ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGE

2007 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

Name: _____________________________ ( ) PDG: _______________

CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Higher 1

Paper 2 17 September 2007

2 hours
Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper
and Section B on separate paper.
Additional Materials: Data Booklet

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name and index number on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use highlighters or correction fluid.

Section A
Answer all questions.

Section B
Answer any two questions.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
Hand up Section A and Section B separately.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiner’s Use

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Total

This document consists of 14 printed pages including this cover page.

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 1
 Section A
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1 Sulphur isotopes are mainly used in medical applications.

(a) Define the term relative isotopic mass.

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[1]

(b) The relative isotopic mass values and percentage abundances of the isotopes of a
sample of sulphur are shown in the table.

relative isotopic mass % abundance

32
S 94.93
34
S 5.07

Calculate the relative atomic mass for sulphur in the sample.

[1]

(c) Oxides of sulphur contribute towards air pollution. Draw a displayed formula to show the
bonding in a molecule of sulphur trioxide, SO3.

[1]

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 2
(d) (i) The melting points of magnesium oxide and sulphur trioxide are shown as follows:

compound melting point / oC

MgO 2830
SO3 17

Briefly relate these melting points to the structure and bonding in each of these
oxides.

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(ii) The lattice energy of magnesium oxide is – 3890 kJ mol-1. Explain how you would
expect the numerical magnitude of the lattice energy of magnesium sulphide, MgS,
to compare with that of magnesium oxide, MgO. Hence, predict the relative melting
points of MgO and MgS.

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………………………………………………………………………………….......................

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[5]

(f) Campden tablets are composed of a mixture of sodium metabisulphite, Na2S2O5, and
various preservatives. They are used during wine-making to sterilize equipment by
dissolving them in water and adding an organic acid, HA.

One mole of Na2S2O5 completely reacts with HA to produce the sodium salt of the
organic acid, NaA and an aqueous solution of sulphur dioxide.

(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction mentioned above.

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ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 3
 (ii) Calculate the number of moles of the sulphur dioxide formed from dissolving one
tablet containing 1.00 g of Na2S2O5.

[2]
[Total: 10]

2 A reactor disaster took place at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986. The
reaction involved in the explosion is shown below.

C (s) + H2O (g) H2 (g) + CO (g) ΔH = + 131 kJ mol-1

Early in the day, before an upcoming experiment, two pumps were switched on in the
cooling system. This increased the water flow out of the reactor and thus removed heat
more quickly. This, however, also caused the water level to lower in the steam separator.
The amount of incoming feed water was adjusted to raise the water level. Unfortunately,
this slowed down the rate of heat removal from the reactor. It began to get very hot.

The turbine feed valves had to be closed. Too much steam was produced in the reactor.
The high temperature and the surplus of steam produced caused the first explosion as
shown in the equation above. With the containment broken, air began to enter the
reactor. Graphite reacted with the air to cause a second explosion.

During the days following the accident, liquid nitrogen was pumped into the reactor.

(a) (i) State Le Chatelier’s principle.

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(ii) Use the Le Chatelier’s principle to explain why the high temperature of the
reactor or the surplus of steam caused the first explosion.

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[3]

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 4
 (b) Suggest why the reaction between graphite and air caused the second explosion.

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[1]

(c) Explain why liquid nitrogen was pumped into the reactor.

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[1]

(d) At 730oC, the following concentrations were measured at equilibrium.

[H2O (g)] = 0.0108 mol dm-3

[ H2 (g) ] = 0.0220 mol dm-3

(i) For the reaction involved in the first explosion, write an expression for the
equilibrium constant, Kc, stating its units.

(ii) State what was the concentration of carbon monoxide and hence calculate the
equilibrium constant, Kc, at 730oC.

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 5
 (iii) What will be the new equilibrium concentration of hydrogen if the equilibrium
concentration of steam is increased to 0.0180 mol dm-3 at 730oC?

[5]
[Total: 10]

3 (a) Short-chain hydrocarbons obtained from crude oil refining are mainly used as fuels.

The equation for the complete combustion of butene, C4H8, is shown below.

C4H8 (g) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 4H2O (l)

(i) Using the following enthalpy changes of formation, calculate the enthalpy change of
combustion of butene.

ΔHf (C4H8) = + 2 kJ mol-1

ΔHf (CO2) = - 394 kJ mol-1
ΔHf (H2O) = - 286 kJ mol-1

(ii) 100 g of water was heated in a calorimeter by burning a sample of butene. The
temperature rise of the water recorded was 40 °C.

