Learning from Other Studies and Reviewing the
Literature support or refute an argument, deeply imbedded
The importance of Related Theories and
Concepts
A theoretical framework can be thought of
as a map or travel plan (Sinclair, 2007)
Guide Questions in Developing
Theoretical Framework
What do I know about the phenomenon that
I want to study?
What types of knowledge are available to
me (empirical, non-empirical, tacit, intuitive,
moral or ethical)?
What theory will best guide my teaching
practice?
Is this theory proven through theory-linked
research?
What other theories are relevant to this
practice?
How can I apply these theories and findings
in practice?
Purposes of the Review of Related Literature
and Studies
To establish relationship with the hypothesis
posed in the statement of the problem
To critique and evaluate what other
researchers have done in relation to the
problem to be studied
Rules in Writing a Literature Review (Pautasso,
2013)
Define the topic and audience
Search and re-search the literature
Take notes while reading
Choose the type of review you wish to
write
Keep the review focused, but make it of
broad interest
Be critical and consistent
Find logical structure
Make use of feedback
Include your own relevant research
Be up-to-date in our review of literature
and studies
What, Where How to Find Information
List down important variables needed in the
study
Determine relationship of variables as
posited in the Hypothesis or SOP
Check the population under study
Know how to write citations
Review and synthesize findings
Use online computers for searching and
retrieval of information
Synthesize reviewed literature
Types of Literature Review
1. Augmentative Review
This form examines literature selectively in order to
assumption, or philosophical problem already
established in the literature
2. Integrative Review
This is considered a form of research that reviews,
critiques, and synthesizes representative literature
on a topic in an integrated way such that new
frameworks and perspectives on the topic are
generated.
3. Historical Review
The purpose of historical review is to systematically
examine past events to give an account of what has
happened in the past.
4. Methodological Review
A review does not always focus on what someone
did but how they came about (method of analysis).
Reviewing methods of analysis provides a
framework of understanding at different levels.
5. Systematic Review
The purpose of systematic review is to attain
conclusion regarding the chosen topic. It consists of
an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a
clearly formulated research question, uses pre-
specified and standardized methods, and collects,
reports and analyzes data from the studies that are
included in the review
6. Theoretical Review
The purpose is to examine the body of theory that
has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept,
theory, or phenomena.
Characteristics of Materials Cited (Sarno, 2010)
The materials must be as recent as possible
Materials must be as objective and unbiased
as possible
Materials must be relevant to the study
Coherence principle must be observed in
writing literature review
Citation Styles
1. APA (American Psychological
Association)
APA is an author/date-based style. It placed
emphasis on the author and the date of a piece of
work to uniquely identify them
2. MLA (Modern Language Association)
MLA is often applied by the arts and humanities.
3. Harvard
Similar to APA. It is most well-used referencing
style in the UK and Australia and is encouraged for
use with the humanities
4. Vancouver
It is mainly used in medical and scientific papers
5. Chicago and Turabian
These two are separate styles but are similar just
like Harvard and APA. These are widely used for
history and economics.
Research Ethics
“Ethical writing is clear, accurate, fair, and
honest” (Kolin, 2002)
Basic Principles of Ethical Practice
1. Obtained informed consent from the
participants
2. There should be no pressure on individuals
to participate
3. Respect individual autonomy
4. Avoid causing harm
5. Maintain anonymity and confidentiality
6. Take particular care in research with
vulnerable groups
Plagiarism
It is using someone else’s words or ideas, and
passing them off as your own.
Forms
 Plagiarism of ideas
 Plagiarism of text
Ethical Guidelines (Roig, 2002)
1. An ethical writer ALWAYS acknowledges
the contributions of others and the source of
his/ her ideas
2. Any verbatim text taken from another author
must be enclosed in quotation marks
3. We must always acknowledge every source
that we use in our writing; whether we
paraphrase it, summarize it, or enclose it
quotations
4. When we summarize, we condense, in our
own words, a substantial amount of material
into a short paragraph or perhaps even into a
sentence
5. Whether we are paraphrasing or
summarizing, we must always identify the
source of our information
6. When paraphrasing and/or summarizing
others’ work, we must reproduce the exact
meaning of the other author’s ideas or facts
using our words or sentence structure
7. In order to make substantial modifications to
the original text that result in a proper
paraphrase, the author must have a thorough
understanding of the ideas and terminologies
being used
8. A responsible writer has an ethical
responsibility to readers, and to the author/s
from whom s/he is borrowing, to respect
others’ ideas and words, to credit those from
whom we borrow, and whenever possible, to
use one’s own words when paraphrasing
9. When in doubt as to whether a concept or
fact is common knowledge, provide a
citation
10. Authors who submit a manuscript for
publication containing data, reviews,
conclusions, etc., that have been
disseminated in some significant manner
must clearly indicate to the editors and
readers the nature of the previous
dissemination
11. Authors of complex studies should heed the
advice previously put forth. If the results of
a single complex study are best presented as
a ‘cohesive’ single whole, they should not
be partitioned into individual papers
12. Authors are strongly encouraged to become
familiar with basic elements of copyright
law
13. Authors are urged to adhere to the spirit of
ethical writing and avoid reusing their own
previously published text
14. Authors are strongly urged to double-check
their citations
15. The references used in a paper should only
be those that are directly related to its
contents
16. Authors should follow a simple rule: Strive
to obtain the actual published paper
17. Do not rely on secondary summary of a
given work. Always consult the primary
literature
18. When relying on secondary source to
describe the content of a primary source,
s/he should consult writing manuals used in
his/her discipline to follow the proper
convention to do so
19. When borrowing heavily from a source,
authors should craft their writing in a way
that makes clear to readers, which ideas are
their own and which are derived from the
source being consulted
20. When appropriate, authors have an ethical
responsibility to report evidence that runs
contrary to their point of view
21. Authors have ethical obligation to report all
aspects of the study that may impact the
independent replicability of their research
22. Researchers have an ethical responsibility to
report the results of their studies according
to a priori plan.
23. Only those individuals who have made
substantive contributions to a project merit
authorship in a paper
24. Faculty-student collaborations should follow
the same criteria to establish authorship
25. Academic or professional ghost authorship
in the sciences is ethically unacceptable
Works Covered by Copyright Protection
 Protecting the Intellectual Property in the
Philippines
RA No. 8293 – Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines
Under the Philippine law, original intellectual
creations in the literary and artistic domain are
copyrightable