LTE - Physical Channels PDF

Contents
LTE Fundamentals + PHY

 Introduction
 Network Architecture & Interfaces
 LTE Air Interface Protocols
 E-UTRA Layer 1 Key Aspects & OFDM(A) Principles
 E-UTRA Transmission: OFDMA & SC-FDMA
 LTE & MIMO
 LTE Physical Layer – Channels & Procedures
 RRM – Admission Control, Load Control and Power Control
 LTE Mobility – Idle and Connected Mode
 LTE Frequencies
 LTE-Advanced
 Summary & Conclusions
 Appendix
1 Copyright
Copyright © All reserved
© All rights rights reserved TECHCOM Consulting  TATA
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E01 Customized Course
Content
LTE Physical Layer – Channels & Procedures
 Physical Layer design
 Accessing LTE: Cell Search & Random Access procedures
 DL Physical Channels
 UL Physical Channels
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LTE Generic Frame Structure / Time Domain
Frame Structure Type 1 (applicable for FDD operation)
Time
1 Radio Frame = 10 ms
= 307,200 x Ts
Frequency
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #19
TTI =
Slot = 0.5 ms 1 ms
= 15360 x Ts Sub-frame
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Cyclic Prefix Length
7 OFDM Symbols/Slot* Duration Duration OFDM

CP
(normal Cyclic Prefix) [Ts] [s] Symbol
Normal 160 5.208 0
Basic Time Unit Ts CP 144 4.688 1-6
 1/(15 kHz x 2048)
Extended 512 16.667 all
 32.552 ns (TS 25.211)
CP
* 6 OFDM Symbols/Slot with Extended CP
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LTE Timing
TS 36.211 describes the general timing of the E-
UTRA physical layer.
Our diagram shows the Frame structure Type 1,
which is applicable to both full duplex and half
duplex FDD.
The size of various fields in the time domain is
expressed as a number of time units Ts =
1/(15000 x 2048) seconds.
Each radio frame is Tf = 307,200 x Ts = 10 ms
long and consists of 20 slots of length TSlot =
15,360 x Ts = 0.5 ms , numbered from 0 to 19. A
subframe is defined as two consecutive slots, i.e.
1 ms long.
The precise duration of the Cyclic Prefix can be
found in TS 36.300; 5.1.1.
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Resource Block RB & Resource Element RE
Tslot Bandwidth
= 0.5 ms 1.4 3.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
[MHz]
Frequency
available RBs 6 12 25 50 75 100

 NBW 72 144 300 600 900 1200

 MIMO: multiple
spatial layers
Resource Element RE
Resource  1 Subcarrier x 1 OFDM symbol
NBW subcarriers
12 subcarriers
7 OFDM
symbols* x
Block RB Resource Block RB
= 180 kHz
12 subcarriers
 basic resource unit
 12 Subcarrier x 1 Slot = 84 REs*
 1 RB for each Tx antenna in MIMO
Resource
Element (k,l) certain RBs / REs
are reserved for special purposes, e.g.:
BWsubcarrier  Synchronisation Signals
 = 15 kHz  Reference Signals
  Control Signalling &

 Broadcast System information
remaining RBs / REs for Data Transmission
(allocated in pairs of RBs  TTI = 2 Slots = 1 ms)
* for short CP; in case of long CP: 6 OFDM/slot; RB = 72 REs
(k,l): indices in the frequency & time domains
Time
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ResourceConsulting
Grid & Physical Resource Block
TS 36.211 describes the general timing & basic
resource allocation units of the E-UTRA physical
layer.
A Physical Resource Block PRB is the smallest
element of resource allocation assigned by the
eNB. A PRB is defined as 12 consecutive
subcarriers for the duration of one slot (0.5 ms).
The transmitted DL signal consists of NBW
subcarriers for a duration of one slot. It can be
represented by a resource grid. Each box within
the grid represents a single subcarrier for one
symbol period and is referred to as a resource
element. In MIMO applications, there is a
resource grid for each transmitting antenna.
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Channel Mapping / Physical Channels
DL BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH

Logical
Channels
BCH PCH DL-SCH MCH Transport

Channels
PBCH PDSCH PDCCH PMCH Physical

Channels
PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel
Logical
UL
PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel
CCCH DCCH DTCH Channels
RACH UL-SCH Transport

Channels
Physical
MCCH: Multicast Control Channel PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel PRACH PUCCH PUSCH Channels
MTCH: Multicast Traffic Channel PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel
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Channel Mapping: LTE Channels
A description of the Mapping between E-UTRA
(Uplink & Downlink) Logical channels and
Transport Channels as well as the Mapping
between Transport Channels and Physical
Channels can be found in TS 36.300.
The mapping between Logical Channels and
Transport Channels is task of the Medium Access
Control MAC protocol and is discussed in TS
36.321 furthermore.
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Downlink Physical Layer design
Synchronisation Signals
- for Cell Search procedure
Physical Signals:
- synchronize in frequency & time domain  convey information used
only within PHY layer
DL Reference Signals  on assigned Resource
- Pilot signals for Channel Estimation Elements
PCFICH: Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

Physical Channels
- # of OFDM symbols for CCH information/subframe
PDCCH: Physical DL Control Channel Control Signalling:

- carries DL Control Information; enabling UE to decode  L1 information for UE
DL transmission + know where & how to transmit in UL  to support efficient data
transmission
PHICH: Physical H-ARQ Indicator Channel
- carries H-ARQ ACK/NACKs

- carries basic System Information (MIB) DL Data-
Transporting
PDSCH: Physical DL Shared Channel
- main data-bearing DL channel (user & control data)
Channels:
 L3 control & user data
PMCH: Physical Multicast Channel
- for Multimedia Broadcast & Multicast Services MBMS
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Physical Channels & Signals Physical Signals use assigned Resource Elements.
TS 36.211 gives a detailed description of the LTE Different to Physical Channels they do not convey
Physical Channels and Physical Signals. information to or from higher layer. The following DL
DL physical channels corresponds to a set of physical signals are defined:
resource elements carrying information originating - Reference signal
from higher layers. The following DL physical - Synchronization signal
channels are defined:
- Physical Downlink Shared Channel, PDSCH
- Physical Broadcast Channel, PBCH
- Physical Multicast Channel, PMCH
- Physical Control Format Indicator Channel,
PCFICH
- Physical Downlink Control Channel, PDCCH
- Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel, PHICH
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Uplink Physical Layer design
UL SRS: Sounding Reference Signal

- for UL Channel Estimation Physical Signals:
- w/o PUSCH or PUCCH
 convey information used
only within PHY layer
UL DRS: Demodulation Reference Signal  on assigned Resource
- for UL Channel Estimation Blocks
- with PUSCH or PUCCH
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel

Physical Channels
- Random Access burst: Cyclic Prefix, Preamble &

Guard Time
Control Signalling:
 L1 information for eNB
 to support efficient data
PUCCH: Physical UL Control Channel transmission
- carries UL L1 Control Data: CQI/PMI/RI reports,
ACK/NACKs & Scheduling Requests SR
UL Data-
PUSCH: Physical UL Shared Channel Transporting
- only data-bearing UL channel (user & L3 control data) Channel:
- UL L1 Control Data  L3 control &
user data
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UL TECHCOM
PhysicalConsulting
Channels & Signals Uplink Physical Signals are used by the physical
TS 36.211 gives a detailed description of the LTE layer but does not carry information originating from
Physical Channels and Physical Signals. higher layers.
Uplink Physical Channels are corresponding to The following UL Physical Signals are defined:
a set of Resource Elements carrying information - Reference signal
originating from higher layers. The following UL Two types of UL reference signals are supported:
physical channels are defined: - UL Demodulation Reference Signal DRS,
- Physical Uplink Shared Channel, PUSCH associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
- Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH - UL Sounding Reference Signal SRS, not
- Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
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- This page isConsulting
TECHCOM intend to be blank -
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Content
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Accessing LTE: Overview
1. Cell Search Procedure

receive all Information required to Camp on a Cell
 find Cell
 synchronize in Time & Frequency
 read System Information#1
2. Random Access Procedure

 transmission of Random Access preamble
 receiving Random Access response
3. Transmit & Receive

L3 Control#2 & User Data
#1 Master Information Block MIB & System Information Blocks SIBs
#2 e.g. Attach  EMM_Registered / Tracking Area Update
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Accessing LTE transmission started and/or the UE can camp simply
If an LTE UE is switched on several procedures on this cell.
have to be performed before the UE can camp on
a cell.
First, the UE needs to search a Cell, synchronise
to it in Frequency and Time, read the required
System Information (Master Information Block
MIB and System Information Blocks SIBs) to get
e.g. knowledge whether it is possible to camp on
this cell (suitable cell).
Then the UE starts an Attach to the PLMN to get
EMM Registered & perform a Tracking Area
Update TAU. For this reason, it starts the Random
Access procedure, including the transmission of a
Random Access preamble by the UE, receiving
the Random Access response from the eNodeB.
In the following, the Layer 3 signalling information
(RRC & NAS) can be exchanged, UE data
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Cell Search procedure (1/2)
Cell ID:
Primary Synchronisation Signal PSS
504 PCIs
Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation Physical-layer Cell Identity
+ Physical-layer Identity PI (0, 1, 2) = 3 PI x 168 PCIG
Secondary Synchronisation Signal SSS

Frame synchronisation
+ Physical-layer Cell Id Group PCIG (0..167) )
DL Reference Signals RS
Channel estimation & measurements
Physical Broadcast Channel PBCH

MIB: DL system bandwidth, PHICH configuration & SFN
MIB: Master Information Block SIBs on PDSCH resources

