Module 1.

Topic 1

Direction : Identify what is asked in each item below.

GLOBALIZATION 1. It refers to the emerging of an international network belonging to

an economic and social system.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT 2. This transaction can be real merchandise, various
forms of services, financial instruments, or investments in local production facilities by
multinational firms.
FLOW 3. It practically connects everyone on earth with everyone else.
__LIQUIDITY 4. It is a constant interaction where it is the one increasing and
proliferating today.
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 5. They identified four basic aspects of
globalization: trade and transactions, capital movements and investment, migration and
movement of people, and the spreading of knowledge.

Module 1. Topic 2

Directions : Match column A with the correct answer in column B. Write only the letter of
answer on the blank provided before each item.
AB

____C____ 1. It refers to the increasing sameness in the world

as cultural inputs, economic factors, A. global economic crises
and political orientations of societies expand to create B. globalization
common practices, some economies, and similar forms of C. homogeneity
government. D. epoch
____A____ 2. It is also a product of homogeneity in E. heterogeneity
economic globalization. F. transplanetary process
____B___ 3. It is a long-term cyclical process. G. hardwired
____D____ 4. These are also called “waves.”
____E___ 5. It refers to the differences because of their
lasting differences of the hybrids or combinations of cultures
which can be produced through the different
transplanetary processes.

Module 2. Topic1
Direction : Fill in the blanks with the correct words given below.

WORLD SYSTEM THEORY GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

DIVISION OF LABOR INDUSTRIAL UPGRADE
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION OUTSOURCING
SUPPLY CHAINS CAPITALIST WORLD-SYSTEM
GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAINS CORE COMPETENCIES

1. A CAPITALIST WORLD-SYSTEM is an economic interdependence established

between the most influential countries that drives the worldwide economic environment.

2. OUTSOURCING is defined as the act of obtaining semi-finished products, finished

products or services from an outside company if these activities were traditionally
performed internally.

3. According to WORLD SYSTEM THEORY theory, the upward or downward mobility of

nations in the core, semi-periphery, and periphery is determined by a country’s mode of
incorporation in the capitalist world-economy.

4. The CORE COMPETENCIES can be defined as the collective knowledge of the

production system concerned, in particular knowledge of procedures and how to best
integrate and optimize them.

5. DIVISION OF LABOR referred simply to the specialization of workers in different

parts of the production process, usually in a factory setting.

6. The GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS is a chain that emphasizes on the relative value of
those economic activities that are required to bring a good or service from conception,
through the different phases of production.

7. TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION have become the primary movers and shakers

of the global economy because they have the power to coordinate and control supply
chain operations in more than one country, even if they do not own them.

8.GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAINS is a chain that emphasizes on the internal

governance structure of supply chains and on the role of diverse lead firms in setting up
global production and sourcing networks.

9. SUPPLY CHAINS is a chain that has a generic label for an input-output structure of
value-adding activities, beginning with raw materials and ending with a finished product
International production networks.

10. INDUSTRIAL UPGRADE refers to the process by which economic actors—nations,

firms, and workers—move from low-value to relatively high-value activities in global
production
networks.

Module 2. Topic2 No Assessment given.

Module 2. Topic3 No Assessment given.

Module 2. Topic4

A. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. It is a wide range of political structures relevant to globalization. There certainly are a

number of separable political flows of various sorts that are relevant to an
understanding of contemporary globalization.
a. Political Institutions in International Relations
b. Political Globalization
c. Globalization
d. Nationalism

2. This refers to a social group that is linked through common, descent, culture,
language, or territorial continuity.
a. Global
b. State
c. Nation
d. Nation State

3. It is a dynamic nongovernment system or interconnected socioeconomic institutions

that straddle the whole earth, which have complex effects felt in its four corners.
a. Global Civil Society
b. Civic Society
c. Civil Society
d. None of the above

4. They are private, voluntary, and nonprofit and most are oriented to bringing about
some sort of social and or political change.
a. International Government Organization
b. Political Globalization
c. Political Institutions in International Relations
d. International Nongovernment Organizations

