Step 1 - To make the course recognition

Individual work

Student name:
Jorge Ivan Mendieta Muñoz
Group: 9
Identification number:5826178

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Electromagnetic Theory and Waves
2019 16-04
 Introduction

In this document, basic concepts about electromagnetic waves are presented, they do
not need a material means to propagate, It also relates that it is magnetic
permeability, and permittivity (also called dielectric constant), the value of
permeability and permittivity in the vacuum is shown and we learned that the
absolute and relative permeability serves to compare the materials with each other.
Also based on a wave equation we identify parameters such as frequency,
wavelength, wave number, angular frequency, amplitude among others.
 Solution of the 5 questions

1. What is an electromagnetic wave?

Electromagnetic waves do not need a material means to propagate. Thus, these
waves can cross the interplanetary and interstellar space and reach Earth from the
Sun and the stars. Regardless of their frequency and wavelength, all electromagnetic
waves travel in a vacuum at a speed c = 299,792 km / s.
Electromagnetic waves have electrical and magnetic components. Electromagnetic
wave it can be ordered in a spectrum that ranges from very high frequency waves
(small wavelengths) to very low frequencies (high wavelengths) [ CITATION Ecu1 \l 3082 ]

Imagen1 onda electromagnética https://www.areatecnologia.com/ondas-

electromagneticas.htm

2. What is electrical permittivity ε and magnetic permeability μ of a medium?

Magnetic permeability to the ability of a substance or medium to attract and pass
through it magnetic fields, which is given by the relationship between the existing
magnetic induction and the magnetic field strength that appears inside said material.
 Imagen 2 permeabiidad magnetica
http://mesa960104.blogspot.com/2017/10/permeabilidad-y-permitividad.html

The magnitude thus defined, the degree of magnetization (non-permanent

magnetization) of a material in response to a magnetic field, is called absolute
permeability and is usually represented by the symbol μ:
where B is the magnetic induction (also called magnetic flux density) in the material,
and H is magnetic field strength. (Guided Magnetic Waves Blog, 2017)
PERMITTIVITY
The permittivity (also called dielectric constant) is a physical constant that describes
how an electric field affects and is affected by a medium. The vacuum permittivity ε_0
is 8.8541878176x10 ^ (- 12) C2 / Nm2.
The permittivity is determined by the tendency of a material to polarize before the
application of an electric field and thereby partially cancel the internal field of the
material. It is directly related to electrical susceptibility. For example, in a capacitor a
high permittivity causes the same amount of electric charge be stored with a smaller
electric field and, therefore, at a lower potential, leading to a greater capacity of this.
In electromagnetism, the electric displacement field D is defined as the electric field E
multiplied by the electrical permittivity of the medium in this way, D is only induced
by free charges and not by dipole charges. The relationship of both fields (for linear
media) with permittivity is
D=ε∙E
where ε is a scalar if the medium is isotropic or a second-order tensor in other cases.
The permittivity, taken as a function of frequency, can take real or complex values.
Generally it is not a constant since it can vary with the position in the medium, the
frequency of the applied field, the humidity or the temperature, among other
parameters. In a non-linear medium, the permittivity may depend on the magnitude
of the electric field.
The unit of measure in the SI is the farad per meter (F / m). D is measured in
coulombs per square meter (C / m2), while E is measured in volts per meter (V / m).
D y E They represent the same phenomenon, the interaction between charged objects.
D is related to the charge densities associated with this interaction. E is related to the
forces and potential differences involved. The vacuum permittivity ε_0, is the scale
factor that relates the values of D and E in that medium. ε_0 is equal to
8.8541878176 ... × 10 ^ (- 12) F / m. (Guided Magnetic Waves Blog, 2017).

3. In a vacuum, what is the value of the electric permittivity ε o and the magnetic
permeability μo ?

Permittivity of the vacuum

The vacuum permittivity ε o is the quotient of the D / E fields in that medium. It also
1
appears in Coulomb's law as part of Coulomb's force constant, 4 π ε , which expresses
o

the attraction between two-unit charges in a vacuum.

