THE CONCEPTS OF ISLAMIC PRODUCTION

Efrita Norman, Samsul Basri

Teachers of Institute of Sahid Islamic Religion
Jl. Kapten Dasuki Bakri, Cibening, Pamijahan, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16810
ritaefrita@ymail.com

Abstract 1. Introduction
Production is the key of economic
Production was thought to play
important role in economic activities. It activities. There will never be a
was impossible to do other economic
distribution, consumption activity or any
activities such as consumption, distribution
or trading without the production itself. goods and service trades without being
This study explained the concept of
preceded by a production activity.
production in Islamic perspective. This
study was purposed to give the explanation Production is a process for generating
about the Islamic principles of production.
goods and services or a process of
The approach used in this study is a
qualitative approach in the form of improving the utility (value) of an object.
descriptive analysis. The use of qualitative
In economic terms, production is a cycling
approaches is deemed appropriate in
reviewing this research because it aims to process of economic activities to produce
understand the concept of production in
certain goods or service by using some
Islam. This type of data consists of general
words and cases, written data sources, and production factors (charities/works, capital,
analysis is qualitative research. The
estate) in a certain time.
Qur'an and the hadith and some concepts
regarding production in Islam are the main
data sources. As the results in this study,
However nowadays, often the main
described how the production concept is in
accordance with Islamic teachings. In items, right in times of major holidays,
conventional term, production was limited
make the producers or traders intentionally
as a process to make or create something,
such as product, etc. It had placed profit hoard goods so they can rise at that time.
over everything. On the other hand, in
Or can the producers abolish their
Islamic perspective, the production had
been placed on the spirit of Islam itself. It production such as events in Jakarta that
contained fairness, benefit for either the
were once crowded in the media, whether
producer or consumer.
printed or electronic regarding the sale of
pork meatballs, then the price of beef in the
Key words: Islamic production, concept,
Islamic economy, equity priciple, economic market is expensive, meatball producers
system.
choose cheaper pork. Related to Tempo
Online, it means that the meat traders are
proven to sell boar meat disguised as beef
to be used as raw material for meatballs.
After agreeing to the sample received in the
laboratory, the head of the supervision and
supervision section of the West Jakarta
livestock and fisheries department,
Manurung firmly stated that this was a
positive result of raw material for meatballs
produced from pork.
Another case, it was indicated that
"Kickers" shoes made from pig skin. Then
finally the shoe manufacturer Kickers
acknowledged that one of his products was
made of pig skin, so the next manufacturer
included a sticker that read pig lining,
which means the skin layer in shoes made
of pig skin.
This condition is a cause of concern;
people's needs are increasingly
consumptive, because they are used by
irresponsible producers to reap profits from
businesses that violate Allah's provisions,
without considering halal and haram. In
addition to the problems that are troubling
the community, production activities also
often do not heed environmental issues,
resulting in the emergence of floods and
landslides, the extinction of flora and fauna
that have high ecological values, and
pollution that disrupts air circulation.
In fact, all humans crave prosperous
life. Prosperous phisically and mentally.
But in its journey, because of greed,
injustice, injustice, fraud, crime, crisis,
poverty, underdevelopment, business
competition, and inequality forced people
to live in poverty. This situation can
actually happen anytime, anywhere and to
anyone, especially to disadvantaged groups
of people. This group is considered very
vulnerable to direct impact, because it does
not have access to economic resources,
especially capital, natural resources (SDA),
technology, health and education, besides
being unable to participate in development
and productive economic activities.
For example, in Indonesia, the lower
class does not have access to real
development results and economic growth.
According to Kuncoro, 40% of the poorest
groups of society only enjoyed an
economic share of 20.92% and decreased
by 19.2% in 2006. While 20% of the richest
group enjoyed a share of economic growth
of 42.19% in 2000 and up 45.72% in 2006.
According to Syahatah, one of the
things that caused this problem was the
influence of materialistic concepts that
were greater than spiritual concepts in
business and economics. These concepts
affect more people, especially business
people. This is what inspires Muslim
scholars and economists to fight for and
apply Islamic concepts and values / ethics
in business as a solution to the welfare of
the people. By doing business and
producing in an Islamic manner, mutual
benefit will be achieved, justice will be
evenly distributed, the development process
and economic growth will occur, so as to
create prosperity.
Islam encourages its followers to seek
halal sustenance and blessings in the
framework of worshiping Allah SWT, both
in the real and monetary sectors. As Yusuf
Al-Qaradawy said, which was quoted by
Jusmaliani that every effort made by a
Muslim for his world life on the other hand
is final. Islam encourages every deed to
produce certain products or services that
benefit humanity, or that bring prosperity
and shared prosperity.
If this phenomenon is related to
conventional economic theory, it is
assumed that the fundamental problem in
the economy is due to unlimited human
needs, while the tools to satisfy needs are
very limited or termed, "Fundamental
economic problems", namely the
occurrence of scarcity. However, this
assumption does not fully apply in Islam.
Islam views, not a means of satisfying
limited needs, but greedy and greedy
humans. That is why Hendri Tanjung in his
presentation explained that economic
problems arise not because of limited
resources, but because of human greed.
Then he strengthened his opinion by
quoting the word of God as a truth in surah
al-Qamar verse 49,
‫إِ َّنا ُك َّل َشيْ ٍء َخلَ ْق َناهُ ِب َق َد ٍر‬
Verily all things have We
created in proportion and
measure. (QS. Al-Qamar (54) :
49)
The point is that Islam regulates the
problem of production by stating that the
earth and all its contents are created for the
benefit of humans. That is, humans are
required to manage all the resources that
have been created by God. However, there
is one condition, which is not to cause
damage on the face of the earth. That is
why many verses have been found stating
the prohibition on actions which can cause
damage to the earth. This shows how
important production behavior does not