5. “Networks of connections spanning multi-continental distances, drawing them close

together economically, socially, culturally and informationally."
a. Nationalism
b. Globalism
c. Nation
d. Global

6. "Technological paradigm that constitutes the material basis of early twenty-first

century societies."
a. Informalism
b. Informationalism
c. Only B
d. Both A and B
7. They operate in an array of economic, political, social, and cultural environments.
a. International Monetary Fund
b. World Bank
c. Multinational Corporation
d. World Trade Organization

8. MNC activity is usually measured by

a. International Government Organizations
b. International Nongovernmental Organizations
c. Foreign Direct Investment
d. Bretton Woods

9. Is a lightning rod for critics who see it as supporting development countries and their
efforts to impose their policies on less developed countries.
a. International Monetary Fund
b. Multinational Corporation
c. World Trade Organization
d. World Bank

10. He set up a new system of rules, regulations, and procedures for the major
economies stability.
a. Bretton Woods and Bretton Woods System
b. Joseph E. Stiglitz
c. Dicken's
d. None of the above

B. Match the given word(s) below with each statement that follows.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organizations (WTO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
World Bank
Civil Society
Nation State
Nationalism
State
Portfolio Investment
Changes in Bretton Woods Era Organizations
Multinational Corporations (MNC)
Noted economist Joseph E. Stiglitz.
Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Stiglitz

1. It was a system for the liberalization of trade that grew out of Bretton Woods and
came into existence in 1947. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
2. This encompasses much of what GATT's mandate, but has moved onto other issues
and areas such as service. Its operations are premised on the neoliberal idea that all
nations benefit from free and open trade and it is dedicated to reducing and ultimately
eliminating barriers to such trade. World Trade Organizations (WTO)

3. Its goal is macroeconomic stability for both member nations and the global economy.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)

4. It is the most important element of the World Bank Group (WBG). International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

5. An international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the

governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. World
Bank

6. It consists of groups or organizations working in the interest of the citizens but

operating outside of the government and for profit sectors. Civil Society

7. An integration of the subgroups that define themselves as a nation with the

organizational structure that constitutes the states. Nation State

8. A doctrine and/or political movement that seek to make the nation the basis of a
political structure, especially a state. Nationalism

9. Emerged as a new institutional form in the wake of the demise of the feudal system.
State

10. Another form of MNC activity. Portfolio Investment

11. The organizations that were spawned by Bretton Woods—WB, IMC, and WTO are
undergoing dramatic changes. Changes in Bretton Woods Era Organizations

12. A firm that has the power to coordinate and control operations in more than two
countries, even if it does not own them. Multinational Corporations (MNC)

13. One of the most effective critics of Bretton Woods Era of Organization.
Noted economist Joseph E. Stiglitz.

14. The most encompassing "club" of the world's rich countries and has little formal
power; it is highly influenced. Organizations for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD)

15. He defined globalization as "the removal of barriers to free trade and the closer
integration of national economies. Stigltz

C. Fill in the blanks.

_SECURITY_1. The biggest challenge of the United Nations is related to issues of.

_UNITED NATIONS 2. After the collapse of the league of Nations at the end of the
World War ll, countries that worried about another global war began to push for the
formation of a more lasting international league.

P5’s veto power_3. Because of ______ it is tough for the council to release a formal
resolution, much more implement it.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC)4. The third UN organ is "the principal
body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and recommendation on social and
environmental issues, as well as the implementation of internationally agreed
development goals.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS(IOs)5. When scholars refer to a group like the

UN or institutions like the IMF and the WB, they usually call them.

Module 3. Topic1

Direction : Encircle/bold the correct answer.

