& EVERYTHING g YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUTAaa » » » DABRARARRARADD ADA A AAA AA AAA AAA eee ddd dd RAR a Deeded a AAA rAADDDADAARL! Ahhh hh, VVV7777) AMAA’, AAAAAAALA, AAbhhhhhhhbhahd Ah hh A hh hd, AAMAAM hh hh hhhhhhhahh hdd. MAMA hhh h dd dd dd dd ddd dd dd MAAARAARARAA DR A AARAADAA DTA AT Daa AAD ADR AAR A PPADS ADDR AAARAAAAAAAAAA Bn Bn hhh th. nO DD, aR RRRARA DA RD AD DW DoOARAAAD AIDLionised in both historical records and epic fantasies, knights have come to represent the ideal of everything a warrior should be; brave, fair, just and always ready to defend the weak. But how much do we really know about these fabled fighters? Where did the concept of chivalry and knighthood come from? What did it take to become a knight? And were all of them really such noble and honest men? In Everything You Need To Know About Knights, you'll explore the origins of the knight, discover how they trained for war and examine the weapons and armour they relied on. You'll then meet the fearsome figures who shaped the Medieval period, including wartiors such as Richard the Lionheart and the Black Prince. Then it will be time to step onto the blood-soaked battlefields of Europe, from the frozen lakes of Russia to Agincourt and Towton, the most deadly battle in the history of England,This bookazine is printed on recycled pape. ts important that we eare about our plonet and make adiference where we can, for usand every generation that fellows.10 EVOLUTION 16 TRAINING 18 ARMOUR 20 WEAPONS 26 WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR 34 WARWICK THE KINGMAKER 38 RICHARD THE BONGEAET) Carn 68 HOWTO CAPTURE ACASTLE > 76 BATTLE ON THE ICE 80 THE BETRAYAL OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR 48 WILLIAM WALLACE 56 EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE 62 JOANOF ARC Se) ———> 88 BATTLE OF THE GOLDEN SPURS 92 100 YEARS’ WAR 96 AGINCOURT 100 WARS OF THE ROSESArise, Sir knightEvolution of the knight Evolution of the knight A knight was the ultimate Medieval warrior, the sharpest weapon a lord could thrust at his foes and one of the most highly distinguished men in the king's court he notion ofa knight immediatly conjures up stong images - King Arthur and his Knights ofthe Round ‘Table a chivalrous English gentleman io fights for nour ladies sweening and valiant one-on-one battles, However. this ‘common image ofthe Medieval knight didnot just spring up from nowere in actuality, the concept of Jnighthood existed way before Medieval Europe It had been developing growing and evolving since To truly se the origins ofthe knight we have to cast our gaze back to ancient Rome and a cass ‘of people known a the equtes: The equites were the second property based class in ancient Rome, ranked just below th senatorial lass and ‘named fom the Latin for horse’ ~ equ. In Roman ttadtion, the duce tss of Rome each had 100 quits. and these mounted soldiers developed ‘no an imporant part ofthe Roman army, being paid thre times more than ordinary troops. They ‘ame to hold immense power as members of the ‘voting assembly and eventually di less iting and intend became renovned fr being powerful businessmen and landowners. However, this was tocome to an end when Emperor Augustus moved the equestrian order away from the pliical work and back int the military. In order to join, men had tobe fice of birt, bein good heath and character. and posses sufficient wealth Tey also had to ‘serve in subordinate military poss for atime. Being an eques was. a desirable position, and there was long wating is f peone eager to replace any ismissed equites. BY the Ist century CE, equtes ‘began to act more like moder civil servants, and they were employed as imperial agents in the provinces and even had military authonty as faraield as Eeypt ‘There have been many other soldiers thoughout history wo were mounted upon horses before the Middle Ages. The Ostrogoths fr instance. bad heavy tellance of cavalry and those who could ford war horses in ancient Greece created cavalry ‘unt of thet on, The late Roman and Byzantine ‘empires also had the bucellari, These were nek necessarily cavalry tr09p5 but, ike Medieval ‘knights, they were armies equipped and paid for by wealthy people. These elite fighters wore better trained and equipped than regular solders and Decame garded as the miliary ete The Franks had the comitatus, who swore an oath of feat to their leader. Unie the rest (ofthe troops, they would ride to battle on