cause damage to the earth. In other words it
is important to know, study and understand
the concept of production in Islam.
Based on the problem of scarcity,
greed, and destruction of nature, then Islam
is present as a solution, so this paper will
explain the concept of production and its
purpose in Islam.
2. Literature Review
The word “production” has become
Indonesian after being absorbed into
economic thought in conjunction with the
word “distribution” and “consumption”.
According to Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia (The Dictionary of Standard
Language of Indonesia), production is
defined as the process to produce results or
earnings. In “English – Indonesia
Dictionary” arranged by Echols and Sadily,
the word “production” is linguistically
stated as manufacture. Then Lipsey defined
it as an action in making commodities,
goods or services.
In conventional theory, Karim
mentions production theory aimed at
providing an understanding of the behavior
of companies in buying and using inputs
for production and selling outputs or
products. Further mentioned the production
theory also provides an explanation of the
behavior of producers in maximizing their
profits and optimizing their production
efficiency.
Pracoyo (2006) define production as
a process of changing the combination of
various inputs into output. The definition of
production is not only limited to the
manufacturing process, but also as storage,
distribution, transportation, packaging back
to marketing. The term production applies
to goods and services. Each producer in
carrying out production activities is
assumed with the aim of maximizing
profits. The main problem faced by
producers in conducting production
activities is what output must be produced
and how to combine various inputs
(production factors) to produce output
efficiently.
From the above definition could be
pointed that production is an activity that is
not only oriented to goods and services, but
a process of changing input combinations
into output. Which focuses on achieving
maximum profits.
Production does not mean physically
creating something that does not exist,
because no one can create things. In the
sense of an economist, what humans can do
is to make things useful called 'produced'.
Economists define production as generating
wealth through human exploitation of
sources of environmental wealth, or
conventionally, production is the process of
generating or adding value to the use of
goods or services by using existing
resources.
In Islam, according to Abidin, the
production terminology was not found in
texts, both the Qur'an and Hadith.
However, there are two terminologies that
can be used to explain the meaning of this
production, namely “al-kasab”or “al-
intaj”. Dr. Muhammad Rawwas Qalahji
gives the equivalent of the word
"production" in Arabic with the word al-
intaj which is interpreted as ijadu sil’atin
(manifesting or doing something). The
same thing was also explained by Dr.
Abdurrahman Yusro Ahmad in his book
Muqaddimah fi‘Ilm al-Iqtishad al-Islamiy.
Abdurrahman further explained that in
carrying out the production process, the
main measure is the utility value taken
from the production. Production in his view
must refer to the utility value and is still in
the frame of halal value and does not
endanger a person or a group of people.
According to Al-Syaibani as quoted
by Arifin that the productive business (al
iktisab) is an effort to produce wealth
through means that are permissible for the
Shari'a (halal). Indirectly this understanding
has provided a boundary between Islamic
production theories and conventional
production theories that are free of values
and norms. Whereas in Islamic economics,
value is a key that cannot be negotiable,
because Islam itself is a source of value in
all aspects of life, including the economy.
So the value of Islamic Shari'a becomes a
spirit in the epistemology of Islamic
economics.
The production of an item or service,
as stated in economics, is done because the
goods or services have a utility (use value).
Islam views that an item or service has use
value if and only if it contains benefits. As
explained by Imam Asy-Syatibi, benefit is
only achieved by maintaining the five basic
elements of life, namely religion, soul,
mind, lineage and wealth. Thus, a Muslim
is motivated to produce every item or
service that has that problem. This means
that the concept of maslahat is an objective
concept of producer behavior, because it is
determined by the goal (maqashid) of
shari'ah, which is to safeguard human
benefit in the world and the hereafter.
Production as defined by Muhammad
Abdul Mun'im 'Afar and Muhammad bin
Sa'id bin Naji Al Ghamidi is any form of
activity carried out by humans to realize
benefits or add it by exploring the
economic resources provided by Allah
Subhanahu wa Ta'ala, so that become a
problem to meet human needs.
Thus it can be concluded that
production in Islamic definition is different
from conventional production. Islamic
production emphasizes efficiency
optimization and profit optimization. It is
clear that Islamic production is not merely
seeking profit (profit eriented), but to
(ibadah oriented) so that whatever goods
are produced then an Islamic producer will
emphasize ethics in production.
The production ethics referred to is
by not using commodities that can only be
used for things that are forbidden, or the
majority of those items are used to sin,
even though a small portion of these
commodities can be used for things that are
permitted. Because, a small part and this
rare thing cannot be used as a basis for a
law. For example cannabis production,
narcotics and other illegal drugs. According
to Qardhawi, if a production can be used to
do good and bad at the same time, such as a
‘you can see’ clothes worn by women at activities are inseparable from this central
home to entertain husbands and not halal theme, which is to refer to God.
worn outside the home, then it is not 2.1. Activities and Principles of
prohibited. Production in Al-Quran
Among the products that are strictly
In Islamic teachings found a number
forbidden from circulation in Islam are
of verses of the Qur'an and hadith, either
products that damage human faith, ethics
implicitly or explicitly explained the
and morals, such as products related to
importance of production activities for the
pornography and sadism, both in opera,
benefit of humans, both felt individually or
film, music, print or electronic media.
in society. Among the verses and hadith
Because the negative effects of products
are:
like this are more dangerous than marijuana
1) Surah Hud (11) verse 37
and narcotics, even though victims who fall
due to narcotics are very visible. Because ‫َو ْاص نَع ِ الْ ُفكْل َ ِبَأ ْع ُي ِننَ ا َو َو ْح ِينَ ا َوال خُت َ ا ِط ْبيِن‬
pornography and sadism damage the soul,
َ ‫يِف اذَّل ِ َين َظلَ ُموا هَّن ُ ْم ُمغ َْر ُق‬
‫ون‬
while marijuana and narcotics only damage ‫ِإ‬
the body. Cannabis and narcotics are
dangers that are always monitored and "But construct an Ark under

