in the region since 0 < y < 130.

y  LDL cholesterol (bad) x  90 is in the region since 35 < x < 200.

x
y  210 is not in the region since x
y < 200.

0 < y < 130
x ≥ 35 (d) If the LDL reading is 150 and the HDL reading is 40, then
x
y ≤ 200 x ≥ 35 and x
y ≤ 200 but y < 130.
(b) y
x
y
(e) < 4
250 x
200 x
y < 4x
150 (70, 130)
y < 3x
100
(35,130) The point 50, 120 is in the region and 120 < 350.
50

x
50 100 150 250
716 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

Chapter 7 Practice Test

For Exercises 1–3, solve the given system by the method of substitution.

1. 3x  y  1

3x
y  15
2. x
3y 
3

x  6y 
2
5

x y z

3. 6
2x
y  3z  0
5x  2y
z 
3

4. Find the two numbers whose sum is 110 and product is 2800.

5. Find the dimensions of a rectangle if its perimeter is 170 feet and its area is
1500 square feet.

For Exercises 6–8, solve the linear system by elimination.

6. 2x  15y  4

x
3y  23

38x
19y  7
7. x y2

8. 0.4x  0.5y 
0.112

0.3x
0.7y 
0.131
9. Herbert invests $17,000 in two funds that pay 11% and 13% simple interest, respectively.
If he receives $2080 in yearly interest, how much is invested in each fund?

10. Find the least squares regression line for the points 4, 3, 1, 1, 
1,
2,
and 
2,
1.

For Exercises 11–12, solve the system of equations.

xy 
2 12. 3x  2y
z  5

6x

11.
2x
y  z  11 y  5z  2
4y
3z 
20

13. Find the equation of the parabola y  ax2  bx  c passing through the points
0,
1, 1, 4 and 2, 13.
 Practice Test for Chapter 7 717

For Exercises 14–15, write the partial fraction decomposition of the rational functions.

10x
17 x2  4
14. 15.
x2
7x
8 x 4  x2

16. Graph x2  y2 ≥ 9.

17. Graph the solution of the system.

xy ≤ 6

x ≥ 2
y ≥ 0

18. Derive a set of inequalities to describe the triangle with vertices 0, 0, 0, 7,
and 2, 3.

19. Find the maximum value of the objective function, z  30x  26y, subject to the following constraints.
x ≥ 0

y ≥ 0
2x  3y ≤ 21
5x  3y ≤ 30

20. Graph the system of inequalities.

x2  y2 ≤ 4

x
2  y
2 2 ≥ 4

For Exercises 21–22, write the partial fraction decomposition for the rational expression.
1
2x 6x
17
21. 22.
x2  x x
32
 C H A P T E R 8
Matrices and Determinants

Section 8.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

Section 8.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

Section 8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . 765

Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants . . . . . . . . 777

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816

C H A P T E R 8
Matrices and Determinants
Section 8.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations

■ You should be able to use elementary row operations to produce a row-echelon form (or reduced row-echelon
form) of a matrix.
1. Interchange two rows.
2. Multiply a row by a nonzero constant.
3. Add a multiple of one row to another row.
■ You should be able to use either Gaussian elimination with back-substitution or Gauss- Jordan elimination to
solve a system of linear equations.

Vocabulary Check
1. matrix 2. square 3. main diagonal
4. row; column 5. augmented 6. coefficient
7. row-equivalent 8. reduced row-echelon form 9. Gauss-Jordan elimination

1. Since the matrix has one row and 2. Since the matrix has one row and 3. Since the matrix has three rows and
two columns, its order is 1
2. four columns, its order is 1
4. one column, its order is 3
1.

4. Since the matrix has three rows and 5. Since the matrix has two rows and 6. Since the matrix has two rows and
four columns, its order is 3
4. two columns, its order is 2
2. three columns, its order is 2
3.


x  10y  2z  2
x4x  3y3y  512 
7. 8. 7x  4y  22 9.
5x  9y  15 5x  3y  4z  0
2x  y 6
3
5


4



7 4


22




1 3 12 5 9 15 1 10 2 2
5 3 4
0
2 1 0
6


x  8y  5z 
19x 
10. 8 11. 7x  5y  z  13 12. 9x  2y  3z  20
7x  15z  38  8z  10 25y  11z  5
3x  y  8z  20
5
3



197 1
8

13

90 252

20
5 


1 8 5 8 0 10 11
7 0 15
38
3 1 8
20


2 0 5 12

5




1 2 7 7 0
13. 14. 15. 0 1 2
7
2 3
4 8 3
2
6 3 0
2

2xx  2y3y  74 7x8x  5y3y  20


2x  5z  12
y  2z  7
6x  3y  2
719
720 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants



9 12 3 0 0 6 2 1 5 25




4 5 1 18
16. 11 0 6
25 17.
2 18 5 2
10
18.
1 0 7 3
7
3 8 0
29
1 7 8 0
4 4 1 10 6
23
3 0 2 0
10 0 8 1 11
21


4x  5y  z  18

 
9x  12y  3z  0 6x  2y  z  5w  25
11x  6z  25
2x  18y  5z  2w  10 x  7z  3w  7
3x  8y  29
x  7y  8z  4 4x  y  10z  6w  23
3x  2z  10 8y  z  11w  21

19.
12 4
10
3
5 20.
34 6
3
8
6
1 8
3 R1 →
1
2R1  R2 → 0

4
2
3
1 
14 2
3 6
3

1



1 1 4 2 4 8 3
21. 3 8 10 3 22. 1 1 3 2
2 1 12 6 2 6 4 9


1 3
1 2 R1 → 1 2 4


1 1 4 2

3R1  R2 → 0 5 2 6 1 1 3 2
2R1  R3 → 0 3 20 4 2 6 4 9


3
1


1 1 4 1 2 4 2
1
1
5 R2 → 0 1  25 6
5 R1  R2 → 0 3 7 2
0 3 20 4 2R1  R3 → 0 2 4 6

23
0 39 1 4 1 4


43 
35 
5 1 13
23. → 24. →
1 8 3 1 8 3 7 0 5
Add 5 times Row 2 to Row 1. Add 3 times Row 1 to Row 2.





0 1 5 5 1 3 7 6 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 2
25. 1 3 7 6 → 0 1 5 5 26. 2 5 1 7 → 0 9 7 11
4 5 1 3 0 7 27 27 5 4 7 6 0 6 8 4
Interchange Row 1 and Row 2. Then add 4 times the Add 2 times Row 1 to Row 2.
new Row 1 to Row 3. Add 5 times Row 1 to Row 3.


1 2 3
27. 2 1 4
3 1 1




1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
(a) 0 5 10 (b) 0 5 10 (c) 0 5 10
3 1 1 0 5 10 0 0 0
1



1 2 3 1 0
(d) 0 1 2 (e) 0 1 2 This matrix is in reduced
0 0 0 0 0 0 row-echelon form.
 Section 8.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 721


7 1
0 2
28.
3 4
4 1




7 1 1 5 1 5
0 2 0 2 0 2
(a) (b) (c)
3 4 3 4 0 19
1 5 7 1 7 1




1 5 1 5 1 0
0 2 0 1 0 1 This matrix is
(d) (e) (f)
0 19 0 19 0 0 in reduced
0 34 0 34 0 0 row-echelon form.



1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0
29. 0 1 1 5 30. 0 0 1 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
This matrix is in reduced row-echelon form. This matrix is in reduced row-echelon form.



2 0 4 0 1 0 2 1
31. 0 1 3 6 32. 0 1 3 10
0 0 1 5 0 0 1 0
The first nonzero entries in Rows 1 and 2 are not 1. This matrix is in row-echelon form.
The matrix is not in row-echelon form.


1


1 1 0 5 1 2 3
33. 2 1 2 10 34. 3 7 5 14
3 6 7 14 2 1 3 8


1


1 1 0 5 1 2 3
2R1  R2 → 0 1 2 0 3R1  R2 → 0 1 2 5
3R1  R3 → 0 3 7 1 2R1  R3 → 0 3 5 14
1



1 1 0 5 1 2 3
0 1 2 0 0 1 2 5
3R2  R3 → 0 0 1 1 3R2  R3 → 0 0 1 1

1 1 3 7



1 1 1 0
35. 5 4 1 8 36. 3 10 1 23
6 8 18 0 4 10 2 24
1 1 3 7



1 1 1 0
5R1  R2 → 0 1 6 3 3R1  R2 → 0 1 1 2
6R1  R3 → 0 2 12 6 4R1  R3 → 0 2 2 4
1 1 3 7



1 1 1 0
0 1 6 3 0 1 1 2
2R2  R3→ 0 0 0 0 2R2  R3 → 0 0 0 0

37. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature of a 38. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature of a
graphing utility. graphing utility.





3 3 3 1 0 0 1 3 2 1 3 0
1 0 4 ⇒ 0 1 0 5 15 9 ⇒ 0 0 1
2 4 2 0 0 1 2 6 10 0 0 0
722 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

39. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature 40. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature of a
of a graphing utility. graphing utility.





1 2 3 5 1 2 0 0 2 3 1 2 1 0 0 0
1 2 4 9 0 0 1 0 4 2 5 8 0 1 0 0
⇒ ⇒
2 4 4 3 0 0 0 1 1 5 2 0 0 0 1 0
4 8 11 14 0 0 0 0 3 8 10 30 0 0 0 1

41. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature 42. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature of a
of a graphing utility. graphing utility.

31 
10 
1 
0 

5 1 12 0 3 16 5 1 2 4 1 0 0 2
⇒ ⇒
1 1 4 1 2 12 5 10 32 1 2 6

  
43. x  2y  4 44. x  5y  0 45. x  y  2z  4
y  3 y  1 y z 2
x  23  4 z  2
x  51  0
y  2  2
x  2 x5
y0
Solution: 2, 3 Solution: 5, 1
x  0  22  4
x8
Solution: 8, 0, 2

6

0
1 0 3

10 0


46. x  2y  2z  1 47. 48.
1
4 1
10
y z 9
x3 x  6
z  3 y  10
y  4
y  3  9 Solution: 6, 10
Solution: 3, 4
y  12
x  212  23  1
x  31
Solution: 31, 12, 3

4




1 0 0 1 0 0 5

10
3
2xx  2yy  78
49. 0 1 0 50. 0 1 0 51.
0 0 1
4 0 0 1
0
x  4 x5


2 
1 2 7
y  10
y  3 1
8
z0


z4
Solution: 5, 3, 0 2R1  R2 →
10 2
3

7
6 
Solution: 4, 10, 4


 13R2 →
10 2
1

7
2 

x  2y  7
y2
y2
x  22  7 ⇒ x  3
Solution: 3, 2
 Section 8.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 723

2x2x  6y3y  167 

53. 3x  2y  27
52.
x  3y  13

2
27

2
2 6
3

16
7 
31 3
13 



→
0 
2 6 16

13 
R1 3 13
R1  R2 3
9 R2 2
27
1
→ 1


2 R1
→
0 3

0 11 
3 8 1 3 13
 13 R2 1
3R1  R2 →
66



x  3y  8
y3
1
 11 R2 →
10 3
1

13
6 
y3 x  3yy  136
x  33  8 ⇒ x  1
y6
Solution: 1, 3 x  36  13 ⇒ x  5
Solution: 5, 6

 
54. x  y  4 55. 2x  6y  22
2x  4y  34 x  2y  9




12 
21
22

1 4 6
4
34 2
9
 1R1 → 1 1
4
9


21 
R1 2
12 R2 → 1 2
17 R2 6
22

9

10 
1 4 2
→
0 
1
R1  R2 1
13 2R1  R2 → 10
40

9

10 
1 4 2
→
0 
1
1R2 1
13
1
10 R2 → 1
4

x  y  4
y  13
x  2yy  9
4

y  13 y  4

x  13  4 ⇒ x  9 x  24  9 ⇒ x  1

Solution: 9, 13 Solution: 1, 4

56.
2x5x  5y3y  57 
57. x  2y  1.5
2x  4y  3.0
5
5


25 3
7 
12 2
4

1.5
3.0 
1
→ 1
1
5 R1

21 3
7  2R1  R2 →

1
0
2
0




1.5
6.0 
1
1
1
2R1  R2 → 0
5
5 The system is inconsistent and there is no solution.

1
1


1
 15 R2 → 0 1
1


x  y  1
y  1
y  1
x  1  1 ⇒ x  2
Solution: 2, 1
724 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

58.
2xx  3y6y  105 59.


x  3z  2
3x  y  2z  5
2x  2y  z  4
3



1 5
2
10 3
2


6 1 0
3
3 1 2
5

0 
1 5
2R1  R2 → 0
0 2 2 1
4
3
2


x  3y  5 1 0
3R1  R2 → 0 1 7
11
ya 2R1  R3 → 0 2 7
8
x  3a  5 3
2


1 0
Solution: 3a  5, a where a is a real number 0 1 7
11
2R2  R3 → 0 0 7
14

2


1 0 3
0 1 7
11
 17R3 → 0 0 1
2


x  3z  2
y  7z  11
z 2
z2
y  72  11 ⇒ y  3
x  32  2 ⇒ x  4
Solution: 4, 3, 2


60. 2x  y  3z  24
2y  z  14
7x  5y  6
1



2 3 24
0 2 1
14
7 5 0
6
R3  3R1 → 1 2 9
66
0
7

2
5
1
0




14
6

2 9
66


1
0 2 1
14
7R1  R3 → 0 9 63
468
2 9
66


1
4R2 → 0 8 4
56
0 9 63
468
2 9
66


1
R3  R2 → 0 1 67
412



0 9 63 468 x  2y  9z  66
y  67z  412
2 9
66


1
z
0 1 67
412 6
9R2  R3 → 0 0 540
3240 z6
2 9
66 y  676  412 ⇒ y  10


1
R2 → 0 1 67
412
x  210  96  66 ⇒ x  8
 540
1
R3 → 0 0 1
6
Solution: 8, 10, 6
 Section 8.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 725


x  y  z  14


61. 62. 2x  2y  z  2
2x  y  z  21 x  3y  z  28
3x  2y  z  19 x  y  14





1 1 14


1 2 2 1 2
2 1 1
21 1 3 1
28
3 2 1
19 1 1 0
14





R1 → 1 1


1 14 R2 1 3 1 28
2 1 1
21 R1 2 2 1
2
3 2 1
19 1 1 0
14





1


1 1 14 1 3 1 28
2R1  R2 → 0 1 1
7 R3 1 1 0
14
3R1  R3 → 0 5 2
23 R2 2 2 1
2





1


1 1 14 1 3 1 28
0 1 1
7 R1  R2 → 0 2 1
14
5R2  R3 → 0 0 3
12 2R1  R3 → 0 8 3
58





1


1 1 14 1 3 1 28
0 1 1
7 0 2 1
14
1
R
3 3 → 0 0 1
4 4R2  R3 → 0 0 1
2



x  y  z  14


1 3 1 28
y  z  7  12 R2 → 0 1  12
7
z 4 0 0 1
2


z4 x  3y  z  28
1
y  2z  7
y  4  7 ⇒ y  3
z 2
x  3  4  14 ⇒ x  7
z2
Solution: 7, 3, 4
2 2
1
y 7⇒y8
x  38  2  28 ⇒ x  6
Solution: 6, 8, 2


63. x  2y  3z  28
4y  2z  0
x  y  z  5




1 2 3 28
0 4 2
0
1 1 1
5


1 2 3 28
1
4 R2 →0 1 1
2
0
R1  R3 → 0 3 4
33


1 2 3
28
0 1 1
2
0
3R2  R3 → 0 0  11
2
33




1 2 3 28
0 1 1
2
0
2
 11 R3 → 0 0 1
6


x  2y  3z  28 z6
y  12z  0
2 6
1
y  0 ⇒ y  3
z 6
x  23  36  28 ⇒ x  4
Solution: 4, 3, 6
726 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants


x  y  5z  3


64. 3x  2y  z  15 65.
x  y  2z  10 x  2z  1
x  y  4z  14 2x  y  z  0

5
3



3 2 1 15 1 1
1 1 2
10 1 0 2
1
1 1 4
14 2 1 1
0


3


1 4 5


R3 1 14 1 1
1 1 2
10 R1  R2 → 0 1 3
2
R1 3 2 1
15 2R1  R3 → 0 3 9
6




1 1 4 14 5
3


1 1
R1  R2 → 0 0 2
4 R2 → 0 1 3
2
3R1  R3 → 0 1 13
27
0 3 9
6




1 4
1 14

1


R2  R1 → 1 0 2
R3 0 1 13
27 0 1 3
2
R2 0 0 2
4 3R2  R3 → 0 0 0
0




1 1 4 14
0 1 13
27 xy  2z3z  12
 12R3 → 0 0 1
2
Let z  a.


x  y  4z  14
y  13z  27 y  3a  2 ⇒ y  3a  2
z  2 x  2a  1 ⇒ x  2a  1
z  2 Solution: 2a  1, 3a  2, a where a is any real number.
y  132  27 ⇒ y  1
x  1  42  14 ⇒ x  5
Solution: 5, 1, 2

 3x  7y  6z  9w  26
66. 2x  3z  3 67. x  2y  z  2w  8
4x  3y  7z  5
8x  9y  15z  9




13 2 1 2


8



2 0 3 3 7 6 9 26
4 3 7
5



1 2 1 2 8
8 9 15
9 3R1  R2 → 0 1 3 3
2




2 0 3 3 2R2  R1 → 5 4

2R1  R2 → 0 3 1
1
10 0
1 3 3

4
2
4R1  R3 → 0 9 3
3

xy  5z3z  4w 4


2 0 3 3 3w  2
0 3 1
1
Let w  a and z  b.
3R2  R3 → 0 0 0
0
y  3b  3a  2 ⇒ y  2  3b  3a


3 3
1
2 R1 → 1 0 2
2
x  5b  4a  4 ⇒ x  4  5b  4a
1
 3R2 → 0 1  13
1
3
0 0 0
0 Solution: 4  5b  4a, 2  3b  3a, b, a
where a and b are real numbers
za
y  13a  13
x   32a  32
Solution:  2a  2, 3a  3, a where a is a real number
3 3 1 1
 Section 8.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 727


x  y  22

68. 4x  12y  7z  20w  22 69.
3x  9y  5z  28w  30 3x  4y  4
4x  8y  32
7 20



4 12 22





3 9 5 28 30 1 1 22
3 4
4
R2  R1 → 2
8

3 
1 3 8
4 8
32
9 5 28
30




R1 → 1 1 22
2
8


1 3 8 3 4
4
3R1  R2 → 0 0 1 52
54 4 8
32
2R2  R1 → 96


0 

1 3 0 100


1 1 22
0 1 52
54 3R1  R2 → 0 7
62
wa 4R1  R3 → 0 4
56




z  52a  54 1 1 22
1
7 R2 → 0 1
 62
7
yb  14R3 → 0 1
14
x  3b  96a  100


1 1
22
Solution: 3b  96a  100, b, 52a  54, a 0 1
 62
7
where a and b are real numbers
R2  R3 → 0 0
160
7

The system is inconsistent and there is no solution.


70. x  2y  0
x y6
3x  2y  8




1 2 0
1 1
6
3 2
8


1 2 0
R1  R2 → 0 1 6
3R1  R3 → 0 8 8


1 2 0
0 1 6
8R2  R3 → 0 0 40
The system in inconsistent and there is no solution.

71. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature of a graphing utility.


3x  3y  12z  6



3 3 12 6 1 0 0 0
y  4z  2
x0
x  y  4z  2 1 1 4
2
⇒
0 1 4
2 ⇒
2x  5y  20z  10 2 5 20
10 0 0 0
0
x  2y  8z  4 1 2 8
4 0 0 0
0

Let z  a.
y  2  4a
x0
Solution: 0, 2  4a, a where a is any real number
728 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

72. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature of a graphing utility.


2x  10y  2z  6
x  5y  2z  6
x  5y  z  3
3x  15y  3z  9



2 10 2 6 1 5 0 0
1 5 2
6
⇒
0 0 1
3
1 5 1
3 0 0 0
0
3 15 3
9 0 0 0
0

x  5yz  30
z3
ya
x  5a  0 ⇒ x  5a
Solution: 5a, a, 3 where a is a real number

73. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature of a graphing utility.


2x  y  z  2w  6 1 6



2 1 2 1 0 0 0 1
3x  4y  w  1 3 4 0 1
1
⇒
0 1 0 0
0
x  5y  2z  6w  3 1 5 2 6
3 0 0 1 0
4
5x  2y  z  w  3 5 2 1 1
3 0 0 0 1
2
x1
y0
z4
w  2
Solution: 1, 0, 4, 2

74. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature of a graphing utility.


x  2y  2z  4w  11
3x  6y  5z  12w  30
x  3y  3z  2w  5
6x  y  z  w  9



1 2 2 4 11 1 0 0 0 1
3 6 5 12
30
⇒
0 1 0 0
1
1 3 3 2
5 0 0 1 0
3
6 1 1 1
9 0 0 0 1
1


x  1
y  1
z  3
w  1

w1
z3
y1
x  1
Solution: 1, 1, 3, 1
 Section 8.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 729

75. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature of a graphing utility.


x yz w0



1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 0
2x  3y  z  2w  0 2 3 1 2
0 ⇒ 0 1 1 0
0
3x  5y  z 0 3 5 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
0


x  2z  0
y z0
w0
Let z  a. Then x  2a and y  a.
Solution: 2a, a, a, 0 where a is a real number


76. x  2y  z  3w  0
x y  w0
y  z  2w  0






1 2 1 3 0 1 0 0 2 0
1 1 0 1
0 ⇒ 0 1 0 1
0
0 1 1 2
0 0 0 1 1
0


x  2w  0
y  w0
z w0
w  a, z  a, y  a, x  2a
Solution: 2a, a, a, a where a is a real number

 
77. (a) x  2y  z  6 (b) x  y  2z  6
y  5z  16 y  3z  8
z  3 z  3
y  53  16 y  33  8
y1 y1
x  21  3  6 x  1  23  6
x  1 x  1
Solution: 1, 1, 3 Solution: 1, 1, 3
Both systems yield the same solution, namely 1, 1, 3.

 
78. (a) x  3y  4z  11 (b) x  4y  11
y  z  4 y  3z  4
z 2 z 2
y  2  4 y  32  4
y  2 y  2
x  32  42  11 x  42  11
x  25 x  3
The systems do not yield the same solution.
730 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

 
79. (a) x  4y  5z  27 (b) x  6y  z  15
y  7z  54 y  5z  42
z 8 z 8
y  78  54 y  58  42
y2 y2
x  42  58  27 x  62  8  15
x  5 x  19
Solution: 5, 2, 8 Solution: 19, 2, 8
The systems do not yield the same solution.

 
80. (a) x  3y  z  19 (b) x  y  3z  15
y  6z  18 y  2z  14
z  4 z  4
y  64  18 y  24  14
y6 y6
x  36  4  19 x  6  34  15
x  3 x3
The systems do not yield the same solution.


x  3y  z  3


81. 82. I1  I2  I3  0
x  5y  5z  1 3I1  4I2  18
2x  6y  3z  8 I2  3I3  6






1 3 1 3 1 1 1 0
1 5 5
1 3 4 0
18
2 6 3
8 0 1 3
6






1 3 1 3 1 1 1 0
R1  R2 → 0 2 4
2 3R1  R2 → 0 7 3
18
2R1  R3 → 0 0 1
2 0 1 3
6






1 3 1 3 This is a matrix 1 1 1 0
1
2 R2 → 0 1 2
1 in row-echelon R3 0 1 3
6
0 0 1
2 form. R2 0 7 3
18




1 1 1 0

The row-echelon

3


1 3 4
2
form feature of a 0 1 3
6
0 1
7
4
3
2 graphing utility 7R2  R3 → 0 0 24
24
0 0 1
2 yields this form.




1 1 1 0
There are infinitely many matrices in row-echelon form 0 1 3
6
that correspond to the original system of equations. All such 1
 24 R3 → 0 0 1
1
matrices will yield the same solution, namely 16, 5, 2.