their horses but usualy dismounted to fight. However, by the Eatly Medieval Period and the reign of ‘Charlemagne became more and mere common for these Frankish sors to remain on horseback to fight. This was aided and progressed with the development of the stimup. Many traditions ‘of Medieval knight can be traced back 0 Charlemagne, sich asthe ancient ceremony where a young man would be presented with weapons,rot disimilrto the later knighthood ceremony where young noblemen would also be gfted with weapons upon being promoted toa knight Chatlemagne's mounted warriors were very sucoesful helping him to win conquest after ‘conquest, He knew how impartant his ele tops were so he gave them grants of land known as benefiesto keep them loyal. This had the effect cof making this warrior cass gow stronger and more powerful, even after his death, and es were passed down from father to son ‘This warrior class became very important afer the fal ofthe Wester Roman Empire. Te central sovernments in Europe were weak andthe people were terrorised by not ony local andits but alo Viking sea raiders and greedy, ambitious neighbours. fa village or city wanted to prevent itself being plundered and burned to the ground It needed protection thatthe government was not joing to provide. Knowing full wel te superiority fof mounted, armoured wariors young able bodied men were gathered to fen off the threats to the cities For their serves, these men were revrded with war booty, but this developed into ‘fants of lands so the men could ‘make an income ta support. thelr expensive equipment. inculing horses, armour and weapons For England it was the invasion of Wiliam the ‘Conqueror that brought these eas tothe country. Anglo-Saxons mainly fought on foo. vith afew exceptions, so when the Normans snvaded they brought with them net ony anew king but a Jot of the soci, cultural and politcal pracioes tha would soon develop into the noble chivalie knightly ifestye ofthe Medieval era ‘Although therearesome ‘ceptions inalmostall Instanoesknightswere strongly associated with horses. ‘Thereasonsknights were abletonsein prominence was because ot how devastating, amanonahorsecouldbe Some Mediovalsocetieshadn't ‘evenseen horsesbefore othe specteafamansidingthe beasts waste trying This iswheremanynationsgotthetrnames fortheirknights rom: Frenchimights were chevalier Spanish knights werecaballeos Ralian knights were cavalier and Germanscalled their knightsriterallthesenamescomefremthe word forhors'or ride: England, however, broke thisrule ‘Knight came fromthe Anglo-Saxon woe nih which meant eaine or bouseheldservan. though astheroleofknghtsgrew over the idle Ages, Englshknightsbecamefarmere than servants ‘The typical English knight ofthe Mile Ages ‘woul pledge service loyalty and protection to higher nobles or Legs in return for land and even food, lodeing, armeaur weapons hers and, of ‘course, money. The knight would generally old thet ands through ther mutary duty which tended to lst 40 days each yea. Knights who ha proved themselves capable in combat would ’be highly sought ater and ear a higher price Because of the prestige surrounding knights, they would also receive a pesion a the king’ court In the eatlest days ofthe knights, any man win could prove his proficiency in battle could ‘become one but this quick changed. The land ‘rants were passed fom father to edest son and the knights became Inown a a landed cass, ‘with power far beyond being a sword fr hte Knights became inflaontal figures inveved in social politics and closely connected ta the most powerful people in the country Into the 1h century a distinction was made between these true knights and nor-noble cavalrymen who ‘were knexwn only as ‘men-atarms. To bea knight sgt ea butts foundation was grounded much more in the power pote ofthe time. The Order was designed to bring together the inner etl of Baward Its miltary ithe and of Armagnac commanders n France, who also happened to ing of ingom aid in rove after srying ae wasting the country, whereby the be his companions nthe using arena, Some ges of out sid mest honoured lr wher of the east record ofthe Orders the count had before wore much come frm Prince Ravan wardrobe w cs comforted” Baward thatthe local In December 148 Edwards ward nce’ target n 1385 was the lands of ty were grateful fr his intervention but was) bought 28 garters that were vento the fist sc who had been appointed by parently unconcerned about the suffering that ‘nights at an