monitored, while pornography and sadism Our eyes and Our inspiration

circulate freely. and address Me no (further) on

Such things will make production in behalf of those who are in sin:

line with the goals of Islamic production for they are about to be

itself. Because according to Imam As overwhelmed (in the Flood)."

Syaibani the main goal of productive (QS Hud: 37)

business is not just to gain profits and In the commentary as-Sa'di

market products to consumers. These mentioned “But construct an Ark under

objectives are only short-term, worldly Our eyes and Our inspiration” That is,

goals. There is a long-term goal to be under our supervision, our care, and the

addressed from production activities, pleasure of us.

namely for the purpose of ukhrawi, This verse gives an example of a

recalling the main purpose of creating jinn command from Allah to make a boat which

and humans is to worship Allah and not will later be used by Noah and his faithful

associate with anything. And all our people to sail. God's command to Noah to
make a boat under his supervision. Making
a boat is included in the category of the
production process because it manages
natural resources (SDA) that have been
provided on this earth to become goods that
provide benefits or added value. Initially it
was still in the form of a board or beam, but
when it was processed and combined, it
formed a ship that could sail and save Noah
and his ummah from the adoration of Allah.
Another lesson is the purpose of
making the boat is not just sailing, but to
save Noah and his ummah from disaster. So
not only short-term goals that must be
achieved but also for the long term. In its
economic context,
Syaibani, as quoted by Abidin, the main
purpose of productive business is not just to
gain profits and market products to be
consumed by the public so that there will
be an increase in physical well-being. This
goal is a short-term, worldly goal. But it is
more than just a short goal, which must be
worth the hereafter, worth worship as the
main purpose of the creation of human
beings is to worship Allah Almighty Wa
Jalla solely.
2) Surah Al-Anbiya (21) verse 80
‫بُوس لَمُك ْ ِل ُت ْح ِص نَمُك ْ ِم ْن‬
ٍ َ‫َوعَل َّ ْمنَ ا ُه َص ْن َع َة ل‬
َ ‫بَْأ ِسمُك ْ فَه َْل َأنْمُت ْ َشا ِك ُر‬
‫ون‬
It was We Who taught him the
making of coats of mail for
your benefit to guard you from
each others violence: will ye
then be grateful? (QS. Al-
Anbiya : 80)
Allah Azza Wa Jalla taught the
Prophet David how to make armor. This is
according to surah Saba verse 11,
(Commanding) "Make thou coats of mail
balancing well the rings of chain armor
and work ye righteousness; for be sure I
see (clearly) all that ye do." That is, make a
plate that is not too large so that it does not
scrape the connecting nails, and make
flexible nails to strengthen the plates.
according to Al- Therefore Allah Ta'ala said “benefit to
guard you from each others violence: will
ye then be grateful?” for the various
blessings of Allah bestowed upon you. For
He taught David the making of armor, so
teach that method to others.
From this verse it can be concluded
that the knowledge of making direct armor
was taught by Allah Ta'ala to the Prophet
David. This production process is directly
taught by God as the owner of the
knowledge of the Knower. The purpose of
the production of armor in this verse as a
protector when war occurs (used in the
context of jihad fi sabilillah), then the
Prophet David was instructed to thank God
for teaching the science of making armor
and then teaching to others.
3) Surat Al-Qashshash (28) verse 38
 ‫َوقَا َل ِف ْر َع ْو ُن اَي َأهُّي َ ا الْ َمأل َم ا عَ ِل ْم ُت‬ ‫َوَأ ْن َزلْنَ ا الْ َح ِدي دَ ِفي ِه ب َ ْأ ٌس َش ِدي ٌد‬
‫لَمُك ْ ِم ْن هَل ٍ غَرْي ِ ي فََأ ْوقِدْ يِل اَي هَا َم ُان‬ ‫َو َمنَ ا ِف ُع ِللنَّ ِاس َو ِل َي ْعمَل َ اهَّلل ُ َم ْن ي َ ْنرُص ُ ُه‬
‫ِإ‬
‫الِطنيِ فَ ْاج َع ْل يِل رَص ْ ًحا ل َ َعيِّل‬ Qِّ ‫عَىَل‬ ‫َو ُر ُسهَل ُ اِب لْ َغ ْي ِب َّن اهَّلل َ قَ ِو ٌّي َع ِز ٌيز‬
‫ِإ‬
‫َأ َّطلِ ُع ىَل هَل ِ ُموىَس َو يِّن أل ُظنُّ ُه ِم َن‬ We sent aforetime our apostles
‫ِإ‬ ‫ِإ ِإ‬ with Clear Signs and sent down
‫ْالاَك ِذب َِني‬ with them the Book and the
Balance (of Right and Wrong)
that men may stand forth in
Pharaoh said: "O Chiefs! no
justice; and We sent down Iron
god do I know for you but
in which is (material for)
myself: therefore O Haman!
mighty war as well as many
light me a (kiln to bake bricks)
benefits for mankind that Allah
out of clay and build me a lofty
may test who it is that will help
palace that I may mount up to
unseen Him and His apostles;
the god of Moses: but as far as
for Allah is Full of Strength
I am concerned I think (Moses)
exalted in Might (and able to
is a liar!" (QS Al-Qashas : 38)
enforce His will). (QS Al-Hadid
Pharaoh told his prime minister,
: 25)
Haman, to make him a tall tower. Haman
Allah Azza Wa Jalla has made iron to
built a tower that had never existed like a
frighten people who reject the truth and
building that high. Pharaoh wanted to show
oppose it, after the evidence is presented to