PHICH: Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
SFN: System Frame Number TS 36.213 “E-UTRA Physical Layer Procedures”
SIB: System Information Block
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SearchConsulting
procedure (1/2) Network Planning in a similar way as the 512 DL
The UE needs to search a Cell, synchronise to it Scrambling Codes in UMTS to separate cells. Never
in Frequency and Time, read the required System the UE should listen two cells having the same PCI
Information (Master Information Block MIB and – it will not be able to separate them.
System Information Blocks SIBs) to get e.g. The DL Reference Signals are used in the following
knowledge whether it is possible to camp on this by the UE for final time and frequency
cell (suitable cell). synchronisation.
For this reason, the UE starts to seek on the Then it reads the Master Information Block MIB
centre frequencies of given LTE frequency bands given on the Physical Broadcast Channel PBCH.
for the Synchronisation Signals. The Primary The MIB indicates the DL system bandwidth, PHICH
Synchronisation Signal PSS and the Secondary configuration and System Frame Number SFN.
Synchronisation Signal SSS of the cell have to be Finally, still the System Information Blocks SIBs
found by the UE to acquires time and frequency have to be read. In LTE, the SIBs are placed on
synchronization with a cell and detects the Physical DL Shared Channel PDSCH resources.
physical layer Cell ID PCI of that cell. Totally, 504 Further details on the Cell search procedure can be
PCI have been defined, indicated by the 168 PCI found in TS 36.213 “E-UTRA Physical Layer
Groups (given by the SSS) and 3 Physical-layer Procedures”.
Ids (given by the PSS). They are used by Radio
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Cell Search procedure (2/2)
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel PCFICH

 Number of OFDM symbols (1,2, or 3*) for PDCCH
Physical Downlink Control Channel PDCCH

UL & DL Resource Allocation + TPC;
here: indicating SIB allocation
Physical Downlink Shared Channel PDSCH

DL L3 Control & User Data;
here: System Information on SIBs, e.g. Cell Global ID, parameter
for Random Access procedure, Cell (Re-)Selection, etc.
Random Access procedure

for start of Attach / Tracking Area Update * in case of 1.4 MHz bandwidth:
TPC: Transmit Power Control 2, 3, or 4 OFDM symbols
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Search Consulting
procedure (2/2) .
The SIBs are allocated on PDSCH resources. To
know where they are placed in this TTI, the UE
has first to read the Physical Control Format
Indication Channel PCFICH, giving the number of
OFDM symbols used by the Physical DL Control
Channel PDCCH. The PDCCH gives the UL & DL
Resource allocation for this TTI, so the UE learns
here about the SIB allocation.
From the Cell & System related Information on the
SIBs the UE learns e.g. the Cell Global ID,
parameter for Random Access procedure, Cell
(Re-)Selection as well as parameter for Handover
in LTE, towards UMTS, GSM/EDGE or
CDMA2000.
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Random Access procedure / Contention Resolution
64 Random Access Physical Random Access Channel PRACH

Preamble Signatures
available per Cell PRACH preamble randomly selected

retransmission on higher power level if not successful

 Number of OFDM symbols (1,2, or 3*) for PDCCH
UL & DL Resource Allocation + TPC;
here: resources for “Random Access response”
Physical DL Shared Channel PDSCH

Random Access Response RAR:
ID of received preamble, resource for UL Tx*, C-RNTI & TA
Contention
Physical UL Shared Channel PUSCH Resolution:
RRC Connection Request, *C-RNTI, TMSI or random number
all other UEs
not receiving right
Physical DL Shared Channel PDSCH answer (TMSI)
 restart Random
Contention Resolution: C-RNTI & TMSI or random number Access
C-RNTI: Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity TA: Timing Advance
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Random Access Procedure including UEs are simultaneously selecting the same PRACH
Contention Resolution preamble to initiate the Random Access procedure.
Randomly, the UE selects one of the 64 PRACH To prevent collisions in the following, the UE is
preamble signatures available in one cell and transmitting its C-RNTI and TMSI (or a random
transmits in on basis of Open Loop Power control number, if TMSI not available) along with the RRC
in Uplink. Connection Request on the Physical UL Shared
In the following, the UE has to wait for the Channel PUSCH to the eNodeB.
Random Access Response RAR. For this reason, The Contention Resolution is possible with the next
it has to check the PCFICH and PDCCH for the PDSCH DL data transmission, which includes again
resource allocation for Random Access C-RNTI AND TMSI, so that the UE can recognise
Responses. If not successful, the UE repeats to whether the resource is actually for it or not.
transmit a Random Access preamble on higher All other UEs, which are not receiving the right
power level until finally the RAR is received. The answer (TMSI), have to restart the Random Access
RAR gives the ID of received preamble, resources procedure again.
for UL transmission, the Cell Radio Network
Temporary Identity C-RNTI as local identity of the
UE in the cell and the Timing Advance TA.
Unfortunately, it cannot be prevented that two
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Downlink Transmission
DL Reference Signals RS
( channel estimate / CQI calculation)
Physical Uplink Control Channel PUCCH (or PUSCH)

(CQI based on DL RS measurements)

(# OFDM Symbols for PDCCH )

(DL assignment for PDSCH: Modulation & coding, #RBs*,..)

(Initial Transmission: User Data / L3 Signalling)

(ACK/ NACK for H-ARQ)

(User Data / Signaling / eventually re-transmission) CQI = Channel Quality Indicator
ACK = Acknowledgment
NACK = Negative ACK
* Physical Resource Allocation H-ARQ = Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
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Uplink Transmission
(UL Scheduling Request)
UL Sounding Reference Signal SRS

(w/o UL data tx; used by eNB for UL channel
quality estimate  scheduling decisions)
UL Demodulation Reference Signal DRS
(for channel estimate in eNB receiver
 demodulate control & data channels)
(UL Resource Allocation / Grant)
Physical Uplink Shared Channel PUSCH

(User Data / L3 Signalling / “actual” Scheduling Request)
Physical H-ARQ Indication Channel PHICH

(ACK/NACK)
(User Data / L3 Signalling / eventually re-transmission)
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Content
 DL Physical Channels & Signals
 Synchronisation Signals: PSS & SSS
 DL Reference Signals
 Physical Broadcast Channel PBCH
 Physical Control Format Indication Channel PCFICH
 Physical DL Control Channel PDCCH
 Physical DL Shared Channel PDSCH
 Physical H-ARQ Indication Channel PHICH
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DL Physical Channels & Signals
Synchronisation Signals TS 36.211: E-UTRA

- for Cell Search procedure
- synchronize in frequency & time domain Physical Channels &
Modulation
DL Reference Signals
- Pilot signals for Channel Estimation
PCFICH: Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

Physical Channels
- # of OFDM symbols for CCH information/subframe
PDCCH: Physical DL Control Channel

- carries DL Control Information; enabling UE to decode
DL transmission + know where & how to transmit in UL
PHICH: Physical H-ARQ Indicator Channel

- carries H-ARQ ACK/NACKs

- carries basic System Information (MIB)
PDSCH: Physical DL Shared Channel

- main data-bearing DL channel (user & control data)
PMCH: Physical Multicast Channel

- for Multimedia Broadcast & Multicast Services MBMS
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Physical Channels & Signals Physical Signals use assigned Resource Elements.
TS 36.211 gives a detailed description of the LTE Different to Physical Channels they do not convey
Physical Channels and Physical Signals. information to or from higher layer. The following DL
DL physical channels corresponds to a set of physical signals are defined:
resource elements carrying information originating - Reference signal
from higher layers. The following DL physical - Synchronization signal
channels are defined:
- Physical Downlink Shared Channel, PDSCH
- Physical Broadcast Channel, PBCH
- Physical Multicast Channel, PMCH
- Physical Control Format Indicator Channel,
PCFICH
- Physical Downlink Control Channel, PDCCH
- Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel, PHICH
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Synchronisation Signals: PSS & SSS (1/3)
1. Cell Search Procedure

for Cell Search & Synchronisation
 Synchronisation Signals
Primary Synchronisation Signal PSS

 Slot Timing & Physical-layer Identity PI
Secondary Synchronisation Signal SSS

 Radio Frame, Physical-layer Cell Group ID,
CP length (normal/extended), FDD/TDD
504 unique Physical Layer Cell Ids PCI: 3 PSS sequences x 168 SSS sequences
1
0 PI, typically per PCI group
eNode B
2
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CellTECHCOM
SearchConsulting
procedure / Synchronisation Initial synchronisation:
Signals The UE detects an LTE cell and decodes all the
TS 36.213; 4.1 “Cell search is the procedure by information required to register to it. This is
which a UE acquires Time and Frequency necessary e.g. when the UE is switched on or has
Synchronization with a cell and detects the lost connection to the serving cell.
Physical Layer Cell ID of that cell.
The following signals are transmitted in the New Cell identification:
downlink to facilitate cell search: the Primary and In this case the UE is connected to an LTE cell and
Secondary Synchronization Signals (PSS & it is detecting a new neighbour cell. It will report to
SSS).” the serving cell measurements related to the new
The detection of the PSS and the SSS enables cell, so that a Handover can be prepared.
time and frequency synchronisation, provides the
UE with the Physical Layer Cell ID and the Cyclic Physical Layer Cell Identity
Prefix length and gives information according to The PSS & SSS consist of well-defined sequences
the duplex principle (FDD or TDD). indicating the physical layer cell ID to the UE. There
Two types of cell search procedures are are 504 unique physical layer cell IDs existing in
performed in LTE: LTE, grouped into 168 groups of 3 identities. The
PSS sequences are used to indicate the cell identity
within the group, and 168 SSS sequences are
indicating the identity of the group.
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Radio Frame = 10 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Slot
2 different SSS per cell:

SSS0 in slot 0 &
PSS & SSS frame & slot SSS1 in slot 10 PSS:
structure in time domain
SSS PSS  Physical-layer Identity PI
(FDD mode)
 Slot synchronisation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (End of Slot 0 & 10)
SSS:
1 2 3 4 5 6
 Physical-layer Identity Group PCIG
PI + PCIG  Cell Identity PCI
 Frame synchronisation
Normal CP checking for SSS
Extended CP Slot (recognise Slot 0 & 10)
at 2 possible positions  FDD / TDD differentiation
timing
 CP length  CP length (normal or extended CP)
TDD mode: other PSS & SSS
location in time domain
 FDD/TDD differentiation
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Synchronisation Signals: PSS & SSS position.
The Primary Synchronisation Signal PSS and
Secondary Synchronisation Signal SSS structure
in our diagram is given for the FDD case.
In the TDD case the PSS and SSS are located on
other symbols in different slots, so that the UE
can recognise the duplex principle (FDD or TDD)
from the PSS & SSS organisation.
PSS and SSS are transmitted periodically, two
times per 10 ms radio frame.
In the FDD mode, they are transmitted on Slot 0
and Slot 10. The PSS is always located in the last
OFDM symbol, the SSS (FDD mode) is located in
the preceding OFDM symbol.
The exact position of the SSS depends on the CP
length, which is selected for the cell. The UE is
checking both possible positions of the SSS,
recognising the CP length this way from the SSS
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unused REs
Frequency domain:
PSS & SSS
on central 62 SCs
around DC-SC
+ 5 empty REs
6 RBs = 72 SCs
on each side
DC
subcarrier
SSS
PSS
1 ms subframe
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PSS & SSS: Frequency Domain
In the frequency domain, the PSS and SSS are
transmitted in the central 6 Resource Blocks.
They are mapped onto the central 62 subcarriers
around the DC subcarrier. 5 Resource Elements
on each side of these 62 subcarriers are unused.
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DL Reference Signals (1/3)
DL Cell-specific Reference Signals (for 1 Antenna)
2. Estimate DL radio channel
to be able to perform coherent demodulation
of the information-bearing parts of the DL signal
 Reference Signals
Reference Signals RS:

Detection of well-known sequences to be able
to perform coherent demodulation of the
information-bearing parts of the DL signal
3 types of Reference Signals in LTE DL:

- Cell-specific RSs; available to all UEs of a cell
- UE-specific RSs; embedded in data for specific UE*
- MBSFN-specific RSs, only for MBSFN operation
Frame type 1
Spacing in time  max. Doppler Spread (500 km/h) Normal CP
MBSFN: Multimedia Broadcast Single Frequency Network
* e.g. to enable beam-forming of the data Tx to specific UE
Spacing in frequency domain  max. channel delay spread
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Estimate DL Radio Channel / Reference specific UE
Signals - MBSFN-specific RSs, only for MBSFN operation
Well-known sequences (“Pilots”) are transmitted
as Reference Signals RS in LTE be able to
perform coherent demodulation of the information-
bearing parts of the DL signal. They are are
distributed systematically over the frequency and
time domain on several Resource Elements. Their
spacing in time has been chosen to be able to
compensate Doppler Effects in operation up to
500 km/h. The spacing in the frequency domain
has been selected to compensate maximum
channel delay spread.
According to TS 36.211 three types of Reference
Signals have been defined in LTE DL:
- Cell-specific RSs; available to all UEs of a cell
- UE-specific RSs; embedded in data for specific
UE; e.g. to enable beam-forming of the data Tx to
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DL Reference Signals (2/3): RS for 1, 2 & 4 Antennas
Frame type 1
1 RS transmitted per DL antenna port
R0 R0
Normal Cyclic Prefix

One antenna port
R0 R0
R0 R0
1 Antenna port
R0 R0
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
RE (k,l)
Resource element k, l 
2 Antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1
not used for transmission

Two antenna ports
R1 R1 Not used for transmission on this antenna port

on this antenna port
R0 R0
R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference Symbols
Reference symbols on this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
on this antenna port
4 Antennas ports
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port
Antenna port 0 0 Antenna
Antenna portport
1 1 Antenna port
Antenna port 2 2 Antenna port
Antenna port 3 3
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Reference Signals
Up to 4 cell-specific antenna ports may be used in
LTE DL transmission. Depending on the number
of antenna ports used for the transmission the UE
requires to derive an equivalent number of
separate channel estimates. For each antenna
port, different RS pattern are existing; see TS
36.211; 6.10: Mapping of DL reference signals
(normal cyclic prefix) Fig. 6.10.1.2.
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DL Reference Signals (3/3): UE Measurements
UE analyses
from Cell-specific RSs
for
Cell (Re-)Selection & Handover
RSRP
Reference Signal
Received Power
RSRQ
Reference Signal
Received Quality
RSRQ = RSRP / E-UTRA RSSI
UE evaluates
Path Loss PL PL = RS Tx power - RSRP
for OLPC: DL Reference Signals
transmitted at constant Power level
RSSI: Received Signal Strength Indicator
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
UETECHCOM Consulting
Measurements & Measurement Procedure but it is only used in calculating the RSRQ value
The UE uses the Reference Signals to perform inside the UE.
the following measurements:
• Reference Signal Received Power RSRP,
which for a particular cell is the average of the
power measured (and the average between
receiver branches) of the REs that contain cell-
specific RSs.
• Reference Signal Received Quality RSRQ: the
ratio of the RSRP and the E-UTRA Carrier
Received Signal Strength Indicator RSSI, for the
reference signals.
• E-UTRA RSSI: the total received wideband
power on a given frequency. Thus it
includes the total noise on the particular
frequency, whether that is from interfering cells or
any other noise source. E-UTRA RSSI is not
reported by the UE as an individual measurement,
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Physical Broadcast Channel PBCH (1/2)
3. Read BCH
to obtain necessary system parameters
to enable UE accessing the system (MIB)
PBCH Contents:
Master Information Block MIB only ! PBCH Allocation:
MIB = DL system bandwidth, PHICH  Slot #1 of every 10 ms radio frame
configuration & SFN  OFDM symbol 0 – 3
SIBs on PDSCH  only on 72 active sub-carriers,
centred around DC sub-carrier
PSS
Subframe = 1 ms
Slot = 0.5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
PBCH
SFN: System Frame Number
SSS SIB: System Information Block
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The physical broadcast Channel (PBCH) carries
the system information needed to access the
system, such as RACH parameters. The channel
is always provided with 1.08 MHz bandwidth, so
the PBCH structure is independent of the actual
system bandwidth being used, similar to other
channels/signals needed for initial system access.
The PBCH is convolutionally encoded as the data
rate is not that high. The broadcast information is
partly carried on the PBCH, where the Master
Information Block (MIB) is transmitted while the
actual System Information Blocks (SIBs) are on
the PDSCH.
The MIB includes the UL Bandwidth (6, 15, 25,
50, 75 or 100 RB), the Physical H-ARQ Indication
Channel PHICH configuration, the System Frame
Number SFN and a spare (see TS 36.331).
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only Slot 0 & 10 only Slot 1
PBCH Allocation:
in Slot #1 of every 10 ms radio frame
on OFDM symbol 0 – 3
on central 72 sub-carriers
(minimum LTE Bandwidth = 1.4 MHz)

72 central subcarriers = 6 RBs
PBCH properties:
robustness important 
Coding: 1/48
Modulation: QPSK only
no MIMO
Repetition pattern = 40 ms
(i.e. 1 MIB / 40 ms)
P-SS unused RE OFDM symbol 0 - 3
* Resource Elements reserved for DL Reference Signals

S-SS PBCH DL RS*
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The Physical Broadcast Channel PBCH is
transmitted in Slot #1 of every 10 ms radio frame.
It uses the on OFDM symbols 0 – 3 on the central
72 sub-carriers around the DC subcarrier.
The PBCH must be able to read by every UE in
the cell. Therefore, robustness is very important.
A Coding of 1/48 and QPSK only modulation has
been chosen.
The PBCH has 40 ms transmission time interval,
i.e. the MIB content is repeated once every 40 ms
.
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Physical Control Format Indication Channel PCFICH
Frequency
DC
subcarrier
Time
PCFICH REs reserved for PCFICH 

Resource Elements DL Reference Symbols # OFDM Symbols
for PDCCH (1 – 3*)
PCFICH:
 carries CFI: Control Format Indicator
Total bandwidth
 CFI (2 bit)  # OFDM symbols (1 – 3*)
DC
for Physical DL Control Channel PDCCH
•••
subcarrier
per subframe
 on 1st OFDM symbol of subframe
 mapped to 16 REs of central 72 subcarriers
 QPSK only  16 x 2 = 32 bit
 Coding: 1/16
1 ms subframe
= 14 OFDM symbols
* 2 – 4 OFDM symbols in case of 1.4 MHz bandwidth
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Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PFICH
The only task of PCFICH is to dynamically
indicate how many OFDMA symbols are
reserved for the Physical DL Control Channel
PDCCH information. The number of OFDM
symbols for PDCCH can vary between 1 and 3 for
each 1 ms subframe in case of 3 MHz – 20 MHz
bandwidth, respectively 2 – 4 OFDM symbols for
1.4 MHz bandwidth. From the PCFICH, UE knows
which symbols to treat as PDCCH information.
Resource mapping, modulation & coding of the
PCFICH is defined in in TS 36.211; 6.7.4.
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Physical DL Control Channel PDCCH (1/4)
Time domain:
PDCCH: Subframe = 1 ms
Physical DL Control Channel Slot = 0.5 ms
 carries DCI:
DL Control Information #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
 UL & DL Resource Allocation
 TPCs for groups of UE
 occupy first 1 – 3* OFDM
Time Domain
symbols in a subframe 1 – 3* OFDM Symbols
 extended over total system
PDCCH over total bandwidth

bandwidth
Frequency Domain:
 QPSK only
of 6 - 110 RBs
DC
•••
subcarrier
1 ms subframe
* 2 – 4 OFDM symbols in case of 1.4 MHz bandwidth
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Physical DL Control Channel PDCCH The use of dynamic signalling capability in case of
The PDCCH is carries the DL Control Information the PDCCH allows the system to support both a
DCI. The DCIs inform about the UL & DL resource large number of low data rate users (e.g. VoIP) as
allocation in a subframe and may sent periodically well as to provide sufficiently low signalling
Transmit Power Control TPC information to resources when higher data rates are used by fewer
groups of UEs. simultaneously active users.
The PDCCH is transmitted on the first OFDM
symbols of each subframe. The number of OFDM
symbols for PDCCH can vary between 1 and 3 for
each 1 ms subframe in case of 3 MHz – 20 MHz
bandwidth, respectively 2 – 4 OFDM symbols for
1.4 MHz bandwidth. From the PCFICH, the UE
knows how many symbols to treat as PDCCH
information.
In the frequency domain, the PDCCH is using the
whole available bandwidth, which may range from
6 to 110 Resource Blocks.
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PDCCH (2/4): DL Control Information DCI
Major resource allocation
DCI Format information included: TS 36.212;
5.3.3.1 DCI formats
• RB assignment
(detailed description)
DCI Format 0: • Modulation & Coding
UL Resource Grants • aperiodic CQI request
 PUSCH • Cyclic shift for DM-RS
• TPC command for PUSCH
• RB assignment
DCI Format 1 • Modulation & Coding,
PDSCH assignment; • HARQ process number
no Spatial Multiplexing used • Redundancy Version
• TPC command for PUCCH
DCI Format 2: same as for DCI Format 1 +