Using your answer to (a)(i) and the information above, calculate the mass of butene
burnt.
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g-1K-1)

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 6
 (iii) Briefly explain 1 economic and 1 environmental disadvantage of burning fuels
without a large excess of oxygen.

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[7]

(b) The compound of molecular formula C4H8 exists as four isomers. The structures of two
of the isomers are shown below.

CH3CH2CH=CH2 (CH3)2C=CH2

(i) Draw the displayed structural formulae of the other two isomers of C4H8.

(ii) State the type of isomerism shown in (b)(i).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Draw the structural formula of the carbon-containing organic product(s) formed
when each of the following alkenes is subjected to the reagents below.

Reagents CH3CH2CH=CH2 (CH3)2C=CH2

Cold, dilute KMnO4

Hot, acidified KMnO4

[5]
[Total: 12]

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 7
4 (a) Ethanol, ethanal and propane have similar relative molecular mass but differs
significantly in their boiling points, as shown in the table below.

Mr Boiling point/ °C
Propane, CH3CH2CH3 44 -42
Ethanal, CH3CHO 44 20
Ethanol, CH3CH2OH 46 78

Suggest explanations for the differences in the boiling points of these three
compounds.

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[3]

(b) Predict, with a reason, the boiling point of pentan-1-ol, CH3(CH2)4OH.

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[2]

(c) Hydrolysis of an ester P which is often used in synthetic flavours gives an alcohol Q
and ethanoic acid. Alcohol Q has the molecular formula C4H10O.

(i) Suggest a reagent and condition that can be used for the hydrolysis of ester P.

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 8
 (ii) Alcohol Q gives a pale yellow precipitate when warmed with aqueous alkaline
iodine.

State what can be deduced about the structure of alcohol Q from this
observation.

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(iii) Based on your answer to (c)(ii) and the information given above, deduce the
structural formula of ester P.

[3]
[Total: 8]

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 9
 Section B
Answer two of the following three questions. Answer these questions on separate writing
papers.

5 Hydrogen peroxide oxidises acidified potassium iodide to form iodine and water.

In an experiment, 25.0 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide reacted with excess acidified

potassium iodide to give a solution containing 0.060 moles of iodine.

(a) (i) Determine the change in oxidation states of oxygen and iodine in the reaction.

(ii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and
iodide ions.

(iii) Determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the solution.

[4]

(b) Five experiments were carried out to find the relationship between the initial
concentrations of H2O2, I – and H+, and the initial rate of formation of I2.

Initial concentrations of reactants Initial rate of

Experiment / mol dm-3 formation of I2
H2O2 I- H+ / mol dm-3 s-1
1 0.010 0.010 0.10 2.0 x 10-6
2 0.030 0.010 0.10 6.0 x 10-6
3 0.030 0.020 0.10 1.2 x 10-5
4 0.030 0.020 0.20 1.2 x 10-5
5 0.060 0.040 0.40

(i) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to the concentration of H2O2, I- and
H+. Explain how you arrived at one of your answer.

(ii) Hence write a rate equation for this reaction.

(iii) Using your answer to (b)(ii), calculate a value for the initial rate of formation of I 2
in experiment 5.

(iv) Explain, with the aid of a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve, how an increase
in temperature will affect the rate of this reaction.
[8]

(c) Another commonly used oxdising agent for organic reactions is potassium
manganate(VII), KmnO4.

(i) Draw the full structural formula of the organic product that is formed when
acidified potassium manganate(VII) is added separately to compounds A and B.

OH O

CH3 CHCH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH

A B
ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 10
 (ii) Describe a reaction by which you could distinguish between A and B. State the
reagents, conditions and the observations you can make with each compound.
[5]

(d) (i) Compound B reacts with hydrogen cyanide. State the type of reaction and the
conditions necessary for this reaction to take place?

(ii) Draw the structure of the organic product that is formed.

[3]
[Total: 20]

6 Distinct periodicity is observed in the 1st ionisation energies of elements in the same
period.

(a) (i) Define, by means of an equation (including state symbols), what is meant by the
term 1st ionisation energy of phosphorus.

(ii) Describe and explain how the 1st ionisation energies vary from sodium to argon.

(iii) The graph below shows the variation of the ionisation energies for the outermost
eight electrons in an atom of an element X.