Moses' lies to his people who said there
him. That is why the Prophet sallallaahu
was a God other than himself.
‘alaihi wasallam settled in the city of
From this verse it can be concluded
Mecca after 13 years of prophethood,
that the way to make bricks has been
which had been revealed to him Makkiyah
around since the time of Prophet Moses a.
suras, all of which were arguments against
Then the first tall tower built was a tower
idolaters, enlightenment and explanation of
made by Haman for Pharaoh which was
tawhid. After the jury is upright in front of
used to see the Lord Moses in the sky. This
the opposing people, Allah commands the
is a motive for production which is contrary
hijrah and instructs him to fight with the
to God's law.
sword, decapitate the neck and head of
4) Surah Al-Hadid (57) verse 25
anyone who opposes, denies and defies the
Qur'an. That is why Allah says, "The one
with great strength", what is meant is
weaponry, such as swords, spears, javelins,
armor and so on. "And various benefits for
humans" that are useful for their lives, such
as plows, axes, pickaxes, saws and tools for
weaving, farming, cooking, making bread,
and all human life will not be directed
except by using the tool.
From this verse it is discussed about
God creating iron which is very useful for
humans, which from iron can be used to
make war equipment such as swords,
spears, javelins and so on. In this case, iron
can be used to make production equipment
such as agricultural equipment and
household furniture, all of which are very
helpful in the process of processing raw
materials into finished materials
(production processes). And this iron
material is also used to fight for the religion
of God.
2.2. Principles of Production Activities
1) Tauhid Principle (at-Tawhid)
Islamic economics is an economy
based on divinity. It has a starting point
from God and has a final goal in God. This
economic goal helps humans worship their
God. The Godhead principle makes a
Muslim not take things that are not his
property and will not eat property that is
not his right. This is because there is
always a feeling of being watched
(dhamir).
The principle of tauhid is the
fundamental principle of Islam. This
principle says that producers carry out their
activities because of their submission to
Allah SWT and are motivated to worship
Him. Based on this principle, Allah SWT
has set limits, rules, and laws for
production activities carried out by humans,
affirming their obligations to Allah SWT,
to fellow humans, and the universe. Based
on this principle, humans are freed from
materialistic fetters even though they are
absolutely not rejected.
The principle of tauhid places the
highest position in the manifestation of
submission to the khalik, so that production
activities are a manifestation of human
submission to its creator. Every economic
actor wants to carry out production
activities so it is appropriate that he refers
to the principle of tauhid, so that his actions
do not bring harm.
Production activities are
manifestations of submission to Allah as
The Creator. The implementation of the
principle of monotheism in production
activities is realized from the production of
halal and good products. By paying
attention to ethics in production, discussed
sources of capital obtained from halal, not
sourced from illegitimate ones such as
ribawi processes, gharar, maisir, or riswah.
Not only in terms of input, production
activities are carried out in a way that
symbolizes submission to the khalik as is repentance): for my Lord in
done by employees in payment of wages (always) near ready to
and intensive, giving the company rights answer." (QS. Hud : 61)
fairly and proportionally. In terms of Secondly, there are differences
output, besides providing benefits between humans abilities, where
(benefits) for users of goods and services, differences become a test of increasing
they can also support the nobility of human community capacity. Based on this
existence and build human civilization. As principle, production activities are not
a result of motivation to worship, profit solely economic activities but also a form
maximization is only the sole purpose of of human service to the Creator and the
production activities. relationship between humans and nature.
2) Humanity Principle (al-Insaniyyah) Humans also have an obligation to help
The principle of humanity, first is the each other. In addition, Islam is a universal
obligation of humans to worship Allah religion that is revealed to enhance human
SWT and prosper the earth (Q.S. Hud (11) : welfare and save his life in the world and in
61) the hereafter.
‫َو ىَل ثَ ُمو َد َأ َخ امُه ْ َص ا ِل ًحا قَ ا َل اَي قَ ْو ِم‬ In production activities, humanitarian
‫ِإ‬ principles are widely implemented, where
‫هُو‬ َ
َ ‫اعْبُدُ وا اهَّلل َ َم ا لمُك ْ ِم ْن ِإ هَل ٍ غَرْي ُ ُه‬ all humans have the right to actualize their
productive abilities to increase their welfare
‫ َو ْاس َت ْع َم َرمُك ْ ِفهيَ ا‬. ‫َأن ْ َش َأمُك ْ ِم َن األ ْر ِض‬
capacity. This is because humans have

