Review Exercises ● 195

Section Key Terms Formula

2.4 Basic functions f(x) ! ax & b (linear)

f(x) ! C, C ! constant
f(x) ! axb (power)
f(x) ! x (identity)
f(x) ! x2, f(x) ! x3, f(x) ! 1!x
Shifts of graphs f(x # h) shifts f(x) h units horizontally
f(x) & k shifts f(x) k units vertically
Polynomial function of f(x) ! anxn & an#1xn#1 & p & a1x & a0
degree n an % 0, n " 0, n an integer
Rational function f(x) ! p(x)!q(x), where p(x) and q(x) are
polynomials
Vertical asymptote
Horizontal asymptote
x if x " 0
Absolute value function f(x) ! 0x 0 ! b
#x if x $ 0
Piecewise defined functions

2.5 Scatter plots

Function types
Mathematical model
Fitting curves to data points
Predicting from models

Review Exercises
In Problems 1–10, find the real solutions to each quad- For each function in Problems 19–24, find the vertex and
ratic equation. determine if it is a maximum or minimum point, find the
1. 3x2 & 10x ! 5x 2. 4x # 3x2 ! 0 zeros if they exist, and sketch the graph.
3. x & 5x & 6 ! 0
2 4. 11 # 10x # 2x2 ! 0 19. y ! 12x2 & 2x 20. y ! 4 # 14x2
5. (x # 1)(x & 3) ! #8 6. 4x2 ! 3 21. y ! 6 & x # x 2 22. y ! x2 # 4x & 5
7. 20x2 & 3x ! 20 # 15x2 23. y ! x2 & 6x & 9 24. y ! 12x # 9 # 4x2
8. 8x2 & 8x ! 1 # 8x2 9. 7 ! 2.07x # 0.02x2
In Problems 25–30, use a graphing utility to graph each
10. 46.3x # 117 # 0.5x2 ! 0
function. Use the vertex and zeros to determine an
In Problems 11–14, solve each equation by using a graph- appropriate range. Be sure to label the maximum or min-
ing utility to find the zeros of the function. Solve the imum point.
equation algebraically to check your results. 25. y ! 13x2 # 3 26. y ! 12x2 & 2
11. 4z2 & 25 ! 0 12. z(z & 6) ! 27 27. y ! x & 2x & 5
2 28. y ! #10 & 7x # x2
13. 3x2 # 18x # 48 ! 0 14. 3x2 # 6x # 9 ! 0 29. y ! 20x # 0.1x 2 30. y ! 50 # 1.5x & 0.01x2
15. Solve x2 & ax & b ! 0 for x. 31. Find the average rate of change of f(x) ! 100x # x2
16. Solve xr2 # 4ar # x2c ! 0 for r. from x ! 30 to x ! 50.
32. Find the average rate of change of
In Problems 17 and 18, approximate the real solutions to
each quadratic equation to two decimal places. f(x) ! x2 # 30x & 22
17. 23.1 # 14.1x # 0.002x2 ! 0
over the interval [10, 50].
18. 1.03x2 & 2.02x # 1.015 ! 0
196 ● Chapter 2 Quadratic and Other Special Functions

In Problems 33–36, a graph is given. Use the graph to (c) Try other function types and find one that fits bet-
(a) locate the vertex, ter than a linear function.
(b) determine the zeros, and
x 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
(c) match the graph with one of the equations A, B, C,
or D. y 153 151 147 140 128 115 102
A. y ! 7x " 12x2
47. Modeling Consider the data given in the table.
B. y ! 12x2 " x " 4
(a) Make a scatter plot.
C. y ! 8 " 2x " x2
(b) Fit a linear function to the data and comment on
D. y ! 49 " x2
the fit.
33. y 34. y
(c) Try other function types and find one that fits bet-
6 50 ter than a linear function.
4 40
2
x 3 5 10 15 20 25 30
30
x
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 20
y 35 45 60 70 80 87 95