unspecified date. At the home of sure on Engls is army commited. This co ‘he Orde in Sant Georges Chapel, Winds, fone ofthe set of facing tals was designated he nob for Evan nd the other designated fo Prince Edward id and a fertniaht was spent ravaging dArmagnac lands The amy had porta The reaton forthe Order’ funtion i peneally accepted 35 being pti, hich is reflected inthe choice of heraldry and motto, (nthe Order's badge the gold ane blue of Franceis combined with word that refer 0 ed and bred By 8 November he had reached the farthest march at Natbonne on the the English claim othe French throne, ‘Shame on him who thinks evi of. The romantic xigns forthe Order were invented in ater yeas and have no isin reality, Indeed the Order was effectively an oficial celebration of the English victory at Crécy and cemented the companionship ofthe king. prince and nobles tho had taken part The coke of the gate self posal oiinatedin a tournament bade, aticularly 2s it had the practical advantage that could be worn outside armour, peep canon “It was effectively _ form ofauthorised ~~“ terrorism, and was used throughout the Hundred Years’ War, with Edward helping to legitimise this wanton destruction”b FeO cate) The Battle of Najera (Qn 3 ApriN1367, the Prinée of Wales lised the farnous English rue a odor r aa “The heavy cavalry te See ef £ charg butare shot r ; hee \ down before they : : a AD Pou bce Conger anaes tag lal Ja ne ee Tinley ig-lcokeltee(al are eas eee last gamble Saeeinme A : al Cen Uae ed Co ete aNEdward the Black Prince 2000 captured including the biggest pri king spainatNsjerain 1367 butater paign hebecame shea Xing John arranged his own men into four tates ed by himself the Dauphin, Baron (Clermont and the Duke of Orkans. Bath the Dauphin and Clermont attacked the English ‘ofthe country. Some age they could bave routed sad t was vice as much and John eventually ted died in English captivity, with his country in a broken state of anarchy INTO DARKNESS to calect thet wounded 1 hat fight, he the French ine cli Teas a huge victory for Edward. Ata minimal Aqui cost, 2000 Frenchmen were kiled with another between semi independent principality sarsof1260‘G7andwonafurther ter meray of brutal bloodshedOra ote (ae) The teenage martyr who led the French army and put the fear of God into the English ‘yung woman whose fait led her to challenge kings and inspire armies, Joan of Ar’ devout bei that God had appointed her to lead mo. It was an image s fed and encouraged and fone that would ubimtely lod ther death, Tames secured Joan's martyrdom, ust a they provo oe patrictism, Sehanne Dr ola Pocele {the Maid) as she came to be as born in M2 in Domrémy, located the Bal, eg terior. In uly raid and returned to find the enemy had burned their town, ids and church Joan had heard gee voices since the age of 2 or 13. uring her to remain pious, bat now they gave her a specifi mission The voices of Archangel Michael. St Catherine and St Margaret rected her to go into and find he King, the Dauphin Chars, vgundy ch crown nt also place The crown would have to iyin the the French city of Orléans was ct ‘snp of protacted siege. Orléans need en-yearld arrived In Baudcou shoul be taken home and stn, Joan would not be red and returned in She claimed she was the prophecy from 1398, abou 9 ma “deliver the kingsom of France from the enemy” Baudricourt turned her dow would Although Joan re his gout the Dake agree to ‘econ, and in February ah Clothes to Chinon and was presented othe court ‘Charles was cautious bu curious. Taking advice from a mad heretic could be devastating to his ain, but her story appeated to his ing and besi ep he could‘After Wiliam the Conguetor defeated Harold a Hastings in 1066 and claimed the English ‘hone, English and Norman erstores ‘were combined. twas inevitaby dificle to keep contro ofthe taken land. By the reign of English King Eward Ii 1327, only Gascony and Ponti remained. When the French King Charles Vie hes. award boleved his mother and Chats sister [eabella was the next inline, meaning the ‘own should be his. The French disagreed and chose Cares cousin Filip. furious “Edward refused to pay homage and when Pll confiscated his lands in Aquitaine in retaliation, award decated wat. ‘The Bdwardian ea of the Hundred Yeas \Warlasted unt 1360 The English captured Pips sucessr, King John I, but ‘compromise wast reached until the Treaty of Bétigny, in which Edward agreed to bandon his lim in exchange for Aquitaine and Calais, War