‫فَ ْاس َت ْغ ِف ُرو ُه مُث َّ تُوبُوا لَ ْي ِه َّن َريِّب‬ specific needs, become managers and
‫ِإ ِإ‬ beneficiaries of economic resources, and
ٌ ِ‫يب ُمج‬
‫يب‬ ٌ ‫قَ ِر‬ are able to engineer social justice for
community members.
To the Thamud People (We
The implementation of humanitarian
sent) Salih one of their own
principles includes:
brethren. He said: "O my
people! worship Allah: ye have
A) Production activities are directed at
no other god but Him. It is He
improving human well-being, not just
Who hath produced you from
some people.
the earth and settled you
B) Management and utilization of
therein: then ask forgiveness of
economic resources are the rights of
Him and turn to Him (in
all humans whose implementation
 can be prepared by public or state ِ ‫اَي َأهُّي َا اذَّل ِ َين آ َمنُوا ُكونُوا قَ َّوا ِم َني هَّلِل‬
policies.
C) Production activities are ‫ُش هَدَ َاء اِب لْ ِق ْس طِ َوال جَي ْ ِر َمنَّمُك ْ َش نَآ ُن‬
manifestations of submission to
‫قَ ْو ٍم عَىَل َأال تَ ْع ِدلُوا ا ْع ِدلُوا ه َُو َأ ْق َر ُب‬
Allah, as a way worshipping Him.
D) Increasing the welfare of individuals ‫ِللتَّ ْق َو َىوات َّقُوا اهَّلل َ َّن اهَّلل َ خَبِريٌ ِب َم ا‬
and the community becomes the goal ‫ِإ‬
of humanitarian-based production َ ُ‫تَ ْع َمل‬
‫ون‬
activities.
O ye who believe! stand out
3) Equity Principle (al-‘Adl)
firmly for Allah as witnesses to
This principle affirms that being fair
fair dealing and let not the
with anyone will increase production
hatred of others to you make
capacity and quality of life for humans.
you swerve to wrong and
This principle, for example in the letter Al-
depart from justice. Be just:
Maidah verse 8, the word ‘adl is an attitude
that is next to Piety: and fear
that is close to piety.
Allah for Allah is well-
The principle of justice is the
acquainted with all that ye do.
implementation of human relations based
(QS Al-Maidah : 8)
on belief in God. Because humans are
Implementation of the principle of
created based on rights, obligations and
justice can increase production capacity
responsibilities, the principle of justice
with the aim of increasing the volume of
seeks justice in all life contexts, besides
human welfare in general. In the concept of
justice or balance is the character of the
Islamic production, the form of justice is
universe and human character that is
distributive which has two meanings. First,
implemented in his life. One form of
the parties involved get the portion of
distributing wealth (Zakat), optimizing the
welfare in accordance with the input given
supply of labor, paying attention to the
proportionally. Second, the rights of the
rights of workers and companies, setting
community and consumers as production
production prices in accordance with the
stakeholders must be met by producers.
ability of consumers. In activities in the
The first definition relates to
Islamic world of work requires to do justice
employee relations and the owner of the
and it is no exception to those who are not
means of production. The concept of
liked (QS Al-Maidah: 8)
Islamic production explains the relationship
with a fair scheme. For example in shifting, being involved in community
working hours and intensive arrangements empowerment programs.
and workers' social security. F) Control and problem solving in
Implementation is also not only for humans production involves management in
but also for the exploitation of the natural decision making.
environment. Proportional and efficient
exploration of natural resources is a 4) Benefaction Principle (al-
manifestation of fairness in preserving the Maslahah)
natural environment. The continuity of This principle confirms the
sustainable production is related to the understanding that humans must do as
extent to which this principle of justice is much virtue as possible in their lives. This
implemented. principle has vertical and horizontal
An understanding of the development implications. In the vertical dimension, this
and implementation of the principle of principle is God's command and every
justice produces a production value system virtue will be rewarded. While the
that has high social implications for horizontal dimensions of goodness are done
people's lives, economic growth, and to fellow humans and their natural
economic independence. The environment.
implementation includes: In the principle of benefaction, there