-4 10
A P P L I C AT I O N S
-6 x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
48. Physics A ball is thrown into the air from a height of
35. y 36. y
96 ft above the ground, and its height is given by
25 10 S ! 96 & 32t # 16t2, where t is the time in seconds.
20 8 (a) Find the values of t that make S ! 0.
15
6 (b) Do both of the values of t have meaning for this
4
10 application?
2
5
15 x (c) When will the ball strike the ground?
x -6 -2 4 6
5 10 49. Profit The profit for a product is given by P(x) !
-5 -4
82x # 0.10x2 # 1600, where x is the number of units
37. Sketch a graph of each of the following basic functions. produced and sold. Break-even points will occur at val-
(a) f(x) ! x2 (b) f(x) ! 1!x (c) f(x) ! x1!4 ues of x where P(x) ! 0. How many units will give a
#x2 if x ' 0 break-even point for the product?
38. If f(x) ! b , find the following.
1!x if x ( 0 50. Drug use Data indicate that the percent of high school
(a) f(0) (b) f(0.0001) seniors who have tried hallucinogens can be described
(c) f(#5) (d) f(10) by the function
x if x ' 1
39. If f(x) ! b , find the following. f(t) ! #0.037t2 & 1.006t & 1.75
3x # 2 if x ( 1
(a) f(#2) (b) f(0) where t is the number of years since 1990. (Source:
(c) f(1) (d) f(2) monitoringthefuture.org)
(a) For what years does the function estimate that the
In Problems 40 and 41, graph each function. percent will be 8.1%?
x if x ' 1 (b) For what year does the function estimate the per-
40. f(x) ! b
3x # 2 if x ( 1 cent will be a maximum? Find that maximum esti-
41. (a) f(x) ! (x # 2)2 (b) f(x) ! (x & 1)3 mated percent.
In Problems 42 and 43, use a graphing utility to graph 51. Maximum area A rectangular lot is to be fenced in
each function. Find any turning points. and then divided down the middle to create two identi-
42. y ! x3 & 3x2 # 9x cal fenced lots (see the figure). If 1200 ft of fence is to
43. y ! x3 # 9x be used, the area of each lot is given by
In Problems 44 and 45, graph each function. Find and 1200 # 3x
A ! xa b
identify any asymptotes. 4
1 2x # 1
44. y ! 45. y ! (a) Find the x-value that maximizes this area.
x#2 x&3
(b) Find the maximum area.
46. Modeling Consider the data given in the table.
(a) Make a scatter plot.
(b) Fit a linear function to the data and comment on x x x
the fit.