1 625000 F
ε o= = =8.8541878176....∗10−12 F /m where is the velocity of the y
2
C μo 22468879468420441 π m
μo is the magnetic permeability of the vacuum. These three constants are fully defined
in SI units.

Vacuum permeability

The vacuum permeability, also known as magnetic constant, is represented by the

symbol μo and in SI units it is defined as:

μo =4 π∗10−7 NA−2

The electrical permittivity - which appears in Coulomb's law - and the magnetic
constant of the vacuum are related by the formula:
1
ε o μ o= 2
Co

where Co represents the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum,

commonly called the speed of light in empty space. (Guided Magnetic Waves Blog,
2017)
4. If the relationship between relative and absolute electric permittivity in a medium
is ε =ε r ε o, what is for the absolute magnetic permeability μ and the relative μr

It is used to compare the materials with each other, the absolute magnetic
permeability μ is understood as the product between the relative magnetic
permeability μr and the magnetic vacuum permeability μo :

μ=μ r μ o

Materials can be classified according to their relative magnetic permeability into:

ferromagnetic, whose relative magnetic permeability value is much higher than 1.

paramagnetic or non-magnetic, whose relative permeability is approximately 1 (they

behave like a vacuum).

diamagnetic, of relative magnetic permeability less than 1.

Ferromagnetic materials attract the magnetic field inwards. They are the materials
that "stick to the magnets." That property is called ferromagnetism. Examples of
them are iron and nickel.

Paramagnetic materials are the majority of those found in nature. They do not have
ferromagnetism, and their reaction to magnetic fields is not very noticeable.

Diamagnetic materials repel the magnetic field, causing it to pass through the outside
of the material. In general, this diamagnetic action is very weak, and is not
comparable to the effect produced by the magnetic field on ferromagnetic materials.
An example of diamagnetic material is copper.

Another effect of the magnetic fields on the materials is antiferromagnetic, which

results in a zero polarization of the material, but produces an internal arrangement of
the material.
(Guided Magnetic Waves Blog, 2017)
 2π
(
5. In the wave equation E ( x , t )= A sen ( kx−wt ) ^j = A sen
λ )
x −2 πft ^jidentify the following

parameters and their unit:

- Amplitude: A [m] (example).
ω 2 πf
- Frequency: = =1 Hz
2 π 2 πf
- Weather: ___
- Angular frequency:2 π
2π 2 π
λ= = =1 m
- Wavelength: k 2π
λ
2π
- Wave number: k =
λ
- Polarization direction: ___
2π
- Direction of displacement: x−2 πft
λ

Conclusions
Conclusion 1: in the development of this activity we learned that electromagnetic
waves can be found in light, microwaves, X-rays, television and radio retransmissions,
among others, we know that they are formed when an electric field matches a field
magnetic.

Conclusion 2: Relative permeability helps us to compare materials with each other.

Conclusion 3: The development of this work allows us to have knowledge about the
topics covered in the course so that we develop more skills and abilities when doing
practical exercises.

Bibliography
Bibliography 1:

Theme: electromagnetic waves in free space.

Quesada, M. and Maroto, J. (2014). Plan of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic
waves in free space. From Maxwell's equations to free and guided electromagnetic
waves: an introduction for freshmen. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp.
49-60). Retrieved from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=en&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_49

Theme: Propagation of waves in open media.

Chen, W. (2005). The manual electrical engineering. Boston: Academic Press. (pp.
513-519). Recoveredfrom http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

OVI

Theme: Tangent loss.

The following video explains the main electromagnetic parameters associated with the
medium and the wave, to recognize how a medium could be dissent for a specific
transmission system. Gutierrez, W. (2017). Tangent of loss [Video]. Recovered from
http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

Website
Guided Magnetic Waves Blog. (October 24, 2017). Obtainedfrom
http://mesa960104.blogspot.com/2017/10/permeabilidad-y-permitividad.html

Website
EcuRed Electromagnetic Waves. (s.f.). Obtained from
https://www.ecured.cu/Ondas_electromagn%C3%A9ticas