A) Production activities aim to initiate is a principle that by managing (SDE), in
economic resource equality (SDE) to fact humans have actualized their goodness
realize economic independence. as servants of Allah and His caliphs that are
B) Production activities are the foundation actualizing their natural potential optimally
for improving the welfare of the to put their functions in the world and
community through the output and glorify the commands of Allah SWT.
distribution of profits that it produces. Based on this, searching for world
C) Production activities initiate livelihoods through production activities
environmental sustainability efforts. and doing good to other human beings is a
D) Manufacturers pay attention to the command and obligation of humans.
level of welfare of their employees In general, this principle is the basis
proportionally. of production activities in Islam, namely
E) Producers pay attention to the needs increasing the quality of human life
and interests of the community by collectively. Islam attracts production
activities not only in the economic sphere,
but also has broad implications in society
and the state. Benefaction becomes a
general parameter when producers
implement their production activities, the
obligation to pay zakat and issue alms.
In applying the principle of virtue in
this production. Manufacturers cannot
arbitrarily exploit and explore natural
resources, unless accompanied
maintenance measures and because
production activities are related to people's
lives, developing the principle of virtue
becomes the main mission so that the
implications can be felt by the community.
Therefore it is a virtue for humans to
optimize their thinking and reasoning to
develop efficient and balanced methods of
exploration, distribution and production
output.
Implementation of the principle of
virtue in production activities has these
following consequences:
A) Producers only produce goods and
services that are lawful and do not damage
the nobility of human dignity.
B) Producers pay great attention to
production stakeholders, especially the
surrounding community in the form of
social responsibility.
C) Producers are required to maintain
natural resources and other economic
resources. In order to stabilize production
activities on an ongoing basis.
Manufacturers treat their employees
proportionally and accountably to improve
their performance and productivity through
the implementation of positive values in the
corporate culture.
5) Independence Principle (al-
Hurriyah) and Responsibility (al-
Fardh)
Islam recognizes and respects human
by freedom because the creation of humans
has a clear purpose (QS Ali Imran 190-191)
that is, not submit to anything but Allah
(Lukman : 32)
َ ‫َو َذا غَ ِشهَي ُ ْم َم ْو ٌج اَك ُّلظلَ ِل َد َع ُوا اهَّلل‬
‫ِإ‬
ِّQ ‫ ِّ َين فَلَ َّما جَن َّامُه ْ ىَل الِْرَب‬Q‫ُم ْخ ِل ِص َني هَل ُ اِدل‬
‫ِإ‬
ُّ ‫فَ ِمهْن ُ ْم ُم ْقتَ ِص ٌد َو َما جَي ْ َحدُ ِبآاَي ِتنَ ا ال لُك‬
‫ِإ‬
ٍ ‫َختَّ ٍار َك ُف‬
‫ور‬
When a wave covers them like
the canopy (of clouds) they call
to Allah offering Him sincere
devotion. But when He has
delivered them safely to land
there are among them those
that halt between (right and
wrong). But none reject Our
Signs except only a perfidious
ungrateful (wretch)! (QS.
Luqman : 32)
In production activities, the principle
of freedom and responsibility is inherent.
Production activities take advantage,
explore, and manage SDE along with
damaging and responsible prohibitions to
preserve it. This indicates that the principle
of freedom and responsibility is meaningful
to become a human being, so that every
human free action must have moral and
psychological implications,
responsibility to self, society and Allah.
‫َو ْاذ ُك ُروا ْذ َج َعلَمُك ْ ُخلَ َف َاء ِم ْن ب َ ْع ِد عَا ٍد‬
‫ِإ‬
‫ون ِم ْن‬ َ ‫خِذ‬ ُ َّ‫َوب َ َّوَأمُك ْ يِف األ ْر ِض تَت‬
‫تُون الْجِ َب ا َل‬َ ‫ُس هُو ِلهَا قُ ُص ًورا َوتَ ْن ِح‬
accompanied by the responsibility to carry
out production well and distribute property.
The principle of responsibility is a variant
that limits human freedom so that it is not
arbitrary. With this principle, humans must
namely be responsible for their actions as a
consequence of their mission as caliph fi
al-ard's mission.
The implementation of the
independences principles and responsibility
includes:
A) Every human being is given the