resumed in 1369 when Charles V of France responded to Edward ‘the Black Prince refusing his summons by declaring war. Cares sucessfully reclaimed ‘many ofthe tertoishis predecessor lox, tnd the Black Prince's on Richard Il would ‘make peace with hares VI in 1388. After the truce had been repeatedly extended, ar resumed in 1415 when Henry Vinvaded, leading to decades of confit during which ‘he English would ake Pars and aim ingsip. They would not be driven out until of Castillon in 453, te ffi end a [siz et cs peereerercentn Ce { Te et eee ere v ~ 01) i ea ren eee five asistance to you ad the kingdom He was lmpressed, but ordered she be tested before gv offical credence to her claims. Or figures in these trials was Yolande of of the tre powers behine Charles idan intelligent strategist. ARer joan’ maidenthood 2s proved she faced questions from clergy nd theologians abd passed it fying colours. Whether a not they truly believed in ber 5 was ielevant. Cares now had a messenger of God nd Yolande raised this messenger to lead In Apel 429, Joan rode out, holding her white standard nd wearing aul of armour commissioned by Chats Se rnnounced that her swore in the church of Saint-Catherne-de-ierbois, hidden behind the altar. twas anol gift the church fom the erusades, andthe ds tected asa mice. Her plus conduct became renowned: she forced her soldiers to stp takin the Los name in vain and expelled prostutes| from thelr camps, She dictated letters tothe Bish, instracting them to leave France or fae the wrath fod. A canny propagandist, the Dauphin was ie to ensure that these letters were copied and ‘would be found idely distributed "Homever, Joan was ill an untested maitary leader. She arrived at Oeéans eager fr bale bu had noe understood that her forces were there uppot, nothing mec, Although frusttated, to get her men int the city, past SETAC roc narreetr sere aren te Peete eee eas ar tae aia Seat ei Sai re eee en or pirearneerst soera reer hoes a Pore cry Sees een ete coe pyres pry Cane sen eran) the English troops and was rewarded vith adulation of the etizens, They may have been leased to see her, but her impatience to atac was at odds with her elo commanders’ tra In he fastraton she even hurled insults a the English from atop When an attack was decided upon on 4 May 1428, Joan was not even tll by the commanders and woke up asthe fight was i progress She arved justin time torally her troops and inspire them to capture their target the smal fortes of Saint Loup. was their ist victory and Joanis confidence grew. She dictated a fearsome final ker tothe English ring them to ave, and on 6 May another attack was mounted. Joan ket tack here routing the enemy She advanced again the next day, claiming tobe the fist to stor the ramparts at Les Toutlles, where she took an artow (othe shoulder lu stayed in the fight. The French commanders credited er for ingpeing the tuoops to vitary, Oran had us English had been routed been relieved With Orléans fee Joan wanted Charles to proceed immediately to Reims but the Dauphin was more cautious. He wanted to clear the Laie ley and began raising money forthe campaign Te would be a month befare oan wel see cambat 2gain, Technically, the young Duke of Alengon led the army but he was fim believer inthe young fe wartor and freque sept quickly through the E ea to her. The peer] ea ia cor aeons acne tet prares eatwithout realising a ee! force was on ts way, a fozce the French promptly set off after. They me at Paay on 18 June, where the Il-prepared English were decimated. with over 2.000 dead and al ut ‘one senor officer capred. Joan played itl pa in tbueby this point that mattered not 38 he legend only grew stronger. By xy toad for Reims and the coronation. He Je a rand procession, entered the cty on 16 14 as crowned the nextday a Joan looked on proudly. She ate for the kin to. ea ‘an Engh azo after hour of constant bombardment. he The attack ad fl asl of La Chait afte roe Pine fot ener takes pi ECV Vee WCRI) Joan Cee a clothes, claiming Peeeenetoe ig Sr Peas Ciemereuccd Peete ‘on the bated expeling the enemy from he to surrender, Joan rode to support them without hates authorisation. On 23 May she led an attack from the city bur the Enis reinforcements cut her of at the ear and she could not retreat. Sh rom her horse and forced 10 surrender aians She test fed that constant ‘sexual harassment was the reason she remained in men's clothing, while the voies in her head tol ner nol to escape. She leap fom