I1  I2  I3  0
I2  3I3  6
I3  1
I3  1
I2  31  6 ⇒ I2  3
I1  3  1  0 ⇒ I1  2
 Section 8.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 731

4x2 A B C
83.   
x  12x  1 x  1 x  1 x  12
4x2  Ax  12  Bx  1x  1  Cx  1
4x2  Ax2  2x  1  Bx2  1  Cx  1
4x2  A  Bx2  2A  Cx  A  B  C
System of equations: AB 4
2A C0
ABC0






1 1 0 4 1 0 0 1
2 0 1
0 rref
→ 0 1 0
3
1 1 1
0 0 0 1
2
Thus, A  1, B  3, C  2.
4x2 1 3 2
So,    .
x  12x  1 x  1 x  1 x  12

8x2 A B C
84.    85. x  amount at 7%
x  12x  1 x  1 x  1 x  12
y  amount at 8%,
8x2  Ax  12  Bx  1x  1  Cx  1
z  amount at 10%
8x 2  Ax 2  2x  1  Bx 2  1  Cx  1 z  4x ⇒ 4x  z  0
8x 2  A  Bx 2  2A  Cx  A  B  C


x y z  1,500,000
System of equations: AB 8 0.07x  0.08y  0.10z  130,500
2A C0 4x  z  0
ABC0


1 1 1 1,500,000


0.07 0.08 0.10 130,500



1 1 0 8 1 0 0 2
4
2 0 1
0 rref
→ 0 1 0
6
0 1 0
1 1





1 0 0 0 1 4 1 1 1 1,500,000
A  2, B  6, C  4
0.07R1  R2 → 0 0.01 0.03
25,500
4R1  R3 → 0 4 5
6,000,000
8x2 2 6 4
  



1 1 1 1,500,000
x  12x  1 x  1 x  1 x  12
100R2 → 0 1 3
2,550,000
0 4 5
6,000,000




1 1 1 1,500,000
0 1 3
2,550,000
4R2  R3 → 0 0 7
4,200,000




1 1 1 1,500,000
0 1 3
2,550,000
 17 R3 → 0 0 1
600,000


x  y  z  1,500,000
y  3z  2,550,000
z  600,000
y  3600,000  2,550,000 ⇒ y  750,000
x  750,000  600,000  1,500,000 ⇒ x  150,000
Solution: $150,000 at 7%, $750,000 at 8%,
and $600,000 at 10%
732 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

86. x  amount at 9%, y  amount at 10%, 87. y  ax2  bx  c

z  amount at 12%


a b c  8
x y z  500,000 4a  2b  c  13
9a  3b  c  20
0.09x  0.10y  0.12z  52,000




1 1 1 8
2.5x  y  0
4 2 1
13





1 1 1 500,000 9 3 1 20
0.09 0.10 0.12
52,000




2.5 1 0
0 1 1 1 8
4R1  R2 → 0 2 3
19




1 1 1 500,000 9R1  R3 → 0 6 8
52
0.09R1  R2 → 0 0.01 0.03
7,000




1 1 1 8
2.5R1  R3 → 0 3.5 2.5
1,250,000
 12R2 → 0 1
3

19
2 2





1 1 1 500,000 3R2  R3 → 0 0 1 5
100R2 → 0 1 3
700,000


ab c 8
2R3 → 0 7 5
2,500,000 3 19
b  2c  2
R2  R1 → 1 2
200,000


0 c 5
0 1 3
700,000 c5
7R2  R3 → 0 0 16
2,400,000 b  325  19
2 ⇒ b  2
2
200,000


1 0 a258 ⇒ a1
0 1 3
700,000
Equation of parabola: y  x2  2x  5
1
16 R3 → 0 0 1
150,000


x  2z  200,000
y  3z  700,000
z  150,000
y  3150,000  700,000 ⇒ y  250,000
x  2150,000  200,000 ⇒ x  100,000
Solution: 100,000, 250,000, 150,000
Answer: $100,000 at 9%, $250,000 at 10%, $150,000 at 12%

88. f x  ax2  bx  c

f 1  a  b  c  9
f 2  4a  2b  c  8
f 3  9a  3b  c  5

9

ab c 9


1 1 1
4 2 1
8 b  32c  14
9 3 1
5 c 8




1 1 1 9 c8
4R1  R2 → 0 2 3
28 b  328  14 ⇒ b  2
9R1  R3 → 0 6 8
76 a  2  8  9 ⇒ a  1

9


1 1 1
Equation of parabola: y  x2  2x  8
 12R2 → 0 1 3
2
14
0 6 8
76




1 1 1 9
0 1 3
2
14
6R2  R3 → 0 0 1
8
 Section 8.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 733

89. (a) 0, 5.0, 15, 9.6, 30, 12.4 90. (a) f x  at 2  bt  c
y  ax2  bx  c f 7  49a  7b  c  2.8


c 5 f 9  81a  9b  c  3.3
225a  15b  c  9.6 ⇒ 225a  15b  4.6
f 11  121a  11b  c  5.3
900a  30b  c  12.4 ⇒ 900a  30b  7.4


49a  7b  c  2.8




225 15 4.6
81a  9b  c  3.3
900 30
7.4
121a  11b  c  5.3



2250 30
15 4.6



49 7 1 2.8
4R1  R2 →
11
81 9 1 3.3
121 11 1 5.3




1 1 23
225 R1 → 1 15 1125


 1
 30 R2 → 0 1
11
30
1
49 R1 → 1 1
7
1
49
2
35
81 9 1 3.3
1 23
a  15 b
 b
1125
11
121 11 1 5.3


30 1 1 2
1 7 49 35

a    1125
1 11
15 30
23
⇒ a   250
1
 0.004 81R1  R2 → 0  18
7  32
49  93
70
 121R  R → 0  44  72 113
 70
Equation of parabola: y  0.004x2  0.367x  5. 1 3 7 49


(b) 18 1 1 2
1 7 49 35
7 16 31
 18 R2 → 0 1 63 60

0  44
7  72
49  113
70
0 120


0 1 1 2
1 7 49 35
(c) The maximum height is approximately 13 feet and the 16 31
ball strikes the ground at approximately 104 feet. 0 1 63 60
8 49
44
7 R2  R3 → 0 0 63 30
(d) The maximum occurs at the vertex.
1 1 2
a 7b  49 c 
b 0.367 35
x   45.875 16
2a 20.004 b 63 c  31
60
8
y  0.00445.8752  0.36745.875  5 63 c  49
30

 13.418 feet c  49
30  638  1029
80  12.86

63 12.86  60 ⇒ b  2.75
b  16 31
The ball strikes the ground when y  0.
0.004x2  0.367x  5  0 a  172.75  49
1
12.86  352 ⇒ a  0.1875
By the Quadratic Formula and using the positive Equation of parabola: y  0.1875t2  2.75t  12.86
value for x we have x  103.793 feet.
(b) 28

(e) The values found in part (d) are more accurate, but
still very close to the estimates found in part (c).

7 18
0

(c) For 2003, t  13.

y  0.1875132  2.7513  12.86  8.8
When compared to the actual value of 6.3, this is not
very accurate.
(d) For 2008, t  18.
y  0.1875182  2.7518  12.86  24.11
The model estimates that in 2008, 24.11 million peo-
ple will participate in snowboarding. This indicates
that the number of participants will almost triple in 5
years which is probably not a reasonable estimate.
734 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants


91. (a) x1  x3  600 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
600
x1  x2  x4 ⇒ x1  x2  x4  0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0
500
x2  x5  500 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
600
x3  x6  600 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0
x4  x7  x6 ⇒ x4  x6  x7  0
0 0 0 0 1 0 1
500

x5  x7  500


1 0 1 0 0 0 0
600
R1  R2 → 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
600
R2  R3 → 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
100
R3  R4 → 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
500
R4  R5 → 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
500
R5  R6 → 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0


1 0 1 0 0 0 0
600
R3  R2 → 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
500
R4  R3 → 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
600
R4 → 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
500
0 0 0 0 1 0 1
500
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0


1 0 1 0 0 0 0
600
R2 → 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
500
R3 → 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
600
0 0 0 1 1 1 0
500
0 0 0 0 1 0 1
500
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0


x1  x3  600
x2  x5  500
x3  x6  600
x4  x5  x6  500
x5  x7  500
Let x7  t and x6  s, then x5  500  t,
x4  500  s  500  t  s  t,
x3  600  s, x2  500  500  t  t,
x1  600  600  s  s.
Solution: s, t, 600  s, s  t, 500  t, s, t
(b) s  0, t  0: x1  0, x2  0, x3  600, x4  0, x5  500, x6  0, x7  0
(c) s  0, t  500: x1  0, x2  500, x3  600, x4  500, x5  1000, x6  0, x7  500
 Section 8.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 735

92. (a) x1  x2  300 (b) When x2  200 and x3  50,

x1  x3  150  x4 ⇒ x1  x3  x4  150
x2  200  s  t
x2  200  x3  x5 ⇒ x2  x3  x5  200
x4  x5  350 200  200  50  t ⇒ t  350.

x1  100, x2  200, x3  50, x4  0, x5  350


1 1 0 0 0 300
1 0 1 1 0
150 (c) When x2  150 and x3  0,
0 1 1 0 1
200
x2  200  s  t
0 0 0 1 1
350
150  200  0  t ⇒ t  350.


1 1 0 0 0 300
R1  R2 → 0 1 1 1 0
150 x1  150, x2  150, x3  0, x4  0, x5  350
0 1 1 0 1
200
0 0 0 1 1
350


1 1 0 0 0 300
0 1 1 1 0
150
R2  R3 → 0 0 0 1 1
350
0 0 0 1 1
350


1 1 0 0 0 300
R2 → 0 1 1 1 0
150
R3 → 0 0 0 1 1
350
R3  R4 → 0 0 0 0 0
0


x1  x2  300
x2  x3  x4  150
x4  x5  350
Let x5  t.
x4  t  350 ⇒ x4  350  t
Let x3  s.
x2  s  350  t  150 ⇒ x2  200  s  t
x1  200  s  t  300 ⇒ x1  500  s  t
Solution: x1  500  s  t, x2  200  s  t, x3  s, x4  350  t, x5  t,
where s and t are real numbers.

93. False. It is a 2
4 matrix.

94. False. The rows are in the wrong order. To change this 95. False. Gaussian elimination reduces a matrix until a row-
matrix to reduced row-echelon form, interchange Row 1 echelon form is obtained and Gauss-Jordan elimination
and Row 4, and interchange Row 2 and Row 3. reduces a matrix until a reduced row-echelon form is
obtained.

96. z  a
y  4a  1

x  3a  2
One possible system is:
x  y  7z  3a  2  4a  1  7a  1

 
x  y  7z  1
x  2y  11z  3a  2  24a  1  11a  0 or x  2y  11z  0
2x  y  10z  23a  2  4a  1  10a  3 2x  y  10z  3
(Note that the coefficients of x, y, and z have been chosen so that the a-terms cancel.)
736 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

97. (a) In the row-echelon form of an augmented matrix (b) In the row-echelon form of an augmented matrix that corre-
that corresponds to an inconsistent system of linear sponds to a system with an infinite number of solutions, there
equations, there exists a row consisting of all zeros are fewer rows with nonzero entries than there are variables
except for the entry in the last column. and no row has the first non-zero value in the last column.

98. 1. Interchange two rows. 99. They are the same.

2. Multiply a row by a nonzero constant.
3. Add a multiple of one row to another row.

100. A matrix in row-echelon form is in reduced row-echelon form if every column that has a leading 1 has
zeros in every position above and below its leading 1.

2x2  4x 2x  4
101. f x   ,x0 y
3x  x2 3x
8
6
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 4
2
f x 1.6 1.5 undef. 1 0 undef. 4 3 x
−8 −6 2 4 6 8

Vertical asymptote: x  3 −4
−6
Horizontal asymptote: y  2 −8

Intercept: 2, 0

x2  2x  1 x  1x  1 x  1 y
102. f x   
x2  1 x  1x  1 x  1 4
3
The graph has a vertical asymptote at x  1 and a discontinuity at x  1.
2
1
Since the degrees of the numerator and the denominator are the same, there
x
is a horizontal asymptote at y  1. −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3

103. f x  2x1 104. gx  3x2

x 1 0 1 2 3 x 1 0 1 2 3 4
1 1
f x 1 1
1 2 4 y 27 9 3 1 3 9
4 2

y
Horizontal asymptote: y  0
Intercept: 0, 2 
10
1
8
y 6

5 4

4 2

3 x
−2 2 4 6 8 10
2 −2

x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
 Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices 737

105. h
x
ln
x  1 y

4
3
x 1.5 2 3 4 5
2
1
h
x 0.693 0 0.693 1.099 1.386 x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
Vertical asymptote: x
1 −2
−3
Intercept:
2, 0 −4

106. f
x
3  ln x ⇒ y  3
ln x ⇒ e y3
x y

8
x 0.05 0.14 0.37 1 2.72 6

y 0 1 2 3 4 4

x
2 4 6 8 10
−2

Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices

■ A
B if and only if they have the same order and aij
bij.
■ You should be able to perform the operations of matrix addition, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication.
■ Some properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication are:
(a) A  B
B  A
(b) A 
B  C

A  B  C
(c)
cdA
c
dA
(d) 1A
A
(e) c
A  B
cA  cB
(f)
c  dA
cA  dA
■ You should remember that AB  BA in general.
■ Some properties of matrix multiplication are:
(a) A
BC

ABC
(b) A
B  C
AB  AC
(c)
A  BC
AC  BC
(d) c
AB

cAB
A
cB
■ You should know that In, the identity matrix of order n, is an n  n matrix consisting of ones on its main diagonal and
zeros elsewhere. If A is an n  n matrix, then AIn
InA
A.

Vocabulary Check
1. equal 2. scalars 3. zero; O
4. identity 5. (a) (iii) (b) (iv) (c) (i) 6. (a) (ii) (b) (iv) (c) (i) (d) (iii)
(d) (v) (e) (ii)
738 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

1. x
4, y
22 2. x
13, y
12

3. 2x  1
5, 3x
6, 3y  5
4 4. x  2
2x  6 2y
18
x
2, y
3 4
x y
9

2x
8 y  2
11
x
4 y
9

1 1 12 1  1 2
2       
1 2 3
5. (a) A  B



1 1 8 21 1  8 1 7
1 1 12 1  1 1
2       
1 2 0
(b) A  B



1 1 8 21 1  8 3 9
1 3
1 3
1 3
2     
1 3
(c) 3A
3


1 3
2 3
1 6 3
3 1 3 4 1 1
6         
3 2 3 2
(d) 3A  2B
2


3 1 8 6 3 2 16 8 19

3 2 13 22 2
2       
1 2 0
6. (a) A  B



1 4 2 24 12 6 3
3 2 13 22
2       
1 2 4 4
(b) A  B



1 4 2 24 12 2 1
3
1 3
2
2     
1 2 3 6
(c) 3A
3


1 3
2 3
1 6 3
3 2 36 64
6       
3 6 9 10
(d) 3A  2B
2


3 4 2 68 34 2 1

1

   
6 1 4
7. A
2 4 , B
1 5
3 5 1 10
5 3

     
7 3 5 18
(a) A  B
1 9 (b) A  B
3 1 (c) 3A
6 12
2 15 4 5 9 15
3 16 11

     
18 2 8
(d) 3A  2B
6 12  2 10
8 2
9 15 2 20 11 5

3 22 13 14 2

1       
2 1 1 2 4 4 5
8. (a) A  B



1 4 3 1 2 1  3 1  1 42 4 0 2
3 22 1 
3 14 3
1       
2 1 1 2 4 0 4
(b) A  B



1 4 3 1 2 1 
3 1  1 4 
2 2 2 6
3
2 3
1 3
1
1     
2 1 1 6 3 3
(c) 3A
3


1 4 3
1 3
1 3
4 3 3 12
2 3 4 6 8 9 5
3         
6 3 3 4 6 3 3 2
(d) 3A  2B
2


3 12 3 1 2 3 3 12 6 2 4 3 5 16
 Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices 739

1 1
1   
2 2 0 1 1 1 1 0
9. A
, B

1 2 0 1 3 4 9 6 7
2
2 
3 3 1 1
(a) A  B

5 7 6 8
1
4 
1 1 0 1
(b) A  B

3 11 6 6
3
3 
6 6 0 3
(c) 3A

3 6 0 3
3 2 4 1 2
3     
6 6 0 3 2 2 2 0 4 3
(d) 3A  2B


3 6 0 3 6 8 18 12 14 9 5 24 12 11

  
1 4 0 3 5 1
3 2 2 2 4 7
10. (a) A  B
5 4 1  10 9 1
0 8 6 3 2 4
4 1 0 0 1 2

  
1  3 4 5 01 4 9 1
32 2 4 27 5 6 5

5  10 4 9 1  1
15 5 2
03 8 2 6  4 3 10 10
4  0 1 1 02 4 0 2

  
1 4 0 3 5 1
3 2 2 2 4 7
(b) A  B
5 4 1  10 9 1
0 8 6 3 2 4
4 1 0 0 1 2

  
1  3 4 5 0 1 2 1 1
32 2 4 2 7 1 2 9

5  10 4 9 1 1
5 13 0
03 8 2 6 4 3 6 2
4  0 1 1 0 2 4 2 2

  
1 4 0 3 12 0
3 2 2 9 6 6
(c) 3A
3 5 4 1
15 12 3
0 8 6 0 24 18
4 1 0 12 3 0

   
3 12 0 3 5 1
9 6 6 2 4 7
(d) 3A  2B
15 12 3  2 10 9 1
0 24 18 3 2 4
12 3 0 0 1 2

   
3 12 0 6 10 2 3 2 2
9 6 6 4 8 14 5 2 20

15 12 3  20 18 2
5 30 1
0 24 18 6 4 8 6 20 10
12 3 0 0 2 4 12 5 4
740 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

1
11. A
16 0
4
3
0, B

8
4  3 
(a) A  B is not possible. A and B do not have the same order.
(b) A  B is not possible. A and B do not have the same order.

(c) 3A
3
18 0
12 
9
0
(d) 3A  2B is not possible. A and B do not have the same order.

12. (a) A  B is not possible. A and B do not have the same order.
(b) A  B is not possible. A and B do not have the same order.

   
3 9
(c) 3A
3 2
6
1 3
(d) 3A  2B is not possible. A and B do not have the same order.

5  7 
10 0  1 
8 8 7
53
10 8
        
0 7 1
13.  


6 2 1 14 6 3 
2  14 6 
1  6 15 1

11 7 6  0 
11 8  5 
7 5

16         
8 0 5 6
14.  


0 3 1 2 1 1 
3  2 0 
1 
1 2 2

15. 4 40 0
2
1
3
  
2
3
1
6
2
0
43
6 1
8
3
3 


24
12
4
32
12
12 
16. 2
5 0  14 9
12 5  14 4 
18 0  9
1
2 4 6 18 2  6

2 19 9
1

4 14

2 
19 9
2 7 2

3 6 4 6 8 8 8 8
17. 3 07 2

8  
3
1  247 9
3
15 
0
3 

14 18


18
45  
0
9  

14 18


10
59   
8
9

   
5 1 4 11 5  7 1  5

     
4 11 7 5
18. 1 2 1  16 3 4  9 1
2 1  16 3 
9 4 
1
9 3 0 13 6 1 9 3 06 13 
1

   
4 11 2 4

2 1  16 6 3
9 3 6 12

  
2


1
4 11 3 3
1

2 1  1 2
9 3 1 2

  
1
11  23  11 31
4  3 3 3

2 
1
1 3
1 2
1 2
9  1 3  2 8 1

3 17.143
1     
3 2 5 0 2.143
19. 6
7
4 2 2 11.571 10.286
 Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices 741

11 22 440

20. 55 22
14
19

13 
20
6 
 495
495
1375 
1.630 3.090 1.581 3.739

     
3.211 6.829
21.  1.004 4.914  5.256 8.335
4.252 13.249
0.055 3.889 9.768 4.251 9.713 0.362

       
6 20 14 15 31 19 132 168
22. 12 1 9  8 6  16 10
108 60
2 5 7 0 24 10 348 60

2 1 6 3 6 9

         
0 3 0 6
23. X
3 1 0 2 2 0
3 0  4 0
1 0
3 4 4 1 9 12 8 2 17 10

24. 2X
2A  B

2 1 2 1 3
2  52

         
0 3 0 2
1
X
A 2B
1 0  12 2 0
1 0  1 0
0 0
3 4 4 1 3 4 2  12 5  72

   
3 3
3 0 3 3

   
2 1 0 3 2 2

25. X
 32A  12B
 32 1 0  12 2 0
 32 0  1 0
2

1
0
3 4 4 1  92 6 2  12  13 11
2 2

26. 2A  4B
2X

2 1 6 5

         
0 3 2 1 0 2
X
A  2B
1 1 0 2 2 0
1 0  4 0
5 0
3 4 4 1 3 4 8 2 5 6

27. A is 3  2 and B is 3  3. AB is not possible. 28. A is 2  4, B is 2  2. AB is not possible.

29. A is 3  3, B is 3  2 ⇒ AB is 3  2.

0
2 
1
3 
0
1
0
1 
1
4 
0
6
      
0 1 0 2 1 3 4
4 0 2 3 4

4
2 
0
3 
2
1
4
1 
0
4 
2
6
10 16
8 1 7 1 6
8
2 
1
3 
7
1
8
1 
1
4 
7
6 26 46

30. A is 3  2, B is 2  2 ⇒ AB is 3  2.
1 1 19

   
3

1 2
AB
4 5
4 27
0 7
0 2 0 14
742 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

31. A is 3  3, B is 3  3 ⇒ AB is 3  3.

1
3 
0
0 
0
0
1
0 
0
1 
0
0
1
0 
0
0 
0
5
    
1 0 0 3 0 0
0 4 0 0 1 0

0
3 
4
0 
0
0
0
0 
4
1 
0
0
0
0 
4
0 
0
5
0 0 2 0 0 5
0
3 
0
0 
2
0
0
0 
0
1 
2
0
0
0 
0
0 
2
5

 
3 0 0

0 4 0
0 0 10

32. A is 3  3, B is 3  3 ⇒ AB is 3  3.
1

    
5 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0
AB
0 8 0 0  18 0
0 1 0
1 7
0 0 7 0 0 2 0 0 2

33. A is 3  3, B is 3  3 ⇒ AB is 3  3.

0
6 
0
8 
5
0
0
11 
0
16 
5
0
0
4 
0
4 
5
0

    
0 0 5 6 11 4
0 0 3 8 16 4

0
6 
0
8 
3
0
0
11 
0
16 
3
0
0
4 
0
4 
3
0
0 0 4 0 0 0
0
6 
0
8 
4
0
0
11 
0
16 
4
0
0
4 
0
4 
4
0

 
0 0 0

0 0 0
0 0 0

3 1

    
5 6 1 2 41 7 7
34. A is 2  1, B is 1  4 ⇒ AB is 2  4. 35. 2 5 1 8 1 4
42 5 25
10 5 5 4 2 9 10 25 45
60 20
   
10 10 60
6 2 1 6

12 72 24 12 72

12

    
11 4 12 10 252 30
36. 14 10 12 5 12
298 452
6 2 9 15 16 217 180

 
3 1 6
3 6

  
8 8 151 25 48
24 15 14
37. 12 15 9 6
516 279 387
16 10 21
5 1 1 5 47 20 87
8 4 10

38. A is 3  3, B is 4  2. AB is not possible. 39. A is 2  4 and B is 2  4 ⇒ AB is not possible.

15 18 249 417

   
42
7

22 1
40. 4 12
124 104 284
8 16 24
8 22 232 176 520

1
1
2 
2
1
1
1 
2
8

14 12     
2 0 15
41. (a) AB



2 8
4
2 
2
1
4
1 
2
8 6 12
1
2
1 
1
4
2
2 
1
2 2
12 14     
2 2
(b) BA



8 2
1
1 
8
4
1
2 
8
2 31 14

1
1 
2
4
1
2 
2
2
14 14     
2 2 9 6
(c) A2



2 2
4
1 
2
4
4
2 
2
2 12 12
 Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices 743

1 2
0 
13 2
0 
1
3 3

1 3     
2 0 0 3
42. (a) AB



4 3 1
0  4
3 1
0  4
3 12 12
1 0
2 
01 0
1 
0
4
3  1     
0 0 2 0 0
(b) BA



3 4 3
2 
3
1 3
1 
34 3 15
1 1 2
2 
1
1 2
1 
14 6
1  1     
2 2 3
(c) A2



4 4 1
2  4
1 1
1  4
4 6 15

1 3
3
1 
1
3
3
3 
1
1 10

31 13     
0
43. (a) AB



3 1
1
1 
3
3
1
3 
3
1 10 0
3 1
1
3 
3
1
1
1 
3
3 10
13 31     
0
(b) BA



1 3
3
3 
1
1
3
1 
1
3 10 0
1 1
3
3 
1
1
3
1 
1
3 6
31 31     
8
(c) A2



3 3
1
3 
3
1
1
1 
3
3 6 8

1 1
1 
1
3 1
3 
1
1

1 3     
1 1 3 4 2
44. (a) AB



1 1 1
1  1
3 1
3  1
1 2 4
1 1
1 
31 1
1  3
1
3  1     
1 3 1 4 2
(b) BA



1 1 3
1 
1
1 3
1  1
1 2 4
1 1 1
1 
1
1 1
1 
1
1 2
1  1     
1 1 0
(c) A2



1 1 1
1 
1
1 1
1  1
1 2 0

7
1 7
1 7
2

     
7 7 7 14
45. (a) AB
8 1 1 2
8
1 8
1 8
2
8 8 16
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 1 1 2

 
7
(b) BA
1 1 2 8

1
7 
1
8 
2
1
13
1
(c) A2 is not possible.


2
46. (a) AB
3 2 1 3
3
2  2
3  1
0
12
0
2
3 2
2 2
1

    
2 6 4 2
(b) BA
3 3 2 1
3
3 3
2 3
1
9 6 3
0 0
3 0
2 0
1 0 0 0
(c) The number of columns of A does not equal the number of rows of A; the multiplication is not possible.

47. 30 1
2 21 0
2 12  
0
4


1
4
2
412  
0
4


5 8
4 16 

  
0 3
48. 3 1
6 5
2
1
0
1 3
3 1
60
0 
2
5
1 
1
4

1 
0
4
6
3  5
3 
1
1
1
3 
2
3 
0
1 
4 1
9
 
2

3
2 9
27 6

6 27
744 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

     
4 0 2 3 2 3
2 2 4
     
0 2 0 2 10
49. 0 1  3 5
3 4

4 1 2 4 1 2 3 14
1 2 0 3 1 1

 
3 3
1 1
50.
5 6  7 1  8 9
4 2
5 5
7 7

  
3
4 3
2 12 6

1
4
1
2 4 2



5
4 5
2 20 10
7
4 7
2 28 14

1
2 x 
0 1 x 
10
1 x1 4 2 3 x1 5
51. (a) 52. (a)
1 2 4 2

1


   
1 4 R2 1 4 10
(b) (b)
2 1
0 R1 2 3
5
R2  R1 →


2   
1 0 4 1 4 10
1
0 2R1  R2 → 0 5
15

10   
0 4 1 4 10
2R1  R2 → 1
8  15R2 → 0 1
3
4R2  R1 → 1

X
48  15 R2 → 0 
0
1

2
3 
2
X
 3
4 13
26 3 4
xx 
36   x 
 
1 9 x1
53. (a) 54. (a)
1 2 1 3 2 12



(b) 26 3
1

4
36  (b)
R1 1
R2 4
3
9

12
13 



20
3 4
3R1  R2 → 8
48  1
4R1  R2 → 0 
3
3

12
35 
 12R1 → 3



0  3
1 2
 
2 1 12
 18R2 → 1
6  13 R2 → 0 1
 35
3

 32R2  R1 →
7

10 0
1
6  3R2  R1 → 1
0  0
1

23
 35
3

X
76 X
 
 23
 35
3
 Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices 745

2

         
1 3 x1 9 1 1 3 x1 9
55. (a) A
1 3 1 x2
6 56. (a) 1 2 0 x2
6
2 5 5 x3 17 1 1 1 x3 5


 
2
1 1 3 9

 
1 3 9
(b) 1 3 1
6 (b) 1 2 0
6
2 5 5
17 1 1 1
5


 
1 1 3 9


 
1 2 3 9
R1  R2 → 0 1 2
3 R1  R2 → 0 3 3
15
2R2  R3 → 0 1 1
1 R1  R3 → 0 2 4
14


 
1 1 3 9


 
2R2  R1 → 1 0 7 15
0 1 2
3
1
3 R2 → 0 1 1
5
R2  R3 → 0 0 1
2  12R3 → 0 1 2
7

 
3

1 1 9

 
7R3  R1 → 1 0 0 1
2R3  R2 → 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
5
0 0 1
2 R2  R3 → 0 0 1
2


 
R2  R1 → 1 0 2 4

 
1
X
1 0 1 1
5
2 R3 → 0 0 1
2


 
2R3  R1 → 1 0 0 0
R3  R2 → 0 1 0
3
0 0 1
2

 
0
X
3
2

1

         
1 5 2 x1 20 1 4 x1 17
57. (a) 3 1 1 x2
8 58. (a) 1 3 0 x2
11
0 2 5 x3 16 0 6 5 x3 40



 
5 20 1

 
1 2 1 4 17
(b) 3 1 1
8 (b) 1
3 0 11
0 2 5
16 0
6 5 40


 
1 5 2 20

 
1 1 4 17
3R1  R2 → 0 14 5
52 R1  R2 → 0
4 4 28
0 2 5
16 0

6 5 40


 
1 5 2 20


1

 
1 4 17
R3  R2 → 0 12 0
36
0 2 5
16
1
4 R2 → 0
1 1 7
0

6 5 40


 
1 5 2 20


1

 
1 4 17
1
 12 R2 → 0 1 0
3
0 2 5
16 0
1 1 7
6R2  R3 → 0
0 1 2


 
5R2  R1 → 1 0 2 5

R2  R1 → 1

 
0 1 0 3 0 3 10
2R2  R3 → 0 0 5
10 0
1 1 7

R3 → 0
0 1 2

 
1 0 2 5

3R3  R1 → 1

 
0 1 0 3 0 0 4
1
5 R3 → 0 0 1
2 R3  R2 → 0
1 0 5

0
0 1 2

 
2R3  R1 → 1 0 0 1
0 1 0
3

 
4
0 0 1
2 X
5

 
1 2
X
3
2
746 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

35     40   
70 50 25 84 60 30 100 90 70 30 110 99 77 33
59. 1.2
60. 1.10

100 70 42 120 84 20 60 60 44 22 66 66

61. (a) Farmer’s Fruit Fruit

Market Stand Farm

A
100
125 100
175 
75 Apples
125 Peaches
Each entry represents the number of bushels of each type of crop that are shipped to each outlet.
(b) B
3.50 6.00
Each entry represents the profit per bushel for each type of crop.