َ ‫بُ ُيواًت فَ ْاذ ُك ُروا آ‬

‫الء اهَّلل ِ َوال تَ ْعثَ ْوا يِف‬ freedom by Allah to actualize various ways
of living according to his nature but in each
‫األ ْر ِض ُم ْف ِس ِد َين‬ free choice will be held accountable in the
last day.
"And remember how He made
B) Every producer is given the
you inheritors after the Ad
freedom to carry out production activities
people and gave you
along with responsibilities to maintain the
habitations in the land: ye
overall human dignity, religious values and
build for yourselves palaces
environmental preservation. The
and castles in (open) plains
implication is that every production activity
and carve out homes in the
must have a positive influence on survival,
mountains; so bring to
economic growth, and general welfare
remembrance the benefits (ye
improvement.
have received) from Allah and
C) The responsibility of producers is
refrain from evil and mischief
a logical consequence of their freedom to
on the earth." (QS Al-A’raf :
develop their production capacity.
74)
Responsibility has an eschatological
This concept frees mankind from
meaning, namely the responsibility before
servitude to other than Allah which can
Allah even though its implementation
make him trapped in the entanglement of
relates to fellow human beings and their
the lusts he commands. Every human being
environment.
is granted the freedom to do production
 The principles of production ethics
are imperative because they demand
enforcement in production activities. The
implementation of this principle has a real
influence on the mechanism and
performance of the production sector in
order to achieve its objectives, the welfare
of human life.
3. Methodology
The approach used in this study is a
qualitative approach with a method in the form
of descriptive analysis. The use of qualitative
approaches is deemed appropriate in reviewing
this research because it aims to understand the
concept of production in Islam. This type of
data consists of general words and cases,
written data sources, and analysis is qualitative
research. The Qur'an and the hadith and some
concepts regarding production in Islam are the
main data sources. In this study, described how
the production concept is in accordance with
Islamic teachings.
The data obtained from this study will
then be analyzed using qualitative descriptive
data analysis, which provides an interpretation
of the data obtained rationally, the objectives
are arranged, sorted and grouped by giving the
code and categorizing. Then describe the
relationship between variables one with the
other variables studied in order to be able to
describe certain phenomena in concrete and
detailed. (Moleong, 2012: 190).
4. Results
4.1. Implementation of Islamic
Production Activity
In Islamic production activities, the
target is not only oriented to profit, but also
to society and Allah. For example,
increasing the intensity of zakat, alms,
infaq or Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR) funds, which are believed to bring
good luck to their business. The first step to
link Islamic values and production
activities is to incorporate moral principles.
The minimum target in ethical enforcement
in production is that producers implement
positive values, so that production activities
run in the right corridors. There are two
components that producers try to achieve in
Islam. First, the benefits of production
goods (physical and non-physical). Second,
the blessing of the goods produced.
Manufacturers in Islam are prohibited from
exploiting labor and are obliged to fulfill
workers' rights. In this case the sharia
governs the problem, the producers are
prohibited from making efficient
production costs by reducing wages. By not
doing so, it means that producers issue
higher wages. The benefits to be gained are
not merely financial benefits but the
emergence of productivity, maintaining
ethos, and labor loyalty. Besides that,
consumer appreciation arises to the
company so that a positive image of the
company can be developed. In this section
we will present a model for implementing
the principles of production activities.
1. Implementation of Tauhid
Principle
This has become the basis for
economic actors in carrying out Islamic
production activities. Where producers
avoid themselves from business contrary to
the Shari'a so that the wages in doing
production are based on seeking Allah's
pleasure. From the input side, the producer
will look for halal sources of capital, he
will avoid the acquisition of sources of
capital originating from gharar, riba or
maisir. He will not do the proselytizing to
establish business cooperation.
Specifically, the implementation of the
principle of monotheism can be done
through: (a) Producers not only seek profit
but also gain profit from worship, provide
benefits to others, and actualize their
abilities as servants of Allah; (b)
Motivation for worship provides as much
benefits to consumers.
In the Islamic production system,
monotheistic awareness becomes an
ontological basis for directing economic
activity to its original purpose, namely the
welfare of human life. People will not
accumulate wealth and he believes the
absolute owner of property belongs to
Allah. Humans are only given the mandate
to manage these assets well. Specifically,
implementation, the principle of tauhid in
production activities is carried out by: (1)
Producing goods and services that are halal
and good; (2) Develop good corporate
governance to produce healthy business
growth and sustainability; (3) Carry out the
mechanism of production with the principle
of effective and efficient, through business
feasibility analysis, risk management,
business analysis and so on; (4) Paying
zakat, alms and infaq (ZIS) both by
producers and employees at various levels;
(5) Carry out CSR programs and other
humanitarian programs that are useful for
stakeholders of the company including the
surrounding community; (6) Treating