• MIMO-specific precoding
PDSCH assignment; information (closed loop)
Open- or Closed Loop • Transmission Rank (open loop)
Spatial Multiplexing used for 2- or 4-Antenna ports
DCI Format 3: TPC commands with 2-bit or

UL Power Control 1-bit power adjustments for a
for PUCCH & PUSCH group of UEs
Different “Sub-Formats” existing for e.g. different Transmission Modes
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PDCCH: DL Control Information DCI Depending on the size DCI is transmitted using one
The UE will obtain from the PDCCH information or more Control Channel Elements CCEs.
for both UL & DL resource allocations as well as
Power Control commands via DL Control CCE: Control Channel Element
Information DCI. DCI: DL Control Information
Following four different DCI formats have been DM-RS: Demodulation Reference Signal
defined, further different variations are existing for RB: Radio Bearer
Format 1, 2, and 3: RE: Resource Element
DCI Format 0: PUSCH allocation information
DCI Format 1: PDSCH information with one
codeword (i.e. no spatial multiplexing MIMO)
DCI Format 2: PDSCH information with two
codewords for open-loop or closed-loop spatial
multiplexing MIMO
DCI Format 3: Transmit Power Control TPC (1 bit-
or 2-bit) commands for a group of UEs for PUSCH
and PUCCH. The 1-bit TPC demands for a power
change of  1 dB, the 2-bit TPC is correlated to a
set of [−1dB, 0, +1dB, +3 dB] change in power.
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PDCCH (3/4): DL Control Information DCI
DCI Format Sub-Formats:

Format 1: single codeword PDSCH resource
DCI Format 0: allocation for Tx Modes 1, 2 & 7
UL Resource Grants
Format 1A: allocation of dedicated preamble
 PUSCH signature to a UE for contention-free random
access
DCI Format 1 Format 1B: for Tx Mode 6 ( 1A + PMI
PDSCH assignment; indication): Beamforming
no Spatial Multiplexing used
Format 1C: for PDSCH with QPSK only; e.g.
Paging & SIBs
Format 1D: for Tx Mode 5: MU-MIMO
DCI Format 2: Format 2: for Tx Mode 3: Open-loop MIMO

PDSCH assignment;
Format 2A: for Tx Mode 4: Closed-loop MIMO
Spatial Multiplexing used
DCI Format 3:
Format 3 / 3A: TPC commands with 2-bit or
UL Power Control 1-bit power adjustments for a group of UEs
for PUCCH & PUSCH
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PDCCH: DCI Subformats for PDSCH with QPSK only; e.g. Paging & SIBs
The UE will obtain from the PDCCH information DCI format 1D: used for the compact scheduling of
for both UL & DL resource allocations as well as one PDSCH codeword with precoding and power
Power Control commands via DL Control offset information, i.e. for Tx Mode 5: MU-MIMO
Information DCI. Detailed information can be DCI Format 2: PDSCH information with two
found in TS 36.212; 5.3.3.1 “DCI Formats”. codewords for Open-loop MIMO
DCI Format 0: PUSCH allocation information DCI Format 2A: PDSCH information with two
(5.3.3.1.1) codewords for Closed-loop MIMO
DCI Format 1: allocation of PDSCH resources or closed-loop spatial multiplexing MIMO
with one codeword (i.e. no spatial multiplexing DCI Format 3 & 3A: Transmit Power Control TPC (1
MIMO) for Tx Modes 1, 2 & 7 bit- or 2-bit) commands for a group of UEs for
DCI Format 1A: used for the compact scheduling PUSCH and PUCCH. The 1-bit TPC demands for a
of one PDSCH codeword and random access power change of  1 dB, the 2-bit TPC is correlated
procedure initiated by a PDCCH order. to a set of [−1dB, 0, +1dB, +3 dB] change in power.
DCI format 1B: used for the compact scheduling Depending on the size DCI is transmitted using one
of one PDSCH codeword with precoding or more Control Channel Elements CCEs.
information, i.e. Tx Mode 6
DCI format 1C: used for very compact scheduling
of one PDSCH codeword;
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PDCCH (4/4): DCI Allocation Example

PDCCH # # # PDCCH
Format CCEs REs bits
Channel Quality
1 CCE 0 1 36 72
= 36 RE 1 2 72 144
2 4 144 288
2 CCE
= 72 RE  3 8 288 576
Number of CCEs for 1 PDCCH may change

from 1 – 8 CCEs  channel conditions
TS 36.211 Tab. 6.8.1-1:

supported PDCCH formats 0 – 3
PCFICH PHICH
Time Resource Elements Resource Elements
REs reserved for PDCCH


CCE: Control Channel Element

DCI: DL Control Information
DL Reference Symbols Resource Elements
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PDCCH: DL Control Information DCI
A CCE is equal to 9 Resource Element Groups
REG. Each Resource Element Group consists of
4 Resource Elements RE.
PDCCH is using QPSK modulation, therefore, a
single RE carries 2 bits, a REG 8 bit, and a CCE
72 bit.
The UE will listen to the set of PDCCHs and tries
to decode them (checking all formats) in all
subframes except during the ones where DRX is
configured. Depending on the network
parameterization, some of the PDCCHs are so-
called common PDCCHs and may also contain
power control information (Format 3).
Depending on the quality of the air interface
between 1 and 8 CCEs may be used for the
transmission of one PDCCH.
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Contents:
all User data (PtP & PtMP)
MBMS contents
L2 & L3 Control Data
SIBs
Paging (PDCCH acting ≈
PICH in UMTS)
Properties:
fine granularity for high & low data rates
Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM & 64QAM ( CQI)
with or w/o Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
allocation: 1 - 110 PRB’s / TTI
allocated by PDCCH
ACK/NACK by PUSCH or PUCCH
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Physical DL Shared Channel PDSCH Physical UL Shared Channel PUSCH or Physical UL
User data (PtP and PtMP) can be delivered in the Control Channel PUCCH.
DL by the PDSCH. Furthermore, Layer 2 and 3
Signalling, System Information (SIBs) and Paging
is transmitted via PDSCH in the DL.
The basic unit of data delivery is the Physical
Resource Block PRB, consisting of 12 sub-
carriers (180 kHz) in the frequency domain and 1
slot in the time domain. Always 2 consecutive
PRSs are allocated together within 1 TTI of 1 ms.
Several PRBs (1..110) can be allocated to 1 user
in one TTI. The eNodeB carries out the resource
allocation and decides upon modulation on basis
of the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) information
from the UE. The PDSCH can use QPSK, 16QAM
or 64QAM modulation. The delivery of PDSCH
data is announced by the PDCCH. ACK/NACK
messages for H-ARQ are delivered by the UL
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System Information on PDSCH (1/2)
MIB on PBCH
40 ms repetition; DL system BW; PHICH configuration & SFN)
SIB1 on PDSCH
80 ms repetition; cell access & cell selection par., scheduling info for other SIBs
SIB2..11 as SI-messages on PDSCH

System Information
 TS 36.331 “RRC”
SIB 1 repetition interval 80 ms

Start: in subframe #5 for which SFN mod 8 = 0*
Indicates allocation of the other SIBs 2...11
MIB: Master Information Block

SIB: System Information Block
SFN: System Frame Number
SIB 2 SIB 3 SIB 4  SIB 11
* repetitions scheduled in subframe #5 of all other radio frames with SFN mod 2 = 0
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System Information on PDSCH SIB 1 contains cell access related information (e.g. a
System information contains both Non-Access PLMN identity list, tracking area code, cell identity,
Stratum NAS and Access Stratum AS related etc.), information for cell selection, maximum power,
information. The system information are grouped scheduling information according to all other SIBs,
together into Master Information Block MIB and SI-window length and system information value tag.
different System Information Blocks SIBs. All other SIBs except SIB1 are contained in SI
As MIB is the most important information block, message(s). Each SI message is transmitted
MIB is transferred on the BCH every 40 ms and is periodically in time domain windows (so-called SI-
repeated within 40 ms. The first transmission of Window) and SI-Windows for different SI messages
the MIB is scheduled at SFN mod4 = 0 in the do not overlap. The length of a SI-window is defined
subframe #0. UE will acquire MIB to decode SCH. in SIB1 and is common for all SI messages.
The MIB contains a DL system bandwidth, PHICH Detailed information according to the System
configuration and a system frame number SFN. Information can be found in TS 36.331; 5.2 “System
SIB1 is scheduled in a fixed manner with a Information”.
periodicity of 80 ms and is repeated within 80 ms.
The first transmission of SIB1 is scheduled at
SFN mod 8 = 0 in the subframe #5, and
repetitions are scheduled in subframe #5 of all
other radio frames for which SFN mod 2 = 0.
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SIBs on PDSCH (2/2)
- Cell access related information (PLMN, cell identity, Tracking Area code etc.)
- Information for cell selection
SIB 1 - TDD configuration
- Information about time-domain scheduling of the remaining SIBs
- Access barring information
SIB 2 - Radio resource configuration of common channels (e.g. PDCCH)
- Frequency information (UL UARFCN, UL bandwidth)
- Cell-reselection information that is common for intra-frequency, inter-frequency and/or
SIB 3 inter-RAT cell re-selection.
SIB 4 - Neighbor cell related information only for intra-frequency cell re-selection.
- Inter-frequency cell re-selection like E-UTRAN related information

