IoT and Cloud Computing

Chapter 1: Introduction

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Definition
Activity N°1: draw a scenario

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Definition
Activity N°2: brainstorming

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Definition

“The term Internet of Things generally refers

to scenarios where network connectivity and
computing capability extends to objects,
sensors and everyday items not normally
considered computers, allowing these devices
to generate, exchange and consume data
with minimal human intervention.”
Internet Society. The Internet of Things: an overview. 2015

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Definition
• HP provides the following definition :

“The Internet of Things refers to the

unique identification and
‘Internetization’ of everyday objects.
This allows for human interaction and
control of these ‘things’ from anywhere
in the world, as well as device-to-
device interaction without the need for
human involvement.” Miessler, “HP Security,” 2014

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Definition
• CISCO defines the “Internet of Everything (Bradley,
“Internet of Everything,” 2013)

“Bringing together people, process, data and things

to make networked connections more relevant and
valuable than ever before, turning information into
actions that create new capabilities, richer
experiences and unprecedented economic
opportunity for businesses, individuals and
countries.”

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Definition

Cisco’s representation of IoE

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IoT Birth
Kevin Ashton

• The idea of connected devices had been around

at least since the 70s. It was often called
“embedded internet” or “pervasive computing”.
• The term Internet of Things was invented in
1999 by Kevin Ashton, initially to promote RFID
technology for supply chain optimization.
• The popularity of the term IoT did not accelerate
until 2010/2011 and reached mass market in
early 2014.
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IoT Birth

Evolution of IoT (Source: Charith Perera et al(2014),

context aware computing for the IoT_A Survey, IEEE)

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IoT Applications

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IoT Applications

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IoT Applications

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IoT Applications

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IoT Applications

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IoT Architecture
• 3-tier Architecture

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IoT Architecture
• The perception layer is the physical layer, which has sensors
for sensing and gathering information about the
environment. It senses some physical parameters or
identifies other smart objects in the environment.

• The network layer is responsible for connecting to other

smart things, network devices, and servers. Its features are
also used for transmitting and processing sensor data.

• The application layer is responsible for delivering

application specific services to the user. It defines various
applications in which the Internet of Things can be
deployed, for example, smart homes, smart cities, and
smart health.

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IoT Architecture
• 5-tier architecture

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IoT Architecture
• The transport layer transfers the sensor data from the
perception layer to the processing layer and vice versa
through networks such as wireless, 3G, LAN, Bluetooth,
RFID, and NFC.
• The processing layer is also known as the middleware
layer. It stores, analyzes, and processes huge amounts
of data that comes from the transport layer. It can
manage and provide a diverse set of services to the
lower layers. It employs many technologies such as
databases, cloud computing, and big data processing
modules.
• The business layer manages the whole IoT system,
including applications, business and profit models, and
users’ privacy.
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IoT Architecture

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IoT Architecture:
IoT World Forum Reference Model

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Fog vs Cloud computing

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Fog vs Cloud computing
• Fog computing is defined as a distributed
computing paradigm that fundamentally extends
the services provided by the cloud to the edge of
the network.
• Fog computing or fog networking, is also known
as fogging, is an architecture that uses edge
devices to carry out a substantial amount of
computation, storage, communication locally and
routed over the internet backbone

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Fog vs Cloud computing
• The paradigm of “fog
computing” envisions
adding smart data
preprocessing capabilities
to physical devices such as
motors, pumps, or lights.

• The aim is to do as much

preprocessing of data as
possible in these devices,
which are termed to be at
the edge of the network.

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How it works?

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How it works?

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 How it works?
End device (thing)
“Thing” in IOT is the asset that
you want to control or monitor or
measure, that is, observe closely.
In many IoT products, the “thing”
gets fully incorporated into a
smart device.

https://www.avnet.com/wps/portal/us/resources/technical-
articles/article/iot/nxp-intro-to-iot-components/
https://www.mouser.in/applications/internet-of-things-block-diagram/

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How it works?
End device (thing)

Source: A Reference Guide to the Internet of Things. Bridgera. RIoT. 2017

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 How it works?
Actuators
• An actuator operates in the reverse direction of a sensor. It
takes an electrical input and turns it into physical action.
For instance, an electric motor, a hydraulic system, and a
pneumatic system are all different types of actuators.
Some examples are heating or cooling elements, speakers,
lights, displays and motors.

Source: A Reference Guide to the Internet of Things. Brigera. RIoT. 2017

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How it works?
Microcontrollers

Source: A Reference Guide to the Internet of Things. Bridgera. RIoT. 2017

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How it works?
Sensors

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How it works?
Sensors

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How it works?
Sensors
• Mobile Phone Based Sensors
– The accelerometer: senses the motion and
acceleration of a mobile phone
– The gyroscope: detects the orientation of the
phone
– The camera and microphone: they capture visual
and audio information
– The GPS (Global Positioning System): detects the
location of the phone
– The light sensor: detects the intensity of ambient
light
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 How it works?
Sensors
– The proximity sensor: uses an infrared (IR) LED, which
emits IR rays. These rays bounce back when they
strike some object
– Thermometer, barometer and humidity sensor
• Medical Sensors: There are many wearable
sensing devices available in the market. They are
equipped with medical sensors that are capable
of measuring different parameters such as the
heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, body
temperature, respiration rate, and blood glucose
levels.

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 How it works?
Sensors

• Neural Sensors: The technology used for reading brain

signals is called EEG (Electroencephalography) or a
brain computer interface.
• Environmental and Chemical Sensors: Environmental
sensors are used to sense parameters in the physical
environment such as temperature, humidity, pressure,
water pollution, and air pollution. Chemical sensors are
used to detect chemical and biochemical substances.
These sensors consist of a recognition element and a
transducer.
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