1. It described the communist-socialist states. These countries were, like First World
countries, industrialized.
A. First World
B. Second World
C. Third World

2. Included the developing nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America

A. First World
B. Second World
C. Third World

3. Described the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) countries and their allies,
which were democratic, capitalist, and industrialized
A. First World
B. Second World
C. Third World

4. Global economic integration is not only inevitable given the rise of the new
technologies: it is, more importantly, a normative international goal.
A. Global North
B. Globalism
C. Global South

5. These divide the world in half both geographically.

A. First World, Second World
B. Third World, First World
C. Global South, Global North

6. Imbalances of the Aggregate Economics and political power between states

Interstates dimensions.
A. Prevalent
B. Globalism
C. Global South

7. Contains all countries north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere

A. Global North
B. Global South
C. Southern Hemisphere

8. Holds all of the countries south of the Equator in the Southern Hemisphere
A. Global North
B. Southern Hemisphere
C. Global South

9. Major Lenses: International Relationship

A. Global North, Global South, North Hemisphere
B. Realism, Marxism, Liberalism Constructivism, Postmodernism
C. First World, Second World, Third World

10. The designation of "Third World" countries was created by____________ a French
demographer, in an article that he wrote for the French magazine, L'Observateur i n
1952, after World War II and during the Cold War-era.
A. Alfred Sauvy
B. Lisandro Claudio
C. Steger

Module 3. Topic2

Direction: Choose the correct answer from the given options and encircle/bold the
answer.

1. It is the process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions.

A. Regionalism
B. Globalization
C. Regionalization
D. Rejoining

2. It is defined as a political ideology that favors a specific region over a greater area.
A. Globalism
B. Regionalization
C. Political Converge
D. Regionalism

3. It is well defined as the distribution of power in a government among a central

authority and the component units; this is criminal behavior and i s thus the complete
opposite of nationalism.
A. Liberalism
B. Federalism
C. Democracy
D. Politics

4. These are the advantages of regionalism, except

A. Geopolitical Impact
B. Promoting Freer Trade
C. More Practical and Feasible
D. Positive Political Effect

5. These are the disadvantages of regionalism, except

A. Demonstration Effect
B. Hurting the Interest of Others
C. Geopolitical Impact
D. Undermine the Multilateral System

6. Emergence of institutions and administrative machinery

A. Institutional dimension
B. Symbolic dimension
C. Territorial dimension
D. Establishment

7. Globalization accelerated multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement of

people, but regionalization does not support this.

A. Aid
B. Nature
C. Technological Advance
D. Cultural & Societal Relation

8. The production and reproduction of the dimension of regionalism

A. Establishment
B. Symbolic Dimension
C. Territorial Dimension
D. Institutional Dimension

9. Which situation describes the geopolitical impact?

A. Under some circumstances regional trading systems could hurt trade interests of
other countries. Normally, setting up a customs union or free trade area would violate
the WTO’s principle of equal treatment for all trading partners that is “must-favored”
nation agreement.
B. Countries may lose interest i n the multilateral system when they engage actively in
regional initiatives. The slow pace of multilateral negotiations has given a greater
importance to bilateral and regional trade negotiation.
C. Extensive and intensive regional ties may lead to conflicts that range beyond
economics to broader shares of international relations.
D. The volume of RTA activity stretches negotiation capacities to their limit, and in case
of developing countries, prevents them from actively participating in all proceedings.

10. It is a disadvantage of regionalism where countries may lose interest in the

multilateral system when they engage actively in regional initiatives. The slow pace of
multilateral negotiations has given a greater importance to bilateral and regional trade
negotiation.
A. Undermines the multilateral system
B. Hurts the interest of others
C. Prevents developing countries from active participation
D. None of the above

Module 4. Topic1

I. Direction: Match column A with the correct answer in column B. Write only the letter of
answer on the blank provided before the number. A B

B 1.It is seen today as playing a key role in A. Global village

enhancing globalization. B. Mass media
C. Media
___D_ 2. The concept of _________ is seen by D. Hybridization
cultural globalization theorists as more suited to E. Castells
understand the complexity of flows and the “cultural
II. Direction : Determine whether each statement is true or false.

FALSE 1. Mattelart, Armand declared that television was turning the world into a "global
village.”
TRUE 2. Globalization relies on media as its main conduit for the spread of global
culture and ideas.

TRUE 3. A newspaper story that is written by a professional journalist and vetted

by professional editors is still likely to be more credible than a viral video produced by
someone in his/her bedroom, even if both will have their biases.