SIB 5 - Inter-frequency neighboring cell related information
SIB 6 - UTRA FDD & TDD frequency information for cell reselection
SIB 7 - Information relevant only for cell re-selection to the GERAN
SIB 8 - Information relevant only for cell re-selection to the cdma2000® system.
SIB 9 - Home eNodeB identifier
SIB 10 - Earthquake & Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) primary notification
SIB 11 - Earthquake & Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) secondary notification
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SIBs on PDSCH inter-RAT cell re-selection. Speed dependent scaling
A detailed description of the System Information SI parameters are also included in SIB3 to provide a
and the contents of the System Information Blocks different set of re-selection parameters depending on UE
SIBs is given in TS 36.331 (RRC) in the Sections speed.
5.2, 6.2 & 6.3. SIB4 contains neighbor cell related information only for
SIB1 contains information relevant when evaluating if intra-frequency cell re-selection. Thus in addition to intra-
a UE is allowed to access a cell and defines the frequency neighboring cell list with Qoffset, an intra-
scheduling of other system information. frequency blacklisted cell list is also included in SIB4.
SIB 2 contains radio resource configuration SIB5 contains information relevant only for inter-
information which is common to all UEs. It includes frequency cell re-selection like E-UTRAN inter-frequency
access barring information, radio resource neighboring cell related information & E-UTRAN inter-
configuration of common channels (RACH, BCCH, frequency blacklisted cell list.
PCCH, PRACH, PDSCH, PUSCH, PUCCH & SRS SIB6 contains information relevant only for cell re-
configuration, UL power control information), timers selection to the UTRAN. Thus UTRA FDD and TDD
and constants which are used by UEs, MBSFN frequency information is included in SIB6.
subframe configuration, time alignment timer and SIB7 contains information relevant only for cell re-
frequency information (UL UARFCN, UL bandwidth & selection to the GERAN such as GERAN neighboring
additional spectrum emission). frequency list.
SIB3 contains cell-reselection information that is SIB8 contains information relevant only for cell re-
common for intra-frequency, inter-frequency and/or selection to the cdma2000® system.
SIB9 contains a home eNodeB identifier
SIB10 contains Earthquake & Tsunami Warning System
(ETWS) primary notification and
SIB 11 contains ETWS secondary notifi cation.
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Paging on PDSCH
RRC: “Paging”
Paging
Paging used to:  TS 36.331
 page UE in RRC_IDLE, e.g. for MTC & 36.304
 inform about System Information change (in RRC_IDLE & RRC_Connected)
 inform about Primary or Secondary ETWS notification ( read SIB 10 / 11)
Paging Allocation:
 Allocation information on PDCCH (P-RNTI as group identification)
 Paging provided on PDSCH
DRX for Paging

 UE may use DRX in RRC_IDLE to reduce power consumption
 UE needs only to monitor 1 P-RNTI on PDCCH per DRX cycle
 DRX cycle length  SIB2
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Paging on PDSCH and also to ensure a fast enough response time for
The purpose of the Paging procedure is to the incoming call. The duration of the paging cycles
transmit paging information to a UE in RRC_IDLE have to be parameterized in the eNodeB database
and/ or to inform UEs in RRC_IDLE & in to ensure sufficient paging capacity.
RRC_CONNECTED about a system information Further information about Paging & Discontinuous
change and/or about an ETWS primary and/or Reception for Paging can be found in TS 36.304.
secondary notification ( TS 36.331). The paging
information is provided to upper layers, which in
response may initiate RRC connection
establishment, e.g. to receive an Mobile
Terminating Call.
Paging is provided on PDSCH resources. The
allocation information is given on the PDCCH.
Discontinous Reception for Paging
To enable paging, the UE is allocated a paging
interval and a specific subframe within that
interval where the paging message could be sent.
The key design criterion in paging is to ensure a
sufficient DRX cycle for devices to save power
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PDSCH Allocation: Example
5 RBs allocated to UE1
1 RB allocated to UE2
PCFICH PHICH PDSCH UE1
Allocation: 1 .. 110 RBs for 1 UE
DL RS PDCCH PDSCH UE2
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PDSCH Allocation - Example
The basic unit of data delivery is the Physical
Resource Block PRB, consisting of 12 sub-
carriers (180 kHz) in the frequency domain and 1
slot in the time domain. Always 2 consecutive
PRSs are allocated together within 1 TTI of 1 ms.
Several PRBs (1..110) can be allocated to 1 user
in one TTI.
The delivery of PDSCH data is announced by the
PDCCH. ACK/NACK messages for H-ARQ are
delivered by the UL Physical UL Shared Channel
PUSCH or Physical UL Control Channel PUCCH.
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Physical H-ARQ Indication Channel PHICH (1/2)
PHICH: Physical H-ARQ Indication Channel

 H-ARQ ACK/NACK for PUSCH transmission
 ACK/NACK on Subframe n+4 after transmission
 on 1st OFDM symbol / subframe
 QPSK modulated
PHICH Group
HARQ Indicator:
0 = ACK / 1 = NACK  12 RE’s on 1st OFDM symbol
 Location of “PHICH Groups”  PBCH
 2 UE’s separated by I- & Q- branch (quasi BPSK)
1/3 Repetition coding
 4 UE’s separated by Walsh spreading (Code length 4)
 max. 8 UEs per PHICH Group
Walsh spreading PHICH
SF4 Group
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Physical H-ARQ Indication Channel PHICH The PHICH is transmitted on the same set of
The PHICH carries the HARQ ACK/NACK antenna ports as the PBCH and Tx diversity is
messages, indicating the correct/incorrect applied if more than one antenna port is used.
reception of PUSCH transmissions by the
eNodeB. The H-ARQ Indicator is set to 0 for ACK
and 1 for NACK. For reliable transmission, this
information is repeated in 3 BPSK symbols (1/3
Coding). In the following it is spread with
orthogonal Walsh sequences of length 4.
Finally the information is transmitted via 12
Resource Elements on a so-called PHICH group.
A PHICH group offers ACK/NACK space for up to
8 UEs/subframe. 2 UEs are separated on the I- &
Q-branch of the QPSK modulated PHICH, SF4
Walsh sequence spreading allows this way to
separate 4 x 2 = 8 UEs.
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Physical H-ARQ Indication Channel PHICH (2/2)
Differentiate PHICH / UEs:

• PHICH group number HARQ Indicator:
• Walsh-Sequences (length 4) 0 = ACK / 1 = NACK
• I- or Q-branch (PHICH = BPSK)
1/3 Repetition coding
PHICH Group: PHICH Walsh spreading

• 1st OFDM symbol Group SF4
• Configuration  PBCH
Frequency
DC
Time
subcarrier
PCFICH PHICH
Resource Elements Resource Elements
REs reserved for
DL Reference Symbols
* if necessary
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PHICH (2/2)
The PBCH signals the number of PHICH groups
configured in the cell, which enables the UEs to
evaluate the PHICH group location & calculate to
which remaining resource elements in the control
region the PDCCHs are mapped.
The UEs PHICH inside a PHICH group is based
on PHICH index. There is a one to one mapping
of the PUSCH index to the PHICH index.
This way, the PHICH index is implicitly associated
with the index of the lowest UL Resource Block
used for the corresponding PUSCH transmission.
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Summary: DL Physical Channels
only Slot 0 & 10 only Slot 1
PCFICH PHICH P-SS unused RE

PDSCH: remaining REs
DL RS PDCCH S-SS PBCH
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Content
 UL Physical Channels & Signals
 Physical Random Access Channel PRACH
 Physical UL Control Channel PUCCH
 Physical UL Shared Channel PUSCH
 UL Sounding Reference Signal SRS
 UL Demodulation Reference Signal DRS
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UL Physical Channels & Signals
Reference Signals
TS 36.211: E-UTRA
UL SRS: Sounding Reference Signal Physical Channels &
- for UL Channel Estimation Modulation
- w/o PUSCH or PUCCH
UL DRS: Demodulation Reference Signal

- for UL Channel Estimation
- with PUSCH or PUCCH
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel

Physical Channels
- Random Access burst: Cyclic Prefix, Preamble &

Guard Time
PUCCH: Physical UL Control Channel

- carries UL L1 Control Data: CQI/PMI/RI reports,
ACK/NAKs & Scheduling Requests SR
PUSCH: Physical UL Shared Channel

- only data-bearing UL channel (user & L3 control data)
- UL L1 Control Data
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UL TECHCOM
PhysicalConsulting
Channels & Signals Uplink Physical Signals are used by the physical
TS 36.211 gives a detailed description of the LTE layer but does not carry information originating from
Physical Channels and Physical Signals. higher layers.
Uplink Physical Channels are corresponding to The following UL Physical Signals are defined:
a set of Resource Elements carrying information - Reference signal
originating from higher layers. The following UL Two types of UL reference signals are supported:
physical channels are defined: - UL Demodulation Reference Signal DRS,
- Physical Uplink Shared Channel, PUSCH associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
- Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH - UL Sounding Reference Signal SRS, not
- Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
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PRACH / Random Access procedure
64 Random Access
Preamble Signatures
Physical Random Access Channel PRACH
available per Cell PRACH preamble randomly selected

retransmission on higher power level if not successful

Random Access Response RAR:
ID of received preamble, resource for UL Tx*, C-RNTI & TA Contention
Resolution:
Physical UL Shared Channel PUSCH
all other UEs
RRC Connection Request, *C-RNTI, TMSI or random number not receiving right
answer (TMSI)
Physical DL Shared Channel PDSCH  restart Random
Contention Resolution: C-RNTI & TMSI or random number Access
eNB RAR
Not detected
Time
next *
UE PRACH
PRACH PRACH PUSCH
Slot
PRACH Preambles *Power Ramping
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Physical Random Access Channel PRACH “PREAMBLE_RECEIVED_TARGET_ POWER”.
TS 36.211, Section 5.7 gives a detailed Thereby, the UE must not exceed its configured
description of the LTE Physical Random Access maximum output power Pcmax (TS 36.101). In case,
Channel and TS 36.213, Section 6 of the Random that the transmitted preamble is not detected, i.e. no
Access Procedure. Random Access Response is following, a further
Physical Random Access Procedure: transmission is started within the next PRACH
The L1 random access procedure encompasses transmission slot. This transmission may be
the transmission of Random Access Preamble performed on a higher power level, according to a
and Random Access Response RAR. The Power Ramping parameter.
remaining messages are scheduled for Random Access Response RAR
transmission by the higher layer on the shared The UE receives a preamble response on DL-SCH
data channel and are not considered part of the resource (assigned on PDCCH). The identity RA-
L1 random access procedure. RNTI being used for this assignment is associated
PRACH preamble transmission with the frequency & time resource of the preamble.
The Random Access preambles power is This permits bundling of the responses that are
calculated by Open Loop Power Control. meant for preambles transmitted in the same PRACH
According to TS 36.213, 6.1 the Preamble power frequency & time resource, which is important for
= Pathloss + a parameter for the target preamble saving PDCCH resources. eNodeB transmits the
received power called response in a time window that can be configured up
to 10 ms in duration. The flexible window allows
freedom for dimensioning of the RACH receiver and
for scheduling of the responses.
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PRACH allocation in Time & Frequency Domain
PRACH transmission window:
1, 2 or 3 ms  PRACH Format
PUCCH
(6, 15, 25, 50, 75 or 100 RBs)
Physical UL Control Channel
PRACH PRACH PRACH