the tower but was injured inthe all and recaptured She needed to answer forthe wa In which she had clcuvented to be stopped If she were convicted by a foreign power the damage to Chale’ reputation would be severe, so the French court pa the Dake of Burgundy £10,000 for he Six rounds of question bruaty and 3 March 143 sen 10 and 17 March, conducted in her cel Sor lemes@ atc talento the seaffold and told that if shed not abjue. she would be given tothe secular authori that would cary ou Joan wavered asthe sentence er death sentene gan to be read out In ted a to lf imprisonment ated to west wemens cot ss changed ber mind, be allowed to attend mass clothes, claiming the abjuraton as tre the only pose outcome was her execution. On 30 May sh red to make her confession and take communi taken tothe was all before she sven a smal crucifix and a Domi a pars cos dsee ie ames began t ick around ber he young warrior who had le her cout to such great wer the English cried out Jesus" tepeatedly befor leaving this wold. Th king she had helped crown. Charles VIL tried to belp Joan throughout her crdea. She stopped being useful hante la Pucele only re Songer wit time de i no smal par her courage inthe face of an agonising death In 56, aera lengthy investigation annalled, and in 1920 Joan of Ar by Pope Benedh % fe Pyare ed Pee tien nod eae ord ee aes eet pita Bienes peeere Let Aes Late justice Pear iy_ Wars & invasions 68 HOWTOCAPTURE 92 100 YEARS’ WAR Teamhowtostormaforress faatapintexh aber century 76 BATTLE ON THE ICE AGINCOURT ‘Camagein 13th-century Russia Study the key moments and tactics thatdefined Henry Vsgreatest 80 THE BETRAYAL triumph OF THE TEMPLAR ‘Why were they putto death? 100 WARS OF THE ROSES 88 BATTLE OF THE Step ontothe battlefields and GOLDEN SPURS meetthe people whoshaped ‘The Flemish holdback France England's own game of thronesWars & invasionsb Areas btar lsIS Colm teMer aie ew Yeo eit How to capture a Medieval castle From demolishing walls to starving out defenders, a siege in the Middle Ages Tequired innovative tactics, stamina and determinationb AEB Sy Choose your { 72". deadly in the Medieval era weapons =e With money to burn and a realm to conquer, ; ieeetrea aay barons would splash out on the biggest and vesthenaromessttne Grautedge wc ous ohenoniesigersoutin Srgefle best siege engines available For te best possible chance of victory dur n dio ring death and destrucion upon “Three storeys high [il Shs inhalants These nposrg eager a trghen eect eens eeean Utadtoonetsuncs ve would purchase what they needed depending ‘on the train and defences they were going ten balk ith ee Ladder help ewpensvesndlbour. cntebsteldcaldbe Ammunition strc (Go01 rocks noche defenders of ae “ld adHs (os roe ols Coe W Corel cael ers dld Diversion tactic TREBUCHET tebosetscusheepessieseeress Prior to the age of eannon, these were ~ Coot penedenwn Terai the most forbidding siege engines of ihe tetergres nomen atack ae aeaen ‘Sbemoretecewhoetsendes 7 cscs Attack system ‘hehgesempethetretuchet anes ‘angen lane sprees On ‘erage thebesmoube aber 26 {ottonganatie armearseonsn ace Tt Dimensions -eupto 853g, thetrebuchet Counterweight Thetseotaveghedsyemrather thantsongvehetieounetan Sheoge ove sangre Oye rote colnet SSeueiaratTheteclogas ‘Sreofthemotosistane te Nederie (es0ry teaubecontrctetarout seangeatreitens & Stakes Triggers and levers Drawing the defenders Despetsimposingiguatrobuchet Thedreyscelebye out ‘ouldbeaute ite Stakes were tebucsetaonderonsated ‘Astwasottenoutofrangeofacates fhmeredntthegreandtoprevenit Bytstigen Whentheayte Acre rebuchetcaudentiesthe le faingor iting when fre wou sasaetnatea tego Getendersimtracigtheporculls tobewellprotectedasone ect it ‘urmerwegh urchin Sndeomagouttotat ay rom ‘Culdbvedk he wie mechan, ‘Siminosckmode, thesaerothebartemants yb Areas btar ls Launch the attack When negotiations failed and intimidation proved futile, siege was the only optionbolton oe w Collate merit Key defensive areas Deed ‘on your doorstep, these Drawbridge Eee Se Pons caerb Areas btar ls DO WITH " ’ : THE ENEMY Dea eer tobe dealt with Peace cnet eta errs ee ees erent ares ee A popular method of ending 2 Aer ety ‘the vay, Sometimes the nai area pee alo Sree TT peretipis Te eon te) eee bearer ere pet peer err pescerauea iran plnnepieeat TTS A TRAP! ae een of eben ei pert eects) eee) aes papery Pera praise ie ney Proerrne rcd Pere irreniatn Peeters =bem COR ete W Utell metal Take the castle With the outer walls down, it was time