Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure

4. Lateral Load Resisting Systems for Buildings

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4.1 Different structural systems for lateral loads

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4.1 Different structural systems for lateral loads
a) Moment Resisting Frame System
b) Shear Wall System
c) Dual System
d) Bearing Wall System

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4.1 Different structural systems for lateral loads
a) Moment Resisting Frame System:

• The joint between beam and

column are designed to be rigid.

• Resist lateral loads through axial

forces, bending moment and shear
force generated in column and
beam.

• Two primary type: Ordinary and

Special.

• The bending moment in column is

reduced to half of that frame.

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4.1 Different structural systems for lateral loads
a) Moment Resisting Frame System:

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4.1 Different structural systems for lateral loads
a) Shear Wall System:

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4.1 Different structural systems for lateral loads
b) Shear Wall System:
• Shear walls are the vertical structural element which resist
the horizontal forces acting on a building structure.

• Shear wall can also be defined as a wall which

are reinforced & made of braced panels to carry lateral
forces.
• The thickness of the shear wall for regular buildings can be
generally in the range of 150 mm to 400 mm.

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 4.1 Different structural systems for lateral loads
b) Shear Wall System:
• Functions of Shear Wall:
The main functions of a Shear Wall can be described as follows :

• Providing Lateral Strength to building : Shear Wall must provided lateral shear
strength to the building to resist the horizontal earthquake forces, wind forces and
transfer these forces to the foundation.

• Providing Lateral Stiffness to building : Shear Walls provide large stiffness to

building in the direction of their orientation, which reduces lateral sway of the
building and thus reduces damage to structure.

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4.1 Different structural systems for lateral loads
b) Dual System:
A dual system is a structural system in which an essentially complete frame
provides support for gravity loads, and resistance to lateral loads is provided
by a specially detailed moment-resisting frame and shear walls or braced
frames.

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4.1 Different structural systems for lateral loads
c) Load Bearing Wall System:
Bearing wall systems consist of vertical load- carrying walls located along
exterior wall lines and at interior locations as necessary. Many of
these bearing walls are also used to resist lateral forces.

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 4.2 Floor Diaphragm
When the slab is subjected to earthquake force ( inertia force) the slab will
transfer this force to the walls, beams causing shearing and bending in the horizontal
plane, this action is called floor diaphragm.

Types of Floor Diaphragm:

a) Rigid Floor Diaphragm

b) Flexible Diaphragm

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 4.2 Floor Diaphragm
a) Rigid Floor Diaphragm: A diaphragm may be considered rigid
when its midpoint displacement, under lateral load, is less than twice
the average displacements at its ends.

• Loads shall be distributed according to the stiffness of slab.

• The diaphragm does not deform itself and will cause each vertical
element to deflect the same amount.
• Rigid diaphragms consist of reinforced concrete diaphragms,
precast concrete diaphragms, and composite steel deck.

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 4.2 Floor Diaphragm
b) Flexible Floor Diaphragm: A diaphragm is considered flexible,
when the midpoint displacement, under lateral load, exceeds
twice the average displacement of the end supports.

• Loads shall be distributed according to the tributary area of slab.

• The relative stiffness of these non-yielding end supports is very
great compared to that of the diaphragm.
• The diaphragm is not considered to be capable of distributing
torsional and rotational forces.
• Flexible diaphragms consist of diagonally sheated wood
diaphragms, sheathed diaphragms etc.

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4.3 Lateral Load Distribution with Rigid floor
diaphragm
• Very stiff in their own plane
due to lateral load.

• Flexible for out of plane due to

gravity load.

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 4.3 Lateral Load Distribution with Rigid floor
diaphragm
4.3.1 Center of Mass ( CM): The point through which the resultant
of the masses of a system acts is termed as center of mass.

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 4.3 Lateral Load Distribution with Rigid floor
diaphragm
4.3.1 Center of Stiffness ( Rigidity) ( CS or CR): The point through
which the resultant of resisting force of a system acts is known as
center of stiffness.

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 4.3 Lateral Load Distribution with Rigid floor
diaphragm
4.3.1 Center of Stiffness ( Rigidity) ( CS or CR):

For rigid floor diaphragm, deflection is

constant.

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4.3 Lateral Load Distribution with Rigid floor
diaphragm

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4.3 Lateral Load Distribution with Rigid floor
diaphragm

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4.3 Lateral Load Distribution with Rigid floor
diaphragm

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4.3 Lateral Load Distribution with Rigid floor
diaphragm

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4.3.3 Shear force induced during the earthquake
Two cases exists during the application of lateral forces:
1. Direct Shear Forces
2. Torsional Shear Forces

1. Direct Shear Forces:

• When Center of mass and Center of Stiffness coincide, direct shear forces
will induced on wall.
• Walls are tied together with the rigid diaphragm and lateral force will be
distributed to walls in proportion to their relative stiffness.