UL Bandwidth
bandwidth:
6 RBs
PUSCH
Physical UL Shared Channel
PRACH slot period (parameter)
PUCCH Time
PRACH transmission orthogonal to PUCCH & PUSCH

SIB 2: PRACH location in Time & Frequency Domain TS 36.211; Tab. 5.7.1-2:
PRACH Bandwidth = 6 RB = 1.08 MHz PRACH Configuration
PRACH transmission window: 1, 2 or 3 Subframes for Format 0 - 3
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PRACH allocation in Time & Frequency
Domain
TS 36.213, Section 6 describes the of the
Random Access Procedure.
Prior to initiation of the non-synchronized physical
random access procedure, the UE has to receive
the Random access channel parameters from the
SIB 2. This are the PRACH configuration (Format)
and the frequency position of the PRACH slot.
The Random Access Channel occupies 6
Resource Blocks in a subframe or set of
consecutive subframes (depending on the
PRACH Format 1, 2 or 3 Subframes) reserved for
Random Access preamble transmissions. The
eNodeB is not prohibited from scheduling data in
the resource blocks reserved for random access
channel preamble transmission.
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PRACH structure & Timing Advance TA
PRACH slot duration
CP PRACH Preamble Guard Time
Propagation delay due to distance eNB ↔ UE
CP PRACH Preamble
Guard Time GT & Timing Advance TA

Guard Time required  Propagation delay
Cell Range limited by Guard Time; large Cell  extended GT
eNodeB analyses reception of Preamble  TA (via RAR  UE)
TA = 11-bit command
TA-Range: 0.52 μs .. 0.67 ms  max. cell range 100 km Timing Advance 
Granularity of 0.52μs  78 m TA steps max. cell range 100 km
required UE Tx accuracy:  0.39 μs
TA-Updates vendor-specific
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PRACH structure & Timing Advance TA same subframe.
The physical layer random access preamble The eNodeB analyses the reception of the PRACH
consists of a Cyclic Prefix CP and a Preamble. preamble and calculates a Timing Advance TA value
The exact duration of both depends of the for the UE. The UE is informed via Random Access
PRACH Format. The remaining time until end of Response RAR according to the Timing Advance to
the next subframe is used as Guard Time GT. be used for furthertransmission of data in the UL.
Higher layers control the preamble format. The Timing Advance is an 11-bit command. Its
Guard Time GT granularity is 0.52μs, equivalent to 78 m steps in
The Guard Time is required to compensate the distance to the eNodeB. The TA range covers this
Propagation delay between the eNodeB and the way 0.52 μs to 0.67 ms. The maximum values allow
UE. The Cell Range is limited by the duration of a max. cell range of up to 100 km.
the Guard Time. Large Cells require extended The required UE Tx accuracy for this reason is 0.39
Guard Times. μs.
Timing Advance TA During an ongoing call the TA is analysed using the
The timing control procedure is needed so that UL Reference Signals. TA-Updates are vendor-
the UL transmissions from different users specific.
arrive at the eNodeB within the cyclic prefix. Such
UL synchronization avoids interference between
the users with UL transmissions scheduled on the
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PRACH Formats & Cell Ranges
max.
1 ms R = (c * tGT)/2 Cell Range R
103 μs 800 μs 97 μs
C Preamble G  14 Km
Format 0 P T
2 ms
684 μs 800 μs 516 μs
Format 1 CP Preamble GT  77 Km
203 μs 800 μs 800 μs 197 μs Format 2 &3:

Compensate for
increasing pathloss!
C G
Format 2 P Preamble Preamble T  29 Km
3 ms
684 μs 800 μs 800 μs 716 μs
Format 3 CP Preamble Preamble GT  100 Km
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PRACH Formats & Cell Ranges TS 36.211; 5.7.1:
The physical layer random access preamble Format 0:
consists of a Cyclic Prefix and a Preamble. 4 CP = 3168 x Ts = 103 μs;
different formats, with different duration of the Preamble = 24576 x Ts = 800 μs
Cyclic Prefix, Guard Time and 1 or 2 PRACH Format 1:
preambles are given for the FDD transmission of CP = 21024 x Ts = 684 μs;
the PRACH. The parameter values of the different Preamble = 24576 x Ts = 800 μs
Formats are listed in TS 36.211, Section 5.7 and Format 2:
depend on the frame structure and the random CP = 6240 x Ts = 203 μs;
access configuration. Higher layers control the Preamble = 2 x 24576 x Ts = 1600 μs
preamble format. Format 3:
CP = 21024 x Ts = 684 μs;
Preamble = 2 x 24576 x Ts = 1600 μs
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UL Transmission: UL Reference Signals RS (1/3)
(UL Scheduling Request) 2 types of
UL Reference Signals
(not associated with PUSCH or PUCCH transmission;
used by eNB for UL channel quality estimate 
frequency-selective scheduling decisions; MCS, TA,… )
UL Demodulation Reference Signal DRS
RS:
(associated with PUSCH or PUCCH transmission;
time-multiplexed
for channel estimate in eNB receiver
with data symbols
 demodulate control & data channels)
SRS:
transmitted on last SC-FDMA
(ACK/NACK) symbol of a subframe
Physical Downlink Control Channel PDCCH can occupy full BW or fraction
BW: System Bandwidth DRS:
MCS: Modulation & Coding Physical Uplink Shared Channel PUSCH occupy same BW as
Scheme
TA: Timing Advance (User Data / L3 Signalling / eventually re-transmission) its PUSCH/PUCCH
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UL TECHCOM Consulting
Reference Signals The UL Reference Signals are time-multiplexed with
TS 36.211; 5.5 describes the physical properties the data symbols. The DMS of a given UE occupies
of the LTE UL Reference Signals: the same bandwidth as it‘s PUSCH/PUCCH data
2 types of UL reference signals are supported: respectively signal transmission.
- Demodulation reference signal DRS, associated The SRS (if configured by higher layer) are
with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH transmitted on the last SC-FDMA symbol of a
- Sounding reference signal SRS, not associated subframe. They can occupy the total system
with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH bandwidth BW or a fraction of BW.
The same set of base sequences is used for
demodulation and sounding reference signals.
The DRS are primarily used for channel

estimation for coherent demodulation.
The SRS are primarily used for channel quality
determination to enable frequency-selective
scheduling on the UL. Furthermore, initial
Modulation & Coding Scheme MCS, initial power
control for data transmission, Timing Advance TA
are decided upon SRS evaluation by the eNB.
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Reference Signals: SRS & DRS (2/3)
Subframe = 1 ms
Slot SC-FDMA Symbol
PUSCH data
DRS every 4th SC-FDMA symbol/slot*

(PUSCH associated)
48 subcarriers
SRS UE 1
SRS UE 2
SRS:
on last SC-FDMA symbol
of a subframe
UE in same subframe
separated via FDM or CDM
transmission options:
 individual on eNB request
 periodically (2, 2, 5, 10, 20,
40, 80, 160 & 320 ms
PUCCH associated DRS

FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
 PUCCH * for normal CP; extended CP: every 3rd symbol/slot CDM: Code Division Multiplexing (8 cyclic shifts)
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Reference Signals: SRS & DRS indicated by cell-specific broadcast signalling. TS
The UL Demodulation Reference Signal DRS is 36.211; 5.5 describes 15 different sets of subframes
either associated with PUSCH or PUCCH in which the SRS may be transmitted within each
transmission. radio frame. A further configuration is offered in
DRS associated with PUSCH is transmitted every which the SRS is switched off completely in acell
slot once; in case of the normal CP is uses the (e.g. for cells serving high-speed UE).
fourth SC-FDMA symbol in a slot; in case of the SRS is using Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM
extended CP the third symbol is used. or Code Division Multiplexing CDM to separated UE
DRS associated with PUCCH is shown along with in the same subframe.
the PUCCH later-on. For FDM, Interleaved FDMA (IFDMA) is used with a
The DMS of a given UE occupies the same Repetition Factor of 2, i.e. the UE’s s signal occupies
bandwidth as it’s PUSCH/PUCCH data every 2nd subcarrier within the allocated sounding
respectively signal transmission. bandwidth with a comb-like spectrum.
For CDM, the UEs code are generated via cyclic
The UL Sounding Reference Signal SRS can be shifts with 8 options (TS 36.211; 5.5.3.1).
transmitted either periodically (periodicity of 2, 5,
10, 20, 40, 80, 160 & 320 ms) or individually on
eNodeB request. The subframes in which SRS
are transmitted by any UE within the cell are
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Reference Signals: SRS bandwidth (3/3)
Slot = 0.5 ms
SRS bandwidth 
frequency dependent UL scheduling SC-FDMA Symbol
UE Tx power & eNB distance
# simultaneous SRS / subframe
PUSCH data
SRS BW [RBs] configuration for DRS

(PUSCH associated)
40 – 60 RBs system bandwidth*
48 subcarriers
SRS SRS SRS SRS SRS
BW BW 0 BW 1 BW 2 BW 3 SRS UE 1
config.
0 48 24 12 4 SRS UE 2
1 48 16 8 4
SRS UE 3
2 40 20 4 4
3 36 12 4 4 SRS UE 4
4 32 16 8 4
5 24 4 4 4 SRS bandwidth:
6 20 4 4 4 configuration set per cell
allocation per UE
7 16 4 4 4 (min. 4 RBs)
* TS 36.211; Tab. 5.5.3.2-2
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Reference Signals: SRS bandwidth parameters which of the 8 sets can be applied in the
The SRS bandwidth is correlated to the UE cell and the specific SRS bandwidth to be used by
transmission power, number of UEs transmitting the UE.
simultaneous SRS in a subframe and the The smallest supported SRS bandwidth in general is
frequency dependent UL scheduling. 4 RBs, providing higher-quality channel information
Full bandwidth SRS provides best channel from power-limited UE. Frequency hopping can be
information for UL scheduling decision. enabled or disabled for individual UEs.
On the other hand transmission over the full
system bandwidth requires to high transmission
power if the UE is further away from the eNodeB.
Full bandwidth transmission also limits the
number of UEs transmitting simultaneously on a
subframe.
For these reasons, TS 36.211 gives flexibility in
the values for the SRS bandwidth; 8 sets of fours
SRS bandwidth (6-40 / 40-60 / 60-80; 80-110
RBs); are defined in Tab. 5.5.3.2-1 to 4.
L3 RRC signaling indicates via specific
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UL Transmission: PUCCH

