PART 4

Sound
1. Sound waves
2. Intensity of sound
3. Energy transported
4. Doppler effect
 PART 4
Sound

At the end of the chapter, students should be able to

1. acquire and apply knowledge of mathematics and
science fundamentals.
2. indentify and solve science related problems using
critical thinking
 Sound waves

Sound is associated with our sense of hearing

Loudness related to the energy
Pitch is like high or low of the sound
 Sound waves

Sound waves X-ray

Sound waves

Video
 Intensity of sound

• Intensity is defined as the energy

transported by a wave per unit time (W/m2)
I
• Sound level - ( in dB )  10 log
I
0

• I0=intensity of some reference level

minimum intensity audible level/threshold
of hearing (I0=1.0 x 10-12 W/m2)
 Level of sound

• Find the sound level of a sound whose

intensity I 1x1010 W/ m2
I
 ( in dB )  10 log
I 0

1x1010 W / m2
(in dB)  10 log
1x1012 W / m2

  20dB
Sound level and Intensity of sound
 Example 1

What is the sound level of a sound whose

intensity I=1.0 x 10-12 W/m2 (Given the
threshold of human hearing;I0=1.0 x 10-12
W/m2)
 Energy transported
• Energy transported by a wave is
proportional to the square of the amplitude
and square of the frequency

P  IA
E  amplitude 2
E  frequency 2
 Energy transported

• Intensity decreases as the inverse square

of the distance
1 r is radius
I  2
r

I2 r12
 2
I1 r2
 Example 2

If the intensity of an earthquake wave 100 km from the source

is 1 x 106 W/m2, what is the intensity 400 km from the source?
(Io = 1 x 10-12 W/m2)
 Energy transported

• Average rate of energy/average power P

P  IA A is area of a sphere
A  4r 2
 Example 3

The intensity of a particular earthquake wave is measured to be

2.2 x 106 W/m2 at the distance of 100 km from the source.
a) What is the sound level in dB?
b) What is the average power generated by the earthquake?
c) What intensity level of the earthquake is observed by
someone at 4 km from the source?
(Io = 1 x 10-12 W/m2)
 Doppler Effect

Doppler effect is the CHANGE in the apparent

frequency of the sound depending on the
relative motion of the sound source and
observer.

Video
Doppler Effect
 Doppler Effect

Condition 1

When observers and source are in rest.

Both observers hear the same frequency

Observer (O) Source

Source(S)
(S)
Observer (O)

Firetruck
 Doppler Effect (observer rest)
Condition 2 f
'
Source moving toward the f 
 vs 
stationary observer 1  
 v 
Source moving away from ' f
f 
stationary observer  vs 
 1  
 v 
f '  new frequency v s  velocity of source
f  source frequency v  velocity of air

Source moving
 Example 4

The siren of a police emits at a predominant frequency of

1600 Hz. What frequency will you hear if you are at rest
and the police moves at 25 m/s. (velocity of air=330ms-1)
(a) toward you
(b) away from you
 Doppler Effect (source rest)
Condition 3
Observer moving toward the ' O
f  (1  )f
stationary source v
Observer moving away from ' O
f  (1  )f
stationary source v

f '  new frequency v O  velocity of observer

f  source frequency v  velocity of air
Observer moving
 Example 5

A boy standing besides the road and blowing a whistle

which emits a note of frequency 512 Hz. What is the
frequency heard by an observer which inside the car
approaches and moves away from the boy at velocity
108kmh-1. (velocity of air=330ms-1)
 Doppler Effect (Both moving)
Condition 4
Approaches '  v  vo 
f   f

 v  vs 

Pass and move away '  v vo 

f   f

 v  vs 
f '  new frequency v s  velocity of source
f  source frequency
vo  velocity of observer
v  velocity of air
 Example 6

An ambulance travels down a highway at a speed of 75

mi/h, its siren emitting sound at a frequency of 4 x 102 Hz.
What frequency heard by a passenger in a car travelling
at 55 mi/h in the opposite direction as the car and
ambulance;
a) approach and other
b) pass and move away
1 mile = 1609.34 m
velocity of sound in air=330ms-1