Aim:

Heat Transfer by Radiation

1. To compare heat transfer between different

material surface and the black body surface by
radiation.

2. To find the emissivity of different material

surface.

Apparatus:

Emissivity measurement apparatus: The experimental set up consists of two circular aluminum
plates identical in size provide with heater coils at the bottom Fig.1

It is kept in an enclosure so as to provide undisturbed

natural convection surroundings. The heat input to
the heaters is varied by two regulators and is
measured by an ammeter and voltmeter. Each plate
is having three thermocouples; hence an average
temperature is taken. One thermocouple is kept in
the enclosure to read the chamber temperature. One
plate is blackened by a layer of enamel black paint to
form the idealized black surface whereas the other
plate is the test plate. The temperatures of the plates
are measured by using thermocouples.

Theory:

In radiation, energy is carried by the electromagnetic waves emitted by every object. In general,
radiation is a volumetric phenomenon. This is because the electrons, atoms and molecules of all
solids, liquids and gases above absolute zero temperature are in constant motion and hence energy
is constantly emitted, absorbed and transmitted throughout the entire volume of the matter.

The radiation from a surface is emitted in all possible directions. A body at a temperature above
absolute zero emits radiation in all directions over a wide range of wavelength. The amount of
radiation from the surface of a body at a given temperature and at a given wavelength depends on
the material of the body and nature of its surface. A concept of an idealized surface has been made
which are perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. This ideal surface is known as a black body.
A black body or ideal radiator is a body that emits and absorbs at any temperature the maximum
possible radiation at any given wavelength.

A black body has the following features

      

1. At a specified temperature and wavelength a black body emits more radiation energy than
the real one.

2. It absorbs all incident radiation regardless of wavelength and direction

3. It emits radiation energy uniformly in all direction. That is black body is a diffuse emitter the
term ‘diffuse’ means independent of direction.

Depending on type of surface, the

reflected radiation is specular or
diffuse. A smooth and polished
surface is more specular while the
rough surface is more diffuse.

The fraction of incident energy

absorbed by the surface is called
the absorptivity. For a black body
it is equal to one.

Actually black body do not exist in nature through its characteristics are approximated by a hole in a
box filled with highly absorptive material. The emission spectrum of such a black body was first fully
described by Max Planck.

Emissivity of a surface is defined as ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface to the radiation
emitted by the black body at the same temperature.

If a sample is replaced by a black body of temperature of same area at same temperature, under
thermal equilibrium, the emissivity of the body is equal to the absorptivity.

Relationship between Absorptivity and Emissivity:

Consider two flat infinite plates, surface A and surface B, both

emitting radiation towards one another. Surface B is assumed to
be an ideal emitter, εB= 1.
Surface A will emit radiation according to Stefan’s Boltzmann law as

         (1)
And will receive radiation as

        (2)
Net heat flow from surface A will be

   (3)
Now suppose that the two surfaces are at exactly same temperature then, εA = αA
Emissivity of surface will depend on the material of which it is composed.
The radiation emitted per unit area per unit time from the surface of a body is called its emissive
power. The ratio of emissive power of a body to the emissive power of a black body is called
emissivity.

Heat emitted by the black body per unit area,  (4)

Heat emitted by the test plate per unit area,  (5)

εb Emissivity of the black plate.
εp Emissivity of the test plate
σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67×10 -8 W m-2K-4
Tb Black body temperature in Kelvin
Tc Chamber temperature in Kelvin
Tp Test plate temperature in Kelvin
Qb = Qp since input power to the two plates is same and conduction heat loss are also same.

Emissivity,   (6)

Working

The same amount of power input is given to both test plate and black plate. After achieving steady
state temperature for black plate, it continuously emits radiations and this radiation is completely
absorbed by the test plate. But its emit radiation is slightly less than the black body because
emissivity depends on nature of the material.

Applications

1. In lasers
2. Microwave ovens
3. Solariums
4. Mobile telephones
5. MRI devices in the magnetic field
6. Industrial heaters

Procedure:

 
Variable Region:

1.  Choose material - This can be used to select the specimen plate.

2.  Diameter of the specimen- Used to vary the diameter of the specimen in centimeter.

3.  Thickness of the specimen- Used to change the thickness of the specimen in centimeter.

4.  Chamber temperature- This is used to change the temperature in the evacuated chamber in
degree Celsius.

Measurement Region:

White knobs in simulator- This knob can be rotated by right clicking side arrows and thereby
adjusting the voltage and corresponding current which is given as input power.

Tuning Switch- Used to turn either Black plate (BP) or Test plate (TP) and thereby can change the
corresponding voltage and current for  both the plates.

Note: Power should be given for both the plates must be same.

Power on button- Using this button we can switch on the power when all the initial adjustments
were done.

Temperature indicator in the simulator- After steady state of temperature is reached (20 minutes in
timer). Adjusting the knob by clicking the side arrows in the indicator, thereby T 1 to T7 temperature
on thermocouples can be noted in degree Celsius.

Procedure for Simulation

1. Choose a particular material to perform simulation.

2.  Fix the value of diameter and thickness of the plate.

3. The temperature is given to the chamber using the slider " chamber temperature".

4. Using tuning switch and white knob, fix the voltage and corresponding current for black plate and
test plate.

5. Note the value of temperature T 1, T2, T3,T4,T5,T6,T7 using temperature indicator.

6. Calculate the value of emissivity for a given test plate using equations.

Procedure for Real lab

 
 Using emissivity apparatus, the power is given to carry out the experiment using voltmeter and
ammeter. After steady state is reached,(2 hours), Using stop watch, every half an hour, the
temperature in the temperature indicator is noted. Using trial and error method, T 1,T2, T3, T4, T5, T6,
and T7  are noted. Calculate the value of emissivity for a given test plate using equations.

Observations and Calculations:

Heat emitted by the black body,        

                                      W

Heat emitted by the test plate,  

                                      W

εb Emissivity of the black plate and it is equal to 1

εp Emissivity of the test plate

σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67×10 -8 W m-2K-4

=..........................K

= ...................K

                                            K         

Qb = Qp since input power to the two plates is same and conduction heat loss are also same.

Emissivity of the specimen plate,                              

                                     

Result

Emissivity of test plate surface =