FALSE 4. Internet media will be the biggest threat to face as the globalization of media
deepens.

TRUE 5. Globalization entails the spread of various tradition and connections.

FALSE 6. IPhone remains proof of Japan's continued influence over global culture.

TRUE 7. The Internet is also seen as strengthening the cultural identities of diasporic
peoples, as well as assisting in social networking and in forging ties with like-minded
individuals, social groups and various communities across the globe.
TRUE 8. Globalization is seen to have changed the very nature of the previous strong
relationship that existed between the media and the state.

TRUE 9. The mass media are seen today as playing a key role in enhancing
globalization, facilitating culture exchange and multiple flows of information and image
between countries through international news broadcasts, television programming, new
technologies, film and music.

TRUE 10. As consumers of media, users must remain vigilant and learn how to
distinguish fact from falsehood in a global media landscape.
Module 4. Topic2

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If the statement is false, change the
underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement true.

TRUE 1. Religions are the foundation of modern republics.

TRUE 2. Technology, within the scope of religious globalization, plays a major role in
how and to whom the religion and its doctrine extends.

FALSE 3. The late Iranian religious leader, King Henry VIII, bragged about the
superiority of Islamic rule over its secular counterparts and pointed out the “there i s no
fundamental distinction among constitutional, despotic, dictatorial, democratic, and
communistic regimes.”

FALSE 4. Christianity and Islam are so-called “ new world religious .”

TRUE 5. States, the concept of “separation of church and state” comes into direct
conflict with conservative politicians who like to declare that America is a “ great
Christian nation .”

FALSE 6. Religions and technology have helped shape our country’s culture, laws, and
economic development.

TRUE 7. In the United States, religion and law were fused together to help build this
“modern secular society .”

FALSE 8. Culture is a major player in the world and allows for a greater rate of
transformation or resistance to spiritual definition.

TRUE 9. The “mission” being sent by American Born-Again Christian churches, Sufi
and Shiite Muslim orders, as well as institutions like Buddhist monasteries and Catholic,
Protestant, and Mormon churches are efforts at “spreading the word of God ” and
gaining adherents abroad.

FALSE 10. Samuel Huntington, one of the strongest defenders of economy, admits in
his book, The Clash of Civilization, that civilization can be held together by religious
worldviews.

Module 5. Topic1

I. Direction : Classify the given global cities below the table as to its category.

LONDON BANGKOK NEW YORK

ZURICH SÃO PAULO TOKYO
MADRID MEXICO CITY SEOUL
MIAMI LOS ANGELES TAIPEI
FRANKFURT PARIS AMSTERDAM
SYDNEY SINGAPORE

First Tier Second Tier Third Tier

LONDON ZURICH MADRID
NEW YORK FRANKFURT MIAMI
TOKYO SÃO PAULO SYDNEY
LOS ANGELES BANGKOK
PARIS MEXICO CITY
SINGAPORE SEOUL
TAIPEI
AMSTERDAM

II. Direction : Unscramble the letters to form the right word.

1. A phenomenon mostly associated with the global city

COSMOPOLITANISM

2. Category of the global city that is based on the level of their multinational articulations
SECOND TIER

3. A city which is the primary node in the global economic network.

GLOBAL CITY

4. A global city which belongs to the third tier

AMSTERDAM

5. Another term for global city

ALPHA CITY

Module 5. Topic2

Direction : Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which continent has the highest growth rate?
a. Africa
b. Asia
c. Europe
d. South America

2. Which continent has the largest population?

a. North America
b. Africa
c. Asia
d. Europe
3. The Malthusian Theory, attributed to Thomas Malthus, states that
a. population will continue to grow unchecked.
b. population grows in a linear fashion and would exceed food production.
c. food supply would keep pace with population growth.
d. population increases in an exponential manner while food supply can only increase in
a linear, or straight line fashion.
e. all of the above

4. Population growth is highest in countries that are

a. industrialized.
b. resource-rich.
c. in the early and late expanding stages of the demographic transition.
d. are extremely poor with both high birth and death rates.
e. all of the above

5. Fertility is
a. the number of live births in a given year.
b. used to assess the health of a population.
c. the incidence of child bearing in a country's population.
d. the maximum possible number of children that can be born each year.