(c) BA
3.50 6.00 125

100
100 75
175 125 

$1037.50 $1400.00 $1012.50
The entries in the matrix represent the profits for both crops at each of the three outlets.

 
5,000 4,000
62. BA
$39.50 $44.50 $56.50 6,000 10,000
$916,500 $885,500
8,000 5,000
The entries represent the costs of the three models of the product at the two warehouses.

 
840 1100

  
3 2 2 3 0 1200 1350 $15,770 $18,300
63. ST
0 2 3 4 3 1450 1650
$26,500 $29,250
4 2 1 3 2 2650 3000 $21,260 $24,150
3050 3200
The entries represent the wholesale and retail inventory values of the inventories at the three outlets.

    
0.6 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.40 0.15 0.15
64. P2
0.2 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.1
0.28 0.53 0.17
0.2 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.32 0.32 0.68
The P2 matrix gives the proportion of the voting population that changed parties or remained
loyal to their party from the first election to the third.

    
0.40 0.15 0.15 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.300 0.175 0.175
65. P3
P2P
0.28 0.53 0.17 0.2 0.7 0.1
0.308 0.433 0.217
0.32 0.32 0.68 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.392 0.392 0.608

    
0.300 0.175 0.175 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.250 0.188 0.188
P4
P3P
0.308 0.433 0.217 0.2 0.7 0.1
0.315 0.377 0.248
0.392 0.392 0.608 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.435 0.435 0.565

    
0.250 0.188 0.188 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.225 0.194 0.194
P5
P4P
0.315 0.377 0.248 0.2 0.7 0.1
0.314 0.345 0.267
0.435 0.435 0.565 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.461 0.461 0.539

 
0.213 0.197 0.197
P6
0.311 0.326 0.280
0.477 0.477 0.523

—CONTINUED—
 Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices 747

65. —CONTINUED—

 
0.206 0.198 0.198
P7
0.308 0.316 0.288
0.486 0.486 0.514

 
0.203 0.199 0.199
P8
0.305 0.309 0.292
0.492 0.492 0.508
As P is raised to higher and higher powers, the resulting matrices appear to be approaching the matrix

 
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.3 0.3 0.3 .
0.5 0.5 0.5

    
1 0.5 0.2 12 10 $18.10 $15.40
66. ST
1.6 1.0 0.2 9 8
$29.80 $25.40
2.5 2.0 1.4 8 7 $59.20 $50.80
This represents the labor cost for each boat size at each plant.

Sales Profit

    
40 64 52 2.65 0.65 447 115 Friday
67. (a) AB
60 82 76 2.85 0.70
624.50 161 Saturday
76 96 84 3.05 0.85 731.20 188 Sunday
The entries in Column 1 represent the total sales of the three kinds of milk for Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.
The entries in Column 2 represent each days’ total profit.
(b) Total profit for the weekend: 115  161  188
$464

Sales ($) Profit

    
580 840 320 1.95 0.32 3541 616 87
68. (a) AB
560 420 160 2.05 0.36
2297 394.4 89
860 1020 540 2.15 0.40 4929 858.4 93
The first column of AB gives the amount of sales for each octane. The second column gives the profit made
by each octane.
(b) The store’s profit for the weekend is $616  $394.40  $858.40
$1868.80.

Bicycled Jogged Walked

69. (a) B
[2 0.5 3] 20-minute time periods

120-pound 150-pound

 
109 136 person person
(b) BA
2 0.5 3 127 159
[473.5 588.5] Calories burned
64 79
The first entry represents the total calories burned by the 120-pound person and the second entry represents
the total calories burned by the 150-pound person.

70. (a) Individual Family

costs costs

 
694.32 1725.36 Comprehensive plan
A
451.8 1187.76 HMO standard plan
489.48 1248.12 HMO plus plan

 
683.91 1699.48 Comprehensive plan
B
463.1 1217.45 HMO standard plan
499.27 1273.08 HMO plus plan
—CONTINUED—
748 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

70. —CONTINUED—
(b) Change in Change in
individual family
costs cost

     
694.32 1725.36 683.91 1699.48 10.41 25.88 Comprehensive plan
A  B
451.8 1187.76  463.1 1217.45
11.3 29.69 HMO standard plan
489.48 1248.12 499.27 1273.08 9.79 24.96 HMO plus plan
Employees choosing the comprehensive plan have a decrease in cost while those choosing
the other two have an increased cost.
(c) Dividing each entry of matrix A by 12 yields

   
57.86 143.78 56.99 141.62
1 1
12 A
37.65 98.98 , 12 B
38.59 101.45 .
40.79 104.01 41.61 106.09
(d) If the costs increase by 4% next year, then the new cost matrix would be:

 
722.09 1794.37
A  0.04A
469.87 1235.27
509.06 1298.05
Monthly Monthly
individual family
cost cost

 
60.17 149.53 Comprehensive plan
12
A  0.04A
39.16
1
102.94 HMO standard plan
42.42 108.17 HMO plus plan

71. True. 72. False. For most matrices, AB  BA.

The sum of two matrices of different orders is undefined.

For 73–80, A is of order 2
3, B is of order 2
3, C is of order 3
2 and D is of order 2
2.

73. A  2C is not possible. A and C are not of the same order. 74. B  3C is not possible. B and C are not of the same order.

75. AB is not possible. The number of columns of A does not 76. BC is possible. The resulting order is 2  2.
equal the number of rows of B.

77. BC  D is possible. The resulting order is 2  2. 78. CB  D is not possible. The order of CB is 3  3, but the
order of D is 2  2.

79. D
A  3B is possible. The resulting order is 2  3. 80.
BC  DA is possible. The resulting order is 2  3.

1
81. AC
0
0 1
1 2
2
 
3
3


2
2
3
3  82. AB
34 3
411  
1


0
0
0
0
AB
O and neither A nor B is O.
1 2   
1 0 2 3 2 3
BC


0 3 2 3
Thus, AC
BC even though A  B.

83. The product of two diagonal matrices of the same order is a diagonal matrix whose entries
are the products of the corresponding diagonal entries of A and B.
 Section 8.2 Operations with Matrices 749

i
i 
0
0
i
0 
0
i 1

0 0     
i 0 i 0 0
84. (a) A2


and i 2
1
i i
0
i 
i
0
0
0 
i
i 0 1
1
1
i 
0
0
1
0 
0
i i
 0     
0 i 0 0
A3
A2A


and i 3
i
0 1 i
0
i 
1
0
0
0 
1
i 0 i
i
i
i 
0
0
i
0 
0
i
 0     
0 i 0 1 0
A4
A3A


and i 4
1
0 i i
0
i 
i
0
0
0 
i
i 0 1
i
i 
0
(b) B

0
i i
0
0 
i
i
0
i 
i
0
i i     
0 0 1 0
B2



I, the identity matrix
0 0
i
0 
0
i
i
i 
0
0 0 1

85. 3x2  20x  32
0 86. 8x2  10x  3
0

3x  4
x  8
0
3x  4
0 or x  8
0
x
43 or
4
Solutions: 3, 8

2x  3
4x  1
0
2x  3
0 ⇒ x
23
1
x
8 4x  1
0 ⇒ x
 4
Solutions:  14, 32

87. 4x3  10x2  3x
0 88. 3x 3  22 x2  45x
0

x
4x2  10x  3
0 x
3x2  22x  45
0
x
0 or 4x 2  10x  3
0 x
x  9
3x  5
0
10 ±
102  4
4
3 10 ±
148 x
0
x


2
4 8
x  9
0 ⇒ x
9
5 ±
37

by the Quadratic Formula 3x  5
0 ⇒ x
53
4
Solutions: 0, 9, 53
5 ±
37
Solutions: 0,
4

89. 3x3  12x2  5x  20
0 90. 2x 3  5x2  12x  30
0

3x2
x  4  5
x  4
0 x2
2x  5  6
2x  5
0

x  4
3x2  5
0
2x  5
x2  6
0
x  4
0 or 3x2  5
0 5
2x  5
0 ⇒ x

5 2
x
4 x2

3 x2  6
0 ⇒ x2
6 ⇒ x
±
6
x
±
 35
±
15
3
i x
±
6
5

15 Solutions: , ±
6
Solutions: 4, ± i 2
3

x  4y
9
91. Eq.1
5x  8y
39 Eq.2 4
2

5x  20y
45
5Eq.1 −4 −2 2

x

5x  8y
39 (7, − 12 )
−4
12y
6 Add equations.
y
 12
−8

x  4
 12 
9 ⇒ x
7 − 10

Solution:
7,  2 
1
750 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

 8x
3y 
17 y
92. Equation 1

6x  7y  27 Equation 2 7
6

48x
18y 
102
6Eq.1 5

48x  56y  216
8Eq.2 (−1, 3)

38y  114 Add equations. 2

1
y3 x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
8x
3
3 
17 ⇒ x 
1
Solution:

1, 3


x  2y 
5 y
93. Equation 1

3x
y 
8 Equation 2 4

2

x  2y 
5
x

6x
2y 
16
2Eq.2 −4 −2 6 8
−2

7x 
21 Add equations. (3, −1)
−4
x 3
−6

3  2y 
5 ⇒ y 
1 −8

Solution:
3,
1

 6x
13y 
y
94. 11 Equation 1
9x  5y  41 Equation 2 8

6
18x
39y  33
3Eq.1
4

18x
10y 
82

2Eq.2 (4, 1)
2

49y 
49 Add equations.
x
y 1 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2

6x
13
1  11 ⇒ x  4 −4

Solution:
4, 1

Section 8.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix

■ You should know that the inverse of an n  n matrix A is the n  n matrix A
1, if is exists, such that AA
1  A
1A  I,
where I is the n  n identity matrix.
■ You should be able to find the inverse, if it exists, of a square matrix.
(a) Write the n  2n matrix that consists of the given matrix A on the left and the n  n identity matrix I on the right
to obtain A
I. Note that we separate the matrices A and I by a dotted line. We call this process adjoining the
matrices A and I.
(b) If possible, row reduce A to I using elementary row operations on the entire matrix A
I. The result will be
the matrix I
A
1. If this is not possible, then A is not invertible.
(c) Check your work by multiplying to see that AA
1  I  A
1A.

b
c   
a b 1 d
■ The inverse of A  is A
1  if ad
cb  0.
d ad
bc
c a
■ You should be able to use inverse matrices to solve systems of linear equations if the coefficient matrix is
square and invertible.

Vocabulary Check
1. square 2. inverse 3. nonsingular; singular 4. A
1B
 Section 8.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 751

1 6
5
2  2
25 
53     
1 1 0
1. AB   
3 2 15
15
5  6 0 1

1 6
5 3
3

53 25     
1 1 0
BA   
2 3
10  10
5  6 0 1

1 2
1 1
1

1 1     
1 2 1 1 0
2. AB   
2 1
2  2
1  2 0 1

1 2
1
2  2
1 
1     
2 1 1 1 0
BA   
1 2 1
1
1  2 0 1

 

2 1
2  3 1
1
3 
6  6   
1 2 1 0
3. AB   
4 3
2
2
1 3
2 0 1

 
2  3
 

2 1
4  4
 0 
1 2 1 0
BA  3
 

12 3 3
2
2 3
2
2
3 4 1

   
3 1 3

1  25 1

15
2 0 
1 5 5 5 5 1 0
4. AB   
3
25 1
5
6
5
6
5
2
5  3
5
1

    
3 1 3 2 3 3
1
1 5  5
5  5
 
5 5 1 0
BA   3 

25 1
5
2 3 2

5  52 2
5  5
0 1

2
34  33 2
68  66 4  51
55

      
2
17 11 1 1 2 1 0 0
5. AB 
1 11
7 2 4
3 
1  22
21
1  44
42
2
33  35  0 1 0
0 3
2 3 6
5 6
6 12
12
9  10 0 0 1
2
1
17  11  6 11
7
4

      
1 1 2 2
17 11 1 0 0
BA  2 4
3
1 11
7  4
4
34  44
9 22
28  6  0 1 0
3 6
5 0 3
2 6
6
51  66
15 33
42  10 0 0 1

  
2  14
54
6
11 35
1 3
4
1  5 4  4
5
2

  

4 1 1 2 1 0 0
1

1
11
1 1
6. AB 
1 2 4 4 4  2  2
1
1
2  4
32
11
2  7  0 1 0
0
1
1
14 1
7
0 0 1

14  14 11 7
4 1
1 4
4

   

12 3

4 2
1
12  2
32
52  4
32

  
1 2 1 5 1 0 0
1

11 1 11 5 11
BA  4
1 4
1 2 4 
1  1 4
2  4 4
4  4  0 1 0

14 1
7
4 0
1
1 1
1
14  2
74
54  4
74 0 0 1

1
1
1

  
2 0 1 1 2
3 0 0 1
4 9
5
6
7. AB 

1 1
2 1 0 1
1
1
4
1 1 0 3
5 3 3

2  3 41
5
2
1  3
2
1  3

  
1 0 0 0
0 6
5 0 0 0 1 0 0
 
1
43
2  9
2
5 1
523 1
623 0 0 1 0
0 8
91
4  5
1
4  6
1 0 0 0 1

—CONTINUED—
752 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

7. —CONTINUED—

1
1
1

  
2 2 0 1 1

4 9
5
6 3 0 0 1
BA 
0 1
1
1
1 1
2 1
3
5 3 3 4
1 1 0

2  6  1
4
1  2
1
1  2
1

  
0 1 0 0 0

8  27  5
24
5  6
4  10
6
4  9
5 0 1 0 0
 
31
4 0 2
1 0 0 0 1 0
6
15
3  12 0 3
63 3
53 0 0 0 1

2 0
3
3
2

  
0 1 1
1
1
3 0 12 14
5 10
8. AB 

2
1 0
2
5
6 2
4
0 1 3
1
3
4 1
3
6
5 6
6
2  2 4
4




3
12  15
6
12  6
12
15  3

3
14  18
6
14  8
14
18  4
15
6

2  5
2

5  6
1

2
10  12
4
10  6
10
12  3

 
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

3
3
2
2

  
1 0 1 0
12 14
5 10 1
1
3 0
BA 

5
6 2
4
2
1 0
2

3
4 1
3 0 1 3
1
6
3
2 3
1
2
3  9
6
2  2




24  14  10
10
6
4
6
4
2

14  5  10
6
2
4
4
1
3
12
42  30

5  18
12

3  12
9
10
10

4  4

2  3

 
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

2
4
5 8
83 10
16  6
6  6

    
2 3 3
1
9. AB  3 1
1 0
4
8 3  13
4  4
5  8 3
3
0 1 4 1 2 0
4  4
8  8 3

   
3 0 0 1 0 0
AB  13 0 3 0  0 1 0
0 0 3 0 0 1

4
5
2 8
5
8  5  3
12  12

      
3 2 3 1 0 0
BA  13
4
8 3 1
1
1
0 3 8
8
8  8  3
12  12  0 1 0
1 2 0 0 1 4
2  2 2
2 3 0 0 1
 Section 8.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 753

  

1 1 0
1
3 1 1
3
1 1
1 1 0
3
1 2
3
10. AB  3

1 1 2 0 0 1 1 0
0
1 1 1
3
2 1 0
3
3 3
1
1  2
1  2
1 3
3

 13

3
3
3
3

3

3
111

1
1  2
11
2
1
21

1  2  2

2  1  1

3  3
3
3
3

 
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

  

3 1 1
3
1 1 0
1

3
1 2
3 1
1 1 0
BA  13
0 1 1 0
1 1 2 0

3
2 1 0 0
1 1 1

 
31
1
3
1  1  3 12
3 3
3
1 3
1
2
3  1  2  3
1  4
3 3
3
 3
1
1
1  1 12 0
3
2
1
3  2  1
2  2 3

 
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

I   0



 3 
2 0 1 0 1 2 1 0
11. A 12. A
I 
3
0 1 7
0 1



 
1
1
→ 1
 
R 0 0 1 2 1 0


2 1 2
 I A
1
1
3 R2 → 0 1
0 1
3

3R1  R2 → 0 1

3 1

2R2  R1 → 1

2
   
1 0 7
A
1 
2 0  I
A
1
0 1
3
0 1

3 1

2

3 
7
A
1 
1

I   2

2

7

  
1 1 0 33 1 0
13. A

3
0 1
14. A
I 
4
19
0 1

2
2R2  R1 → 1
5

0   
1 1 0 1 2

2R1  R2 → 1

2 1 4
19
0 1
2R2  R1 →

3

10 0
1

2
2
1 
 I
A
1 1

4R1  R2 → 0 

5
1

1

4
2

7 

3

2 
2
5R2  R1 →

19
33
A
1 
0 
1 0
1
1

4
7
 I
A
1

19
33
A
1  
4
7 
754 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

1



I  
2 
1 1 0

I  
1 
A 11 1 1 0
15.

16. A
1 0 1 0
0 1

R2  R1 →

1 10R2  R1 →


2  
1 
1 0 1 1 1 1 10
1
0 1 0
0 1



 

1 1 1 1 10
0 
1 0 1 .
 I .. A
1 R1  R2 → 0

2R1  R2 → 1
2
1 1 1 11


A
1  
1
1


R2  R1 → 1
0 
0
1

0
1

1
11 
 I
A
1
2
1

1
1 
0
A
1 
11

I   4



 1 
2 4 1 0 2 3 1 0
17. A 18. A
I 
8
0 1 4
0 1




2R1  R2 → 20 4
0

1

2
0
1 R2 1
R1 2 
4
3

0
1
1
0 
The two zeros in the second row imply that the

 
1 4 0 1
inverse does not exist.
2R1  R2 → 0
5
1
2
1

15R2 → 0  4
1




0

15 2
5
1



 

4R2  R1 → 1 0 4

35


5
 I A
1
0 1

15 2
5

3

1 
4
A
1  15
2

2

 
5

3 
2 7 1 A has no inverse because A has no inverse because it
19. A  20. A  6
15

9 2 it is not square. is not square.
0 1

1 0 0
 
1 1 1
21. A
I  3 5 4
0 1 0
3 6 5
0 0 1

1 0 0
 
1 1 1

3R1  R2 → 0 2 1

3 1 0

3R1  R3 → 0 3 2

3 0 1

1 0 0
 
1 1 1
1
2 R2 → 0 1 1
2

32 1
2 0
0 3 2

3 0 1

 

R2  R1 → 1 0 1
2
5
2
12 0
0 1
1
2

23 1
2 0

3R2  R3 → 0 0
1
2
3
2
2 3
1

R3  R1 → 1
1 1
1
 
0 0

R3  R2 → 0 1 0

3 2
1
0 0 1
2
32
32 1

1 1
1
 
1 0 0
0 1 0

3 2
1  I
A
1
2R3 → 0 0 1
3
3 2

1

 
1 1
A
1 
3 2
1
3
3 2
 Section 8.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 755

 
1 2 2 1 0 0
22. A
I  3 7 9
0 1 0

1
4
7
0 0 1

 
1 2 2 1 0 0

3R1  R2 → 0 1 3

3 1 0
R1  R3 → 0
2
5
1 0 1

2R2  R1 → 1
4

2

 
0 7 0
0 1 3

3 1 0
2R2  R3 → 0 0 1

5 2 1
4R3  R1 → 1

13

 
0 0 6 4

3R3  R2 → 0 1 0
12
5
3  I
A
1
0 0 1

5 2 1

13

 
6 4
A
1  12
5
3

5 2 1

1
 
1 0 0 0 0
23. A
I  3 4 0
0 1 0
2 5 5
0 0 1

1
 
1 0 0 0 0

3R1  R2 → 0 4 0

3 1 0

2R1  R3 → 0 5 5

2 0 1

1
 
1 0 0 0 0
0 4 0

3 1 0
5

4R2  R3 → 0 0 5
74
54 1

1
 
1 0 0 0 0


4

3 1
1
4 R2 → 0 1 0 4 0  I A
1
1
R
5 3
→ 0 0 1
207
14 1
5

 
1 0 0

34 1
A
1
 4 0
7

14 1
20 5

   
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
24. A
I  3 0 0
0 1 0
3R1  R2 → 0 0 0

3 1 0
2 5 5
0 0 1
2R1  R3 → 0 5 5

2 0 1

Since the first three entries of row 2 are all zeros, the inverse of A does not exist.

8

 
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
25. A
I 
0 0 4 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0
5
0 0 0 1

18R1 → 1

18

 
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
 I
A
1


1 1
R
4 3 → 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0
1

5R4 → 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1

5

18

 
0 0 0
0 1 0 0
A
1  1
0 0 4 0
0 0 0
15
756 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

2

 
1 3 0 1 0 0 0

0 2 4 6
0 1 0 0
26. A I 
0 0
2 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 5
0 0 0 1

2

 
1 3 0 1 0 0 0
1
2 R2→ 0 1 2 3
0 1
2 0 0
0 0
2 1
0 0 1 0
1
R
5 4 → 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
5

3R2  R1 → 1
8
9

32

 
0 1 0 0
R3  R2 → 0 1 0 4
0 1
2 1 0

R4  R3 → 0 0
2 0
0 0 1
15
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
5

 

4R3  R1 → 1 0 0
9
1
32
4
4
5

4R4  R2 → 0 1 0 0
0 1
2 1
45

12R3 → 0 0 1 0
0 0
12 1
10
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
5

 
9R4  R1 → 1 0 0 0
1
32
4 13
5

1

45
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0

0
0 0
2 1

12 1
10
 I
A
1

0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
5

10
15
40

 
26
1 0 5 10
8
A
1  10
0 0
5 1
0 0 0 2

2
1

 

7

 
1 10 5
27. A 3 7
10 28. A 
5 1 4

5
7
15 3 2
2

175 37
13

 

10
4

 
27
A
1  95
20 7 A
1  2 1
5
14
3 1
13
5 35

   
1 1 2 3 2 2
29. A 3 1 0 30. A 2 2 2

2 0 3
4 4 3

 

3
1.5
1

   
3 2 1.5 1 1 0
1
A
1  2 9
7
6  4.5
3.5
3 A
1  7
8.5 1

2 2 2
1 1 1
8 10
1

 
3 1

12

 

56 1 11
4 4 3 6
31. A 1 0
32 32. 0 2
3 2
1
0
1 2 1
12
2
5

 

12
5
9 A
1 does not exist.
A
1 
4
2
4

8
4
6
 Section 8.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 757

 

0.3

 
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0
33. A 
0.3 0.2 0.2 34. A  0.7
1 0.2
0.5 0.4 0.4 1 0
0.9

 

4 0
1.81 3.75 0
1.25

   
0 2 0.90
A
1  5

22 11 11 
10 5 5 A
1  3.4583
1
1.375
11
22
6
8 10
2.72
3.63 4.16 0
2.5

7

   
1 0 3 0 4 8 14
0 2 0 4 2 5
4 6
35. A  36. A
1 0 3 0 0 2 1
7
0 2 0 4 3 6
5 10

10
29

 
A
1 does not exist. 27 4

16 5
2 18
A
1 

17 4
2 20

7 2
1 8

2
1
2

 

1

 
0 1 0 1
0 2 0
1 3
5
2
3
37. A 38. A
2 0
1 0 2
5
2
5
0
1 0 1
1 4 4 11

24
2

   
1 0 1 0 7 1
0 1 0 1
10 3 0
1
A
1  A
1 
2 0 1 0
29 7 3
2
0 1 0 2 12
3
1 1

b
c    
8 
a b 1 d 7 12
39. A , A
1  40. A 
d ad
bc
c a
5

2 ad
bc  7

5
12

8 
35  96  61
2 
5
A
3
 
5
1
5
12
61
12
 
61
ad
bc 
5
3


2
2  19 A
1   8 7
61 8 7 61 61

 
3 2

 
1 3 2 19 19
A
1  
19
2 5 2

19 5
19

12

42
6
  
3
41. A  42. A 
3 5
2
ad
bc 

4
3


2

6  0 ad
bc 

12

2
3
5  24
15  9
Since ad
bc  0, A
1 does not exist.
 
2
1
2
3
9
13
A
1 
9
5 
12
 

59
43

   
7
2
34
14 9
4
43. A  1 4 44. A  5 8
5 5 3 9

ad
bc  72
45


43
15
 10
28

3

20 20
59
ad
bc 
41
89

94
53

143
36

         
4 3 4 3 16 15 8

94 32 81
1 5 4 20 5 4 59 59 36 9
143 143
A
1    A
1 

5920
15 7
2
59
15 7
2
4

59
70
59
143
53
14
60 9
143 143
758 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

3
3
y  
2  10  0 y  
2  3  3
x 2 5 5 x 2 0 6
45. 46.
1 1
Solution:
5, 0 Solution:
6, 3

3
8
3
7
y  
2  2  
6 y  
2 
2  
4
x 2 4 x 2 1
47. 48.
1 1
Solution:

8,
6 Solution:

7,
4

1
1
1

           
x 1 1 0 3 x 1 1 1
49. y 
3 2
1 5  8 50. y 
3 2
1 2  7
z 3
3 2 2
11 z 3
3 2 0
9
Solution:
3, 8,
11 Solution:
1, 7,
9

24
2

     

24
2
32

     
x1 7 1 0 2 x 7 1 1
x2
10 3 0
1 1 1 y
10 3 0
1
2
13
51.   52.  
x3
29 7 3
2
1 0 z
29 7 3
2 0
37
x4 12
3
1 1 2 0 w 12
3
1 1
3 15
Solution:
2, 1, 0, 0 Solution:

32,
13,
37, 15

5  30 
3 4 18 12
53. A 54. A
3 24

4 24
12
   
1 3 1
A
1  A
1 
9
20
5 3 432
360
30 18


1

4
2 1
22
12
             
x 1 3 2 x 1 24 13 1 36 2


   
y 11
5 3 4 11 22
2 y 72
30 18 23 72 24 1
3

Solution:
2,
2 Solution:
1 1

2, 3

0.4
0.6
  
1 
0.8 0.2
55. A 56. A
2
4 1.4

4
0.8
   
1 1 1.4 0.6
A
1  A
1 
1.6
1.6
2
0.4 0.28
0.6 1 0.2
A
1 does not exist.
y 
0.32  
8.8
x 1 1.4 0.6 2.4
1 0.2
This implies that there is no unique solution; that is,
either the system is inconsistent or there are infinitely 1
1.92
   
6
many solutions. 

0.32 0.64
2
Find the reduced row-echelon form of the matrix Solution:
6,
2
corresponding to the system.