4.5

4
Log I.E.

3.5

2.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of electrons

State, giving reasons, the group of the Periodic Table to which element X is likely to
belong.

Hence, draw a dot-and-cross diagram for a compound formed between calcium and
X.
[7]

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 11
 (b) Dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, is commonly used in chloroform as a nitrating agent. It
can be produced by reacting nitrogen dioxide, NO2, with oxygen.

(i) What do you understand by the term standard enthalpy change of formation of
dinitrogen pentoxide? Illustrate your answer with an equation.

(ii) Use the energy cycle and thermochemical data given below to calculate the
enthalpy change of the reaction.

2NO2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → N2O5 (g)

Reactions ΔH / kJ mol-1
N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO (g) + 180
N2 (g) + 5/2 O2 (g) → N2O5 (g) + 11
NO (g) + ½ O2 (g) → NO2 (g) - 57

2NO2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) N2O5 (g)

2NO (g) + 3/2 O2 (g)

N2 (g) + 5/2 O2 (g)

(iii) Using the same energy cycle, determine the enthalpy change of formation of
nitrogen dioxide. Hence, deduce, giving reasons, the relative stabilities of NO,
NO2 and N2O5.

(iv) N2O5 is a simple molecule containing one N-O-N bond. Draw a possible
displayed formula for the molecule.

(v) Use the bond energies given in the Data Booklet to calculate another value for
the enthalpy change of the reaction

2NO2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → N2O5 (g)

[You may assume bond energies of N-O and N=O to be 214 kJ mol-1 and 587
kJ mol-1 respectively.]

(vi) Suggest a reason for the discrepancy between your answer in (b)(ii) and (b)(v).
[13]

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 12
7 (a) There were many attempts to define acids and bases. The most widely accepted
definition is proposed by TM Lowry and JN Bronsted in 1923.

(i) Explain what is meant by a Bronsted-Lowry acid and a Bronsted-Lowry base.

(ii) Explain the meaning of the term strength as applied to an acid.

(iii) There are two acids in the equilibrium below.

C6H5OH + H2O C6H5O- + H3O+ ; Kc = 1.0 x 10-10 mol dm-3

Suggest which ion or molecule in the equilibrium is the stronger acid. Explain
your answer.
[4]

(b) An acid C extracted from a plant has a pH of 2.7

(i) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm-3, of hydrogen ions in acid C.

25.0 cm3 of a sample of acid C extracted from the plant was titrated with 0.20 mol
dm-3 aqueous NaOH. 18.75 cm3 of the aqueous NaOH was required for complete
neutralisation.

(ii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm-3, of acid C in the plant extract.
(Assume acid C is a monobasic acid in your calculations.)

(iii) Based on your answers to (b)(i) and (b)(ii) above, what can you deduce
about the strength of acid C? Give a reason for your deduction.

(iv) Suggest an indicator that could be used for the above titration.
[5]

(c) The Ka values of propanoic acid and 2-chloropropanoic acids are listed below.

Acid Ka / mol dm-3 at 25 °C

Propanoic acid, CH3CH2COOH 1.38 X 10-5

2-chloropropanoic acid, CH3CH(Cl)COOH 1.48 X 10-3

2-hydroxypropanoic acid, CH3CH(OH)COOH 8.32 X 10-4

(i) Arrange the acids in the order of increasing acid strength.

(ii) Suggest an explanation for the difference in acid strength of propanoic acid
and 2-chloropropanoic acid.
[3]

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 13
 (d) A mixture of propanoic acid and its salt, sodium propanoate, is often used in
flour-based products as a buffer to regulate the acidity of the products.

(i) Explain what is meant by a buffer solution.

(ii) Write two equations to show how a mixture of propanoic acid and sodium
propanoate act as a buffer system.
[3]

(e) 2-hydroxypropanoic acid can be synthesized from 2-chloropropanoic acid, as

outlined in the reaction scheme below.

Step 1 Step 2
CH3CH(Cl)COOH D CH3CH(OH)COOH

(i) Suggest reagents and conditions for each step in the synthesis, and identify
compound D.

(ii) Describe a chemical test for 2-hydroxypropanoic acid which enables it to be

distinguished from 2-chloropropanoic acid.
Give the reagents and conditions for the test, and describe the observation
for each compound.
[5]

------ END OF PAPER ------

ajc/H1prelim/paper 2/2007 14