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Anonymous - February 15, 2018
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For the study of building in a convenient manner the building structural systems can be
classi ed into two types based on the load transmission mechanisms. These are the:

1. Gravity Load Resisting Systems

2. Lateral Load Resisting Systems
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Both the mentioned systems are complementary and interactive to each other. When
behaving as n integrated structural system, they must resist and transmit the gravity and
the lateral loads coming on it to the foundation than to the ground below. 

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Types of Building Structural Systems

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Fig.1. Horizontal or Floor System -  Gravity Load Transmission   Irrigation Engineering

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Fig.2. Vertical  Systems - Vertical Load Transmission

This property of oor help in the e ective transmission of loads to the various vertical
frame elements, i.e the shear walls, columns and walls ( Figure-1). This phenomenon is
carried out without bringing any change in the wall geometry.

Vertical or Framing Systems

The vertical framing system is responsible for the resisting the gravity and the lateral
loads that are coming from the oor system. This, in turn, is transferred to the foundation
and the ground below. The vertical framing system is a three-dimensional arrangement
that is made up of beams and columns.

For convenience, the system is divided into plane frames along the transverse and the
longitudinal direction. For a   cast - in -situ reinforced concrete construction, the vertical
system usually will have the following:

1. Columns
2. Walls
3. Transfer Girders
4. Suspenders

1. Columns
4. Suspenders

Suspenders can be called as vertical elements that are used to suspend the oors of a
multi-storey building form a central core made of reinforced concrete. The gure-5 is an
example a building in Malaysia.

Fig.5: 30-story high Tun Mustapha Building

The gure-5 shows Yayasan Sabah Headquarters in Malaysia. The building oors are
suspended along with their periphery with tensile rods are 96 in number and are 38mm
thick. These rods are hung from the radial steel brackets that are attached to the top of a
14.3m diameter reinforced concrete core.

The structural steel is always a better choice to be used as suspenders or hangers. This is
because the majority of the force that is to be taken is direct tension. The steel hangers
take up only a little oor space. The suspenders employed may be hung from crossed -
braced trusses, large cantilevered beams, vierendeel girders or brackets.

Lateral Load Resisting Systems

The above-described horizontal and vertical sub-systems of a structural system interact
together to resist the gravity and the lateral loads.
The lateral load e ect is more prominent in tall buildings. This reason will govern the
choice of lateral system for high-rise buildings. The lateral load resisting system of the
reinforced concrete consist of the following types:

1. Frames
2. Shear Walls
3. Tubes

Fig.6.The Comparison of Various System

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The building system is a three - dimensional structure. This system is conceived as a
certi cate.
two - dimensional system to facilitate easy analysis and the design. The building can be
considered as a two - dimensional subsystems that are lying primarily in horizontal and
vertical planes. This means oors, roofs, wall, the plane frames etc. This is explained in
the g-1.

The gure-1 shows the division of the complete structural system into:

1. Horizontal or Floor system

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2. Vertical or Framing system
3. Lateral Load Resisting System
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Horizontal or Floor Systems in a Building Structure
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The oor system in a building is responsible for resisting the gravity loads which will  Cement

include the dead loads and the live loads that are acting on the building. This is then  CIVIL ENGINEERING
transmitted to the vertical framing system of the building. 
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Here the oor system under the load is subjected to exure and transverse shear. The
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vertical frame system here due to the same load transmission is subjected to axial
compression that is coupled in most cases with the exure and the shear. This is shown  Concrete Technology
in gure -2.
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The oor shown in gure-1 will act as a horizontal diaphragm that will connect and sti en 
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the various vertical frame elements. The oor diaphragm will act rigidly when subjected to  Construction Management
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The columns are skeleton vertical structural elements that have di erent cross-sectional
shapes like square, rectangular, circular, L-shaped etc. The shape is often speci ed by the
designer or the architect. The column is dictated based on its height and the load acting
on it. This is in turn dependent on the type of the oor system, the number of stories, the
column spacing etc. Bou Faysal
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The column is designed so that it will resist the axial compression that is combined with
the bi-axial bending moments. These are forces that are induced due to the " Frame contracting
action " under the action of gravity and the lateral loads. These loads are more in the boufaysal.com
lower storeys of the building. This is the reason why high strength concrete is used in the
lower columns wit a high reinforcement. As the level goes up, the column size can be
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optimized. This makes the design economical.
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In areas like atriums, the oor height will be very large, mainly greater than one story Concrete Contractors,
height. This situation will ask for reducing the unsupported length of the column. This can
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2. Walls

Walls are vertical structural elements

made of concrete or masonry. If the main
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function of these walls is to support the
gravity loads, then they are called as
bearing walls.  If the main function of the
walls is to resist the lateral loads coming,
then they are called as shear walls.  The
lateral loads can be either wind or the
earthquake loads.

The thickness of the reinforced concrete

bearing walls will vary from 120mm to
200mm. For lower storeys buildings, the Fig.3. Shear Wall Construction
thickness of the shear walls can be
thicker. Now the walls that are constructed around the lift core will serve as shear walls.

3.Transfer Girders

In some of the building construction, it might me required to have a single oor (especially
the ground oor) require column free space. This is to meet the requirement of a parking
area, or conventional or lobbies.

In such situation, the load bearing vertical element cannot be allowed to continue
downwards through the lower oors and then the foundation. This problem is solved by
the construction of transfer beams. The transfer beams are very heavy beam whose
depth can extend over one full story.

Fig.4: The Use of Transfer Girders

The columns in the upper story will be terminated in the transfer girder. The load from
the above columns are transferred to the girder. By beam action,  the load is transferred
to the main columns that are supporting the girder from below.
1. Frames

Frames are composed of columns and beams as shown in gure - 6(a). Thes ability to
resist the lateral loads is due to the rigidities of the beam and column connections and the
moment resisting capacities of the individual members. These are called as rigid frames.
This name is due to the ends of various framing into the joints is connected rigidly. This
will help to undergo rotation under the action of the loads. 
In the case of a " at slab system"  the width of the slab mainly along the column walls that
will take the place of the beam in order to have the frame action. For buildings that have
story from 15 to 20 can employ the sole lateral - resisting system (Figure -6(e))

2. Shear Walls

The shear walls are solid structures which are constructed over the full height of the
building. The shear walls take the position of lift or staircase core regions. These are
located in the transverse direction like facade walls or the interior walls.
The shear walls are sti and have great depth in the direction increased lateral loads.
Figure-6(b) shows the representation of shear walls.
The walls will restrain the frame deformations in the lower storeys while the frames will
restrain the wall deformation in upper storeys. The frame shear wall system is applied for
40 storeys.

3. Tubes

In the system of arrangement, closely spaced columns are placed along the periphery of a
building. The exterior building will have deep spandrel beams that are connected to these
columns. This arrangement form like a perforated box or the framed tube. This
arrangement will have a higher rigidity against the lateral loads (Figure-6(d)). 

When the outer tube is connected to the inner tube or the internal core system it forms a
tube -in the tube. If the sectional plan of the building has a number of perforated cells,
then the structural system is called as bundled tube or a multi-cell framed tube. This
system is e ective up to 80 storeys (Figure-6(e).This system is widely used in big cities of
developed countries.

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