0.42 0.8

4

1.6
5

2.5R1 →
2

4
12
4
5 

2

4

2R1  R2 → 10 0
13 
The given system is inconsistent and there is no solution.
 Section 8.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 759

   
5

14
3
8 6
1
57. A 3 3 58. A 4 7
2 4 3
2

     
3

38 3

38 1

 
1 4 4
1 2 1
72 1
A
1  3 9 
43  A
1 

16
16
32
14
32
14 2
1
3
35 4
12  3
3
4 5
6

xy  
2  
1

   
7
1
2
4 12
2
2
1
3

12


8   
x
y


19
43
1
20
5
51


12 19
19

95 

12
10  
6 6

Solution:

4,
8 Solution:

12, 10

1

 
4 1
59. A  2 2 3
5
2 6
Find A
1.


 
4
1 1 1 0 0
A
I  2 2 3
0 1 0
5
2 6
0 0 1


 
R1 5
2 6 0 0 1
2 2 3
0 1 0
R3 4
1 1
1 0 0

 

R3  R1 → 1
1 5
1 0 1
2 2 3
0 1 0
4
1 1
1 0 0


 
1
1 5
1 0 1

2R1  R2 → 0 4
7
2 1
2

4R1  R3 → 0 3
19
5 0
4


 
1
1 5
1 0 1

R3  R2 → 0 1 12

3 1 2
0 3
19
5 0
4

 
R2  R1 → 1 0 17
4 1 3
0 1 12

3 1 2

3R2  R3 → 0 0
55
14
3
10

 
1 0 17
4 1 3
0 1 12

3 1 2
1

55 R3 → 0 0 1

14
55
3
55
2
11

 

17R3  R1 → 1 0 0
18
55
4
55
1

11

12R3  R2 → 0 1 0
3
55
19
55
2

11  I
A
1
0 0 1

14
55
3
55
2
11

4
5

 
18
1
A
1  55 3 19
10

14 3 10
4
5
5
55
1

       
x 18
1 1
y  55 3 19
10 10  55 165  3
z
14 3 10 1 110 2
Solution:

1, 3, 2
760 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

 

2
3

 
4 3 5 2
60. A 2 2 5 61. A  2 2
3
8
5
2 1
7 8
A
1 does not exist. This implies that there is no unique

21

 
19 16
1 solution; that is, either the system is inconsistent or the
A
1 
44 32 14
82 system has infinitely many solutions. Use a graphing utility
26
4
12 to find the reduced row-echelon form of the matrix

21 19 16
2 corresponding to the system.

       
x 410 5
1 1
y 
44 32 14 16  656 

 
8 5
3 2 2
82 82
z 26
4
12 4
164
2 2 2
3
3
Solution:
5, 8,
2
1
7 8

4

 
1 5
0
16
13
16

0 1
19
16
11
16

0 0 0
0
5 13


x
16 z 16
y
19
16 z 
11
16
5
a  13 19 11
Let z  a. Then x  16 16 and y  16 a  16 .

Solution:
165 a  1316, 1916a  1116, a where a is a real number

2

   
2 3 5 3 1
62. A  3 5 9 63. A 
4 1
3
5 9 17 1
5 1
A
1 does not exist. This implies that there is no unique
0.2

 
0.56 0.12
solution; that is, either the system is inconsistent or A
1 
0.04
0.08
0.2
the system has infinitely many solutions. Use a graphing

0.76
0.52 0.2
utility to find the reduced row-echelon form of the

0.2
29
7

     
matrix corresponding to the system. x 0.56 0.12

y 
0.04
0.08
0.2 37 

 
2 3 5 4 3
3 5 9
7 z
0.76
0.52 0.2
24
2
5 9 17
13 Solution:

7, 3,
2


 
1 0
2
1
0 1 3
2
0 0 0
0

xy
 2z3z 
12

Let z  a. Then x  2a
1 and y 
3a  2.
Solution:
2a
1,
3a  2, a where a is a real number

3

 
7 0 2

8
10

 
7

2 1 0
1
64. A  12 3
5 65. A
4 0 1
2
15
9 2

1 1 0
1

0.034
0.004

 
0.066
1

 
0 0 1
A
1 
0.086 0.117
0.139
1
5 0 3

0.133 0.029
0.094 A
1 

2
4 1
2

0.034
0.004
151
1
4

     
x 0.066 10 0 1
y 
0.086 0.117
0.139 86 
3
1

     
x 0 0 1 41 5
z
0.133 0.029
0.094 187 5 y
1
5 0 3
13 0
 
Solution:
10,
3, 5 z
2
4 1
2 12
2
w
1
4 0 1
8 3
Solution:
5, 0,
2, 3
 Section 8.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 761

 
2 5 0 1
1 4 2
2
66. A
2
2 5 1
1 0 0
3

0.352

 
0.338 0.141 0.394
0.042 0.164
0.066
0.117
A
1 

0.141 0.230 0.108
0.164
0.113
0.117 0.047
0.202

0.352

     
x 0.338 0.141 0.394 11 6.21
y 0.042 0.164
0.066
0.117
7
0.77
 
z
0.141 0.230 0.108
0.164 3
2.67
w 0.113
0.117 0.047
0.202
1 2.40
Solution:
6.21,
0.77,
2.67, 2.40

 
1 1 1
67. A  0.065 0.07 0.09
0 2
1


 
1 1 1 1 0 0
A
I  0.065 0.07 0.09
0 1 0
0 2
1
0 0 1

1
 
1 1 1 0 0
200R2 → 13 14 18
0 200 0
0 2
1
0 0 1

1 0 0
 
1 1 1

13R1  R2 → 0 1 5

13 200 0
0 2
1
0 0 1


 

R2  R1 → 1 0
4 14
200 0
0 1 5

13 200 0

2R2  R3 → 0 0
11
26
400 1


 
1 0
4 14
200 0
0 1 5

13 200 0
1

11 R3 → 0 0 1

2611
400
11
1
11

 
4R3  R1 → 1 0 0
11 11 11
50

600

4

5R3  R2 → 0 1 0

13
11
200
11 11  I

5
A
1
0 0 1

26
11
400
11
11
1

50
600
4

    
10,000 7000
1
X  A
1B  11
13 200 5 705  1000

26 400
1 0 2000
Solution: $7000 in AAA-rated bonds, $1000 in A-rated bonds, $2000 in B-rated bonds
762 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

 
1 1 1
68. A  0.065 0.07 0.09
0 2
1

 
1 1 1 1 0 0
A
I  0.065 0.07 0.09
0 1 0
0 2
1
0 0 1


 
1 1 1 1 0 0
200R2 → 13 14 18
0 200 0
0 2
1
0 0 1


 
1 1 1 1 0 0

13R1  R2 → 0 1 5

13 200 0
0 2
1
0 0 1

R2  R1 → 1
4

200

 
0 14 0
0 1 5

13 200 0

2R2  R3 → 0 0
11
26
400 1

 
1 0
4 14
200 0
0 1 5

13 200 0
1

11 R3 → 0 0 1

26
11
400
11
1

11

 
4R3  R1 → 1 0 0
50
11
600
11
4

11

5R3  R2 → 0 1 0

13
11
200
11
5
11  I
A
1
0 0 1

26
11
400
11
1

11

600
4 10,000

    
50 4000
1
X  A
1B 
13 200 5 760  2000
11

26 400
1 0 4000
Solution: $4000 in AAA-rated bonds, $2000 in A-rated bonds, $4000 in B-rated bonds.

69. Use the inverse matrix A
1 from Exercise 67.

50
600
4

    
12,000 9000
1
X  A
1B  11
13 200 5 835  1000

26 400
1 0 2000
Solution: $9000 in AAA-rated bonds, $1000 in A-rated bonds, $2000 in B-rated bonds

70. Use the inverse matrix A
1 from Exercise 69.

600
4 500,000

    
50 200,000
1
X  A
1B 
13 200 5 38,000  100,000
11

26 400
1 0 200,000
Solution: $200,000 in AAA-rated bonds, $100,000 in A-rated bonds, and $200,000 in B-rated bonds.
 Section 8.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 763

4

       
2 0 4 I1 5 4 24 2
1
71. (a) A 0 1 4 (b) I2  14
4 6 8 23  3
1 1
1 I3 1 2
2 0 5


 
2 0 4 1 0 0 Solution:
A
I  0 1 4
0 1 0
I1  2 amperes, I2  3 amperes, I3  5 amperes
1 1
1
0 0 1


 
R1 1 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 4
0 1 0
R3 2 0 4
1 0 0

 
1 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 4
0 1 0

2R1  R3 → 0
2 6
1 0
2


 

R2  R1 → 1 0
5 0
1 1
0 1 4
0 1 0
2R2  R3 → 0 0 14
1 2
2





1 0
5 0
1 1
0 1 4
0 1 0
1
R
14 3 → 0 0 1
1
14
1
7
17

 
5R3  R1 → 1 0 0
5
14
27
2
7

4R3  R2 → 0 1 0

27
3
7
4
7  I
A
1
0 0 1
1
14
1
7
17

4

 
5 4
1
A
1  14
4 6 8
1 2
2

4
3

     
I1 5 4 14
1
I2  14
4 6 8 28  8
I3 1 2
2 0 5
Solution: I1 
3 amperes, I2  8 amperes, I3  5 amperes

 x  7  9  11  27;    
251

98 251
72. (a) n  3;
98 561.2
273  
27
1
i
(b)  24
; 24

98
1

98
i1
251 1 5068
8 8
n

 y  182.7  187.2  191.3  561.2;
251

24 
561.2 

8 
5068

 
9

 2.15
i
167.7
i1
 
n

98 
561.2 
18 
5068
x
i1
i
2  49  81  121  251
b  167.7, a  2.15
n

 x y  7
182.7  9
187.2  11
191.3  5068

i1
i i
The least squares regression line is y  2.15t  167.7.
(c) For 2003, t  13; y  2.15
13  167.7  195.65.
System: 
3b  27a  561.2
27b  251a  5068 This projects about 196 million licensed drivers in 2003.

(e) 2.15t  167.7  208 (d) The projected value is very close to the actual value.

2.15t  40.3
t  18.7
Since t  18 represents 2008, the model projects that
the number of licensed drivers will reach 208 million
during 2008.

73. True. If B is the inverse of A, then AB  I  BA. 74. True. If A and B are both square matrices and AB  In, it
can be shown that BA  In .
764 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

b
b
c  ad
bc

c   
c 
a b 1 d 1 a b d
75. AA
1  
d a ad
bc c d a
ad
bc
   
1 0 1 0
 
ad
bc 0 ad
bc 0 1

b ad
bc
  c     
1 d a b 1 0 1 0
A
1A   
ad
bc
c a d ad
bc 0 ad
bc 0 1

 
1 0
a11
 
a 0
76. (a) Given A  11 , A
1  1 . (b) In general, the inverse of a matrix in the form of A is
0 a22
0 a22 1 0 0 ... 0
a11

   
1 0 0 1
0 a22 0 ... 0

 
a11 0 0 a11
1
Given A  0 a22 0 , A
1  0 a22 0 . 1
0 0 a33 1 0 0 a33 . . . 0
0 0 a33 .. .. .. ..
. . . ... .
... 1
0 0 0 ann

77. x  7 ≥ 2
78. 2x
1 < 3 79. 3x2  315
x  7 ≤
2 or x  7 ≥ 2
3 < 2x
1 < 3 ln 3x2  ln 315
x ≤
9 or x ≥
5
2 < 2x < 4 x
ln 3  ln 315

1 < x < 2 2
x
− 10 − 9 − 8 − 7 −6 − 5 − 4
2 ln 315
x x  10.472
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 ln 3

80. 2000e
x5  400 81. log2 x
2  4.5 82. ln x  ln
x
1  0

1 log2 x  6.5 lnx
x
1  0
e
x5 
5 x2 6.5
 90.510 elnx
x
1  e0
1
ln e
x5  ln x
x
1  1
5
x2
x
1  0
x 1

 ln
5 5 1 ± 1
4

1
x
2
1
x 
5 ln 
8.047 1 ± 5
5 x
2
Choose the positive value only:
1  5
x  1.618
2

83. Answers will vary.

 Section 8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix 765

Section 8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix

■ You should be able to determine the determinant of a matrix of order 2
2 by using the difference of the products
of the diagonals.
■ You should be able to use expansion by cofactors to find the determinant of a matrix of order 3
3 or greater.
■ The determinant of a triangular matrix equals the product of the entries on the main diagonal.

Vocabulary Check
1. determinant 2. minor 3. cofactor 4. expanding by cofactors

1. 5 2. 8 3.



2
3
1
4
 24  13  8  3  5

4.


3
5
1
2

 32  51  11 5.



5
6
2
3
 53  26  15  12  27

6.


2
4
2
3

 23  42  14 7.



7
3
0
0
 70  03  0

8.


4
0
3
0

 40  03  0 9.



2
0
6
3
 23  60  6

10.

2
6
3
9

 29  63  0 11.


3
6
2
1
 31  26  3  12  9

12.

4
2
7
5

 45  27  34 13.



9
7
0
8
 98  07  72  0  72

 12 1
0 6
  2 3   3 6   6  2 
3
14.  02  36  18 15.
1 1 1 1 11
3 2 6
1
3
6

2 4 0.3 0.2 0.2
 23  13   143   10
3 3
16. 9 17. 0.2 0.2 0.2  0.002
1  13
0.4 0.4 0.3

0.1
18. 0.3
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.3

0.2  0.022
0.4
0.9
19. 0.1
2.2
0.7
0.3
4.2

0
1.3  4.842
6.1

0.1
20. 7.5
0.3
0.1
6.2
0.6
4.3

0.7  11.217
1.2

1 4 2 2 3 1
21. 3 6 6  0 22. 0 5 2  20
2 1 4 0 0 2
766 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

2  3 
3 4 11 0
23. 24.
5 2
(a) M11  5 (b) C11  M11  5 (a) M11  2 (b) C11  M11  2
M12  2 C12  M12  2 M12  3 C12  M12  3
M21  4 C21  M21  4 M21  0 C21  M21  0
M22  3 C22  M22  3 M22  11 C22  M22  11

6
2   
3 1 5
25. 26.
4 7 2
(a) M11  4 (b) C11  M11  4 (a) M11  2 (b) C11  M11  2
M12  2 C12  M12  2 M12  7 C12  M12  7
M21  1 C21  M21  1 M21  5 C21  M21  5
M22  3 C22  M22  3 M22  6 C22  M22  6

1

   
4 0 2 1 0
27. 3 2 1 28. 3 2 5
1 1 1 4 6 4

(a) M11 


2
1
1
1
 2  1  3 (a) M11 

2
6

5
4
 8 30  38

M12 


3
1
1
1
 3  1  4 M12 


3
4
5
4
 12  20  8

M13 


3
1
2
1
321 M13 


3
4
2
6

 18  8  26

M21 
0
1

2
1
 0  2  2 M21 


1
6
0
4
 4  0  4

M22 


4
1
2
1
422 M22 


1
4
0
4
404

M23 


4
1
0
1
 4  0  4 M23 


1
4
1
6

 6  4  2

M31 


0
2
2
1
 0  4  4 M31 


1
2
0
5
 5  0  5

M32 


4
3
2
1
 4  6  10 M32 


1
3
0
5
505

M33 
4
3

0
2
808 M33 


1
3
1
2

 2  3  5

(b) C11  1 2M

11 3 (b) C11  1 2M
11  38
C12  1 3M
12 4 C12  1 3M
12 8
C13  14M13  1 C13  14M13  26
C21  13M21  2 C21  13M21  4
C22  14M22  2 C22  14M22  4
C23  15M23  4 C23  15M23  2
C31  14M31  4 C31  14M31  5
C32  15M32  10 C32  15M32  5
C33  16M33  8 C33  16M33  5
 Section 8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix 767

2 2

   
3 8 9 4
29. 3 2 6 30. 7 6 0
1 3 6 6 7 6

(a) M11 



2
3
6
6
 12  18  30 (a) M11 



6
7
0
6
 36

M12 



3
1
6
6
 18  6  12 M12 



7
6
0
6
 42

M13 



3
1
2
3
 9  2  11 M13 



7
6
6
7
 85

M21 



2
3
8
6
 12  24  36 M21 



9
7
4
6
 82

M22 



3
1
8
6
 18  8  26 M22 



2
6
4
6
 12

M23 



3
1
2
3
927 M23 



2
6
9
7
 68

M31 



2
2
8
6
 12  16  4 M31 



9
6
4
0
 24

M32 



3
3
8
6
 18  24  42 M32 



2
7
4
0
 28

M33 



3
3
2
2
 6  6  12 M33 



2
7
9
6
 51

(b) C11  12M11  30 (b) C11  12M11  36

C12  13M12  12 C12  13M12  42
C13  14M13  11 C13  14M13  85
C21  13M21  36 C21  13M21  82
C22  14M22  26 C22  14M22  12
C23  15M23  7 C23  15M23  68
C31  14M31  4 C31  14M31  24
C32  15M32  42 C32  15M32  28
C33  16M33  12 C33  16M33  51

3 2 1
5 6 4 6 4 5
31. (a) 4 5 6  3 2   323  28  22  75
3 1 2 1 2 3
3

2 1

3 2 1
4 6 3 1 3 1
(b) 4 5 6  2 5 3  28  55  322  75
2 1 2 1 4 6
2 3 1

3 4 2
4 2 3 2 3 4
32. (a) 6 3 1  6 3 1  618  316  5  151
7 8 4 8 4 7
4 7 8

3 4 2
6 3 3 4 3 4
(b) 6 3 1 2  8  254  5  833  151
4 7 4 7 6 3
4 7 8
768 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

5 0 3
0 3 5 3 5 0
33. (a) 0 12 4 0  12 4  018  1218  430  96
6 3 1 3 1 6

1 6 3

5 0 3
0 4 5 3 5 3
(b) 0 12 4 0  12 6  04  1218  620  96
1 3 1 3 0 4
1 6 3

10 5 5
5 5 10 5 10 5
34. (a) 30 0 10  0  10   050  1050  150  650
0 10 30 10 30 0
0 10 1

10 5 5
0 10 5 5 5 5
(b) 30 0 10  10  30 0  10100  3055  050  650
10 1 10 1 0 10
0 10 1

6 0 3 5
0 3 5 6 3 5 6 0 5 6 0 3
4 13 6 8
35. (a)  4 0 7 4  13 1 7 4  6 1 0 4  8 1 0 7
1 0 7 4
6 0 2 8 0 2 8 6 2 8 6 0
8 6 0 2

 4282  13298  6174  8234  170

6 0 3 5
4 6 8 6 3 5 6 3 5 6 3 5
4 13 6 8
(b)  0 1 7 4  13 1 7 4 04 6 8  6 4 6 8
1 0 7 4
8 0 2 8 0 2 8 0 2 1 7 4
8 6 0 2
 0  13298  0  6674  170

10 8 3 7
8 3 7 10 3 7 10 8 7 10 8 3
36. (a) 4 0 5 6
00 5 6  3 4 5 6  2 4 0 6  7 4 0 5
0 3 2 7
0 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 2 1 0 3
1 0 3 2
 064  33  2112  7136  1167

10 8 3 7
0 5 6 8 3 7 8 3 7 8 3 7
(b) 4 0 5 6
 10 3 2 7 43 2 7 00 5 6  1 0 5 6
0 3 2 7
0 3 2 0 3 2 0 3 2 3 2 7
1 0 3 2
 1024  4245  064  1427  1167

37. Expand along Column 1.

2 1 0
2 1 1 0 1 0
4 2 1 2 4 4  20  41  41  0
2 1 2 1 2 1
4 2 1

38. Expand along Row 3.

2 2 3
2 3 2 3 2 2
1 1 0 0 1 4
1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 4
 03  13  40  3
 Section 8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix 769

39. Expand along Row 2.

6 3 7
3 7 6 7 6 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 3 4 3 4 6
4 6 3

1 2 5
40. Expand along Column 3. 4  133  9 (Upper triangular)

41. 0 3
0 0 3

1 1 2
3 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 0 2 0 3
2 0 2 0 3 1
2 0 3
 22  02  32  2

42. Expand along Row 1. 43. Expand along Column 3.

1 0 0 1 4 2
1 0 4 0 4 1 3 2 1 4
4 1 0 1 0 0 3 2 0  2 3
1 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 3 2
5 1 5 1 4 3
 15  020  01  5  214  310  58

44. Expand along Row 3.

2 1 3
1 3 2 3 2 1
1 4 4 1 0 2  116  05  29  2
4 4 1 4 1 4
1 0 2

2 4 6

45. 0 3 1  235  30 (Upper triangular) 46. Expand along Row 1.

0 0 5 3 0 0
11 0 7 0 7 11
7 11 0  3 0 0
2 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 2
 322  014  03  66

47. Expand along Column 3.

2 6 6 2
2 7 6 2 6 2
2 7 3 6
61 5 1 31 5 1  620  316  168
1 5 0 1
3 7 7 3 7 7
3 7 0 7

48. Expand along Row 2.

3 6 5 4
6 5 4 3 6 4
2 0 6 0
  2 1 2 2 61 1 2  263  63  108
1 1 2 2
3 1 1 0 3 1
0 3 1 1

49. Expand along Column 1.

5 3 0 6
6 4 12 3 0 6
4 6 4 12
52 3 4 42 3 4  50  40  0
0 2 3 4
1 2 2 1 2 2
0 1 2 2
770 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

50. Expand along Row 3.
1 4 3 2
5 6 2 1
0
0 0 0 0
3 2 1 5

51. Expand along Column 2, then along Column 4.

3 2 4 1 5
2 1 3 2
2 0 1 3 2 1 0 4
1 0 4 0
1 0 0 4 0  2  22 6 2 1  4103  412
6 2 1 0
6 0 2 1 0 3 5 1
3 5 1 0
3 0 5 1 0

52. Expand along Column 1.

5 2 0 0 2
1 4 3 2
0 1 4 3 2 2 6 3
0 2 6 3
0 0 2 6 3 5 513 4 1  520  100
0 3 4 1
0 0 3 4 1 0 0 2
0 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 2

3 8 7 5 8 0 7 0 14
53. 0 5 4  126 54. 9 7 4  223 55. 2 5 4 0
8 1 6 8 7 1 6 2 12

1 1 8 4 0 3 8 2
3 0 0
2 6 0 4 8 1 1 6
56. 2 5 0  105 57.  336 58.  7441
2 0 2 6 4 6 0 9
12 5 7
0 2 8 0 7 0 0 14

3 2 4 3 1 2 0 0 0 0
1 0 2 1 0 0 3 0 0 0
59. 5 1 0 3 2  410 60. 0 0 1 0 0  48
4 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
1 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 4

61. (a)


1
0
0
3
 3 62. (a) A 



2
4
1
2
0

(b)



2
0
0
1
 2


(b) B 


1
0
2
1
 1

1 2 2 2 5
  0     0   
0 2 0 0 1 1 2
(c)  (c) AB  
0 3 1 0 3 4 2 1 4 10

(d)


2
0
0
3
6


(d) AB 

2
4
5
10
0


 Section 8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix 771

63. (a)


4
3
0
2
 8 64. (a) A 




5
3
4
1
 17

(b)


1
2
1
2
0 (b) B 




0
1
6
2
 6

(c) 43 0
2  1
2
1
2

4
 
1
4
1 (c) AB  3
5 4
1 1
0 6
2

4
1  
22
20 
(d)

4
1
4
1
0

(d) AB 


4
1
22
20

 102

0
65. (a) 3


1
2
2
1  21
3
66. (a) A  1
2





2
3
0

4  23

0 4 1 0 1

3 2 0 3 0 1
(b) 1
3
1
1
2  19
1
(b) B 

0 2 1  1
2 1 1

    
0 1 2 3 2 0 7 1 4 0 3

  
3 2 0 1
(c) 3 2 1 1 1 2  8 9 3 (c) AB  1 3 4 0 2 1
3

0 4 1 3 1 1 7 9
2 0 1 2 1 1
7 1 4
9

 
4 1
(d) 8 9 3  399
 5 10 6
7 3 9
4 1 1

9 4 1



(d) AB  5 10 6  23
4 1 1

1 2 1 2 0 1
67. (a) 1 0 1 2 68. (a) A  1

1 2 0
0 1 0 3 1 0

1 0 0 2 1 4
(b) 0 2 0  6


(b) B  0 1 3  7
0 0 3 3 2 1
1 1 1 2 1 7 4

         
2 1 0 0 1 4 3 2 0 4 9
(c) 1 0 1 0 2 0  1 0 3 (c) AB  1 1 2 0 1 3  8 6 3
0 1 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 3 1 0 3 2 1 6 2 15

4
1 4 3 7 9
(d) 1 0 3  12


(d) AB  8 6 3 0
0 2 0 6 2 15

69.



w
y
x
z
 wz  xy 70.


w
y
cx
cz
 cwz  cxy  cwz  xy





y
w
z
x
  xy  wz  wz  xy c


w
y
x
z
 cwz  xy

Thus,




w
y
x
z

y
w
z
x
.





So,
w
y
cx
cz
c
w
y
x
z
.
772 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

71.


w
y
x
z
 wz  xy 72.

w
cw
x
cx

 cxw  cxw  0

w
y
x  cw
z  cy
 wz  cy  yx  cw  wz  xy So,

w
cw

x
cx
 0.

Thus,
w
y
x
z

w
y
x  cw
z  cy
.











1 x x2
y y2 x x2 x x2
73. 1 y y2   
z z2 z z2 y y2
1 z z2
  yz2  y2z  xz2  x2z  xy2  x2y
 yz2  xz2  y2z  x2z  xy y  x
 z2 y  x  z y2  x2  xy y  x
 z2 y  x  z y  x y  x  xy y  x
  y  xz2  z y  x  xy
  y  xz2  zy  zx  xy
  y  xz2  zx  zy  xy
  y  xzz  x  yz  x
  y  xz  xz  y

ab a a
ab a a a a a
74. a ab a  a  b a a
a ab a ab ab a
a a ab
 a  ba  b2  a2  aaa  b  a2  aa2  aa  b
 a  b3  a2a  b  a2a  b  a3  a3  a2a  b
 a  b3  3a2a  b  2a3
 a3  3a2b  3ab2  b3  3a3  3a2b  2a3
 3ab2  b3  b23a  b

75.

x1
3
2
x2
0

76.

x2
3
xx  2  31  0


1
x
0

x  1x  2  6  0
x2  3x  4  0 x2  2x  3  0
x  1x  4  0 x  1x  3  0
x  1 or x  4 x  1 or x  3

77.

x3
1
2
x2
0

78.


x4
7
2
x5

0

x  3x  2  2  0 x  4x  5  72  0

x2  5x  4  0 x2  x  6  0
x  1x  4  0 x  2x  3  0
x  1 or x  4 x  2 or x  3
 Section 8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix 773

79.


4u
1
1
2v

 8uv  1 80.

3x2 3y2
1 1

 3x2  3y2  3x2  3y2

81.

e2x
2e2x
e3x
3e3x

 3e5x  2e5x  e5x

82.


ex
ex
xex
1  xex

 1  xe2x  xe2x  e2x  xe2x  xe2x  e2x

x ln x
x x ln x
83. 1 1  1  ln x 84.  x1  ln x  x ln x
x 1 1  ln x
 x  x ln x  x ln x  x

85. True. If an entire row is zero, then each cofactor 86. True. If a square matrix has two columns that are equal,
in the expansion is multiplied by zero. then elementary column operations can be used to create a
column with all zeros.