employees and other stakeholders fairly
and proportionally.
4.2. Implementation of Humanity
Principle
The implementation of humanitarian
principles affirms human relations based on
a framework of needs and social justice.
The production sector in this case is
directed to meet the needs of tiered people
regardless of ethnicity, religion, race and
class and nation. A Muslim producer in the
field of goods or services is obliged to
fulfill basic needs in his environment. The
enactment of humanitarian principles gives
rise to the following consequences: (a)
Providing broad opportunities for every
human being to actualize his economic
abilities; (b) A producer produces goods
and services based on the category of
human needs to facilitate life in the world;
(c) Maximizing profits must be
accompanied by efforts to maximize social (usury) is very detrimental to humanity,
returns, especially for groups in need; (d) exploiting workers with the principle of
Prohibition of producing goods and justice, the usury system must be
services that cause harm, haram and eliminated.
destroy the overall dignity of human 4.2.2. Implementation of Benefaction
beings; (e) Maintaining brotherly Principle
brotherhood; (f) The principle of humanity In production activities, the
is the goal of production activities, to implementation of a comprehensive policy
glorify human dignity and values as touches all elements and levels of every
servants of Allah. human being. A manager can arrange
4.2.1. Implementation of Equity Principle strategic policies in improving the quality
The implementation equity principle of HR in the company through training
in production activities means to uphold the activities, opening libraries, or transforming
rights, obligations and responsibilities of knowledge in accordance with their fields.
every human being in accordance with their Top management can formulate a human
respective capacities. culture that is humanist, responsible, or
The implementation of the equity consumer focus to improve the
principle is realized by: (a) fulfilling performance of its subordinates. All
workers' rights in accordance with their nuances of virtue, so the principle of virtue
capacities, while taking into account the opens the door to intensive and transparent
overall human dignity; (b) Paying (ZIS) cooperation and coordination to overcome
and CSR for disadvantaged groups; (c) problems.
Implement profit sharing mechanisms Producers carry out their production
(mudharabah and musyarakah) in the activities with virtues starting from the
capital transaction and funding system; (d) management of capital, processes and
Carry out conservation and preservation of production results. The virtues carried out
natural resources; (e) Engineering the dull- provide many benefits for all parties
employment production sector to alleviate involved. In terms of capital, producers
unemployment and poverty. only manage the sources of capital that are
The principle of justice in Islam is halal and good, so as to bring benefits to all
universal, so that it can be implemented by parties involved, namely Sohibul Mall
mankind. The interest of Islam to eliminate (Journalist) and Mudarib (excess assets). In
interest transactions is a manifestation of terms of the process, respect for
the principle of justice. Because riba performance, employees, management and
transparent and neat, how to make 5. Conclusion
decisions (problem solving), strategically There are some points that can be
develop businesses, how to respond to concluded according to the explanation
competitors, and exploration of resources above:
carried out with an effective and efficient 1. Production in Islam refers to the
scheme. While in terms of output and human efforts to generate their wealth
distribution of wealth tend to pay attention by exploitation of resources that has
to the halal and goodness of consumers and been created by Allah and by
the general public, so that all parties feel all following the rules that has been
the benefits of their business existence. permitted by Islam (halal).
4.2.3. Implementation of Independence 2. Production in Islam is not only about
Principle getting profit or personal gain but
Implementation of independence and also having social and ubudiah
responsibility principle includes: (a) mission to be closer to Allah. As an
Producers are free to own assets by example; Allah teaches how to make
increasing their production capacity armor for struggling fii sabilillah’s
accompanied by the responsibility to pay need.
ZIS and maintain environmental 3. Islam guides the production activities
preservation; (b) Producers are free to must be based on ethics principles.
strive to increase the value of their wealth Production process in Islam has to do
accompanied by the responsibility to utilize in halal way. Islam forbids producing
and invest their assets in the mechanism of haram goods and services because it
halal transactions; (c) Producers are free to can give bad impacts to human. Thus,
develop their business accompanied by an a Moslem producer do not only
obligation to pay attention to the welfare of orientate for their life but also for
employees, gradually increase their their afterlife in doing production
capabilities and empower the surrounding activities. They are not only looking
community with economic strategic for profit but also seeking for bless
programs; (d) Producers are free to apply and halal wealth in it.
their business capabilities along with 4. There are five principles that should
responsibilities to improve economic be followed by producer; Tauhid
growth, equity in wealth, alleviate poverty principle, humanity principle (Al-
and provide employment for the Insaniyah), equity principle (Al-
community. Adl), benefaction principle (Al-
 Maslahah) and independence (Al- Huriyah) and responsibility
principles (Al- Fardh).

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