(w/o UL data tx; used by eNB for UL channel PUCCH carries:
quality estimate  scheduling decisions) L1/L2 control information:
UL Demodulation Reference Signal DRS Scheduling Request SR
ACK/NACK for HARQ
(for channel estimate in eNB receiver
 demodulate control & data channels) CQI/PMI or RI



(ACK/NACK)
PUCCH Modulation:
Physical Uplink Shared Channel PUSCH Fixed (BPSK/QPSK)
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Physical UL Control Channel PUCCH (1/7)
PUCCH: carries UL L1/2 Control Data: User Data (L3) to be transmitted 

CQI/PMI/RI reports, L1 Control Data on PDSCH
ACK/NAKs, No User Data 
Scheduling Requests SR L1 Control Data on PUCCH
PUCCH & PUSCH

never simultaneously transmitted*
PUCCH: Physical UL Control Channel

UL L1 Control Data
PUSCH: Physical UL Shared Channel

UL L3 Control & User Data
+ L1 Control Data
UE Channel Feedback to eNB:

• CQI = Channel Quality Indication: values 0 (bad) – 15 (good)
• PMI = Precoding Matrix Indicator: indicates phase & power
recommendation for different antenna ports
• RI = Rank Indicator; # of parallel data streams
* due to SC-FDMA single carrier transmission
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Physical UL Control Channel PUCCH PMI = Precoding Matrix Indicator: indicates phase &
TS 36.211: The Physical Uplink Control Channel, power recommendation for different antenna ports
PUCCH, carries Uplink control information (in the RI = Rank Indicator: recommends a number of
absence of UL data). The PUCCH is never parallel data streams
transmitted simultaneously with the PUSCH from
the same UE. For frame structure type 2 (TDD),
the PUCCH is not transmitted in the UpPTS field.
UL Control Information (UCI), which can be

transmitted via PUCCH are:
- CQI/PMI/RI reports,
- ACK/NAKs,
- Scheduling Requests SR
CQI/PMI & RI are UE Channel Feedback

information to the eNodeB:
CQI = Channel Quality Indication: CQI values are
ranging from 0 (bad) to 15 (good)
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PUCCH (2/7): PUCCH & PUSCH Multiplexing
Subframe = 1 ms 1 Resource Block RB
frequency
PUCCH
PUCCH:
total UL bandwidth
TS 36.211; 5.4

 Frequency hopping  PUSCH
 frequency diversity gain
(≈ 2 dB)
PUCCH
PUCCH properties:
Slot N Resource Blocks RBs
Time (config. by higher layer;  PBCH)
at both edges of the UL bandwidth
Single UE perspective: PUCCH transmission = Inter-Slot frequency hopping
1 Resource Block & 1 Subframe (PUCCH region) symmetrically over centre frequency
UEs separated via FDM & CDM*
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PUCCH & PUSCH 2 ways to realize CDM inside the PUCCH resource
From a single UE perspective, the PUCCH block are:
consists of a frequency resource of 1 resource • CDM by means of cyclic shifts of a Constant
block and a time resource of 1 subframe. To Amplitude Zero Autocorrelation Codes (CAZAC)1
handle coverage-limited situations, transmission sequence; as the PUCCH RB spans 12 subcarriers,
of ACK/NACK spans the full 1 ms subframe. To the LTE PUCCH supports up to 12 cyclic shifts per
support situations where coverage is extremely RB.
limited it has been agreed that ACK/NACK • CDM by means of block-wise spreading with the
repetition is supported in the LTE UL. Slot-based orthogonal cover sequences.
frequency hopping on the band edges
symmetrically over the centre frequency is always
used on PUCCH. Frequency hopping provides the The number of resource blocks that can be used for
necessary frequency diversity needed for delay PUCCH transmission depends on the number of
critical control signaling. Different UEs are Typical numbers of PUCCH regions (RB pairs per
separated on PUCCH via Frequency Division subframe)
Multiplexing FDM and Code Division Multiplexing
CDM. FDM is used only between the resource
blocks whereas CDM is used inside the PUCCH
resource block.
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PUCCH (3/7): PUCCH Formats
Subframe PUCCH Type of
1 RB
format Information
Format 2/2a/2b Format 2/2a/2b
frequency
PUCCH 1 SR
ACK/NACK
1a (1 bit)
total UL bandwidth
ACK/NACK
1b (2 bit)

 2 CQI*

CQI* + 1 bit
2a
ACK/NACK
CQI* + 2 bits
2b
Format 1/1a/1b Format 1/1a/1b ACK/NACK
PUCCH
Slot PUCCH formats:

ACK/NACK in reply to PDSCH;
SR: Scheduling Request Time PUCCH resource  PDCCH#
CQI: Channel Quality Indication PUCCH SR or CQI*  PUCCH resource
PMI: Precoding Matrix Indicator N RB # RBs used for PUCCH
configured by higher layer
RI: Rank Indicator Format2
* CQI/PMI/RI N RB # PUCCH RBs for Format 2/2a/2b # Number of 1st CCE of PDCCH
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PUCCH Formats PUCCH formats 1, 1a & 1b carry 3 Reference
According to the different types of PUCCH Symbols per slot in case of normal CP (located on
information, different PUCCH Formats are SC-FDMA symbol numbers 2, 3, 4).
specified (TS 36.211; Tab. 5.4-1). For PUCCH formats 1a & 1b, when both ACK/NACK
When a UE has ACK/NACK to send in response & SR are transmitted in the same subframe, the UE
to DL PDSCH transmission Tx, it derives the shall transmit ACK/NACK on its assigned ACK/NACK
exact PUCCH resource to use from the PDCCH resource for negative SR transmission and transmit
Tx (i.e. the number of the first CCE used for the ACK/NACK on its assigned SR resource for positive
Tx of the corresponding DL resource assignment). SR transmission.
When a UE has a Scheduling Request SR or CQI In PUCCH formats 2, 2a & 2b, the bits for
to send, higher layers will configure the exact transmission are first scrambled & QPSK modulated.
PUCCH resource. The resulting symbols are then multiplied with a
PUCCH formats 1, 1a & 1b are based on cyclic shifts from cyclically shifted Zadoff-Chu type of sequence where
a Zadoff-Chu type of sequence, i.e. the modulated data again the cyclic shift varies between symbols & slots.
symbol is multiplied with the cyclically shifted sequence.
PUCCH formats 2, 2a & 2b carry 2 Reference
The cyclic shift varies between symbols & slots. Higher
layers may configure a limitation that not all cyclic shifts Symbols per slot in case of normal CP (located on
are available in a cell. Additionally, a spreading with an SC-FDMA symbol numbers 1, 5).
orthogonal sequence is applied. The UE is informed via PBCH according to the
number of RBs for PUCCH and number of PUCCH
RBs for CQI Format 2/2a/2b. There might be a mixed
PUCCH RB with Format 2/2a/2b & Format 1/1a/1b
between Format 1/1a/1b and Format 2/2a/2b RBs.
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PUCCH (4/7): Fast UL Scheduling Request SR
UL Control Data transmission on PUCCH:

SR: on demand
CQI: periodic reporting (config. by higher layer)
ACK/NACK: related to DL PDSCH transmission
Problem: eNB doesn’t know when

UE requires to sent Scheduling Request
 Resource allocation could not be foreseen
Solution: use a contention based mechanism
PUCCH: Scheduling Request Indicator SRI
PDCCH: UL Scheduling Grant

(min. assignment, e.g. 1 RB)
PUSCH: “actual” Scheduling Request

(+ eventually some data)
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PUCCH: Fast Scheduling Request One problem of the Fast Scheduling Request is, that
LTE supports a fast UL scheduling request the eNodeB doesn’t when the UE needs to sent a
mechanism for the active mode UE in Scheduling Request. The resource allocation cannot
RRC_CONNECTED state, being synchronized by be foreseen. The solution is a contention based
the eNodeB but having no valid UL grant on mechanism, where
PUSCH available. 1) the UE transmits a SRI (Scheduling Request
The UE indicates the need for an UL resource by Indicator)
a Scheduling Request Indicator SRI. The SRI is 2) The eNodeB answers with an UL Scheduling
transmitted using PUCCH Format 1. On-off keying Grant for a minimum assignment (e.g. 1 RB)
based signaling is applied with SRI, i.e. only the 3) The UE sends the actual Scheduling Request &
positive SRI is transmitted. The positive SRI is possibly some data.
transmitted using the ACK/NACK structure, the
only difference between the SRI and the
ACK/NACK formats is that with SRI the data part
is not modulated. The benefit of this arrangement
is that SRI and ACK/NACK can share the same
physical resources.
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PUCCH (5/7): CQI & ACK/NACK
Channel Feedback: CQI/PMI or RI

• 1 CQI  10 bits/subframe
• QPSK used  20 bits total
• Format 2: Standalone
Format 2a/2b: together with ACK/NACK
ACK/ NACK:
• sent for L1 H-ARQ acknowledgement of DL Transport Blocks on PDSCH
PUCCH resource  correlated with number of 1st CCE of PDCCH granting PDSCH
requires only 1 bit / subframe (BPSK or QPSK modulated)
Format 1a/1b – standalone (offers better PUCCH coverage)
Format 2a/ 2b – together with CQI
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PUCCH: CQI & ACK/NACK LTE allows Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling to
The Channel Feedback information CQI (Channel compensate frequency selective fading effects and
Quality Indicator), PMI (Precoding Matrix optimise this way spectrum efficiency.
Indicator) & RI (Rank Indicator) are transmitted For this reason, CQI & RI can be either delivered not
periodic or aperiodic by the UE via PUCCH or only an average over the whole wideband (Wideband
PUSCH to the eNodeB to provide information for CQI/PMI or RI) but also for specific subbands
the packet scheduling mechanism. The channel (Subband CQI or RI). Depending on the bandwidth
state is estimated by the UE on basis of the DL (number of subcarriers), up to 4 subbands can be
Reference Symbols. reported (TS 36.213; Tab. 7.2.2-2).
On basis of CQI, PMI & RI information the
eNodeB decides upon the Modulation & Coding
schemes, Transport Block Size TBS, parallel data
streams in MIMO transmission, etc.
Details on the periodic respectively aperiodic
CQI/PMI or RI transmission can be found in TS
36.213; 7.2 “UE procedure for reporting channel
quality indication (CQI), precoding matrix indicator
(PMI) and rank indication (RI)”.
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PUCCH (6/7): CQI & ACK/NACK
CQI Code Efficiency