4
2   
1 3 0
87. Let A  and B  .
4 3 5

A

1
2

3
4
 10, B 
4



3
0
5





 20, A  B  10

AB 
3
1
3
9 

, AB 
3
1

3
9
 30

Thus, A  B  A  B . Your answer may differ, depending on how you choose A and B.

4 5 6
88. (a) 7 8 9 0
10 11 12

33 34 35 5 4 3
36 37 38  0 2 1 0 0

39 40 41 1 2 3
19 20 21 22 57 58 59 60
23 24 25 26 61 62 63 64
0 0
27 28 29 30 65 66 67 68
31 32 33 34 69 70 71 72
For an n
n matrix n > 2 with consecutive integer entries, the determinant appears to be 0.

x x1 x2
x4 x5 x3 x5 x3 x4
(b) x  3 x4 x5 x  x  1  x  2
x7 x8 x6 x8 x6 x7
x6 x7 x8
 xx  4x  8  x  7 x  5  x  1x  3x  8
 x  6x  5  x  2x  3x  7  x  6x  4
 xx  12x  32  x2  12x  35  x  1x2  11x  24
2

 x2  11x  30  x  2x2  10x  21  x2  10x  24

 3x  x  16  x  23
 3x  6x  6  3x  6  0
774 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

89. A square matrix is a square array of numbers. The determinant of a square matrix is a real number.

 
x11 x12 x13
90. Let A  x21 x22 x23 and A  5.


x31 x32 x33

 
2x11 2x12 2x13
2A  2x21 2x22 2x23
2x31 2x32 2x33

2A
 2x11 2x2232

2x 2x23
2x33

2x
 2x12 21
2x31
2x23
2x33

2x
 2x13 21
2x31
2x22
2x32

 2x114x22 x33  4x32 x23  x124x21 x33  4x31 x23  x134x21 x32  4x31 x22
 8x11x22 x33  x32 x23  x12x21 x33  x31 x23  x13x21 x32  x31 x22
8A


So,
2A
 8
A
 85  40.

1
91. (a) 7
3
2
4

5  115


1
(b) 2
3
2


4
0  40

6 1 2 1 6 2
1 4 3 1 6 2
 7 5 2  115  2 2 0  40
6 2 1 1 3 4
Column 2 and Column 3 were interchanged. Row 1 and Row 3 were interchanged.

3 3
92. (a) Multiplying Row 1 of the matrix 15 2 
by 5 and adding it to Row 2 gives the matrix
1
0  17
. 


1
5
3
2
 17 
1
0

3
17

   
5 4 2 1 10 6
(b) Multiplying Row 2 of the matrix 2 3 4 by 2 and adding it to Row 1 gives the matrix 2 3 4 .

7 6 3 7 6 3
5 4 2 1 10 6
2 3 4  11  2 3 4
7 6 3 7 6 3

   
1 2 1 1 8 3
93. (a) A  12 2
3 
,B
5
2  10
3 (b) A  3 3 2 , B  3 12 6
7 1 3 7 4 9

B


5
2
10
3
 35

B
 
1 8
3 12
3


6  300

1 2

7 4 9
5A 5  35
2 3
1 2 1
Row 1 was multiplied by 5.


12 A  12 3 3 2  300

B
 5
A
7 1 3
Column 2 was multiplied by 4 and Column 3 was
multiplied by 3.

B
 43
A
 12
A

 Section 8.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix 775

94. (a) A 





7 0
, A  74  0  28

0 4
1 0 0
(b) A  0 5


0 , A  152  10

0 0 2
2 0 0 0
0 2 0 0
(c) A 
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 3

Using cofactors and a11, A  2  C11  0  C12  0  C13  0  C14.

C11 

2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3


A
 2C11  22  1  3  2  6  12
In each case, the determinant of the matrix is the product of the diagonal entries. From this, one would
conjecture that the determinant of a diagonal matrix is the product of the diagonal entries.

95. f x  x3  2x 96. gx  

3 x

Since f is a polynomial, the domain is all real numbers x. An odd root of a number is defined for all real numbers.
Domain: all real numbers x

3
97. hx  16  x2 98. Ax 
36  x2
16  x2 ≥ 0
36  x2  0 ⇒ x2  36 ⇒ x  ± 6
4  x4  x ≥ 0
Domain: all real numbers x  ± 6
Critical numbers: x  ± 4
Test intervals:  , 4, 4, 4, 4, 
Test: Is 16  x2 ≥ 0?
Solution: 4, 4
Domain of h: 4 ≤ x ≤ 4

99. gt  lnt  1 100. f s  625e0.5S

t1 > 0 The exponential function y  Aex is defined for all
real numbers.
t > 1
Domain: all real numbers
Domain: all real numbers t > 1

101. xy ≤ 8 y 102. y

x ≥ 3 12
2

2x  y < 5 x
−4 −2 2
4

x
−8 −4 4 8 12
−4

−6
776 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

4
5 8


I   8 
I   
1 1 0 1 0
103. A 104. A
1
0 1 3 6
0 1



40  
R2 3 6 0 1
2R1  R2 →
1
1

1
2
0
1  R1 5 8
1 0




 
1 1
R2  R1 → 4 1 1 →
  3 R1
0 1 2 0 3
0 1
2 1 5 8
1 0

   
1 1 1 1
 4R1 → 1 0 1 2 0


4 4 3
 I A1
0 1
2 1 5R1  R2 → 0 2
1 5
3

 
1 1

 
1
4 4 1 2 0 3
A1 
2 1 1
2 R2 → 0 1
1
2
5
6

 
2R2  R1 → 1 0
1  43
 I
A1
0 1
1
2
5
6

 
1  43
A1  1 5
2 6

 
7 2 9 1 0 0
105. A
I  2 4 6
0 1 0
3 5 2
0 0 1


 
4R2  R1 → 1 14 15 1 4 0
2 4 6
0 1 0
3 5 2
0 0 1


 
1 14 15 1 4 0
2R1  R2 → 0 24 24
2 7 0
3R1  R3 → 0 47 47
3 12 1

 
1 14 15
1 4 0
0 24 24
2 7 0
47
 24R2  R3 → 0 0 0
11
12
41
24 1
The zeros in Row 3 imply that the inverse does not exist.

6

 
2 0 1 0 0
106. A
I  1 3 2
0 1 0
2 0 1
0 0 1
2

 
R2 1 3 0 1 0
R1 6 2 0
1 0 0
2 0 1
0 0 1


 
1 3 2 0 1 0
R3 2 0 1
0 0 1
R2 6 2 0
1 0 0
2

 
1 3 0 1 0
2R1  R2 → 0 6 3
0 2 1
6R1  R3 → 0 20 12
1 6 0

 
1 3 2 0 1 0
1
6 R2 → 0 1  12
0 1
3
1
6

0 20 12
1 6 0
—CONTINUED—
 Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 777

106. —CONTINUED—


1 3
2 0 1 0
0 1
1

2
0
1
3
1
6

20R2  R3 → 0 0
2
1
23
10
3


1 3
2 0 1 0
0 1
12
0 1
3
1
6

12 R3 → 0 0 1

12 1
3
5
3



3R2  R1 → 1 0
12 0 0
12
0 1
12
0
1
3
1
6

0 0 1

12 1
3
5
3


1

14
1 1
2 R3  R1 → 1 0 0 6 3
1
2 R3  R2 → 0 1 0

14 1
2 1  I
A
1
0 0 1

12 1
3
5
3


1 1 1

4 6 3
1 1
A
1 
4 2 1

12
1 5
3 3

Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants

■ You should be able to use Cramer’s Rule to solve a system of linear equations.
■ Now you should be able to solve a system of linear equations by graphing, substitution, elimination, elementary row
operations on an augmented matrix, using the inverse matrix, or Cramer’s Rule.
■ You should be able to find the area of a triangle with vertices x1, y1, x2, y2, and x3, y3.

 
x1 y1 1
Area  ± 12 x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
The ± symbol indicates that the appropriate sign should be chosen so that the area is positive.
■ You should be able to test to see if three points, x1, y1, x2, y2, and x3, y3, are collinear.

 
x1 y1 1
x2 y2 1  0, if and only if they are collinear.
x3 y3 1
■ You should be able to find the equation of the line through x1, y1 and x2, y2 by evaluating.

 
x y 1
x1 y1 1 0
x2 y2 1
■ You should be able to encode and decode messages by using an invertible n  n matrix.

Vocabulary Check

1. Cramer’s Rule 2. colinear

x1
3. A  ± 12 x2
x3   y1
y2
y3
1
1
1
4. cryptogram 5. uncoded; coded
778 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants


1. 3x  4y 
2
5x  3y  4 
2.
4x
7y  47

x  6y 
27

2
 4

22 
47
7

27 6 93 
 
4 3
x  
3

 
x  2
4
7
31
3 4
11
5 3
1 6

3
 
2


4 47

1
27 155 
 
5 4 22 y  
5

 
y  
2
4
7
31
3 4
11

1 6
5 3
Solution: 
3,
5
Solution: 2,
2


3. 3x  2y 
2

13x6x
 5y3y 
7617
4.
6x  4y  4

Since
  3
6
2
4
 0, Cramer’s Rule does not apply.

17

76

5
3 
329

 
x  7
6
5
47
The system is inconsistent in this case and has no solution.

13 3


6 17

13
76
235 
 
y  5
6
5
47

13 3
Solution: 7, 5


0.4x  0.8y  1.6


4.6x
2.4x
1.3y  14.63
5. 6.
0.2x  0.3y  2.2  0.5y 
11.51
1.6 0.8
2.2 0.3
1.28 32  
14.63
1.3

11.51 0.5
7.648 8 
   
x   x  

0.4 0.8
0.28 7 2.4
1.3
4.78 5
0.2 0.3
4.6 0.5



0.4 1.6


1.20 30 
2.4 14.63

4.6
11.51 39.674
83 
 
0.2 2.2 y  

 
y   2.4
1.3
4.78 10

0.4 0.8
0.28 7

4.6 0.5
0.2 0.3

Solution: 32 30
,
7 7
Solution: 85,
10
83

  
7. 4x
y  z 
5 4
1 1
2x  2y  3z  10, D 2 2 3  55
5x
2y  6z  1 5
2 6

     

5
1 1 4
5 1 4
1
5
10 2 3 2 10 3 2 2 10
1
2 6
55 5 1 6 165 5
2 1 110
x  
1, y    3, z   2
55 55 55 55 55 55
Solution: 
1, 3, 2
 Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 779

  
4x
2y  3z 
2


8. 9. x  2y  3z 
3 1 2 3
2x  2y  5z  16
2x  y
z  6, D 
2 1
1  10
8x
5y
2z  4 3x
3y  2z 
11 3
3 2

4
D 2
 

2
2

5
3
5 
82

2 
3
6

11
3
2
1
3

1
2 
20

 
8 x  
2

 
10 10

2
2 3
16 2 5 1
3 3
4
5
2
401
2 6
1
x  5 3
11 2 10

82
82 y  1

   
10 10
4
2 3
1 2
3
2 16 5

2 1 6
8 4
2
656
y  8 3
3
11
10

82
82 z  
1

 
10 10
4
2
2
Solution: 
2, 1,
1
2 2 16
8
5 4 164
z  
2

82
82
Solution: 5, 8,
2

  
3x  3y  5z  1


10. 5x
4y  z 
14 11. 3 3 5

x  2y
2z  10 3x  5y  9z  2, D 3 5 9 4
3x  y  z  1 5x  9y  17z  4 5 9 17



4

  
5 1 1 3 5
D 
1 2
2  33 2 5 9
3 1 1 4 9 17

 
x 0
4

 

14
4 1
10 2
2 3 1 5
1 1 1 0 3 2 9
x  0
33 33 5 4 17 1

 
y 

4 2

 
5
14 1

1 10
2 3 3 1
3 1 1 99 3 5 2
y  3
33 33 5 9 4 1

 
z 
4 2
5
4
14

1
0,
2, 2

2 10 1 1
Solution:
3 1 1 66
z 

2
33 33
Solution: 0, 3,
2

  
12. x  2y
z 
7 1 2
1
2x
2y
2z 
8, D 2
2
2 
18

x  3y  4z  8
1

     
3 4

7 2
1 1
7
1 1 2
7

8
2
2 2
8
2 2
2
8
8 3 4
1 8 4
1 3 8
x 
3, y  
1, z  2

18
18
18
Solution: 
3,
1, 2
780 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

  
13. 2x  y  2z  6 2 1 2

x  2y
3z  0 D 
1 2
3 
18
3x  2y
z  6 3 2
1

x     
6
0
6
1 2
2
3
2
1

18
 1, y 
2

1
3
6 2
0
3
6
1

18
 2, z 
2

1
3
1
2
2

18
6
0
6 1

Solution: 1, 2, 1


14. 2x  3y  5z  4 15. Vertices: 0, 0, 3, 1, 1, 5

 
3x  5y  9z  7

 
0 0 1
5x  9y  17z  13 1 13 1

 
Area  3 1 1   7 square units
2 21 5
2 3 5 1 5 1
D 3 5 9 0
5 9 17
Cramer’s Rule does not apply.

16. Vertices: 0, 0, 4, 5, 5,
2

   
0 0 1
1 14 5 33
Area 
4 5 1 
 square units
2 25
2 2
5
2 1

17. Vertices: 
2,
3, 2,
3, 0, 4

     

2
3 1

3
3

1 1 1 1 1
Area  2
3 1 
2
2  14  14  14 square units
2 2 4 1 4 1 2
0 4 1

18. Vertices: 
2, 1, 1, 6, 3,
1

       

2 1 1

1 1 6 1 1 1 1 6 1 31
Area 
1 6 1 

2
 

14  2
19  square units
2 2
1 1 3 1 3
1 2 2
3
1 1

0, 2
, 2, 0
, 4, 3
1 5
19. Vertices:

     

1
0 1
1 5 5

1 2 1 1 0 1 3 15 33
5
Area  2 0 1 
2 1 2    square units
2 2 24 1 4 3 2 4 2 8
4 3 1

20. Vertices: 
4,
5, 6, 10, 6,
1

       

4
5 1
1
5
4
4
5

1 1 1
Area 
6 10 1 
6

1   55 square units
2 2 10 1 6 1 6 10
6
1 1

21. Vertices: 
2, 4, 2, 3, 
1, 5

       

2 4 1

2
2


1   213  6
14  2 square units
1 1 2 3 4 4 1 5
Area  2 3 1 

2 2 5
1 5 2 3

1 5 1
 Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 781

22. Vertices: 0,
2, 
1, 4, 3, 5

     
0
2 1
1
1
1


2 
8
17  2 square units
1 1 4 1 25
Area 

1 4 1 
2 
2 2 3 1 3 5
3 5 1

23. Vertices: 
3, 5, 2, 6, 3,
5

       

3 5 1

3
3

 
2
28  0
28  28 square units
1 1 2 6 5 5 1
Area 
2 6 1 


2 2 3
5 3
5 2 6
3
5 1

24. Vertices: 
2, 4, 1, 5, 3,
2

       

2 4 1

1 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 1 23
Area 
1 5 1 

2
3 

14
6
3  square units
2 2
2 1
2 1 5 1 2 2
3
2 1

   

5 1 1
4 2 1
1 1
25. 4± 0 2 1 26. 4  ±
3 5 1
2 2

2 y 1
1 y 1

± 8 
5
2
y     1
1

2
1
2
1
1
±8 


3

1  
5
y



4

1
2
y 


4

3
2
5
± 8 
52
y
2
1 ± 8 
3y  5

4y  2
20  6

± 8  5y
8 ± 8 
3y  5  4y
2
20  6

8±8 ± 8  y
11
y
5
y  11 ± 8
16
y or y  0 y  19 or y  3
5

27. 6±
1
2


2
1

8

3

1
y
1
1
1  28. 6±
1
2

1
5

3
0

3
y
1
1
1 
± 12 
 1

8

1
y 



2

8
± 12   y
8

2y
24  5

3
y


2
1   

3

1 ± 12 
  

3
y
1
1

5

3 

3
y
± 12 
3
y  5y
9
± 12  3y  21 ± 12  4y
12

21 ± 12 12 ± 12
y 
7 ± 4 y 3 ± 3
3 4
y 
3 or y 
11 y  6 or y  0

29. Vertices: 0, 25, 10, 0, 28, 5 30. Vertices: 0, 30, 85, 0, 20,
50

   
0 25 1 0 30 1
1 1
Area  10 0 1  250 square miles Area 
85 0 1  3100 square feet
2 2
28 5 1 20
50 1
782 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

31. Points: 3,
1, 0,
3, 12, 5

     
3
1 1

3 1
1 1
0
3 1 3  12  3
8  122  0
5 1
3 1
12 5 1
The points are collinear.

32. Points: 
3,
5, 6, 1, 10, 2

       

3
5 1
6 1
3
5
3
5
6 1 1 
  2
44  27 
15  0
10 2 10 2 6 1
10 2 1
The points are not collinear.

33. Points: 2,
12 , 
4, 4, 6,
3

      
2
12 1

4 4 2
12 2
12

4 4 1 
 
12  3  6 
3  0
6
3 6
3
4 4
6
3 1
The points are not collinear.

34. Points: 0, 1, 4,
2, 
2, 2 

5

     
0 1 1
4 1 4
2
4
2 1 
 5 
6  6  0
5
2 1
2

2 2 1 2

The points are collinear.

35. Points: 0, 2, 1, 2.4, 
1, 1.6

     
0 2 1
1 1 1 2.4
1 2.4 1 
2  
22  4  0

1 1
1 1.6

1 1.6 1
The points are collinear.

36. Points: 2, 3, 3, 3.5, 
1, 2

      
2 3 1
3 3.5 2 3 2 3 1
3 3.5 1 
  9.5
7  
2   0

1 2
1 2 3 3.5 2

1 2 1
The points are not collinear.

   
2
5 1
6 2 1
37. 4 y 1 0 38.
5 y 1 0
5
2 1
3 5 1

2
 y

2     
1
1
5
4
5
1
1

4
5
y

2
0


5

3  
y
5



6

3
2
5

 

6

5
2
y0

2 y  2  5
1  
8
5y  0
25  3y  24
6y  10  0

3y
9  0
3y 
9
y 
3 y3
 Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 783

39. Points: 0, 0, 5, 3

   
x y 1
x y
Equation: 0 0 1 
 5y
3x  0 ⇒ 3x
5y  0
5 3
5 3 1

40. Points: 0, 0, 
2, 2

   
x y 1
x y
Equation: 0 0 1 

2x  2y  0 or x  y  0

2 2

2 2 1

41. Points: 
4, 3, 2, 1

      
x y 1
3 1
4 1
4 3
Equation:
4 3 1 x
y   2x  6y
10  0 ⇒ x  3y
5  0
1 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 1

42. Points: 10, 7, 
2,
7

Equation:

     
x y 1
10 7 x y x y
10 7 1 
 
70  14

7x  2y  7x
10y  0 or 7x
6y
28  0

2
7
2
7 10 7

2
7 1

43. Points: 
2, 3, 2, 1

1 5

      
x y 1 1 1
1 3 1
2 1
2 3
Equation:
2 3 1 x
y 5  5  2x  3y
8  0
5 1 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 1

44. Points: 23, 4, 6, 12

    
x y 1 2
4 x y x y

16
12x
6y  4x
23 y  0 or 3x
2y  6  0
2
Equation: 3 4 1  3
 2
6 12 6 12 3 4
6 12 1

45. The uncoded row matrices are the rows of the 7  3 matrix on the left.




T R O 20 18 15
52 10 27
U B L 21 2 12
49 3 34


E I 5 0 9 1
1 0
49 13 27
N R 14 0 18 1 0
1 
94 22 54
I V E 9 22 5
6 2 3 1 1
7
R C 18 0 3 0
12 9
I T Y 9 20 25
121 41 55
Solution:
52 10 27
49 3 34
49 13 27
94 22 54 1 1
7 0
12 9
121 41 55
784 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants


4 2 1
46. 16 12 5
3
3
1  43 6 9
3 2 1


4 2 1
1 19 5
3
3
1  
38
45
13
3 2 1


4 2 1
0 19 5
3
3
1  
42
47
14
3 3 1


4 2 1
14 4 0
3
3
1  44 16 10
3 1 1


4 2 1
13 15 14
3
3
1  49 9 12
3 2 1


4 2 1
5 25 0
3
3
1  
55
65
20
3 2 1
Solution: Uncoded 1  3 matrices: 16 12 5, 1 19 5, 0 19 5, 14 4 0, 13 15 14, 5 25 0
Encoded 1  3 matrices: 43 6 9, 
38
45
13, 
42
47
14,
44 16 10, 49 9 12, 
55
65
20
Encoded message: 43 6 9
38
45
13
42
47
14
44 16 10 49 9 12
55
65
20

1 2 2
In Exercises 47–50, use the matrix A

[ 3
1
7
4
9 .
7
]
47. C A L L __ A T __ N O O N
[3 1 12] [12 0 1] [20 0 14] [15 15 14]
3 1 12 A  
6
35
69
12 0 1 A  11 20 17
20 0 14 A  6
16
58
15 15 14 A  46 79 67
Cryptogram:
6
35
69 11 20 17 6
16
58 46 79 67

48. I C E B E R G __ D E A D __ A H E A D
9 3 5 2 5 18 7 0 4 5 1 4 0 1 8 5 1 4


1 2 2
9 3 5 3 7 9  13 19 10

1
4
7


1 2 2
2 5 18 3 7 9  
1
33
77

1
4
7


1 2 2
7 0 4 3 7 9  3
2
14

1
4
7
—CONTINUED—
 Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 785

48. —CONTINUED—


1 2 2
5 1 4 3 7 9  4 1
9

1
4
7


1 2 2
0 1 8 3 7 9  
5
25
47

1
4
7


1 2 2
5 1 4 3 7 9  4 1
9

1
4
7
Cryptogram: 13 19 10
1
33
77 3
2
14
4 1
9
5
25
47 4 1
9

49. H A P P Y __ B I R T H DA Y __
[8 1 16] [16 25 0] [2 9 18] [20 8 4] [1 25 0]
 18 21 16 A  
5
41
87
 16 25 10 A   91 207 257
 12 29 18 A   11
5 2
41
 20 28 14 A   40 80 84
 11 25 10 A   76 177 227
Cryptogram:
5
41
87 91 207 257 11
5
41 40 80 84 76 177 227

50. O P E R A T I O N _ O V E R L O A D
15 16 5 18 1 20 9 15 14 0 15 22 5 18 12 15 1 4


1 2 2
15 16 5 3 7 9  58 122 139

1
4
7


1 2 2
18 1 20 3 7 9  1
37
95

1
4
7


1 2 2
9 15 14 3 7 9  40 67 55

1
4
7


1 2 2
0 15 22 3 7 9  23 17
19

1
4
7


1 2 2
5 18 12 3 7 9  47 88 88

1
4
7


1 2 2
15 1 4 3 7 9  14 21 11

1
4
7
Cryptogram: 58 122 139 1
37
95 40 67 55 23 17
19 47 88 88 14 21 11
786 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

1

5

3 

1 2 2
51. A
1  
5 3
1



11 21 8 1 H A
64 112 16 16 P P
25 50 25 0 Y __


53 
2
29 53  14 5 N E Message: HAPPY NEW YEAR

1
23 46 23 0 W __
40 75 25 5 Y E
55 92 1 18 A R

3


7 5
2
52. A
1 

3


7 5  2
2

136 58 18 B R

3


7 5  15
2

173 72 14 O N


120

3
51

7 5
2
 3 15 C O


95 38

3

7 5
2
 19 0 S __

3


7 5  23
2

178 73 9 W I Message: BRONCOS WIN SUPER BOWL

3


7 5  14
2

70 28 0 N __

3

7 5
2

242 101  19 21 S U

3

7 5
2

115 47  16 5 P E

3


7 5  18
2

90 36 0 R __

3


7 5  2
2

115 49 15 B O

3


7 5  23
2

199 82 12 W L



1
1 0
1
2
3
1
53. A
1  1 0
1 
3
3
1

6 2 3
2
4
1




9
1
9 3 12 1 C L A
38
19
19 19 19 0 S S __



2
3
1
28
9
19 9 19 0 I S __ Message: CLASS IS CANCELED

3
3
1 

80 25 41 3 1 14 C A N

2
4
1

64 21 31 3 5 12 C E L
9
5
4 5 4 0 E D __
 Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 787

8


11 2
54. A
1  4 1
3

8
1 6

8


11 2
112
140 83 4 1
3  8 1 22 H A V

8
1 6

8


11 2
19
25 13 4 1
3  5 0 1 E __ A

8
1 6

8


11 2
72
76 61 4 1
3  0 7 18 __ G R Message: HAVE A GREAT WEEKEND

8
1 6

8


11 2
95
118 71 4 1
3  5 1 20 E A T

8
1 6

8


11 2
20 21 38 4 1
3  0 23 5 __ W E

8
1 6

8


11 2
35
23 36 4 1
3  5 11 5 E K E

8
1 6

8


11 2
42
48 32 4 1
3  14 4 0 N D __

8
1 6

1
13



1 2 2 6 4
55. A
1  3 7 9  12
5
3

1
4
7
5 2 1
17
15




20 19 5 14 S E N

13


6 4

12
56
104 4 0 16 D __ P
12
5
3 
1
25
65 12 1 14 L A N Message: SEND PLANES

5 2 1
62 143 181 5 19 0 E S __

13


6 4
56. 13
9
59 12
5
3  18 5 20 R E T

5 2 1

13


6 4
61 112 106 12
5
3  21 18 14 U R N

5 2 1

13


6 4

17
73
131 12
5
3  0 1 20 __ A T Message: RETURN AT DAWN

5 2 1

13


6 4
11 24 29 12
5
3  0 4 1 __ D A

5 2 1

13


6 4
65 144 172 12
5
3  23 14 0 W N __

5 2 1
788 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

57. Let A be the 2  2 matrix needed to decode the message.

18
18



0 18 R
A
1 16 15 14 O N




18
18
1
135
8

15
1

1
2


15  

0 18 0 18
A  1 1 
1 16 14 270 15
15 14 1 1

8 21 13 5 M E

15
10 5 20 E T

13
13 0 13 __ M



5 10 5 0 E __

1
2


5 25 20 15 T O
 Message: MEET ME TONIGHT RON
5 19 1 1 14 9 N I

1 6 7 8 G H
20 40 20 0 T __

18
18 0 18 __ R
1 16 15 14 O N

n n n
58. (a) n  3; 
i1
xi  0  1  2  3; 
i1
xi2  02  12  22  5; x
i1
i
3  03  13  23  9;

n n

x
i1
i
4  04  14  24  17;  y  8965  9176  9406  27,547
i1
i

 x y  08965  19176  29406  27,988

i1
i i

x
i1
2
i yi  028965  129176  229406  46,800


3c  3b  5a  27,547
System: 3c  5b  9a  27,988
5c  9b  17a  46,800
3
(b) D  3
  3
5
5
9 4

 
5 9 17
27,547 3 5
27,988 5 9
46,800 9 17 35,860
c   8965

 
4 4
3 27,547 5
3 27,988 9
5 46,800 17 806
b   201.5

 
4 4
3 3 27,547
3 5 27,988
5 9 46,800 38
a   9.5
4 4
The least squares regression parabola is y  9.5t2  201.5t  8965.
(c) 12,000

0 8
8,000

(d) The intersection of the regression parabola and the line y  10,000 is about t  4.3, so the number of
cases waiting to be tried will reach 10,000 in about 2004.
 Section 8.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 789

59. False. In Cramer’s Rule, the denominator is the 60. True. If the determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero,
determinant of the coefficient matrix. the solution of the system would result in division by zero
which is undefined.

