Mangala

Mangala (Sanskrit: म ल, IAST: Maṅgala)

is the name for Mars, the red planet, in
Hindu texts.[1] Also known as Lohit
(meaning: red), he is the god of war,
celibate and sometimes linked to god
Karttikeya (Skanda).[1] His origins vary
with different mythological texts; in
some, he is the son of Bhumi, the Earth
Goddess and Vishnu, born when he
raised her from the depths of water in
Varaha avatar. In other myths, he is born
from Shiva's sweat or blood drop.[1]
 Mangala
God of Mars and angry
Member of Navagraha

Mangala / Angaraka / Kuja / Chevaai

Devanagari मंगल

Sanskrit Mangala
transliteration

Affiliation Graha Deva

Abode Mangala loka

Planet Mars
Mantra Om Angakaraya
Namah
Day Tuesday

Colour Red

Number 9

Mount Ram

Personal information

Parents Varaha (father)

Bhūmi (mother)

Consort Mangalaa

Planet
Mangala as a planet appears in various
Hindu astronomical texts in Sanskrit,
such as the 5th century Aryabhatiya by
Aryabhata, the 6th century Romaka by
Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by
Varahamihira, the 7th century
Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta and
the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by
Lalla.[2] These texts present Mangala as
one of the planets and estimate the
characteristics of the respective
planetary motion.[2] Other texts such as
Surya Siddhanta dated to have been
complete sometime between the 5th
century and 10th century present their
chapters on various planets with deity
mythologies.[2]

The manuscripts of these texts exist in

slightly different versions, present
Mangala's motion in the skies, but vary in
their data, suggesting that the text were
open and revised over their lives.[3][4][5]

The 1st millennium CE Hindu scholars

had estimated the time it took for
sidereal revolutions of each planet
including Mangala, from their
astronomical studies, with slightly
different results:[6]

Sanskrit and other texts: How many days for Mangala (Mars) to complete its orbit?
Source Estimated time per sidereal revolution[6]

Surya Siddhanta 686 days, 23 hours, 56 minutes, 23.5 seconds

Siddhanta Shiromani 686 days, 23 hours, 57 minutes, 1.5 seconds

Ptolemy 686 days, 23 hours, 31 minutes, 56.1 seconds

20th century calculations 686 days, 23 hours, 30 minutes, 41.4 seconds

Calendar and zodiac

Mangala is the root of the word
'Mangalavara' or Tuesday in the Hindu
calendar.[1] The word "Tuesday" in the
Greco-Roman and other Indo-European
calendars is also dedicated to planet
Mars,[7] referring to "Tīw's Day", the day of
Tiw or Týr, the god of war and victory.[8]
Tiw was equated with Mars in other Indo-
European mythologies. The word मंगल
also means "auspicious" but the planet
मंगल is considered malefic.

Mangala is part of the Navagraha in

Hindu zodiac system. The role and
importance of the Navagraha developed
over time with various influences. The
earliest work of astrology recorded in
India is the Vedanga Jyotisha which
began to be compiled in the 14th century
BCE. It was possibly based on works
from the Indus Valley Civilization as well
as various foreign influences. Babylonian
astrology which was the first astrology
and calendar to develop, and was
adopted by multiple civilizations
including India.

Deifying planetary bodies and their

astrological significance occurred as
early as the Vedic period and was
recorded in the Vedas. The classical
planets, including Mars, were referenced
in the Atharvaveda from the second
millennium BCE. The Navagraha was
furthered by additional contributions
from Western Asia, including Zoroastrian
and Hellenistic influences. The
Yavanajataka, or 'Science of the
Yavanas', was written by the Indo-Greek
named "Yavanesvara" ("Lord of the
Greeks") under the rule of the Western
Kshatrapa king Rudrakarman I. The
Yavanajataka written in 120 CE is often
attributed to standardizing Indian
astrology. The Navagraha would further
develop and culminate in the Shaka era
with the Saka, or Scythian, people.
Additionally the contributions by the Saka
people would be the basis of the Indian
national calendar, which is also called
the Saka calendar.
Iconography
He is painted red or flame colour, four-
armed, carrying a trident (Sanskrit:
trishūla), mace (Sanskrit: gadā), lotus
(Sanskrit: Padma) and a spear (Sanskrit:
shūla. His mount (Sanskrit: vahana) is a
ram. He presides over (Tuesday).[9]