For any wall i, the relative stiffness is given by:

Direct shear forces on parallel walls, VD = Ri *P where P = Lateral force

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4.3.3 Shear force induced during the earthquake
2. Torsional Shear Forces:
• When CM and CS do not coincide, torsional shear forces will be induced
on wall in addition to the direct shear force.

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4.3.3 Shear force induced during the earthquake
2. Torsional Shear Forces:

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4.3.3 Shear force induced during the earthquake
2. Torsional Shear Forces:

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4.3.4 Distribution of Lateral Loads
1. Torsionally Uncoupled system: CM=CS

Lateral force resisted by

element i is given as,

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4.3.4 Distribution of Lateral Loads
1. Torsionally Coupled system: CM≠CS

Total force in ith element = Force due to torsionally uncoupled system + Force
due to twisting moment.

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4.3.4 Distribution of Lateral Loads

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4.3.4 Distribution of Lateral Loads

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4.3.4 Distribution of Lateral Loads

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4.3.4 Distribution of Lateral Loads

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4.3.4 Distribution of Lateral Loads

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4.3.4 Distribution of Lateral Loads

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4.3.4 Distribution of Lateral Loads

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4.3.4 Distribution of Lateral Loads

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4.7 Shear Walls
Shear walls are vertical elements of horizontal force resisting system.
• Generally used in high rise building.
• Starts at foundation level and continue throughout the building height.
• Thickness varies from 150mm to 750mm.
• Provide lateral strength and stiffness to building.
• Structurally integrated with roofs/floors.

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4.7.1 Types of Shear walls

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4.7.1 Types of Shear walls

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4.8 Shear wall with opening

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4.8 Shear wall with opening

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4.9 Building Configuration Implications
1. Symmetry

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4.9 Building Configuration Implications
2. Simplicity and Regularity

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4.9.1 Irregularities of RC buildings
Irregular Building : A building that lacks symmetry and has discontinuity in
geometry, mass or load resisting elements is called Irregular buildings.

Types of Irregularities:

1. Vertical Irregularities: Due to sudden change in strength, geometry, mass

stiffness over the height of building.

1. Horizontal Irregularities: Due to asymmetric plan shape or discontinuity in

the horizontal resisting elements such as openings, re-entrant corner and
other changes resulting torsion.

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4.9.1 Irregularities of RC buildings

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 4.9.1 Irregularities of RC buildings
1. Stiffness Irregularity

Stiffness irregularities as
per IS 1893 ( part 1) : 2002

Stiffness irregularities as per IS 1893 ( part 1) : 2016

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4.9.1 Irregularities of RC buildings
1. Mass Irregularity

As per IS 1893 ( part 1) :

2002

As per IS 1893 ( part 1) : 2016

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4.9.1 Irregularities of RC buildings
1. Vertical Geometric Irregularity

As per IS 1893 ( part 1) : 2002

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4.9.1 Irregularities of RC buildings
1. Vertical Geometric Irregularity

As per IS 1893 ( part 1) : 2016

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4.9.1 Irregularities of RC buildings
1. In plan discontinuity in vertical element resisting lateral force

As per IS 1893 ( part 1) : 2002

As per IS 1893 ( part 1) : 2016

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4.9.1 Irregularities of RC buildings
1. Discontinuity in capacity – weak storey

As per IS 1893 ( part 1) : 2016

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4.9.2 Horizontal Irregularites
1. Torsional Irregularites

1893

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4.9.2Horizontal Irregularites
3. Diaphragm Discontinuity

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4.9.2Horizontal Irregularites
4. Out of plane offsets

1893

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4.9.2Horizontal Irregularites
5. Non Parallel System

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4.9.3 Problem Related to Building Configuration

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4.9.4 Global Degree of Freedom * (there are some
typing mistakes in this theory, please refer class video)

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4.9.4 Global Degree of Freedom

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4.9.4 Global Degree of Freedom

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4.9. 5 Analysis of Moment Resisting Frame
System
1. Portal Method
2. Cantilever Method

1. Portal Method:

Assumption:

I. The point of contra-flexure of column is at mid height of column

II. The point of contra flexure of beam is at mid span of beam
III. The axial force in interior columns is assumed to be zero or
shear force in interior column is twice of that end column .

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4.9. 5 Moment Resisting Frame System

1. Portal Method
2. Cantilever Method

2. Cantilever Method:

Assumption:

I. The point of contra-flexure of column is at mid height of column

II. The point of contra flexure of beam is at mid span of beam
III. The direct stress in a column is directly proportional to its
distance from Neutral axis of bent.

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Numerical:

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Numerical:

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Numerical: Only take reference for calculation of forces
( Perform as lectured in class.)

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Numerical:

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Numerical:

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