to storm the courtyards and break into the keep asthe only thing that Some defences oftheir own. They could contain arrow Joops and crenelations to help with the lastch defence ofthe castle. As the attacking ere inthe bale. they woald be vulnerable ow fre. Only plate armour stood any chance against the power with chain mall ched, The keep would stores, so in the event ofa siege, the re best placed try to hold aut 18. possible With the keep the. tenet fom controling the other ‘The armoury could be tra weapons and tole, and after cul be raided aed he ster the army fr th assault The defence of che keep was av resort and usualy meant victory for the aggxe ce the castle was take it wasup tothe attackers to decide the fate of the castle ruler this ‘depended on les they were When ith there rmade-rule the easle and mal anew occupied kingdom, or zeit to the ground and let the ruin stand as an example (of what happens when a castle pas up resitanc Bither way, the next siege is mes i Pac up your trebuchets!& Wars and invasions National legend Holy warrior Crusader knights ‘Thedepetonofteateon tele Pree seander Yaron Nes es Tecoreofne ruse as vastomtheluminstedmansret {ecu apa hare Curae onan odeof produced \Nesande'bremenbeedssaprestmitary “= i ‘ ced te oy a a grat al a ‘Auxiliary support Betnaesmaese nly anaes ‘roopetrounovt ter ames The teron ‘es eesiooted ote ones ‘oops whinettedGermanansoaneh ings srl onan ocr. ‘ioodesoceneloseeNnredsmit B Fresaniromseseppe sceBattle on the Ice Battle on the Ice As two armies met on a frozen lake, the Teutonic Knights of Livonia faced off against Russian soldiers with grave consequences i142 he Te ied Dani endowments in man lary 09 pars of Europe on its military activites, and ling aroun in the Far East and swept westward crushing fre arco These army at Lake Peipus, which had all opposition before i The hard riding Mongols se Order. the season, had ony recently smashed 2 Rassian army attacking Kievan Rus nights attacked the Nowgoroian army, the Bate ofthe Kalka River 1223, placing principalities in 1237, the Knights tok the thundering actos the ice. While t mast ave Russia under the yoke of a harsh opportunity to grab moe made an epic sight, thelr decision o do so Was not nights regulaly ss during Denar, banoned the fel in de aint erin vitor at Lalo Peg wat ed Prince Alexander sigan that stopped the further progres wich Nevay. then just eastward ofthe Teutonic Knights ino Rusia ad ce ps eae yesdlnvnghede, epee ence sng: oftimeichad switched | ROCESS ELS end them of. ast Nevsty riled Novgred un is death is focus to northeastern Europe Uneer the overall direction Hochmeister, or Grand Eee Pontes eran hal be the honorific of Ne ctry he ha Swedes tthe led the pagan won over the River in 1240, but Orthodox -Rassians unhappy with his ra Though never umerous the Knight all Seeing the Teutonic Knight atacas an av fom the German aristocracy We ‘opportunity to restore his ovm power, his fist act Superb armoured cavalrymen and de ‘on returning to Novgorod was to hang his poll 2 discipline onthe battlefield unsurpassed ‘opponents He then st off ana mission tod his sewere in Europe Clad in a white surest land of the German invaders, with the help of his je black, the ete druzhina bodyguard ‘srct way racked up son yweven when fronted. the ‘counting weapon defeat the pricb Areas btar ls Nesey slay) L808) 350 Deyn eNO) Lae) Peon fens \ders approach Ean rec iar Peres ston anes tht Rapeeceti tend Eiri fer ied oes tesndeeaterocing poet ot ae PepsVictory and defeat TheTeutncknghsandther ales Outnumbered cee F Micectioct —< A Bienen ezdway gant thes ‘eence sare thes = ee ees RN ate = = [ERGet Nevsky! Hail of arrows iecrdngtosRcanaccounctne Epinssiincngamnan BE ieicctntetreorocner aman x serdar privy amit. 3 Se cecoccmeees ed mere Bias Mseecnten tee Re cee eras Battle on the Ice NOVGOROD REPUBLIC Breeton CAVALRY 1,600 REL) SS 2) — ead ade. renee Poster renreat Liew we eee “xt er Ray Key unit rea) eer pee eee] Pe eater a Papeeny aes peeieremanee) eeeDS IETE CB AsadCIC RO Blew toute Betraval nights Templar In seven years the Order was hunted, dismantled and executed. Was this justice for their sacrilegious practices, or were they the victims of a twisted plot? acques de Molay was calm. Through seven who are against us wall suffer because of us" The ames os higher bt he pain i not el en his face “Poy for youre prayer: These requests were granted, and de Moly nally ben spony the Band maser headin sient prayer as the