6. Who predicted that population would increase by geometric progression, while food
production would increase in arithmetic progression?
a. Emile Durkheim
b. Jean Gottman
c. Ferdinand Tönnies
d. Thomas Robert Malthus

7. The three main factors that cause population change to a specified area are
a. births, deaths, and marriage.
b. births, deaths, and migration.
c. births, deaths, and life expectancy.
d. none of the above

8. What causes overpopulation?

a. Lack of technology in the productive process
b. Poverty
c. Immigration
d. Poor family planning
e. All of the above

9. What are some of the problems of overpopulation?

a. Crime and greed
b. Low standard of living and a stagnant way of life
c. Death
d. Destruction of the ozone layer
e. None of the Above
10. What happens if there are more births than deaths in a country?
a. The population decreases.
b. The population stays the same but there are more children.
c. This results in an increase in population.
d. None of the above

Module 5. Topic3

Direction : Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Statement 1 : Push factors are factors that help migrants decide to leave their home.
Statement 2 : Pull factors are factors that propel people in area where immigrants are
not going.
a. Both statements are correct.
b. Both statements are incorrect.

2. It refers to lack of employment or opportunities or differentials in employment and

wages; the lure of well-paid jobs in a wealthy country is a powerful driver of international
migration.
a. Political reasons
b. Economic reasons
c. Social factors
d. Cultural factors

3. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Statement 1 : Most global migration is from developed countries to developing ones.
Statement 2: Global migration is a situation in which people go to live in foreign
countries.
a. Only statement 1 is incorrect.
b. Only statement 2 is incorrect.
c. Both statements are correct.
d. Both statements are incorrect.

4. The following are pull factors, except

a. Better working conditions
b. High standard of living
c. Attractive compensation package
d. Unemployment

5. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Statement 1 : Internal migration refers to people moving from one area to another within
one country.
Statement 2: International migration, in which people cross borders of one country to
another.
a. Only statement 1 is incorrect.
b. Only statement 2 is incorrect.
c. Both statements are correct.
d. Both statements are incorrect.

6. Which of the following statements is correct about political factors?

a. The unattractiveness of agricultural activities, disasters, lack of basic
amenities and industrial ventures in countries has also encouraged international
migration.
b. Lack of employment or opportunities or differentials in employment and wages; the
lure of well-paid jobs in a wealthy country i s a powerful driver of international migration.
c. Socially factors are things that affect someone’s lifestyle. These could include wealth,
religion, buying habits, educational level, family size and structure and population
density.
d. The idea of culture i s vital to understanding the implications for translation and
despite the differences of opinion as to whether language is a part of culture or not, the
two are connected. Culture ranges are from syntax, ideologies, religion, language and
dialect, to art and literacy.

7. Global migration is “siphoning…qualified personnel, [and] removing dynamic young

workers. This process had often been referred to as?
a. Overpopulation
b. Unemployment
c. Brain drain
d. Globalization

8. The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation lists it as the third largest criminal
activity worldwide. What criminal activity is it?
a. Staffa
b. Smuggling
c. Child labor
d. Human trafficking

9. Which of the following are included in push factors?

I. Unemployment IV. Minimum wages
II. Corruption V. Better working conditions
III. Political crisis VI. High standard of living

a. I, II, III, V, VI
b. I II, III, IV
c. I, II, IV, V
d. I, II, III, VI

10. This refers to those “unable or unwilling to return because of a well-founded fear of
prosecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion.” This is often referred to as asylum-seekers.
a. Immigrants
b. Illegal migrants
c. Refugees
d. Emigrants
Module 6. Topic1

Direction : Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The following are parts of the Egg of Sustainability except

a. Human well-being
b. Ecosystem well-being
c. Social well-being

2. Sustainable development does not imply the affirmation of a neo-liberal economic

model; rather, it proposes
a. a world of solidarity that would accompany profound changes in existing economic
arrangements.
b. a reassurance of democratic procedures.
c. both (a) and (b)

