0. Research, note media you may want to include.

 Assuming I know I want to make a video about

something I'm not already an expert on myself, of course the first thing I have to do is research.
And while I do it, being mindful of my video-making intent, I want to not just clip quotes, facts,
and stats that stand out, but also keep an eye out for visuals from any media I'm researching
that I might want to include in my own video.
1. Explanation outline. What are the key beats of the explanation itself? What does the
audience need to understand about the situation or concept? (e.g. Vox explainer takes a
couple of beats to explain proxy war / cold war) What's in-scope & out-of-scope? (e.g. Vox
explainer doesn't go further back than the end of the Ottoman Empire, doesn't dig into
economies.)
2. Visual brainstorming first-pass. Looking at my list of beats, I need to figure out how to turn
them into a video worth watching. How do I show while I tell? What kind of motion graphics
provide the best visual explanation of each beat? What stock or archival footage will
demonstrate or emphasize a beat? What primary footage could I record myself? Where would
interview footage provide credibility, connection, or character?
3. Consolidate. Before I go too deep into details on any of my graphics concepts or start looking
for specific footage, I'd review my explanation outline and visuals brainstorming and start
seeing where I can consolidate for a more efficient explanation and also production process.
Looking for beats that would be explained already by another beat's visual, and looking for
visual concepts that would actually be effective at explaining multiple beats.
You'll note Vox's video is almost entirely comprised of three basic visual concepts:
 color & icon map overlays
 interview footage with an expert
 archival news footage
While they use several different types of graphics as overlays on the map, the decision to use
the same world terrain map as the basic template -- zoomed in to frame specific areas for
some beats, showing zoom outs to illustrate context -- saves a ton of production effort. It also
may have helped them simplify the explanation by altering some beats that could have started
as explanations of the decisions of individuals, and instead abstract them as an action by the
country itself.
Similarly, when Vox uses footage from their interview with former CIA military analyst Kenneth
Pollack, it's on a very similar set of beats: typically explaining motivations, not recounting
actions.
4. Drafting a script. Now that I've consolidated the beats needed for the explanation itself, I
want to outline and then draft an actual script. How does the video start? What's the premise
for the explanation? How do I want to arrange the explanation beats to make this an actual
story, and what transitions, emphasis, and conclusions do I need to add?
By the end of this step, I should have an actual script I can read aloud, with some of the main
video beats (e.g. "title graphic here," "start timeline overlay here," "CIA report montage through
this") noted. From this point on, if I have a target video-length in mind I need to be revising
toward it.
5. Revise, storyboard, record & revise. Once I've given the script a basic revision, the next big
step is storyboarding. This will be the point at which my motion graphics start to really take
shape, and I can start getting a sense of timing between my voiceover and the graphics. I
could even record myself reading the script, edit together a basic frame-by-frame video of my
storyboard, and have an effective video draft.
This might seem like over-preparation, but compared to the time it will take to create motion
graphics and edit voice & video to a production-quality level, I'd rather figure out now where I
need to cut and condense, or what I'm missing and need to make sure I can add in.
4-5b. Record primary video. Depending on the video concept, I think at some point during steps
4 & 5 is also the best time to see who of the folks that stood out during my first-round research
interviews it would be best to have video of.
If all I want is interview footage, I'd do it just after step 4. Once I know what the story is and I
know who I need my audience to hear from to most effectively tell that story, I'd ask if they'd be
willing speak on camera for the video I'm making, and then shoot that footage. Then I can edit
my script to include transitions in and out from their segments, based on what they said.
If I'm explaining a process and want to show someone doing some of it, I'd wait until after I've
storyboarded, so I can go in with a shot list and make sure I don't miss footage of key actions
or the environment in which they happen.
6. Record production-quality voiceover. Now that I have my finished script, I want to record my
narration of it first, so I can time my graphics to my voice.
7. Produce the video with graphics & edited footage. Now we're in Adobe territory. To figure out
how to do this, let's look at a long, complex motion-graphics segment in the Vox video, from
about 1:25 to 2:45.
I can't seem to figure out how to even begin doing it.
I've faced this situation a number of times, and the key is to break it down into individual
components and learn how to do those. With software-based skills, it's easiest to find tutorials
(and build your overall understanding) when you're searching for how to do something with a
specific tool or technology. So I'd be looking for tutorials on how to achieve specific effects with
Adobe Premiere Pro.
As a side note, per /u/sodaholic's other comments, Adobe Premiere Pro is good video editing
software with some motion graphics capabilities, and Adobe After Effects is a program with
more advanced motion graphics capabilities. This video explains how they're different and
work together.
So, what are some of the effects happening in this video, and how can we figure out how to
produce them ourselves?
 The really basic first step is we have an image in the video, the map1, that all the
other effects are happening on top of. So Googling for "how to put an image into video
Adobe," I found this tutorial on adding photos, titles, and graphics.
 Looking for "adobe premiere information bubble," I found this video on how to
keyframe pop-up animations.
 For zooming in / out on the map, I searched "zoom in on a graphic adobe premiere"
and clicked through a couple of tutorials to this one on how to pan and zoom in premiere
pro.
...while these are just a few of the effects needed to produce a motion graphic as high quality
as the ones in Vox's videos, you can see how it's possible to start learning how to do it.
Vox's motion graphics have a lot of layers and combined effects to them. You can see things
like the flicker-highlight effect on a bunch of countries at 1:28 where they must be adding &
milli-second-removing multiple individual color-tinted map images of those specific countries.
So I want to emphasize that anyone can learn how to do these kind of graphics, but unless
you're aiming to reach a professional level with this skill, you'll probably want to stick to simpler
graphics and effects.
8. Add sound effects & music overlay. Once I've gotten the graphics and footage timed to
voiceover and made any final cuts to hit my target video length, the final thing I'd want to do is
add music and sound effects. You'll notice a music track throughout the Vox video, setting the
tone and keeping up the pace. There are also some sound effects sprinkled in to emphasize a
change (e.g. the 'click' of invaded territory highlighting at 2:33 & 2:36) and make sure the
viewer's attention is fully engaged.