pyre we himself. ike so many aspects ofthe Knights cused sinned” he proclaimed, "Mi befall those wo have vronaly condemned ts pcuring thet true humble beginnings and God wil avenge our deaths Make no mistake all devastating demiseMT Cb laste ty TEMPLAR HIERARCHY hac of alpine Although they're remembered as knights, the Templars were a slick eee en LS gehen cd GRAND MASTER SENESCHAL Scotia om Peony MARSHAL COMMANDERS OF LANDS ee el a ea | [EEE Eee e aE ae ree eeErE EEE! PEREEEEL COMMANDERS OF PACTUAL) Pay canner hor KNIGHTS AND SERGEANTS Retention peuerremnesnrainacunctenet amano peepee iaobeti eee ini ates _ oo byCIC RO Blew touteMVEVas lao Blt (est) 20, 000 members atts pak 15: wa 597 deat | wee edt death in Ms wiht livres paid by the Knights Hospitalles tothe French king | a ‘compensation’ Poss Erte ReCIC RO Blew toutepM Te ee bla slesy GUILTY OR INNOCENT? Pe eee en Peoria For eer eee eee fon ot eet esePTC CRORE alc slM toes lg Finally on 18 March toa platform in font of Ne See ge “They denied their confessions, insisting their order was nothing but holy & pure”Battle of the Golden Spurs Relive a merciless clash between the French and their Flemish foes in a struggle over land and loyalty he terra ambitions of King Philip IV of France and the Flemish des to throw ff th Prench yoke ‘Word ofthe uprising re O af the finest noble knight infantrymen under Oount Robert I of Artois to quel the insurrection, The Flemish army comprised volunteers from across ‘! Rather than ncblemen the troops Were en, member ofthe varios guilds that he mile and lower soci the time Although they were aes, they uained ogee, en thelr martial capa 3 sgnifiant factor inthe opposing, otiting knight was expensive. A 2 Philip, who sent thy sted was also costly, and hu ‘was usually reserved for nobility. The Flemish were fouthtted at a much lower cost, typealy armed ‘with dhe goedendag (amir to a pike) and usualy lad in helmets and light amour approached 9000 infantrymes ne from ten to 20 iam of Jalich a rench marched ai, neve of thera it the force bein ‘of Nami ss Flanders towards Flemish people. Unable to seize Court the Flemish insead “The battle opened with an exchange of arrows from crssbowmen, The Fiench advanced making good po ish ne knights the honour offi pstart Flemish ch ai an nto trouble the dificult ‘effort. ane smal groups that ang the goo ugheered he French infantry fed Robert of Aros beaged foc hisife bat was na spared, Wine ony 100 mish wer ill the French nobility suffered approximately 000 loses Following tei tumph, the Flemish gathered hhundzeds of spurs fom fallen French knights, hereby he battle ts name, The dash ‘age of infantry and future battles of the Mile Ages jeht much differently Battle of the Golden SpursQUE e- Sls (o ty 1 On favour SSNS SWANN G ‘TROOPS 5,500 POEL COUNT ROBERT II OF ARTOIS poanl eed pete eal oan ees ag Peer rennin) Pern formers) ers) pa see eens Key unit Nenad eee eet aan oe es pe erento ated sey ieee coer Sr eas ae cere ers Penis 1 freee ct eee btBattle of the Golder: Spurs PRN SONG ae eo) Daler ue) ie Pree ote peered eas Pee neeeweny oor ener ee en ee paseaearenios ee ee oer a a eeomeeenisen nite) eo) Seed pa ern ee ponents os eres a Coca} Creed ey reed ees ere a es ei eae ere eerie canines 41PMeelite meal Ra RAUC tet Acentury of blood & wrath In the Hundred Years’ War, England and France were embroiled in a series of bitter, bloody battles that re-shaped the future of the continent forever enesis ofthe longestrunning French monarch, Wilh Edwards own son = also lc in European history finds Bdward and knw later as the Blick nike so mat fore pring on French sol to create ican the eternal struggle for more alliances forthe English, the two nations jethist for rolled towards the fist pitched confrontation ofthe War the Battle of Crécy aimed the English crown as his st 346, the armies of Bard arrived of England had alegtimate near the town of Crécy in Normandy. he King Vol France provided Edward with the opening he needed, but an old Salic Law prohited the order of sion passing through a woman (hs mother of ing archers. Those wit the unique English longbow. id make all the difference Phlps ores attacked ist, hoping no time undermining thik with a invasion "The k navi The also outsanged the traditional bow ‘nfl, but a French scheme so cose tothe French, ena raged Edvard weaken Pip ‘vay and in oder to quell Edwards influence infantry clashed. By ht fel, more than a Philip confiscated the largest Enalish third