52. Supply Graph the first-quadrant portion of the supply
function
p ! 2q2 & 4q & 6
53. Demand Graph the first-quadrant portion of the
demand function
p ! 18 # 3q # q2
54. Market equilibrium
(a) Suppose the supply function for a product is
p ! 0.1q2 & 1 and the demand function is p ! 85 #
0.2q # 0.1q2. Sketch the first-quadrant portion of
the graph of each function. Use the same set of axes
for both and label the market equilibrium point.
(b) Use algebraic methods to find the equilibrium price
and quantity.
55. Market equilibrium The supply function for a prod-
uct is given by p ! q2 & 300, and the demand is given
by p & q ! 410. Find the equilibrium quantity and
price.
56. Market equilibrium If the demand function for a
commodity is given by the equation p2 & 5q ! 200 and
the supply function is given by 40 # p2 & 3q ! 0, find
the equilibrium quantity and price.
57. Break-even points If total costs for a product are
given by C(x) ! 1760 & 8x & 0.6x2 and total revenues
are given by R(x) ! 100x # 0.4x2, find the break-even
quantities.
58. Break-even points If total costs for a commodity are
given by C(x) ! 900 & 25x and total revenues are given
by R(x) ! 100x # x2, find the break-even quantities.
59. Maximizing revenue and profit Find the maximum
revenue and maximum profit for the functions described
in Problem 58.
60. Break-even and profit maximization Given total profit
P(x) ! 1.3x # 0.01x2 # 30, find maximum profit and
the break-even quantities and sketch the graph.
61. Maximum profit Given C(x) ! 360 & 10x & 0.2x2
and R(x) ! 50x # 0.2x2, find the level of production
that gives maximum profit and find the maximum profit.
62. Break-even and profit maximization A certain com-
pany has fixed costs of $15,000 for its product and vari-
able costs given by 140 & 0.04x dollars per unit, where
x is the total number of units. The selling price of the
product is given by 300 # 0.06x dollars per unit.
(a) Formulate the functions for total cost and total
revenue.
(b) Find the break-even quantities.
Review Exercises ● 197
(c) Find the level of sales that maximizes revenue.
(d) Form the profit function and find the level of pro-
duction and sales that maximizes profit.
(e) Find the profit (or loss) at the production levels
found in (c) and (d).
63. Spread of AIDS The function H(t) ! 0.22t1.56, where
t is the number of years since 1980 and H(t) is the
number of world HIV infections (in millions), in year
t, has been used as one means of predicting the
spread of AIDS.
(a) What type of function is this?
(b) What does this function predict as the number of
HIV cases in the year 2010?
(c) Find H(25) and write a sentence that explains its
meaning.
64. Photosynthesis The amount y of photosynthesis that
takes place in a certain plant depends on the intensity
x of the light present, according to
y ! 120x2 # 20x3 for x " 0
(a) Graph this function with a graphing utility. (Use
y-min ! #100 and y-max ! 700.)
(b) The model is valid only when f(x) " 0 (that is, on
or above the x-axis). For what x-values is this true?
65. Cost-benefit Suppose the cost C, in dollars, of elimi-
nating p percent of the pollution from the emissions of
a factory is given by
4800p
C( p) !
100 # p
(a) What type of function is this?
(b) Given that p represents the percent of pollution
removed, what is the domain of C(p)?
(c) Find C(0) and interpret its meaning.
(d) Find the cost of removing 99% of the pollution.
66. Municipal water costs The Borough Municipal
Authority of Beaver, Pennsylvania, used the following
function to determine charges for water.
2.557x 0 ' x ' 100
C(x) ! c 255.70 & 2.04(x # 100) 100 $ x ' 1000
2091.07 & 1.689(x # 1000) x ( 1000
where C(x) is the cost in dollars for x thousand gallons
of water.
(a) Find the monthly charge for 12,000 gallons of
water.
(b) Find the monthly charge for 825,000 gallons of
water.
198 ● Chapter 2 Quadratic and Other Special Functions

67. Modeling (Subaru WRX) The table shows the times 69. Cohabiting households The table gives the number of
that it takes a Subaru WRX to accelerate from 0 mph cohabiting (without marriage) households (in thou-
to speeds of 30 mph, 40 mph, etc., up to 90 mph, in sands) for selected years.
increments of 10 mph. (a) Find the power function that best fits the data, with
your input representing the number of years past
Time Speed Time Speed 1950.
(sec) (mph) (sec) (mph) (b) Find a quadratic function that is the best fit for the
1.6 30 7.8 70 data, using an input equal to the number of years
2.7 40 10.2 80 past 1950.
4.0 50 12.9 90 (c) Which model appears to fit the data better, or are
5.6 60 they both good fits?
Source: Motor Trend
Year Cohabiting Households (thousands)
(a) Represent the times by x and the speeds by y, and 1960 439
model the function that is the best fit for the points. 1970 523
(b) Graph the points and the function to see how well 1980 1589
the function fits the points. 1985 1983
(c) What does the model indicate the speed is 5 sec- 1990 2856
onds after the car starts to move? 1991 3039
(d) According to the model, in how many seconds will 1992 3308
the car reach 79.3 mph? 1993 3510
1994 3661
68. Modeling (beach nourishment) Since the first beach
1995 3668
nourishment on Rockaway Beach, New York, in 1923,
1996 3958
the amount of sand being pumped onto barrier islands
1997 4130
has grown, as shown in the table.
1998 4236
(a) Using x ! 3 for the 1920s, x ! 4 for the 1930s,
2000 5457
etc., find a function that fits the data points.
2004 5841
(b) Predict how much sand will be pumped in the
decade 2000 –2010. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

Decade Millions of Cubic Yards of Sand

1920s 8
1930s 21
1940s 21
1950s 23
1960s 30
1970s 65
1980s 79
1990s 96
Source: Island Packet, July 13, 1997