Other Names
Mars (Mangala) is also called:

Angāraka (अ ारक) - one who is red in

colour also called
Raktavarna (र वण) - whose color is
like blood.[10]
Bhauma (भौम) - son of Bhumi.
 Lohitānga (लो हता ) - red bodied (Loha
also means Iron, so could also mean
Iron Bodied).
Kuja (कुज) - he who is born from Earth.
Bha (भ) - shining.[11]

Mangala verses
The word Mangala is ancient, first
appearing in the Rigveda (2nd millennium
BCE), and mentioned by grammarian
Patanjali (~2nd century BCE), but not as
an astrological term, rather to mean
"auspicious-successful" (siddha)
structure in literary arts. Panini too
mentions it in verse I.3.1 in a similar
context.[12] In the Vedic texts, states
Christopher Minkowski, there is no
mention of auspicious rituals, or
auspicious start or timing of a ritual,
rather the "mangala" as auspicious
practices likely emerged in the Indian
traditions during the medieval era (after
mid 1st millennium CE), thereafter found
in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.[13]
The ritualistic Mimamsa school of
Hinduism did not include any mangala
(auspicious) verses, related to plane
"Mangala" in any of its text throughout
the 1st millennium CE.[13]

The Markendeya Puran has "म कवचम्

तो " referring to planet "Mangal".

References
1. Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An
Alphabetical Guide . Penguin Books
India. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-
6.
2. Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly,
P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A
Text-book of Hindu Astronomy .
Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint),
Original: Yale University Press,
American Oriental Society. pp. vii–xi.
ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
3. Lionel D. Barnett (1994). Antiquities
of India: An Account of the History
and Culture of Ancient Hindustan .
Asian Educational Services.
pp. 190–192. ISBN 978-81-206-
0530-5.
4. Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly,
P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A
Text-book of Hindu Astronomy .
Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint),
Original: Yale University Press,
American Oriental Society. pp. ix–xi,
xxix. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
5. J Fleet (1911). Arbhatiya . Journal of
the Royal Asiatic Society of Great
Britain and Ireland. Cambridge
University Press for the Royal Asiatic
Society. pp. 794–799.
6. Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly,
P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A
Text-book of Hindu Astronomy .
Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint),
Original: Yale University Press,
American Oriental Society. pp. 26–
27. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
7. Richard L. Thompson (2004). Vedic
Cosmography and Astronomy .
Motilal Banarsidass. p. 88. ISBN 978-
81-208-1954-2.
8. Linda T. Elkins-Tanton (2006). Mars .
Infobase Publishing. pp. v–vi.
ISBN 978-1-4381-0726-4.
9. Mythology of the Hindus, Charles
Coleman, p. 132
10. Turner, Sir Ralph Lilley (1962).
"aṅgāraka 126" . A comparative
dictionary of the Indo-Aryan
languages. London: Oxford
University Press. Digital Dictionaries
of South Asia, University of Chicago.
p. 7. Archived from the original on
15 December 2012. Retrieved
21 February 2010. "aṅgāraka 126
aṅgāraka '(hypothetical) red like
embers', masculine 'charcoal'. 2.
masculine 'the planet Mars'. [áṅgāra
-- ]1. Pali aṅgāraka -- 'red like
charcoal'; Sanskrit aṅārī 2. Pali
aṅgāraka -- masculine 'Mars',;
Sanskrit aṅāro masculine Tuesday."
11. Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam
(ed.). India through the ages .
Publication Division, Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting,
Government of India. p. 75 .
12. Walter Slaje (2008). Abhandlungen
für die Kunde des Morgenlandes .
Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 22–24.
ISBN 978-3-447-05645-8.
13. Christopher Minkowski (2008).
Walter Slaje (ed.). Abhandlungen für
die Kunde des Morgenlandes . Otto
Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 8–24.
ISBN 978-3-447-05645-8.

Further reading
Pingree, David (1973). "The
Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian
Mathematical Astronomy". Journal for
the History of Astronomy. SAGE. 4 (1).
doi:10.1177/002182867300400102 .
Pingree, David (1981). Jyotihśāstra :
Astral and Mathematical Literature.
Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-
3447021654.
Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes
Andersen (ed.). Highlights of
Astronomy, Volume 11B . Springer
Science. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4.
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend
(ISBN 0-500-51088-1) by Anna
Dallapiccola
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