61. False. If the determinant of the coefficient matrix
is zero, the system has either no solution or infinitely
many solutions.
62. Answers will vary. To solve a system of linear equations
you can use graphing, substitution, elimination, elementary
row operations on an augmented matrix (Gaussian
elimination with back–substitution or Gauss-Jordan
elimination), the inverse of a matrix, or Cramer’s Rule.


63.
x
7y 
22
5x  y 
26
Equation 1
Equation 2
64.

2x3x  12y8y 
1611 Equation 1
Equation 2

5x
35y 
110 5Eq.1
 4x
24y  32
9x  24y  33 3Eq.1
5x  y 
26 
2Eq.2

34y 
136 Add equations. 13x  65 Add equations.
y 4 x  65
13  5

x
74 
22
x 
6 35  8y  11 ⇒ 8y 
4 ⇒ y 
21

Solution: 
6, 4 Solution: 5,
12 

 
65.
x
3y  5z 
14 66. 5x
y
z  7
4x  2y
z 
1
2x  3y  z 
5
5x
3y  2z 
11 4x  10y
5z 
37


25 5 2

1
3
87


5
1

1
1


5
1 87 29
A
1  4 2
1 A
1 
2 3 1 
2 7 1
29 29 29
5
3 2 4 10
5 32 18
87 29
13
87

1


9 7




1 x 7 2
 13 27
19 y  A
1
5 
2
72
22 18
10 z
37 5




x
14
1 Solution: 2,
2, 5
y  A
1
1  0
z
11
3
Solution: 
1, 0,
3

67. Objective function: z  6x  4y 68. Objective function: z  6x  7y

Constraints: x ≥ 0 y Constraints: x ≥ 0 y

16
y ≥ 0 y ≥ 0
6
(0, 5) 12
x  6y ≤ 30 (6, 4) 4x  3y ≥ 24
4 (0, 8)
8
6x  y ≤ 40 x  3y ≥ 15
2 (3, 4)
4
(203 , 0( Since the region is unbounded,
(0, 0) (15, 0)
x there is no maximum value of x
2 4 6 4 8 12
the objective function. To find
the minimum value, check the
At 0, 0: z  60  40  0 vertices.
At 0, 5: z  60  45  20 At 0, 8 : z  60  78  56
At 6, 4: z  66  44  52 At 3, 4 : z  63  74  46
At  20
3, 0: z  6 20
3   40  40 At 15, 0 : z  6(15  70  90
The minimum value of 0 occurs at 0, 0. The minimum value of 46 occurs at 3, 4.
The maximum value of 52 occurs at 6, 4.
790 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

Review Exercises for Chapter 8


4
1

2 
3 0 6
1. 0 2. 3. 3
7 1 4
5
Order: 1
1
Since the matrix has two rows and
Order: 3
1
four columns, its order is 2
4.

4. 6 5 0
 
2 8 5. 3x  10y  15 6. 8x  7y  4z  12
Since the matrix has one row and 5x  4y  22 3x  5y  2z  20
five columns, its order is 1
5. . 5x  3y  3z  26
3 10 .. 15

.
4 .. 22  7



5 8 4 12
3 5 2
20
5 3 3
26

9




5 1 7 13 16 7 3 2
7. 4 2 0
10 8. 1 21 8 5
12
9 4 2
3 4 10 4 3
1


5x  y  7z  9


13x  16y  7z  3w  2
4x  2y  10 x  21y  8z  5w  12
9x  4y  2z  3 4x  10y  4z  3w  1



0 1 1 4 8 16
9. 1 2 3 10. 3 1 2
2 2 2 2 10 12
1


4 R1 →


R1 1 2 3 1 2 4
R2 0 1 1 3 1 2
2 2 2  12R3 → 1 5 6



1 2 3 1 2 4
0 1 1 3R1  R2→ 0 7 10
2R1  R3 → 0 2 4 R1  R3→ 0 7 10



1 2 3 1 2 4
0 1 1 0 7 10
2R2  R3 → 0 0 2 R2  R3→ 0 0 0



1 2 3 1 2 4
0 1 1  17R2 → 0 1 10
7
 12R3 → 0 0 1 0 0 0

 
1 2 3 9 ⇒ x  2y  3z  9



11. 0 1 2 2 ⇒ y  2z  2 12. x  3y  9z  4
0 0 1
0 ⇒ z0 y  z  10
z  2
y  20  2 ⇒ y  2
y  2  10
x  22  30  9 ⇒ x  5
y8
Solution: 5, 2, 0
x  38  92  4
x  38
Solution: 38, 8, 2
 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 791

 
1 5 4 1 ⇒ x  5y  4z  1



13. 0 1 2 3 ⇒ y  2z  3 14. x  8y  2
0 0 1
4 ⇒ z4 y  z  7
z  1
y  24  3 ⇒ y  5
y  1  7
x  55  44  1 ⇒ x  40
y  6
Solution: 40, 5, 4
x  86  2
x  50
Solution: 50, 6, 1

5

15.
15 4
1

2
22  16.
3
2
7

2
1 
4R2  R1 →
86


11 

1
8 2 R1 → 1  52 1
1
22
3 7
1

86


1 8




1  52 1
R1  R2 → 0 9
108
3R1  R2 → 0 1

2

86 2


1 8






1
9 R2 → 0 1 12 1  52 1
2R3 → 0 1
4
x  8yy  86
12
x 
5
2y  1
y  12 y  4

x  812  86 ⇒ x  10 y  4

2 4
5
Solution: 10, 12 x  1 ⇒ x  9
Solution: 9, 4

0.1
0.13 0.1

0.3 
0.4 
0.2 0.07
17. 18.
0.2 0.3
0.25 0.5
0.01
10R1 → 3 1
1.3 5R1 → 1 0.5

10R2 → 2
3
2.5  2R1  R2 → 0
0.3

0.35
0.15 
0.5



1 0.35
R2  R1 → 1

2
2
3

1.2
2.5  1
 0.3 R2 → 0 1
0.5

2R1  R →
0
2
1 2
7




1.2
4.9  x  0.5yy  0.35
0.5
y  0.5


 17R2 →
10 2
1

1.2
0.7  x  0.50.5  0.35 ⇒ x  0.6
Solution: 0.6, 0.5  35, 12 

x  2y  1.2
y  0.7
y  0.7
x  20.7  1.2 ⇒ x  0.2
Solution: 0.2, 0.7   15, 10
7

792 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants



2 3 1 10 2 3 3 3
19. 2 3 3
22 20. 6 6 12
13
4 2 3
2 12 9 1
2






2 3 1 10 2 3 3 3
R1  R2 → 0 6 4
12 3R1  R2 → 0 3 3
4
2R1  R3 → 0 8 1
22 6R1  R3 → 0 9 19
16

R2  R1 → 2




1 3 1
2 R1 → 1 2 2 5 0 6 7
1
 6R2 → 0 1
2
3
2 0 3 3
4
0 8 1
22 3R2  R3 → 0 0 28
28




1 3
2
1
2
5 1
2 R1 → 1 0 3 7
2

0 1 2
3
2  13 R2 → 0 1 1
 43
8R2  R3 → 0 0
19
3
38 1
 28 R3 → 0 0 1
1


3 1

x  3z  7


1 2 2 5 2
0 1 2
3
2 y z  43


3
19 R3 → 0 0 1 6 z 1
z  6
z1
y  236  2 ⇒ y  2
y  1   43 ⇒ y   13
2 2 2 6
3 1
x  5 ⇒ x5
x  31  72 ⇒ x  12
Solution: 5, 2, 6
Solution: 12,  13, 1



2 1 2 4 1 2 6 1
21. 2 2 0
5 22. 2 5 15
4
2 1 6
2 3 1 3
6





1 2 6 1


2 1 2 4
R1  R2 → 0 1 2
1 2R1  R2 → 0 1 3
2
R1  R3 → 0 2 4
2
3R1  R3 → 0 5 15
9


R2  R1 → 2 1 2 6 1


0 4 3
0 1 2
1
0 1 3
2
2R2  R3 → 0 0 0
0
5R2  R3 → 0 0 0
1
Because the last row consists of all zeros except for


1
2 R1 → 1 0 2
3
2 the last entry, the system is inconsistent and there is
0 1 2
1 no solution.
0 0 0
0
Let z  a, then:
y  2a  1 ⇒ y  2a  1
x  2a  32 ⇒ x  2a  23
Solution: 2a  2, 2a  1, a where a is any real number
3
 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 793



3


2 1 1 0 6 1 2 0 1
23.
0 2 3 1
9 0 3 3 0
0
3 3 2 2
11 24.
4 4 1 2
0
1 0 1 3
14 2 0 1 0
3


R4  R1 1 3 8
1 0

3


1 2 0 1
0 2 3 1
9 1
 3R2 → 0 1 1 0
0
3 3 2 2
11
1 0 1 3
14
4R1  R3 → 0 4 1 2
12
2R1  R4 → 0 4 1 2
3


1 1 0 3 8

3


1 2 0 1
0 2 3 1
9
3R1  R3 → 0 0 2 7
13 0 1 1 0
0
R1  R4 → 0 1 1 6
22 0 4 1 2
12
R3  R4 → 0 0 0 0
9


1 1 0 3 8
3R4  R2 → 0 1 0 19
57 Because the last row consists of all zeros except for the
0 0 2 7
13 last entry, the system is inconsistent and there is no
0 1 1 6
22 solution.


1 1 0 3 8
0 1 0 19
57
0 0 2 7
13
R2  R4 → 0 0 1 13
35


1 1 0 3 8
0 1 0 19
57
R4 0 0 1 13
35
R3 0 0 2 7
13


1 1 0 3 8
0 1 0 19
57
0 0 1 13
35
2R3 R4 → 0 0 0 19
57


1 1 0 3 8
0 1 0 19
57
0 0 1 13
35
1
R
19 4 → 0 0 0 1
3
w3
z  133  35 ⇒ z  4
y  193  57 ⇒ y  0
x  0  33  8 ⇒ x  1
Solution: 1, 0, 4, 3

1




R2  R1 → 1 1 1


1 2 1 0
25. 2 3 1
2 0 1 1
0
5 4 2
4 9R2  R3 → 0 0 3
9




R1 → 1 1 2 1



1 0 1 1
2 3 1
2 0 1 1
0
5 4 2
4 1
R
3 3 → 0 0 1
3
1 2
1



R3  R1 → 1


1 0 0 2
2R1  R2 → 0 5 5
0 R3  R2 → 0 1 0
3
5R1  R3 → 0 9 12
9 0 0 1
3

x  2, y  3, z  3


1 1 2 1
1
5 R2 → 0 1 1
0
Solution: 2, 3, 3
0 9 12
9
794 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants


2 1 9 8



26. 4x  4y  4z  5 27. 1 3 4 15
4x  2y  8z  1 5 2 1
17
5x  3y  8z  6




R2  R1 → 1 4 13 23

1 3
15


4 4 4 5 4
4 2 8
1 5 2 1
17
5 3 8
6




1 4 13 23
1





5


4 R1 → 1 1 1 4 R1  R2 → 0 7 17 38
4 2 8
1 5R1  R3 → 0 22 66
132
5 3 8
6




1 4 13 23


1 1 1
5
4 R3 0 22 66
132
4R1  R2 → 0 6 12
4
R2 0 7 17
38




1 4 13 23
5R1  R3 → 0 2 3
 14 1
22 R2 → 0 1 3
6


1 1 1
5
4 0 7 17
38
 16R2 → 0 1 2
2




3 1 4 13 23
0 2 3
 14 0 1 3
6
7R2  R3 → 0 0 4
4


R2  R1 → 1 0 1
7
12




1 4 13 23
0 1 2
2
3
0 1 3
6
2R2  R3 → 0 0 7
13
12  14R3 → 0 0 1
1


1
7




1 0 12 4R2  R1 → 1 0 1 1
0 1 2
2
3
0 1 3
6
0 0 1
1
1
7 R3 → 0 0 1
13
84




R3  R1 → 1 0 0 2


R3  R1 → 1 0 0
31
42 3R3  R2 → 0 1 0
3
2R3  R2 → 0 1 0
5
14 0 0 1
1
0 0 1
13
84 x  2, y  3, z  1
31
x 42 Solution: 2, 3, 1
5
y 14
13
z 84

Solution: 3142, 145 , 13

84 


28. 3x  y  7z  20 1 1 4 8
5x  2y  z  34
x  y  4z  8
1
3 R2


→ 0
0 2
1 19
3
5




2
4





3 20


1 7 7
R2  R1 → 1 0 6
5 2 1
34
3

1 1 4
8 0 1 19
3
2

2R2  R3 → 0 0 23

0


R3 1 1 4 8 3


5 2 1 34 1 0 7
3 6
R1 3 1 7
20
0 1 19

2
3




1R1 → 1 4
1 8 3
23 R3 → 0 0 1
0
5 2 1
34
 73R3  R1 → 1



3 1 7
20 0 0 6
0 1 0
2




1 1 4 8
5R1  R2 → 0 3 19
6
 19
3 R3  R2 → 0 0 1
0

3R1  R3 → 0 2 5
4 x  6, y  2, z  0
Solution: 6, 2, 0
 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 795

29. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature of a graphing utility.



3 1 5 2 44 1 0 0 0 2
1 6 4 1
1
⇒
0 1 0 0
6
5 1 1 3
15 0 0 1 0
10
0 4 1 8
58 0 0 0 1
3
x  2, y  6, z  10, w  3
Solution: 2, 6, 10, 3

30. Use the reduced row-echelon form feature of the graphing utility.



4 12 2 20 1 0 0 0
1 6 4
12
⇒
0 1 0
0
1 6 1
8 0 0 1
0
2 10 2
10 0 0 0
1
The system is inconsistent and there is no solution.

1 1



0 0
1 1



x 12
31.  ⇒ x  12 and y  7 32. x 5  8 5 ⇒ x  8, y  0
y 9 7 9
4 y 4 0

9 5 9 x  10 5





x3 4 4y 5x  1 4 44 4 2 4
33. 0 3 2  0 3 2 34. 0 3 7 4  0 3 7 2y
2 y5 6x 2 16 6 6 1 1 0 1
2x 1 1 0


x  3  5x  1 6  12x
4y  44
y  5  16
x  1 and y  11
4  2y

2  x  10 x  12, y  2

6x  6

2 3 1

23 


10 8
35. (a) A  B   
5 12 8 15 13
2 3 5 12

23 


10
(b) A  B   
5 12 8 9 3
2 8

3 

2 8
(c) 4A  4 
5 12 20
2 3 2 9 7

3 




2 10 2 30 28
(d) A  3B  3   
5 12 8 3 5 36 24 39 29





5 4 4 12 54 4  12 9 16
36. (a) A  B  7 2  20 40  7  20 2  40  13 42
11 2 15 30 11  15 2  30 26 32





5 4 4 12 54 4  12 1 8
(b) A  B  7 2  20 40  7  20 2  40  27 38
11 2 15 30 11  15 2  30 4 28



5 4 20 16
(c) 4A  4 7 2  28 8
11 2 44 8






5 4 4 12 5 4 12 36 17 40
(d) A  3B  7 2  3 20 40  7 2  60 120  53 122
11 2 15 30 11 2 45 90 56 92
796 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants




5 4 0 3 5 7
37. (a) A  B  7 2  4 12  3 14
11 2 20 40 31 42




5 4 0 3 5 1
(b) A  B  7 2  4 12  11 10
11 2 20 40 9 38



5 4 20 16
(c) 4A  4 7 2  28 8
11 2 44 8






5 4 0 3 5 4 0 9 5 13
(d) A  3B  7 2 3 4 12  7 2  12 36  5 38
11 2 20 40 11 2 60 120 71 122

38. (a) A  B is not possible. A and B do not have the same order.
(b) A  B is not possible. A and B do not have the same order.
(c) 4A  46 5 7  24 20 28
(d) A  3B is not possible. A and B do not have the same order.

10 20 7  10 3  20 17 17
39.
17 3
5


14 3
 

1  14 53
 

13 2 
40. Since the matrices are not of the same order, the operation cannot be performed.

2 4






1 2 7 1 56 8 54 4
41. 2 5 4  8 1 2  10 8  8 16  2 24
6 0 1 4 12 0 8 32 4 32

1 2 4 8 8





8 8 0 1 10 0 20
42.  2 4 12  5 3 1 1  2 4 12  15 5 5
0 6 0 6 12 8 0 6 0 30 60 40
8  10 10 8  20



2 1 12
 2  15 4  5 12  5  13 1 17
0  30 6  60 0  40 30 54 40

2 2 3 6 24 12 18 48 18 3

1 




8 5 4 24 15
43. 3 6   
3 1 2 7 6 3 9 3 12 42 36 15 51 33

2 8 4






2 0 4 6 0 1 2
44. 5 7 2  4 6 11  11 54 45. X  3A  2B  3 1 5  2 2 1
8 2 1 3 44 2 3 2 4 4
14 4


7 17
17 2

 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 797






4 16 16  3 06




0 1 2 0 3 6
1 1 1 1
46. X  4A  3B  4 1 5  3 2 1  4 20  6 3  46 20  3
6 6 6 6
3 2 4 4 12 8 12 12 12  12 8  12


13
6 1


13 6
1 1
 2 17   3  17
6
6
0 20 10
0 3



4



1 2 0
1 1
47. X  B  2A  2 1 2 1 5
3 3
4 4 3 2


2
3


9 2 3
1
 4 11   43 11
3
3
10 0 10
0
3








4 0 1 2 8 0 5 10 8  5 0  10
1 1 1 1
48. X  2A  5B  2 1 5  5 2 1  2 10  10 5  2  10 10  5
3 3 3 3
3 2 4 4 6 4 20 20 6  20 4  20


 13  10


13 10 3 3
1
 12 15  4 5
3
26 16 26
3  16
3

49. A and B are both 2
2 so AB exists.

2 23  212 210  28

3
30

23 


10 4
AB   
5 12 8 33  512 310  58 51 70

50. Not possible because the number of columns of A does not equal the number of rows of B.

51. Since A is 3
2 and B is 2
2 , AB exists.

54  420 512  440





5 4 100 220

4 12
AB  7 2  74  220 712  240  12 4
20 40
11 2 114  220 1112  240 84 212


1
52. AB  6 5 7 4  61  54  78  30
8

16  24 12  20 18  20




1 2
2

6 8
53. 5 4  56  44 52  40 58  40
4 0 0
6 0 66  04 62  00 68  00
14 2


8
 14 10 40
36 12 48

54. Not possible because the number of columns of the first matrix does not equal the number
of rows of the second matrix.
798 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants


6 4
16  52  68 14  50  60



1 5 6
55. 2 0 
2 4 0 26  42  08 24  40  00
8 0

20 
44 4

8

3 14 13  33 12  31  22




1 3 2 4 2
56. 0 2 4 0 3 1  0 23 21  42
0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 32


4 6 3
 0 6 10
0 0 6

46 42 24 8

6 6
66 

4
57. 2  
62 36 12

2


1
58. 4 2 6 0 3  42 20  62 41  23  60
2 0
 4 10

2

6 
3 


6 
3 
2 1 4 2 4 2 1 2 6
59. 
0 1 0 4 0 5
22  13 26  15

62  0 66  0 

12 
1 17

36

1 3 01  35 00  33

4 
1 
5 

12 
11  25 
1 0 3 1 0 3
60. 3
2 2 3 6 10  23
3 9

12 
15 
3

6 11 6
315  311 39  36

1215  611 129  66 
12

246 
9

144

14 22




4 1 22 1 1
5 2




3 6 3 10 13 24
61. 11 7  19 41 80 62. 5 2 
2 2 2 4 2 2 20 4
12 3 42 66 66 3 2



80 70 90 40 96 84 108 48
63. 0.95A  0.95
80 120 140
40 100 80

76 114 133
38 95 76 
 64. 1.2A  1.2 50
90
30 80
60 100
20  60
50 108
36 96
72 120
24
60
 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 799


8200 7400
65. BA  10.25 14.50 17.75 6500 9800  $274,150 $303,150
5400 4800
The merchandise shipped to warehouse 1 is worth $274,150, and the merchandise shipped to
warehouse 2 is worth $303,150.

66. (a) T  120 80 20


0.07 0.095
(b) TC  120 80 20 0.10 0.08  22 22.8
0.28 0.25
Your cost with company A is $22.00. Your cost with company B is $22.80.

4 1 2 1 42  17 41  14

67. AB 
7 2 
7 4
 
72  27 71  24 

0 
1 0
 I
1
2 1 4 1 24  17 21  12
BA 
7 4 
7 2
 
74  47 71  42 

10 0
1
I
1 2

115 
11 

1 1 0
68. AB   I
2 5 0 1
2 1

11 
115 

1 1 0
BA   I
5 2 0 1

0 2 3



1 1 1
69. AB  1 0 1 3 3 1
6 2 3 2 4 1
12  13  02 13  13  04 11  11  01

 12  03  12
62  23  32
13  03  14
63  23  34
11  01  11
61  21  31



1 0 0
 0 1 0 I
0 0 1



2 3 1 1 1 0
BA  3 3 1 1 0 1
2 4 1 6 2 3
21  31  16 21  30  12 20  31  13


31  31  16
21  41  16
31  30  12
21  40  12
30  31  13
20  41  13



1 0 0
 0 1 0 I
0 0 1
800 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants




1
0 2 1


1 1 2 1 0 0
1
70. AB  1 0 1 3 1 2  0 1 0 I
8 4 2 2 2  12 0 0 1



1
2 1



2 1 1 0 1 0 0
1
BA  3 1 2 1 0 1  0 1 0 I
2 2  12 8 4 2 0 0 1

6
3

I 
2
5

71. A
I 
5
5
4

1
0
0
1  72. A
3

1
0
0
1
 16 R1 →  56
 16 2R2  R1 → 1


51 4
0
0
1  2
1
3

1
0
2
1 



 56  16
1 0 1
2R1  R2 → 0
1


1
2
2
3
5R1  R2 → 0  16
 56 1
1


1  56  16 0 R2  R1 → 1

6R2 → 0 1
5 6 0
0
1

3
2
5
3 I
A1

23 
5
 R1 → 1 5


6 R2 0 4 5
 I
A1 A1 
0 1
5 6 3

5
A1 
45 6 




1 2 2 1 0 0
73. A
I  3 7 9
0 1 0
1 4 7
0 0 1

R1 → 1



2 2 1 0 0
3 7 9
0 1 0
1 4 7
0 0 1


1 2 2 1 0 0
3R1  R2 → 0 1 3
3 1 0
R1  R3 → 0 2 5
1 0 1

2R2  R1 → 1



0 4 7 2 0
0 1 3
3 1 0
2R2  R3 → 0 0 1
5 2 1

4R3  R1 → 1



0 0 13 6 4
3R3  R2 → 0 1 0
12 5 3  I
A1
R3 → 0 0 1
5 2 1


13 6 4
A1  12 5 3
5 2 1
 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 801


0 2 1 1 0 0
74. A
I  5 2 3
0 1 0
7 3 4
0 0 1




R3 7 3 4 0 0 1
5 2 3
0 1 0
R1 0 2 1
1 0 0


R2  R1 → 2 1 1 0 1 1
5 2 3
0 1 0
0 2 1
1 0 0




2 1 1 0 1 1
5R1  2R2 → 0 1 1
0 7 5
0 2 1
1 0 0


R2  R1 → 2 0 2 0 6 4
0 1 1
0 7 5
2R2  R3 → 0 0 1
1 14 10
1




→ 1
2 R1 0 1 0 3 2
0 1 1
0 7 5
R3 → 0 0 1
1 14 10




R3  R1 → 1 0 0 1 11 8
R3  R2 → 0 1 0
1 7 5  I
A1
0 0 1
1 14 10


1 11 8
A1  1 7 5
1 14 10


1
1  12



2 0 3 1 2 1 4 6
75. 1 1 1  1
2 3
2
 56 76. A  2 3 1
2 2 1 0
2 1 1 18 16
3 3
A1 does not exist.


3 6  11 7



1 3 1 6 1 2 2 8 0 2 8
4 4 2 6 1 2 2 1 4 2 0 2
77.  29
78. A 
3 4 1 2 7 15 2  19
2
1 2 1 4
1 2 1 2 5 1 4 1 1
 52
3
1 2 2


2.5 3 7 2


3 6 5.5 3.5
1 
4 4.5 11 3
1 2 2 1 A
 14.5 16 40 12
7 15 14.5 9.5
1 1 3 1
1 2.5 2.5 1.5

7

8 2
2
79. A

2 2 1




1 2 1 2 1
A1   
72  28 8 7 2 8 7 4  72

7 
10 4
80. A 
3
ad  bc  103  47  2


3
4 4 2
1



3 1 3 2
A1   
103  47 7 10 2 7 10  72 5
802 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants



 12 20 4
3 5
2
81. A 82. A 
3
10 6  45  83

A1 
 126
1 6
 2010   10
3 3
20
1  
2 
1 6
3
3  10
20
 12  ad  bc   43
 38
 52
 54
 2  2  4



8
 52  23  58

 1 3
20
2 3
 A1  4

 34 1 3
1
10
1
6
4 5 5  16

 9x5x  2yy  2413

83. x  4y  8 84.
2x  7y  5
1 1

y 
9 
24 
9 
24 
3
1

y 

5 
2 1
5
x 4 1 8 7 4 8 x 5 13 2 1 13 2
2 7 2 5
Solution: 2, 3

7288  415
5
11

36

Solution: 36, 11

 19x4x  2y9y  1047

85. 3x  10y  8 86.
5x  17y  13

xy 
35 
138 
17

10 2

10
1

138
y 
19 47
10 1 x 4
17 5 3 9

1758810


13 6  92 1
313
1
10 2
  
 19
2 2 47

1

Solution: 6, 1 Solution: 2, 1

 
87. 3x  2y  z  6 88. x  4y  2z  12
x  y  2z  1 2x  9y  5z  25
5x  y  z  7 x  5y  4z  10






1 1 1 x 1 4 2 1 12




x 3 2 1 1 6 6
y  1 1 2 1  3
8
 73 1 y  2 9 5 25
3
z 5 1 1 7 7 7 z 1 5 4 10
2 3  53




11 6 2 12 2


16  11  17  3 2 1 25  4


2
 36  831  737  1 1 1 1 10 3

26  71  57 2 Solution: 2, 4, 3

3 3

Solution: 2, 1, 2


89. 2x  y  2z  13
x  4y  z  11
y  z  0



2  59 1
1 13




x 1 2 1 13 9
1
y  1 4 1 11  9  29 0 11
z 0 1 1 0  19
2
1 0
9



 913  911  10
5 1
6
9 13  2911  00 
1
 1
 1913  2911  10 1

Solution: 6, 1, 1

 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 803


90. 3x  y  5z  14
x  y  6z  8
8x  4y  z  44




25 19 11
6 6




x 3 1 5 1 14 6 14 3
8  6  37
49 23
y  1 1 6 6 6 8  5
z 8 4 1 44 3 2 2
 13 44 0
3

Solution: 3, 5, 0

3x  4y  5
91. x  2y  1


5 


1 2 1 1 3

y 
3 

x 1 2 1
3 
4 2  12 5 1
Solution: 3, 1

6x  2y  18
92. x  3y  23

1 0.15

xy 
61 
18  
0.1 
18  
56
3 23 23
2 0.3 0.05
x  5, y  6
Solution: 5, 6)


93. 3x  3y  4z  2
y  z  1
4x  3y  4z  1







x 3 3 4 1 2 1 0 1 2 1
y  0 1 1 1  4 4 3 1  1
z 4 3 4 1 4 3 3 1 2
Solution: 1, 1, 2


94. x  3y  2z  8
2x  7y  3z  19
x  y  3z  3







x 1 3 2 1 8 18 7 5 8 4
y  2 7 3 19  3 1 1 19  2
z 1 1 3 3 5 2 1 3 1
x  4, y  2, z  1
Solution: 4, 2, 1

95.
 