Modulation
Index Rate R [bps/Hz]
0 Out of Range
1 QPSK 0.076 0.1523
Rank Indicator RI:
2 QPSK 0.117 0.2344
• only reported in MIMO Transmission Modes 3 & 4
• RI = 1, 2 or 4 (spatial distributed data streams) 3 QPSK 0.188 0.3770
4 QPSK 0.301 0.6016
Precoding Matrix Indicator PMI: 5 QPSK 0.438 0.8770

• only for Transmission Modes 4, 5 & 6 6 QPSK 0.588 1.1758
• depending on antenna ports (2 or 4) & RI (1 or 2) 7 16QAM 0.369 1.4766
PMI-value = {0;1}, {0-3}, {0-15}
8 16QAM 0.479 1.9141
9 16QAM 0.602 2.4063
Channel Quality Indicator CQI:
• for all Transmission Modes 10 64QAM 0.455 2.7305
• used by eNB to decide MCS & TBS 11 64QAM 0.554 3.3223
• 15 values 12 64QAM 0.650 3.9023
• Wideband CQI or up to 4 Sub-band CQI
13 64QAM 0.754 4.5234
for Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling
Transmission Mode 3: Open-Loop MIMO
Transmission Mode 4: Closed-Loop MIMO 14 64QAM 0.853 5.1152
Transmission Mode 5: Multi-User MIMO 15 64QAM 0.926 5.5547
Transmission Mode 6: Closed-loop Rank 1 Precoding (Beamforming)
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Channel Feedback: CQI/PMI & RI associated with 1 or more CQI reports, meaning that
The 4-bit Channel Quality Indicator CQI is defined the reported CQI is calculated assuming that
as a table containing 16 entries (TS 36.213; Tab. particular RI value. Since the rank varies typically
7.2.3-1) with Modulation and Coding Schemes more slowly than the CQI it is normally reported less
(MCSs). The UE reports to the eNB the highest The Precoding Matrix Indicator PMI provides
CQI index corresponding to the MCS & TBS for information about the preferred pre-coding matrix in
which the estimated received DL transport block codebook based pre-coding. It is used in
BLER shall not exceed 10%. The CQI operation is Transmission modes 4, 5 & 6 (Mode 4: Closed-loop
very similar to those in HSDPA. Nevertheless, spatial multiplexing MIMO; Mode 5: Multi-User
there are many more possibilities for MCS & TBS MIMO; Mode 6: Closed-loop Rank = 1 pre-coding
size values than the 15 indicated by the CQI. (Beamforming). The number of pre-coding matrices
Via Rank Indicator RI the UE’s recommends the in the codebook depends on the number of eNodeB
number of layers, i.e. streams to be used in antenna ports: in the case of 2 antenna ports there
spatial multiplexing. RI is only reported in MIMO are altogether 6 matrices to choose from, while with 4
Transmission Modes 3 & 4. In single antenna antenna ports the total number is up to 64.
operation or TX diversity it is not reported. RI can Details CQI/PMI or RI transmission and PUCCH
have values 1 or 2 with 2x2 MIMO and from 1 - 4 Format can be found in TS 36.213; 7.2 & 10.1.
with 4x4 MIMO configuration. RI is always
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PUCCH (7/7): DRS on PUCCH
Subframe
Slot 1 RB

frequency
PUCCH
DRS on PUCCH
total UL bandwidth
Format 1
Normal CP: Symbol # 2, 3 & 4
 Extended CP: # 2, 3
 PUSCH
 Format 2
Normal CP: Symbol # 1 & 5
Extended CP: # 3

PUCCH
Time
ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK
CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI
#0 1 2 3 4 5 6 #0 1 2 3 4 5 6
SC-FDMA Symbol #
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DRS on PUCCH
The Demodulation Reference Signals on the
PUCCH are transmitted over the same bandwidth
as the PUCCH itself.
Some of the SC-FDMA symbols of a slot are used
for DRS, depending on the CP length and the
PUCCH Format.
The detailed number and position of the DRS on
PUCCH can be found in TS 36.211; Tab.
5.5.2.2.2-1
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Physical UL Shared Channel PUSCH (1/2)

(w/o UL data tx; used by eNB for UL channel PUSCH carries:
quality estimate  scheduling decisions) User data & L3 Signalling
UL Demodulation Reference Signal DRS from UL-SCH
(for channel estimate in eNB receiver L1/L2 control information:
 demodulate control & data channels) ACK/NACK for HARQ
CQI/PMI or RI


(ACK/NACK)
PUSCH:
Physical Uplink Shared Channel PUSCH Adaptive Modulation & Coding
(QPSK, 16QAM & 64QAM)
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Physical UL Shared Channel PUSCH the PUSCH in terms of resource blocks = 2a x 3b x
The PUSCH is used for transmission of UL user 5c; a, b, c = non-negative integers)
data and layer 3 signalling. Furthermore, L1/2 For PUSCH as well as for the PDSCH Adaptive
control data such as ACK/NACK messages, CQI, Modulation & Coding. Used modulation schemes are
PMI or RI can be delivered via PUSCH to the QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM (optional).
eNode B. The scheduling of PUSCH resources is
done by eNodeB via PDCCH (DCI Format 0)
4 subframes before PUSCH start. The eNodeB
assigns certain time/frequency resources to the
UEs & informs UEs about transmission formats to
use. The scheduling decisions may be based on
QoS parameters, UE buffer status, uplink channel
quality measurements (on UL DRS or SRS), UE
capabilities, UE measurement gaps, etc.
The PUSCH resources are allocated in multiples
of 1 resource block (12 subcarriers). Not all
integer multiples are allowed to simplify the DFT
design in UL signal processing. Only factors 2,3 &
5are allowed (TS 36.211; 5.3.3: bandwidth of
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Physical UL Shared Channel PUSCH (2/2)
Subframe = 1 ms
Slot
PUSCH:
Allocation
of Data &
Different UCI
Control fields
(Example)
36 subcarriers
UL Data
CQI/PMI
ACK/NACK
RI
DRS
(PUSCH associated)
PUSCH RBs = 2a x 3b x 5c;
SC-FDMA Symbol a, b, c = non-negative integers
UCI: Uplink Control Information
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PUSCH: Allocation of Data & different Control Every fourth SC-FDMA symbol of a slot during
fields PUSCH transmission is reserved for the PUSCH
In case of UL data transmission, the L1/L2 control associated DRS and the DRS sequence length
data CQI/PMI, RI and ACK/NACK are transmitted equals the number of allocated sub-carriers.
along with the PUSCH as well as the PUSCH There is a maximum of 2 SC-FDMA symbols per slot
associated UL Demodulation Reference Signals allocated to ACK/NACK signaling. The same applies
DRS. to RI, which is placed on the SC-FDMA symbols next
Our diagram shows the principle of how UL data to ACK/NACK. CQI/PMI symbols are placed at the
and control fields are multiplexed on the PUSCH. beginning of the SC-FDMA symbols and they are
The actual mix of different L1/L2 control signals spread over all the available SC-FDMA symbols.
and their size vary from subframe to subframe.
The data part of the PUSCH is punctured by the Due to the properties of SC-FDMA, the number of
number of control symbols allocated in each PUSCH Resource Blocks which could be allocated
subframe. for transmission should be multiple of 2,3 and/or 5.
Control and data multiplexing is performed so that According to TS 36.211; 5.3.3, their number PUSCH
control is present at both slots of the subframe. RBs = 2a x 3b x 5c; a, b, c = non-negative integers
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LTE - Physical Channels PDF

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LTE Fundamentals + PHY

Cyclic Prefix Length

7 OFDM Symbols/Slot* Duration Duration OFDM

* 6 OFDM Symbols/Slot with Extended CP

available RBs 6 12 25 50 75 100

DL BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH

BCH PCH DL-SCH MCH Transport

PBCH PDSCH PDCCH PMCH Physical

RACH UL-SCH Transport

PCFICH: Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

- # of OFDM symbols for CCH information/subframe

PDCCH: Physical DL Control Channel Control Signalling:

PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel

UL SRS: Sounding Reference Signal

PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel

- Random Access burst: Cyclic Prefix, Preamble &

1. Cell Search Procedure

2. Random Access Procedure

3. Transmit & Receive

Secondary Synchronisation Signal SSS

Physical Broadcast Channel PBCH

MIB: Master Information Block SIBs on PDSCH resources

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel PCFICH

Physical Downlink Control Channel PDCCH

Physical Downlink Shared Channel PDSCH

Random Access procedure

64 Random Access Physical Random Access Channel PRACH

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel PCFICH

Physical DL Shared Channel PDSCH

Physical Uplink Control Channel PUCCH (or PUSCH)

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel PCFICH

Physical Downlink Control Channel PDCCH

Physical Downlink Shared Channel PDSCH

Physical Uplink Control Channel PUCCH (or PUSCH)

Physical Downlink Shared Channel PDSCH

UL Sounding Reference Signal SRS

Physical Uplink Shared Channel PUSCH

Physical H-ARQ Indication Channel PHICH

Synchronisation Signals TS 36.211: E-UTRA

PCFICH: Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

- # of OFDM symbols for CCH information/subframe

PDCCH: Physical DL Control Channel

PHICH: Physical H-ARQ Indicator Channel

PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel

PDSCH: Physical DL Shared Channel

PMCH: Physical Multicast Channel

1. Cell Search Procedure

Primary Synchronisation Signal PSS

Secondary Synchronisation Signal SSS

2 different SSS per cell:

Reference Signals RS:

3 types of Reference Signals in LTE DL:

Normal Cyclic Prefix

not used for transmission

R1 R1 Not used for transmission on this antenna port

RSRQ = RSRP / E-UTRA RSSI

(minimum LTE Bandwidth = 1.4 MHz)

P-SS unused RE OFDM symbol 0 - 3

* Resource Elements reserved for DL Reference Signals

PCFICH REs reserved for PCFICH 

PDCCH over total bandwidth

DCI Format 2: same as for DCI Format 1 +