3. Sustainable development is not a new method of analysis. Choose what requires the
people reject four intolerable and commonplace features of contemporary life that put
the future of the world in jeopardy.
a. inequality, caused by excessive confidence i n the distribution of savings revenue in
times of crisis
b. instability, brought about by an excess of State intervention, lax monetary policies
and inflationary processes
c. inefficiency, caused by countries turning in on themselves, accompanied by market
shifts that seriously affect the rural areas
d. exclusion and inequality which are still very much in evidence and wrongly accepted
as inevitable.
e. all of the above

4. Sustainable development is not an end in itself but a way of managing possible

feasible scenarios for the future and fostering new approaches to social dialogue.
a. True
b. False

5. Sustainable development involves the natural sciences and economics, but it is

primarily a matter of culture. It is connected with values people cherish and with the
ways in which they perceive their relationship with others.
a. True
b. False

Module 6. Topic2

Direction : Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is food security?

a. The state of not being able to access a reliable source of nutritious, healthy and
affordable food
b. The state of being able to access a reliable source of nutritious, healthy and
affordable food
c. The same as food insecurity
d. All of the above

2. What causes global food security?

a. water scarcity and climate change
b. human
c. the weather
d. introduced species

3. The risk of Global Food Security exclude

a. malnutrition
b. hunger
c. conflict
d. climate change
4. Which level of household income experiences the highest percentage of food
insecurity?
a. Low
b. Middle
c. Upper-middle
d. Highest

5. The Importance of Global Food Security (Positive outcome): Secure access to food
can produce wide ranging positive impacts, including
a. Economic growth and job creation
b. Poverty reduction
c. Decreased global security and stability
d. None of these

Module 6. Topic3

I. Direction : Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world—and their place in it.
a. Global citizen
b. Global citizenship
c. Politicians
d. None of the above

2. It is being embraced by educators, scholars, politicians and even business people.

a. Global citizen
b. Global citizenship
c. Politicians
d. None of the above

3. Someone who is committed to certain values, attitudes and behaviors

a. Politicians
b. Educator
c. Global citizen
d. Global citizenship

4. Moral values that control one’s attitudes, behaviors and actions

a. Morality
b. Ethics
c. Respects
d. None of the above

5. It can train the human brain to work faster in situations where it can be difficult to
make a decision or react over a particular issue in an appropriate manner.
a. Ethics
b. Morality
c. Global citizenship education
d. None of the above
II. True or False

_____TRUE___1. A global citizen is someone who is not committed to certain values,

attitudes and behaviors.

_____TRUE___2. Global citizenship education can be used as a holistic approach to

reduce the negative global issues, such as injustice, victimization, harassment and
many other features.

_____TRUE___3. Citizenship education is based on the concept of helping young

people.
_____TRUE___4. The concept of global citizenship in relation to education is used by
educators in varied contexts in order to bring the world into their classrooms or send
their learners to the world, so that they can be exposed to new content and various
experiences.

_____TRUE____5. The human brain to work faster in situations where it can be difficult
to make a decision or react over a particular issue in an appropriate manner in global
citizenship education.

_____TRUE___6. The concept of global citizenship can guide the citizens in terms of
moral responsibilities and develop their sense of social duties.

_____TRUE___7. Global citizenship programs help students to develop some cognitive

skills, such as critical thinking through enabling them to think clearly about what they are
supposed to do in their daily life, especially when encountering a particular problem.

_____ TRUE___8. Global citizenship deals with how cognitive abilities affect social
relationships.

______TRUE___9. Developing international communication can be achieved by

engaging students in global citizenship, and several materials, methods, approaches
and activities can be used to teach global citizenship.

______FALSE___10. In the United States, a survey of social studies teachers revealed

that 80% claimed that global citizenship i s required for civics education Many
universities introduce specific programs for the ethics of global citizenship, especially in
the USA; for example, they offer certificates in intercultural communication to promote
the ethics of global citizenships.