8
2
5
4
 8452  42 96.
 
9
7
11
4
 94  117  41

97.
 
50
10
30
5
 505  3010  550 98.
 
14 24
12 15
 1415  2412  78
804 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

1

7 
5 
2 3 6
99. 100.
4 4
(a) M11  4 (b) C11  M11  4 (a) M11  4 (b) C11  M11  4
M12 5 C12  M12  5
M12  7 C12  M12  7
M21 6 C21  M21  6
M21  1 C21  M21  1 M22 3 C22  M22  3
M22  2 C22  M22  2

1



3 2 8 3 4
101. 2 5 0 102. 6 5 9
1 8 6 4 1 2

(a) M11 

5
8
0
6 
 30 (a) M11 

5
1
9
2
 19

M12 

2
1 
0
6
 12 M12 
6
4
9
2 
 24

M13 

2
1 
5
8
 21 M13 
6
4 
5
1
 26

M21 

2
8
1
6
 20
 M21 

3
1 
4
2
2

M22 

3
1
1
6
 19
 M22 
8
4 
4
2
 32

M23 

3
1
2
8 
 22 M23 
8
4 
3
1
 20

M31 

2
5
1
0
5
 M31 

3
5
4
9
 47

M32 
3
2
1
0 
 2 M32 

8
6
4
9
 96

M33 

(b) C11  M11  30

3
2 
2
5
 19 M33 

8
6 
3
5
 22

(b) C11  M11  19

C12  M12  12 C12  M12  24
C13  M13  21 C13  M13  26
C21  M21  20 C21  M21  2
C22  M22  19 C22  M22  32
C23  M23  22 C23  M23  20
C31  M31  5 C31  M31  47
C32  M32  2 C32  M32  96
C33  M33  19 C33  M33  22

103. Expand using Column 2.

     
2 4 1
6 2 2 1
6 0 2  4 3
5 4 6 2
5 3 4
 434  32  130
 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 805

 
104. Expand using Row 3.

     
4 7 1
7 1 4 1 4 7
2 3 4  5 1 1
3 4 2 4 2 3
5 1 1
 525  18  26  117

 
105. Expand along Row 1.

  
3 0 4 0
8 1 2 0 8 2
0 8 1 2
31 8 2  4 6 1 2
6 1 8 2
3 4 1 0 3 1
0 3 4 1
 388  8  11  6  24  24  40  68  6  0
 3128  5  56  412
 279

 
106. Expand using Row 1, then use Row 3 of each 3
3 matrix.

  
5 6 0 0
1 1 2 0 1 2
0 1 1 2
 5 4 5 1  6 3 5 1
3 4 5 1
6 0 3 1 0 3
1 6 0 3
 561  10  35  4  61  10  30  3
 554  3  69  9
 255

11x  3y  23
107. 5x  2y  6

6
23  2
3 
28  5
11 23
6

49

   
x   4, y  7
5 2 7 5 2 7
11 3 11 3
Solution: 4, 7


108. 3x  8y  7
9x  5y  37

7 8
37 5  261  3
9  7
37 174

   
x   3, y   2
3 8 87 3 8 87
9 5 9 5
Solution: 3, 2
806 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants


109. 2x  3y  5z  11
4x  y  z  3
x  4y  6z  15

       
2 3 5
1 1 3 5 3 5
D 4 1 1  212  413  114
4 6 4 6 1 1
1 4 6
 22  42  2  14

 
11 3 5

x
3
15
1
4
14
1
6

1112
 
1
4
1
6
 313
4
14

3 5
6 
 1514
3
1  5
1 
112  32  152 14
   1

 
14 14
2 11 5

y
4
1
3
15
14
1
6

212
 
3
15
1
6
 413

11
15
14
5
6 
 114
11
3  5
1 
233  49  126 56
  4
14 14

 
2 3 11

z
4
1
1
4
14
3
15

212
 1
4
3
15 
 413
3
4
14
 11
15 
 114
3
1  11
3 
2(27)  41  120 70
  5
14 14
Solution: 1, 4, 5

  
110. 5x  2y  z  15 5 2 1
3x  3y  z  7, D 3 3 1  65
2x  y  7z  3 2 1 7

x  15
7
3
2
3
1
65
Solution: 6, 8, 1
1
1
7   390
65
 6, y
5
3
2
15 1
7 1
3 7
65

520
65
 8, z   5
3
2
2 15
3 7
1 3
65

65
65
1

111. 1, 0, 5, 0, 5, 8

1 0 1

1 1 0 1 5 0 1 1
Area  5 0 1  1 1  8  40  32  16 square units
2 2 8 1 5 8 2 2
5 8 1
 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 807

112. 4, 0, 4, 0, 0, 6 113. 1, 4, 2, 3, 0, 5

   
4 0 1 1 4 1
1 1 1
Area  4 0 1  48  24 square units Area   2 3 1
2 2 2
0 6 1 0 5 1


1
2 5

1
2
1
1

 
1
2
4
3 

1
  53  5  10 square units
2

114. 32, 1, 4,  12 , 4, 2 115. 1, 7, 3, 9, 3, 15

   
3
2 1 1 1 7 1

1 1 25 25
Area  4  12 1   square units 3 9 1 0
2 2 4 8
4 2 1 3 15 1
The points are collinear.

116. Points: 0, 5, 2, 6, 8, 1 117. 4, 0, 4, 4

 0 5
2 6
8 1
1


1 
1
2 6
8 1

0 5
8 1

   
0 5
2 6   
x
4
4
y
0
4
1
1 0
1
 50  40  10  0
The points are collinear.
1
     
4
4
0
4
1
x
4
y
4
1
x
4
16  4x  4y  4y  0
y
0
0

4x  8y  16  0
x  2y  4  0

118. 2, 5, 6, 1 119.  52, 3, 72, 1

   
x y 1 x y 1
2 5 1 0  52 3 1 0
6 1 1 7
1 1
2

     
6x  4y  32  0 5
2 3 x y x y
1 7 1 7 1 5 0
3x  2y  16  0 2 1 2 1 2 3
13  x  2y  3x  2y  0
7 5

2x  6y  13  0

120. 0.8, 0.2, 0.7, 3.2

 
x y 1
0.8 0.2 1 0
0.7 3.2 1
3x  1.5y  2.7  0 Multiply both sides by  10
3.

10x  5y  90
808 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

121. L O O K __ O U T __ B E L O W __
[12 15 15] [11 0 15] [21 20 0] [2 5 12] [15 23 0]
2


2 0
A 3 0 3
6 2 3


2 2 0
12 15 15 3 0 3  21 6 0
6 2 3
2


2 0
11 0 15 3 0 3  68 8 45
6 2 3


2 2 0
21 20 0 3 0 3  102 42 60
6 2 3


2 2 0
2 5 12 3 0 3  53 20 21
6 2 3


2 2 0
15 23 0 3 0 3  99 30 69
6 2 3
Cryptogram: 21 6 0 68 8 45 102
42 60 53 20 21 99 30 69

122. R E T U R N __ T 0 __ B A S E __
18 5 20 21 18 14 0 20 15 0 2 1 19 5 0


2 1 0
A  6 6 2
3 2 1
18 5 20 A  66 28 10
21 18 14 A  24 59 22
0 20 15 A  75 90 25
0 2 1 A  9 10 3
19 5 0 A  8 11 10
Cryptogram: 66 28 10 24 59 22 75 90 25 9 10 3 8 11 10
 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 809

1 3


2
123. A1  2 1 0
4 2 5
1 3


2
5 11 2 2 1 0  19 5 5 S E E
4 2 5


1 2 3
370 265 225 2 1 0  0 25 15 __ Y O
4 2 5


1 2 3
57 48 33 2 1 0  21 0 6 U __ F
4 2 5
1 3


2
32 15 20 2 1 0  18 9 4 R I D
4 2 5


1 2 3
245 171 147 2 1 0  1 25 0 A Y __
4 2 5
Message: SEE YOU FRIDAY


1 2 3
124. A1  2 1 0
4 2 5
145 105 92 13 1 25 M A Y
264 188 160 0 20 8 __ T H
23 16 15 5 0 6 E __ F


129 84 78 1 2 3 15 18 3 O R C
9 8 5 2 1 0  5 0 2 E __ B
159 118 100 4 2 5 5 0 23 E __ W
219 152 133 9 20 8 I T H
370 265 225 0 25 15 __ Y O
105 84 63 21 0 0 U __ __
Message: MAY THE FORCE BE WITH YOU

125. False. The matrix must be square.

126. True. Expand along Row 3.

       
a11 a12 a13
a a13 a a13 a a12
a21 a22 a23  a31  c1 12  a32  c2 11  a33  c3 11
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
a31  c1 a32  c2 a33  c3

 a31
 a12
a22
a13
a23     
a
 a32 11
a21
a13
a23
a
 a33 11
a21
a12
a22

     
 c1
a12
a22
a13
a23
a
 c2 11
a21
a13
a23
a
 c3 11
a21
a12
a22

  
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13
 a21 a22 a23  a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33 c1 c2 c3
Note: Expand each of these matrices along Row 3 to see the previous step.
810 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

127. The matrix must be square and its determinant nonzero to have an inverse.

128. If A is a square matrix, the cofactor Cij of the entry aij is 129. No. Each matrix is in row-echelon form, but the third
1ijMi j , where Mij is the determinant obtained by matrix cannot be achieved from the first or second
deleting the ith row and jth column of A. The determinant matrix with elementary row operations. Also, the first
of A is the sum of the entries of any row or column of A two matrices describe a system of equations with one
multiplied by their respective cofactors. solution. The third matrix describes a system with
infinitely many solutions.

130. The part of the matrix corresponding to the coefficients

of the system reduces to a matrix in which the number
of rows with nonzero entries is the same as the number
131.

2

3
5
8 

0

2 
8 
  15  0
of variables.
16  6

2  15  0

2  6
 31  0
6 ±
36  431


2

 3 ± 2
10

Problem Solving for Chapter 8

1
01  11 
2 3
1. A  T
0 4 2

11
4 2
1
2 3
(a) AT 
2 3  AAT 
1 4 2 
y y y
(2, 4)
4 4 4
(− 2, 3)
3 (−4, 2) 3 3
(3, 2)
2 2 2
1 1 1
(1, 1) (− 1, 1)
x x x
− 4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

−2 −2 −2 (−1, − 1)
(− 3, −2)
−3 −3 −3
−4 −4 (− 2, −4) −4

Original Triangle AT Triangle AAT Triangle

The transformation A interchanges the x and y coordinates and then takes the negative of the x coordinate.
A represents a counterclockwise rotation by 90.
(b) A1AAT  A1AAT  IAT  AT
A1AT  A1AT  IT  T

A1  10 1
0 
A1 represents a clockwise rotation by 90.
 Problem Solving for Chapter 8 811

2. (a) 2000 (b) Change in Percent of Population

0–17 18–64 65+ from 2000 to 2015

 
4.64% 11.79% 2.62% Northeast 0–17 18–64 65+

 
5.91% 14.03% 2.94% Midwest 0.58% 0.80% 0.01% Northeast
9.09% 22.11% 4.42% South 0.79% 0.80% 0.32% Midwest
1.75% 3.98% 0.72% Mountain 0.73% 0.14% 1.21% South
4.30% 9.96% 1.74% Pacific 0.06% 0.09% 0.33% Mountain
0.51% 0.78% 0.38% Pacific
2015
0–17 18–64 65+ (c) All regions show growth in the 65+ age bracket,

 
4.06% 10.99% 2.63% Northeast especially the South. The South, Mountain and Pacific
5.12% 13.23% 3.26% Midwest regions show growth in the 18–64 age bracket. Only the
8.36% 22.25% 5.63% South Pacific region shows growth in the 0–17 age bracket.
1.69% 4.07% 1.05% Mountain
4.81% 10.74% 2.12% Pacific

0 0    1 1   

1 0 1 0 1 0 2 3 2 3 1 0
3. (a) A2   A (c) A2   A
0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1
A is idempotent. A is not idempotent.

01 01    21 21   

1 1 1 0 3 3 7 12
(b) A2   A (d) A2   A
0 0 0 1 2 2 4 7
A is not idempotent. A is not idempotent.

2 
1 2
4. A 
1

21 21     
2 2 1 2 1 0
(a) A2  2A  5I  2 5
1 1 2 1 0 1

3
2 4
    
4 5 0
  
4 3 4 2 0 5

0 
0 0
 0
0
1 2 1 1 2
   
1
(b) A1  
1  4 2 1 5 2 1
2
20     5112 
1 1 0 1 2
2 I  A  
5 5 2 2 1 1
1
Thus, A1  2 I  A.
5
(c) A2  2A  5I  0
A2  2A  5I
A  2IA  5I
1
 A  2IA  I
5
1
2I  AA  I
5
1
Thus, A1  2 I  A.
5
812 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

         
0.70 0.15 0.15 25,000 28,750 0.70 0.15 0.15 28,750 30,813
5. (a) 0.20 0.80 0.15 30,000  35,750 (b) 0.20 0.80 0.15 35,750  39,675
0.10 0.05 0.70 45,000 35,500 0.10 0.05 0.70 35,500 29,513
Gold Cable Company: 28,750 households Gold Cable Company: 30,813 households
Galaxy Cable Company: 35,750 households Galaxy Cable Company: 39,675 households
Nonsubscribers: 35,500 households Nonsubscribers: 29,513 households

    
0.70 0.15 0.15 30,812.5 31,947 (d) Both cable companies are increasing the number of
(c) 0.20 0.80 0.15 39,675  42,329 subscribers, while the number of nonsubscribers is
0.10 0.05 0.70 29,512.5 25,724 decreasing each year.

Gold Cable Company: 31,947 households

Galaxy Cable Company: 42,329 households
Nonsubscribers: 25,724 households

3 x
2   
3 x 1
6. A  ⇒ A1 
3 9  2x 2 3


x


3
9  2x 9  2x
 
3 x
If A  A1, then  .
2 3 2 3
9  2x 9  2x

3
Equating the first entry in Row 1 yields  3 ⇒ 3  27  6x ⇒ x  4.
9  2x
Now check x  4 in the other entries:
4
9  24
4 ✓
2
9  24
 2 ✓
3
9  24
 3 ✓
Thus, x  4.

7. If A  24 x
3 
is singular then 8. From Exercise 3 we have the singular matrix

ad  bc  12  2x  0. A 10 0
0 
where A2  A.
Thus, x  6.
Also, A  10 1
0has this property.

9. a  bb  cc  a  a2b  a2c  ab2  ac2  b2c  bc2

 
1
a
a2
1
b
b2
1

c2
b
c  2
b
c
c2    
a
 2
a
c
c2
a
 2
a
b
b2
 bc2  b2c  ac2  a2c  ab2  a2b

  1
Thus, a
a2
1
b
b2
1
c  a  bb  cc  a.
c2
 Problem Solving for Chapter 8 813

10. a  bb  cc  aa  b  c  a3b  a3c  ab3  ac3  b3c  bc3

 
1
a
a3
1
b
b3
1

c3
b
c  3
b      
c
c3
a
 3
a
c
c3
a
 3
a
b
b3
 bc3  b3c  ac3  a3c  ab3  a3b

  1
Thus, a
a3
1
b
b3
1
c  a  bb  cc  aa  b  c.
c3

 
x
11. 1
0
0
x
1
c
b x
a
x
1  
b
a
c
1
0
x
1 
 xax  b  c1  0  ax2  bx  c

    
x 0 0 d

 
x 0 c 1 x 0
1 1
12.
0
x
1
0
x
c
b
 x 1 x b d 0 1 x  xax2  bx  c  d 
0  x
1
0 1 a 0 0 1

0 0 1 a
From Exercise 11
 ax3  bx2  cx  d

13. 4S  4N  184
 6F  146

 
S
2N  4F  104

 
4 184 0
1 146 6
4 4 0
0 104 4 896
D 1 0 6  64 N   14
64 64

   
0 2 4
4 4 184
184 4 0
1 0 146
146 0 6
0 2 104 1216
104 2 4 2048 F   19
S   32 64 64
64 64
Element Atomic mass
Sulfur 32
Nitrogen 14
Fluoride 19

14. Let x  cost of a transformer, y  cost per foot of wire, z  cost of a light.
x  25y  5z  20
x  50y  15z  35
x  100y  20z  50



   
1 25 5 20 1 0 0 10
1 50 15
35 rref
→ 0 1 0
0.2
1 100 20
50 0 0 1
1
By using the matrix capabilities of a graphing calculator to reduce the augmented matrix to
reduced row-echelon form, we have the following costs:
Transformer $10.00
Foot of wire $ 0.20
Light $ 1.00
814 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

 
3 0
1 2
 
1
15. A , B 1 2
2 0 1
1 1

 
1 2
3
 
1 1
AT  1 0 , BT 
0 2 1
2 1
5
AB  52 4
1
,  ABT  24 1 

 
1 2
3 5
   
1 1 2
BTAT  1 0 
0 2 1 4 1
2 1
Thus, ABT  BTAT.

 
1 6 4

 
1 2 2 11 11 11
7 2 5
16. A  1 1 3 ⇒ A1   11 11 11
1 1 4 2
 11 1
 11
3
11

23 13 34 0 18 5
31 34 63 13 5 13
25 17 61 2 5 18
24 14 37 0 19 5

 
1 6 4
41 17 8 11 11 11 16 20 5
7 2 5
20 29 40  11 11 11  13 2 5
38 56 116  2  1 3 18 0 20
11 11 11
13 11 1 8 5 0
22 3 6 5 12 5
41 53 85 22 5 14
28 32 16 20 8 0
0 18 5 13 5 13 2 5 18 0
__ R E M E M B E R __

19 5 16 20 5 13 2 5 18 0
S E P T E M B E R __

20 8 5 0 5 12 5 22 5 14 20 8 0
T H E __ E L E V E N T H __

REMEMBER SEPTEMBER THE ELEVENTH

 Problem Solving for Chapter 8 815

45 35 10 15 J O
17. (a) 45 35 wy x
z 
 10 15 38 30 8 14 H N
18 18 0 18 — R
y 
w x 30
38 30  8 14 35 5 20 E T
z 60 2
81
1 
1 21 18 U R
(b) 
45w  35y  10 42 28 3 14 0 N —
75 55 20 15 T O
45x  35z  15
2 2 0 2 — B
38w  30y  8 22 21 1 19 A S
15 10 5 0 E —
38x  30z  14
JOHN RETURN TO BASE
45w  35y  10
38w  30y  8 
⇒ w  1, y  1

38x  30z  14
45x  35z  15
⇒ x  2, z  3

2
A1  11 3 

 
6 4 1
3
18. A 0
1
2
1
3
2
19. Let A  35 5 
, then A  0.

 
6

 
1 7 5 2 4
 16
A1 
16
3 11
8

 98
Let A  3 1 2 , then A  0.
16 16 5 8 3
 18  18
3

 
4 3 7 5 1
6 4 0 2
A  16 and A 1   
1 Let A 
5 8 6 7
, then A  0. 
16
9 11 4 16
1
Conjecture: A1    A Conjecture: If A is an n  n matrix, each of whose rows

add up to zero, then A  0 .

20. (a) Answers will vary.

 
0 4 1
00 
3
A , B 0 0 7
0
0 0 0
(b) A2  0 so An  0 for n an integer ≥ 2.

 
0 0 28
B2  0 0 0
0 0 0
B3  0 so Bn  0 for n an integer ≥ 3.
(c) A4  0 if A is 4  4.
(d) Conjecture: If A is n  n, then An  0.
816 Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants

Chapter 8 Practice Test

1. Put the matrix in reduced row-echelon form.

2

3 
1 4

5 9

For Exercises 2–4, use matrices to solve the system of equations.

2. 3x  5y 
13 2x  3y 
3 2x  y  3z 
5
2x
5y 
11
 
3. 4.
3x  2y 
8 2x  y
3z 
0
3x  2y 
1 3x  y
3z 
3


1 6


1 4 5
5. Multiply 0
7 .
2 0
3

1 2

2


4 

9 1 6
6. Given A  and B  , find 3A
5B.
8 3 5

7. Find f A.

7 
3 0
f x  x2
7x  8, A 
1

8. True or false:
A  BA  3B  A2  4AB  3B2 where A and B are matrices.
(Assume that A2, AB, and B2 exist.)

For Exercises 9–10, find the inverse of the matrix, if it exists.


1 1 1


1 2
9. 10. 3 6 5
3 5
6 10 8

11. Use an inverse matrix to solve the systems.

(a) 3x  2y  4 (b) 3x  2y 
3
3x  5y  1 3x  5y 
2

For Exercises 12–14, find the determinant of the matrix.


1 4 2 3

1


1 3

1
2


6 0 1 0
12. 13. 5 9 0 14.
3 4 3 5
1 1
6 2
5
2 0 6 1
 Practice Test for Chapter 8 817

 
6 4 3 0 6
0 5 1 4 8
15. Evaluate 0 0 2 7 3 . 16. Use a determinant to find the area of the triangle with
0 0 0 9 2 vertices 0, 7, 5, 0, and 3, 9.
0 0 0 0 1

17. Find the equation of the line through 2, 7 and 
1, 4.

For Exercises 18–20, use Cramer’s Rule to find the indicated value.

18. Find x. 19. Find z. 20. Find y.

2x  5y  11   45.9x  105.6y  19.85

6x
7y  4 3x  z1 721.4x
29.1y  33.77
y  4z  3
x
y 2
 C H A P T E R 9
Sequences, Series, and Probability

Section 9.1 Sequences and Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819

Section 9.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Partial Sums . . . . . . . . . . 831

Section 9.3 Geometric Sequences and Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840

Section 9.4 Mathematical Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852

Section 9.5 The Binomial Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868

Section 9.6 Counting Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877

Section 9.7 Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902

C H A P T E R 9
Sequences, Series, and Probability
Section 9.1 Sequences and Series

■ Given the general nth term in a sequence, you should be able to find, or list, some of the terms.
■ You should be able to find an expression for the apparent nth term of a sequence.
■ You should be able to use and evaluate factorials.
■ You should be able to use summation notation for a sum.
■ You should know that the sum of the terms of a sequence is a series.

Vocabulary Check
1. infinite sequence 2. terms
3. finite 4. recursively
5. factorial 6. summation notation
7. index; upper; lower 8. series
9. nth partial sum

1. an
3n  1 2. an
5n  3 3. an
2n
a1
3
1  1
4 a1
5
1  3
2 a1
21
2
a2
3
2  1
7 a2
5
2  3
7 a2
22
4
a3
3
3  1
10 a3
5
3  3
12 a3
23
8
a4
3
4  1
13 a4
5
4  3
17 a4
24
16
a5
3
5  1
16 a5
5
5  3
22 a5
25
32

4. an

12  6. an

 12 
n n
5. an

2n
a1

12 
12 a1

21
2 a1

 12 
 12
1 1

a2

12 
14 a2

22
4 a2

 12 
14
2 2

a3

12 
18 a3

23
8 a3

 12 
 18
3 3

a4

12 
16 a4

24
16 a4

 12 
16
4 1 4 1

a5

2 
32 a5

25
32 a5

 2 
 32
1 5 1 1 5 1

819
820 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

n2 n 6n
7. an
8. an
9. an

n n2 3n2  1
12 1 1 6
1
a1

3 a1

a1

3
1 12 3 3
12  1
4 2 1 6
2 12
a2

2 a2

a2


2 22 2 3
22  1 11
5 3 3 6
3 9
a3
a3

a3


3 32 5 3
32  1 13
6 3 4 2 6
4 24
a4

a4

a4


4 2 42 3 3
42  1 47
7 5 5 6
5 15
a5
a5

a5


5 52 7 3
52  1 37

3n2  n  4 1 
1n
10. an
11. an
12. an
1 
1n
2n2  1 n
a1
1 
11
0
3
12  1  4 a1
0
a1

2 a2
1 
1 2
2
2
12  1 2
a2

1 a3
1 
13
0
3
22  2  4 14 2
a2


2
22  1 9 a3
0 a4
1 
14
2
3
3  3  4 28
2
a5
1 
15
0
a3

a4

2 1


2
32  1 19 4 2
3
42  4  4 16 a5
0
a4


2
42  1 11
3
52  5  4 74
a5


2
52  1 51

1 2n 1
13. an
2  14. an
15. an

3n 3n n32
1 5 21 2 1
a1
2 
a1

a1

1
3 3 31 3 1
1 17 22 4 1
a2
2 
a2

a2

9 9 32 9 232
1 53 23 8 1
a3
2 
a3

a3

27 27 33 27 332
1 161 24 16 1 1
a4
2 
a4

a4


81 81 34 81 432 8
25 32
a5
2 
1


485 a5

a5

1
35 243
243 243 532
 Section 9.1 Sequences and Series 821

10 10
1n
n  1
16. an

3 2 17. an
n
n23 n n2 18. an

1n

10 1 1 1
a1

10 a1

1 a1

11

1 1 11 2
10 10 1 2 2
a2

a2
a2

12


3 22 
3 4
4 21 3
10 10 1 3 3
a3

a3
 a3

13


3 32 
3 9
9 31 4
10 10 1 4 4
a4

a4
a4

14


3 42 
3 16
16 41 5
10 10 1 5 5
a5

a5
 a5

15


3 52 
3 25
25 51 6

2
19. an
3 20. an
0.3 21. an
n
n  1
n  2 22. an
n
n2  6
a1
23 a1
0.3 a1

1
0
1
0 a1
1
12  6
5
a2
2
3 a2
0.3 a2

2
1
0
0 a2
2
22  6
4
a3
23 a3
0.3 a3

3
2
1
6 a3
3
32  6
9
a4
23 a4
0.3 a4

4
3
2
24 a4
4
42  6
40
a5
23 a5
0.3 a5

5
4
3
60 a5
5
52  6
95

23. a25

125
3
25  2
73 24. an

1n1n
n  1

a16

116116
16  1
240

4
11 44 4n2  n  3 3
25. a11

26. an
27. an
n
2
112  3 239 n
n  1
n  2 4
4
132  13  3 37 10
a13


13
13  1
13  2 130

0 10
0

4
28. an
2  29. an
16
0.5n1 30. an
8
0.75n1
n
18 12
2

0 10
0 10

0 10
− 10 0
−3

2n n2 8
31. an
32. an
33. an

n1 n2 2 n1
2 1 8
a1
4, a10

11
The sequence decreases.

0 10 0 10 Matches graph (c).