ofthe French kin’ army had been cut dawn, fieKdom on the French mainland. Aqutaine inching his own brother, Chars I of Alengon In response, ward began forming aliances key noble fale, such asthe Fl Montfort, houses who cared ite fort ith Bdward’s vietory at Crécy effectively crippled the French army ane left he way open fr him to ument continue his carmpaign, By 1347, Calais had fallenb A era b arti) he damage render ivan English king geographical Ic dest 5 turned o By 407 th into av family - the hou and Burgund ontol ofthe throne Fer or ee turmoil ts arm het under Charl 1d the English had established a key tonghald that would enable them to bolster the campaign rth rsh slders and supplies. The death Charles VI in 1350 and te spread of the Bi ath in Pari and beyond only served to further ‘worn through Years War b the English case i claimant Hen The French army often kept di a ny blocking t the English with pitched batt these ofl September 1 that first batt he coming yea wdvance he lamest hi ters on “he famous andit proved a familar echo of Agincourt on 1 French army eviscetated by pr loosed Engiish arows and the fal fom gac pits th the Black Prince, the shin I of ran with the French king himself taken prisoner, The Black Prince ded in 1276 bout of dysentery ended his fl and so when Edward I Pershed the flowing year, the crown passed to ofthe chard IL Just ten y nen English and Welsh he inert the thro the French inglish acquisition o had lost b rench unity s the another While France fractured into civil sive atl, Mi anson of Jon I- the English er soody bat hand bate that could potentially end the Like his predecssors, Hens a ef the rightful het tothe French throne and parched to vitor tobe rt completed a trifecta. rushed the fore outnumbered the rou banner, But Henn ar and the bulk of th nab defeat at Agincourt to recognise Henry a flical het the throne With the country stil racked 5y cv war, acknowedgng the rity might of Henry a king eed Pie tar unis “ Cieerornrnnny mo fnevetetssecsit | o> ete senrs Sesion plague nfor the nation However ih Henry and Chatles died tin two manths of ane anether in 1422, leaving the preiou th Henrys suc fenty VL and Charl tres (tr Kg Chale Js to the throne, andi later that the wat the piu on. Dauphin vin mac ld be under the rere Albrt the the English lke the French eccupied by Ch shad be ofthe Handre of kings, and i was ready to ih the 3 thefelds of oy pitched ofthe French Frankish army ofthe conflict {000 to 36.000) an te 0001000 men unde pd learned the pumbe nen who the French retested the eas Timeline Geer tao 11323) Pert et eerie creas ae Fearne ores nae ancy BH 11346) peed Bic Engandclamadecshe eons Pree ens Se eee porn err tate) Bag Learnt ceciiehc tienes ees pean acne ete cote ene anes pee eee eee ar ata ae coer ree eee ene erg ree a ne ee ory eee tere et et eee prised 1336 11356} pee) atPoltiers pitas 11207) een peers Sete Charles Vit race Lous L315) eee pee one enetg Petia Ce as cee ce see Pieler Sar aan sey aa encescendsinoa - taumphalmostbigsthe pee See) cence eorrg Ene eaony Vs faces pe i anattnage ste need ne Soc 2h the Eg DOES / ren ving’ fore Paredes worsnumesie ba these | A Age semingly faltered inthe fae ENaC hea he ost uy eines} Sen los Duke of Burgundy, tod Ns PRA ALE) ee tent te ere oe texitory by the Engsh and the seein neverending ci war forced Pe eee etry tee te os nine ee eet eee ne (aa ea ead Ce es ee Eee ere ae eee a) ee ees serblance of order tothe nest seat foe in the and 11429) L421) 11425) Acentury of blood and wrath so ater, the Dauphin Chales VI, Kin a Frankish the deadly power oft he ufcation of Ora lois monarch was the tari conflict. As the years rolled by, Cates forces stinger as he dro further ana further towards the east. On 15 Apri 1450, th Prench clashed withthe English atthe Bt y and crushed fen VI wth ind bade. The | and bythe end of 1453 the led up inside their ast remaining pold of Clni. Charles had ended the Years War with a iver of English lowing It yeas of conf that neatly to ont d never be the same again, The Ic Pea PV h ORCC CICEE Cyaesureeneten mere nerd er reel Vaden cet neers tite curios ee re ee rey ete ree ete) cornea yen nies n arc cere te pe ees eee ae i ee SS Nea 11350) 1353) eects Seca mT CL orem Chery Peete Bony ee a reer rere oe ee heen ern etn eae Sed Cn oer ee eo eee ed Cerca Pesca Engtsnanathe Spanish ee eins Lenieseeeer cers eats remy ee rem enes ener ean i fei eeaee alee ores ee ene emer nni i rere Pn Eee eam a pare pon) rea By