2 Chapter Test
y y
1. Sketch a graph of each of the following functions.
(a) f(x) ! x4
(b) g(x) ! 0x 0
(c) h(x) ! #1
(d) k(x) ! 1x
2. The figures that follow show graphs of the power func- x
tion y ! xb. Which is the graph for b ( 1? Which is the x
graph for 0 $ b $ 1?
(a) (b)
 Chapter Test ● 199
y
3. If f(x) ! ax2 & bx & c and a $ 0, sketch the shape of
the graph of y ! f(x). 12
4. Graph: 9
6
(a) f(x) ! (x & 1)2 # 1 3
(b) f(x) ! (x # 2)3 & 1 x
-8 -6 -4 -2 4 6 8
5. Which of the following three graphs is the graph of
-6
f(x) ! x3 # 4x2? Explain your choice. -9
y y
-12
8 10
6 8 (c)
6
4 4
2 2 13. Find the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of the graph of
x x
-2 2 4 6 8 10 -2 2 6 8 8
-4 f(x) !
2x # 10
14. Find the average rate of change of P(x) ! 92x #
(a) (b) x2 # 1760 over the interval from x ! 10 to x ! 40.
15. Choose the type of function that models each of the fol-
y
lowing graphs.
10 3
8
6 -5 5

2
x
-2 -2 2 4 6
-4
-10
(c) (a)
8x & 1!x if x $ 0 10
6. Let f(x) ! c 4 if 0 ' x ' 2
6#x if x ( 2
Find (a) the y-coordinate of the point on the graph of -5 5
y ! f(x) where x ! 16; (b) f(#2); (c) f(13).
x2 if x ' 1
7. Sketch the graph of g(x) ! b
4 # x if x ( 1 -10
8. Find the vertex and zeros, if they exist, and sketch the
(b)
graph of f(x) ! 21 # 4x # x2.
9. Solve 3x2 & 2 ! 7x. 16. Modeling
10. Solve 2x2 & 6x ! 9. (a) Make a scatter plot, then develop a model, for the
1 1 x&1 following data.
11. Solve & 2x ! & .
x 3 x (b) What does the model predict for x ! 40?
12. Which of the following three graphs is that of (c) When does the model predict f(x) ! 0?
3x # 12
g(x) ! ? Explain your choice. x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
x&2
y y
y 20.1 19.2 18.8 17.5 17.0 15.8 16 14.9 13.8 13.7 13.0
6 16
17. Suppose the supply and demand functions for a product
4 12
8
are given by 6p # q ! 180 and (p & 20)q ! 30,000,
2
4 respectively. Find the equilibrium price and quantity.
x
-2 2 4 x 18. Suppose a company’s total cost for a product is given
-2 -2-4 2 4 6 8
by C(x) ! 15,000 & 35x & 0.1x2 and the total revenue
-4 -8 for the product is given by R(x) ! 285x # 0.9x2, where
-6 -12
x is the number of units produced and sold.
(a) (b)
200 ● Chapter 2 Quadratic and Other Special Functions
(a) Find the profit function.
(b) Determine the number of units at which the profit
for the product is maximized, and find the maxi-
mum possible profit.
(c) Find the break-even point(s) for the product.
19. The wind chill expresses the combined effects of low
temperatures and wind speeds as a single temperature
reading. When the outside temperature is 0°F, the wind
chill, WC, is a function of the wind speed s (in mph)
and is given by the following function.*
0 if 0 ' s ' 4
91.4 # 7.46738(5.81 & 3.7 1s # 0.25s)
WC ! f(s) ! e
if 4 $ s ' 45
#55 if s ( 45
*Bosch, W., and L. G. Cobb, “Windchill,” UMAP Unit 658, The UMAP
Journal, 5(4), Winter 1984, 477–492.
(a) Find f (15) and write a sentence that explains its
meaning.
(b) Find the wind chill when the wind speed is 48 mph.
20. The table below gives the percent of high school stu-
dents who reported current cigarette smoking for selected
years from 1991 to 2004.
(a) Plot the data, with x representing the number of
years after 1990 and y representing the percent.
(b) Would a linear or quadratic function give a better
fit for the data?
(c) Use the model of your choice in (b) to fit a function
to the data.
(d) Use your model to estimate the percent in 2005.
Year 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004
Percent 27.5 30.5 34.8 36.4 34.8 28.5 25.2 24.1 23.4
Source: www.cdc.gov/tobacco