0 0
822 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

8n 4n
34. an
35. an
4
0.5n1 36. an

n1 n!
1
an → 8 as n →  a1
4, a10
an → 0 as n → 
128
24 The sequence decreases. 44 256 2
a1
4, a3

6 a1
4, a4


10
4 4! 24 3
Matches graph (d).
Matches graph (b). Matches graph (a).

37. 1, 4, 7, 10,13, . . . 38. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, . . . 39. 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, . . .

an
1 
n  13
3n  2 n: 1 2 3 4 5 . . . n an
n2  1
Terms: 3 7 11 15 19 . . . an
Apparent pattern:
Each term is one less than four
times n, which implies that
an
4n  1.

2 3 4 5 6 1 1 1 1
40. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, . . . 41.  , ,  , ,  , . . . 42. , , , , . . .
3 4 5 6 7 2 4 8 16
n: 1 2 3 4 5 . . . n
Terms: 2 4 6 8 10 . . . an an

1n nn  12 n: 1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
. . . n

Apparent pattern: Terms: . . . an

2 4 8 16
Each term is the product of
1n1
Apparent pattern:
and twice n, which implies that
an

1n1
2n. Each term is
1n1 divided by 2
raised to the n, which implies that

1n1
an
.
2n

2 3 4 5 6 1 2 4 8 1 1 1 1
43. , , , , ,. . . 44. , , , , . . . 45. 1, , , , , . . .
1 3 5 7 9 3 9 27 81 4 9 16 25
n1 n: 1 2 3 4 . . . n 1
an
an

2n  1 1 2 4 8 n2
Terms: . . . an
3 9 27 81
Apparent pattern:
Each term is 2n1 divided by 3
raised to the n, which implies that
2n1
an
n .
3

1 1 1 1
46. 1, , , , , . . . 47. 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, . . .
2 6 24 120
an

1n1
n: 1 2 3 4 5 . . . n
1 1 1 1
Terms: 1 . . . an
2 6 24 120
Apparent pattern:
Each term is the reciprocal of n!, which implies that
1
an
.
n!
 Section 9.1 Sequences and Series 823

22 23 24 25 1 1 1 1 1
48. 1, 2, , , , , . . . 49. 1  , 1  , 1  , 1  , 1  , . . .
2 6 24 120 1 2 3 4 5
n: 1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . n 1
an
1 
22 23 24 25 n
Terms: 1 2 . . . an
2 6 24 120
Apparent pattern:
Each term is 2n1 divided by
n  1!, which implies that
2n1
an
.

n  1!

1 3 7 15 31
50. 1  , 1  , 1  , 1  , 1  , . . .
2 4 8 16 32
n: 1 2 3 4 5 . . . n
1 3 7 15 31
Terms: 1 1 1 1 1 . . . an
2 4 8 16 32
Apparent pattern: Each term is the sum of 1 and the quantity 1 less than 2n divided by 2n, which implies that
2n  1
an
1  .
2n

51. a1
28 and ak1
ak  4 52. a1
15, ak1
ak  3 53. a1
3 and ak1
2
ak  1
a1
28 a1
15 a1
3
a2
a1  4
28  4
24 a2
a1  3
15  3
18 a2
2
a1  1
2
3  1
4
a3
a2  4
24  4
20 a3
a2  3
18  3
21 a3
2
a2  1
2
4  1
6
a4
a3  4
20  4
16 a4
a3  3
21  3
24 a4
2
a3  1
2
6  1
10
a5
a4  4
16  4
12 a5
a4  3
24  3
27 a5
2
a4  1
2
10  1
18

1
54. a1
32, ak1
2ak 55. a1
6 and ak1
ak  2 56. a1
25, ak1
ak  5
a1
32 a1
6 a1
25
a2
a1  2
6  2
8 a2
a1  5
25  5
20
2
32
1 1
a2
2 a1

16
a3
a2  2
8  2
10 a3
a2  5
20  5
15
2
16
1 1
a3
2 a2

8
a4
a3  2
10  2
12 a4
a3  5
15  5
10
2
8
1 1
a4
2 a3

4
a5
a4  2
12  2
14 a5
a4  5
10  5
5
a5
12 a 4
12
4
2
In general, an
2n  4. In general, an
30  5n .

1 3n
57. a1
81 and ak1
ak 58. a1
14, ak1

2ak 59. an

3 n!
a1
81 a1
14
30
a0

1
1 1 a2

2a1

2
14
28 0!
a 2
a1

81
27
3 3
a3

2a2

2
28
56 31
1 1 a1

3
a 3
a2

27
9 a4

2a3

2
56
112
1!
3 3
32 9
1 1 a5

2
a4

2
112
224 a2


a 4
a3

9
3 2! 2
3 3
In general, an
14
2n1.
1 1 33 27 9
a 5
a4

3
1 a3



3 3 3! 6 2
In general, 34 81 27
a4



3 3
1 n1 1 n 243 4! 24 8
an
81
81
3
.
3n
824 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

n! 1 n2
60. an
61. an
62. an

n
n  1!
n  1!
0! 1 02 0
a0

undefined a0

1 a0


0
0 1!
0  1! 1
1! 1 1 1 12 1 1
a1


1 a1

a1



1 1 2! 2
1  1! 2  1 2
2! 2  1 1 1 22 4 2
a2


1 a2

a2



2 2 3! 6
2  1! 3 21 3

a3

3! 3


21
2 a3

1


1 32 9 3
a3



3 3 4! 24
3  1! 4 321 8

a4

4! 4


321
6 a4

1


1 42 16 2
a4



4 4 5! 120
4  1! 5 4321 15

12n 1
12n1
63. an

64. an


2n!
2n!
2n  1!
1
12
0 1
11 1
a0

1 a0



1
0!
2  0  1! 1! 1
1 1
12  11
13 1 1
a1

a1




2! 2
2  1  1! 3! 6 6
1 1
12  21
15 1 1
a2

a2




4! 24
2  2  1! 5! 120 120
1 1
12  31
17 1 1
a3

a3




6! 720
2  3  1! 7! 5040 5040
1 1
12  41
19 1 1
a4

a4




8! 40,320
2  4  1! 9! 362,880 362,880

4! 1234 1 1 5! 12345 1 1
65.


66.



6! 1  2  3  4  5  6 5  6 30 8! 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8 6  7  8 336

10! 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10 9  10 25! 1  2  3  . . .  23  24  25
24  25
600

67.


90 68.

8! 12345678 1 23! 123. . .  23 1

n  1! 1  2  3  . . .  n 
n  1 n  1
n  2! 1  2  3  . . .  n 
n  1 
n  2
69.

70.

n! 123. . .n 1 n! 123. . .n

n1

n  1
n  2

2n  1! 1  2  3  . . . 
2n  1
3n  1! 1  2  3  . . . 
3n 
3n  1

71.
72.


2n  1! 1  2  3  . . . 
2n  1 
2n 
2n  1
3n! 1  2  3  . . . 
3n
1 3n  1



3n  1
2n
2n  1 1

5
73.
2i  1

2  1 
4  1 
6  1 
8  1 
10  1
35
i
1

6
74.
3i  1

3  1  1 
3  2  1 
3  3  1 
3  4  1 
3  5  1 
3  6  1
57
i
1

4 5
75. 10
10  10  10  10
40
k
1
76. 5
5  5  5  5  5
25
k
1
 Section 9.1 Sequences and Series 825

4 5
77. i
i
0
2

02  12  22  32  42
30 78. 2i
i
0
2
2
02  2
12  2
22  2
32  2
42  2
52

110

3 5
1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 124
79.
k
0 k2

  

1 1 11 41 91 5
80. j
j
3
2

 

 3 32  3 42  3 52  3 429

5
81.
k  1
k  3

3
1 
4
0 
5
1 
6
2
88
k
2
2 2 2 2 2

4
82. 
i  1
i
1
2 
i  13

02 
23  
12 
33  
22 
43  
32 
53
238

4 4
83. 2
2
i
1
i 1  22  23  24
30 84.
2
j
0
j

20 
21 
22 
23 
24

11

6 10
3 4

1k 47 4

1k 3
85.
24  3j
81
j
1
86. j  1
6.06
j
1
87.
k
0


k  1 60
88.
k
0 k!


8

5 15
1 1 1 1 9 1 5 5 5 5
89.  
3
1 3
2 3
3
. . .

3
9 i
1 3i 90.  
11 12 13
. . .

1  15 i
1 1  i

28  3  28  3  28  3  . . .  28  3
28  3

8
1 2 3 8 i
91.
i
1

1  6   1  6   . . .  1  6 
1 6 

2 2 2 6 2
1 2 6 k
92.
k
1

6
93. 3  9  27  81  243  729

i
1

1 i13i

 
7
1 1 1 . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
94. 1     
0 1 2 3. . . 7

2 4 8 128 2 2 2 2 2 n
0 2

1 1 1 1 1 20
1i1 1 1 1 1 10 1
95.
1 2
 2 2 2. . . 2

2 3 4 20 i
1 i2 96.
1 3

2 4

3 5
. . .
10  12

k
k  2
k
1

1 3 7 15 31 5 2i  1 1 2 6 24 120 720 6
k!
97.    
4 8 16 32 64


i
1 2
i1
98.   
2 4 8 16

32

64


k
1 2
k

 2 
5 2   5 2  12 12  3 
2 3  13 13 13 13

4 5 i 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 i 1 2 3 4 75 1 1
99. 5 5 5
100. 2 2 2 2 2
i
1 16 i
1

242


243

4 2   21  4 21  21 8 4   41  41  41  41
3 n 2 3 4 n 1 2 3 4
1 3 1
101.
4  4 
 102.
8  8  8  8 
n
1 2 n
1

51


32
826 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability


6

1 i
103. 10
0.6  0.06  0.006  0.0006  . . .
23
i
1


10
1 k
1 1 1 1 1
104.
    . . .
k
1 10 102 103 104 105

0.1  0.01  0.001  0.0001  0.00001  . . .

0.11111 . . .
1


9


210
210  10 
i
1 1 1 1 1
105. By using a calculator, we have 106. 2
  . . .
i
1 103 104

710
10 k
1

0.7777777777
2
0.1  0.01  0.001  0.0001  . . .
k
1

2
0.111 . . .
 
50 k
1
7
0.7777777778
k
1 10
0.222 . . .

710
100 k 2
1 7

.

k
1 9 9
The terms approach zero as n → .

710
1 k 7
Thus, we conclude that
.
k
1 9

 
0.08 n
107. An
5000 1  , n
1, 2, 3, . . . 108. (a) A1
100
101
1.011  1
$101.00
4
A2
100
101
1.012  1
$203.01
(a) A1
$5100.00
A3
100
101
1.013  1
$306.04
A2
$5202.00
A4
100
101
1.014  1
$410.10
A3
$5306.04
A5
100
101
1.015  1
$515.20
A4
$5412.16
A6
100
101
1.016  1
$621.35
A5
$5520.40
(b) A60
100
101
1.0160  1
$8248.64
A6
$5630.81
(c) A240
100
101
1.01240  1
$99,914.79
A7
$5743.43
A8
$5858.30
(b) A40
$11,040.20

109. (a) Linear model: an

60.57n  182 (b) Quadratic model: an
1.61n2  26.8n  9.5

(c) (d) For the year 2008 we have the following predictions:
Year n Actual Linear Quadratic
Data Model Model Linear model: 908 stores

1998 8 311 303 308 Quadratic model: 995 stores

1999 9 357 363 362 Since the quadratic model is a better fit, the predicted
number of stores in 2008 is 995.
2000 10 419 424 420
2001 11 481 484 480
2002 12 548 545 544
2003 13 608 605 611

The quadratic model is a better fit.

 Section 9.1 Sequences and Series 827

110. (a) an
0.0457n3  0.3498n2  9.04n  121.3, n
5, . . . , 13.

a5
73.1 a10
41.6 75

a6
64.3 a11
40.4

a7
56.6 a12
41.4
a8
50.0
5 14
a13
45.1 0

a9
44.9
(b) The number of cases reported fluctuates.

111. (a) an
2.7698n3  61.372n2  600.00n  3102.9

a0
$3102.9 billion a7
$5245.7 billion 7000

a1
$3644.3 billion a8
$5393.2 billion
a2
$4079.6 billion a9
$5551.0 billion
a3
$4425.3 billion a10
$5735.5 billion 0
0
14

a4
$4698.2 billion a11
$5963.5 billion
a5
$4914.8 billion a12
$6251.5 billion
a6
$5091.8 billion a13
$6616.3 billion
(b) The federal debt is increasing.

13 4 4 4
112.
46.609n
n
6
2  119.84n  1125.8
$17,495 million 113. True,
i
i
1
2
 2i
i
i
1
2
2
i
1
i by the
Properties of Sums.
The results from the model and the figure (which are
approximations) are very similar.

4 6
114. 2
2
j
1
j
j
3
j2

True, because 21  22  23  24
232  242  252  262.

an1 3 5
115. a1
1, a2
1, ak2
ak1  ak, k ≥ 1 116. bn
; b1
1, b2
2, b3
, b4
, . . .
an 2 3
1
a1
1 b1

1 1 1
1 b2
1 
1
2
a2
1 2 b1 1
b2

2
a3
1  1
2 1 1 1 3
3 b3
1 
1

b3
b2 2 2
a4
2  1
3 2
1 2 5
a5
3  2
5 5 b4
1 
1

b4
b3 3 3
3
a6
5  3
8
8 1 3 8
a7
8  5
13 b5
b5
1 
1

5 b4 5 5
a8
13  8
21 13
b6
1
8 bn
1 
a9
21  13
34 21
bn1
b7

a10
34  21
55 13
34
a11
55  34
89 b8

21
a12
89  55
144 55
b9

34
89
b10

55
828 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

327.15  785.69  433.04  265.38  604.12  590.30

117.
$500.95
6

1 n 1.899  1.959  1.919  1.939  1.999 n n n

118. x

n i
1
xi

5
119.
x  x 
x  x
i
1
i
i
1
i
i
1

$1.943
 x   nx
n

i
i
1

 x  nn x 
n 1 n

i i
i
1 i
1

0

n n n n

x  x
x  2xix  x 2
x x  nx
2
120. i
i
2
i
2  2x i
2
i
1 i
1 i
1 i
1

n 1 n n 1 n 1 n

x
i
1
i
2 2
xi xi  n 
ni
1 i
1 ni
1
xi  x
ni
1 i
   x 
n n n 2 1 n 1 n

2

xi2  xi xi  
xi2  i
i
1 i
1 i
1 n n i
1 n i
1

xn
1nx2n1
1nx2n
121. an
122. an
123. an

n! 2n  1
2n!
x1
11x2
1 1 x3 x2 x2
a1

x a1

 a1


1! 2
1  1 3 2! 2
x2 x2
12x2
2 1 x5 x4 x4
a2

a2

a2


2! 2 2
2  1 5 4! 24
x3 x3
13x2
3 1 x7 x6 x6
a3

a3

 a3


3! 6 2
3  1 7 6! 720
x4 x4
14x2
4 1 x9 x8 x8
a4

a4

a4


4! 24 2
4  1 9 8! 40,320
x5 x5
15x2
5 1 x11 x10 x10
a5

a5

 a5


5! 120 2
5  1 11 10! 3,628,800

1nx2n1
124. an
125. f
x
4x  3 is one-to-one, so it has an inverse.

2n  1!
y
4x  3

11x2
1 1 x3 x3
a1




2
1  1! 3! 6 x
4y  3

1 2x2
2 1 x5 x5 x3
a2



y

2
2  1! 5! 120 4

13x2
3 1 x7 x7 x3
a3


 f 1
x


2
3  1! 7! 5040 4

14x2
4 1 x9 x9
a4




2
4  1! 9! 362,880

15x2
5 1 x11 x11
a5




2
5  1! 11! 39,916,800
 Section 9.1 Sequences and Series 829

3
126. g
x
127. h
x
5x  1 is one-to-one, so it has an inverse.
x
1
3 Domain: x ≥ 
y
5
x
Range: y ≥ 0
3
x

y 1
y
5x  1, x ≥  , y ≥ 0
5
xy
3
1
3 x
5y  1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 
y
5
x
x2
5y  1, x ≥ 0
This is a function of x, so f has in inverse.
x2  1
3
y, x ≥ 0
f
x
, x  0
1
5
x
x2  1 1 2
h1
x


x  1, x ≥ 0
5 5

128. f
x

x  12

y

x  12
x

y  12
± x
y  1

1 ± x
y

This does not represent y as a function of x, so f does not have an inverse.

2 6 
2 54
3       
6 5 4 8 1
129. (a) A  B



4 6 3 36 4 
3 3 7
2 8  18 16  15 26
       
4 6 5 1
(b) 4B  3A
4 3


6 3 3 4 24  9 12  12 15 24
2 12  30 24  15
3      
6 5 4 18 9
(c) AB



4 6 3 6  24 12  12 18 0

(d) BA
26 4
3  63  
5
4


12  16
36  9
10  12
 
30  12


0
27
6
18 
12 10  0 7 
12
4       
10 7 0 10 19
130. (a) A  B



6 8 11 4  8 6  11 12 5
12 0  30 48  21 30 69
8       
0 10 7
(b) 4B  3A
4 3


11 4 6 32  12 44  18 44 26
12 0  56 120  77 43
4 8     
10 7 0 56
(c) AB



6 11 0  48 48  66 48 114
12 0  48 0  72 72
8 4     
0 10 7 48
(d) BA



11 6 80  44 56  66 36 122
830 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

       
2 3 6 1 4 2 2  1 3  4 62 3 7 4
131. (a) A  B
4 5 7  0 1 6
40 51 76
4 4 1
1 7 4 0 3 1 10 73 41 1 4 3
4 
6 16 
9

       
1 4 2 2 3 6 8  18 10 25 10
(b) 4B  3A
4 0 1 6 3 4 5 7
0  12 4  15 24  21
12 11 3
0 3 1 1 7 4 03 12  21 4  12 3 9 8

      
2 3 6 1 4 2 2  0  0 8  3  18 4  18  6 2 7 16
(c) AB
4 5 7 0 1 6
400 16  5  21 8  30  7
4 42 45
1 7 4 0 3 1 100 4  7  12 2  42  4 1 23 48

      
1 4 2 2 3 6 2  16  2 3  20  14 6  28  8 16 31 42
(d) BA
0 1 6 4 5 7
046 0  5  42 0  7  24
10 47 31
0 3 1 1 7 4 0  12  1 0  15  7 0  21  4 13 22 25

1 1  0 44 00 1

       
4 0 0 4 0 0 0
132. (a) A  B
5 1 2  3 1 2
53 11 2 
2
2 0 4
0 1 3 1 0 2 0 
1 1  0 32 1 1 1
1 0 
3 16  12 00

       
0 4 0 4 0 3 4 0
(b) 4B  3A
4 3 1 2  3 5 1 2
12  15 43 8  6
3 1 14
1 0 2 0 1 3 4  0 0 
3 89 4 3 1
1 8

      
4 0 0 4 0 0  12  0 4  4  0 080 12 0
(c) AB
5 1 2 3 1 2
0  3  2 20  1  0 024
1 21 2
0 1 3 1 0 2 033 010 026 6 1 8
0 1

      
0 4 4 0 0  20  0 040 080 20 4 8
(d) BA
3 1 2 5 1 2
3  5  0 12  1  2 026
2 15 4
1 0 2 0 1 3 100 4  0  2 006 1 6 6

133. A

3
1
5
7
3
7  5
1
26 134.

2
12
8
15

2
15  8
12
126

3
135. A
0
4 4
7
9
5
3
3
1
7
9

37
1  3
9  44
3  5
7
194
3
1
4
4
7
5
3

136. A
16
C11  9
C21  2
C31  4
C41

8 3 7 8 3 7
C11

1 11 1 12 3
1 12 3
6 2 1 6 2 1

8

12
2
3
1
3
1
6
3
1

8
12  6  3
1  18  7
2  72
413
7
1
6
12
2

11 10 2 11 10 2
C21

121 1 12 3
1 12 3
6 2 1 6 2 1

11

12
2
3
1
1
10
2

11
12  6  1
10  4  6
30  24
108
2
1
6
10
12
2
3

—CONTINUED—
 Section 9.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Partial Sums 831

136. —CONTINUED—

11 10 2 11 10 2
C31
131 8 3 7
8 3 7
6 2 1 6 2 1

11







3
2
7
1
8
10
2
2
1
6
10
3
2
7

113  14  810  4  670  6
215

11 10 2 11 10 2
C41
141 8 3 7
8 3 7
1 12 3 1 12 3

11

3
12
7
3


 8
10
12
2
3
1

119  84  830  24  170  6
937

10
3
2
7




So, A
16413  9108  2215  4937

11,758.

Section 9.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Partial Sums

■ You should be able to recognize an arithmetic sequence, find its common difference, and find its nth term.
■ You should be able to find the nth partial sum of an arithmetic sequence by using the formula
n
Sn
a1  an.
2

Vocabulary Check
1. arithmetic; common 2. an
dn  c
3. sum of a finite arithmetic sequence

1. 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, . . . 2. 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, . . . 3. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, . . .

Arithmetic sequence, d
2 Arithmetic sequence, d
3 Not an arithmetic sequence

9 7 3 5 5 3
4. 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, . . . 5. 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, . . . 6. 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, . . .
1
Not an arithmetic sequence Arithmetic sequence, d
 4 Arithmetic sequence, d
 2
1

1 2 4 5
7. 3, 3, 1, 3, 6, . . . 8. 5.3, 5.7, 6.1, 6.5, 6.9, . . . 9. ln 1, ln 2, ln 3, ln 4, ln 5, . . .
Not an arithmetic sequence Arithmetic sequence, d
0.4 Not an arithmetic sequence

10. 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, . . . 11. an
5  3n 12. an
100  3n

Not an arithmetic sequence 8, 11, 14, 17, 20 97, 94, 91, 88, 85
Arithmetic sequence, d
3 Arithmetic sequence, d
3
832 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

13. an
3  4n  2 14. an
1  n  14 15. an
1n

7, 3, 1, 5, 9 1, 5, 9, 13, 17 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
Arithmetic sequence, d
4 Arithmetic sequence, d
4 Not an arithmetic sequence

1n3
16. an
2n1 17. an
18. an
2nn
n
1, 2, 4, 8, 16 2, 8, 24, 64, 160
3 3 3
3, , 1, , 
Not an arithmetic sequence 2 4 5 Not an arithmetic sequence
Not an arithmetic sequence

19. a1
1, d
3 20. a1
15, d
4

an
a1  n  1d
1  n  13
3n  2 an
a1  n  1d
15  n  14

4n  11

21. a1
100, d
8 2
22. a1
0, d
 3
an
a1  n  1d
100  n  18 an
a1  n  1d
n  1 23 

8n  108 2 2

3 n  3

23. a1
x, d
2x 24. a1
y, d
5y

an
a1  n  1d
x  n  12x
2xn  x an
a1  n  1d
y  n  15y

5yn  6y

25. 4, 32, 1,  72, . . . 26. 10, 5, 0, 5, 10, . . .

d
 52 d
5
an
a1  n  1d
4  n  1  52  an
a1  n  1d
10  n  15
5n  15
5 13

2 n  2

27. a1
5, a4
15 28. a1
4, a5
16

10
a4
a1  3d ⇒ 15
5  3d ⇒ d
3 an
a1  n  1d
an
a1  n  1d
5  n  1 10
3 
10
3n  5
3 16
4  4d
d
5
an
a1  n  1d
4  n  15

5n  9

29. a3
94, a6
85 30. a5
190, a10
115

a6
a3  3d ⇒ 85
94  3d ⇒ d
3 a10
a5  5d ⇒ 115
190  5d ⇒ d
15
a1
a3  2d ⇒ a1
94  23
100 a1
a5  4d ⇒ a1
190  415
250
an
a1  n  1d
100  n  13 an
a1  n  1d
250  n  115

3n  103
15n  265
 Section 9.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Partial Sums 833

3
31. a1
5, d
6 32. a1
5, d
 4 33. a1
2.6, d
0.4
a1
5 a1
5 a1
2.6
3 17
a2
5  6
11 a2
5 
4 4 a2
2.6  0.4
3.0
17 3 14 7
a3
11  6
17 a3
4 

4 4
2 a3
3.0  0.4
3.4
7 3 11
a4
17  6
23 a4


2 4 4 a4
3.4  0.4
3.8
11 3 8
a5
23  6
29 a5
4 

2
4 4 a5
3.8  0.4
4.2

34. a1
16.5, d
0.25 35. a1
2, a12
46 36. a4
16, a10
46

a1
16.5
a2
16.5  0.25
16.75
a3
16.75  0.25
17
a4
17  0.25
17.25
a5
17.25  0.25
17.5
46
2  12  1d 16
a4
a1  n  1d
a1  3d
44
11d 46
a10
a1  n  1d
a1  9d
44
d Answer: a1
1, d
5
a1
2 a1
1
a2
2  4
6 a2
1  5
6
a3
6  4
10 a3
6  5
11
a4
10  4
14 a4
11  5
16
a5
14  4
18 a5
16  5
21

37. a8
26, a12
42 38. a3
19, a15
1.7

a12
a8  4d 19
a3
a1  n  1d
a1  2d
42
26  4d ⇒ d
4 1.7
a15
a1  n  1d
a1  14d
a8
a1  7d Answer: a1
22.45, d
1.725
26
a1  28 ⇒ a1
2 a1
22.45
a1
2 a2
22.45  1.725
20.725
a2
2  4
2 a3
20.725  1.725
19
a3
2  4
6 a4
19  1.725
17.275
a4
6  4
10 a5
17.275  1.725
15.55
a5
10  4
14

39. a1
15, ak1
ak  4 40. a1
6, ak1
ak  5 41. a1
200, ak1
ak  10

a2
15  4
19
a3
19  4
23
a4
23  4
27
a5
27  4
31
d
4
c
a1  d
15  4
11
an
4n  11
a2
6  5
11 a2
200  10
190
a3
11  5
16 a3
190  10
180
a4
16  5
21 a4
180  10
170
a5
21  5
26 a5
170  10
160
d
5 d
10
an
dn  c c
a1  d
200  10
210
an
5n  c an
10n  210
c
a1  d

65

1
So, an
5n  1.
834 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

42. a1
72, ak1
ak  6 5 1

43. a1
8, ak1
ak  8 44. a1
0.375, ak1
ak  0.25
a2
72  6
66 a1
58 a2
0.375  0.25
0.625
a3
66  6
60 a2

5
8
1
8
1
2 a3
0.625  0.25
0.875
a4
60  6
54 a3

1
2
1
8
3
8 a4
0.875  0.25
1.125
a5
54  6
48 a4

3
8
1
8
1
4 a5
1.125  0.25
1.375
d
6 a5
14  18
18 d
0.25
an
dn  c d
 18 an
dn  c
an
6n  c c
a1  d
  

5
 18 3
8 4 an
0.25n  c
c
a1  d an
 18n  3
4 c
a1  d

72  6
0.375  0.25

78
0.125
So, an
6n  78. So, an
0.25n  0.125.

45. a1