 Origins of Celts- Farmers. Warrioirs and warlike people.

Arrived in the period of migrations

 Celtic social organization- Own laws, were ruled by nobles who were kings, princes or chiefs of their
own tribes or clans. Women had a special place. No central social organization. Small family units – clans
– tribes. farmers
Roman invasions: the causes- trade: oppida/ Julius Caesar- got in touch with Celts who were helping Gauls
opposing the advances of Ceasar’s legions in Gaul/ wealth of Celtic Britain
Results- tribes paid tribute дань to the Romans/ cultural penetration проникновение: presence of traders,
Roman visitors help British to become familiar with Roman culture/ trade
Claudius’s Invasion- no military leader and he needed some deeds which would increase honor and thus
intrench his power in Rome. Capture of Camolodunum. Travel among the Celtic tribes, threatened угрожал
the Roman culture and trading in this area
THE ANGLO-SAXON INVASIONS- conquering the local people of increasing their wealth but the came with
the idea of settlement/ Some Anglo-Saxons were actually invited to Britain as missionaries to protect the
communities living in England against the attacks from Celts from the North/ defenseless of the Celts and
Romans living in England
Results- of political unification/ A-S tribes had shared common Germanic heritage/ Heptarchy – the chain of
A-S kingdoms
THE VIKING INVASIONS- shortage of resources in Scandinavia/ political weakness of many European
societies/ a chance to rat victories overseas to get more wealth
Norman monarchy was intrenched in the feudal system- The sheriff counteract against the growth of the influence
of noble families in the countryside/ Magnum Concilium- advise the king on the matters of state, idea was also
directed at keeping the nobles/ Curia Regis- body that controlled the legislation, the decisions of the king as they
were taken and the policies/ Danegeld – the money that were supposed to be given to the king for the purposes of
maintaining his court and making him able to wage wars

FEUDALISM – a system of land ownership and personal relationships. Land is held in fief by vassals from lords
(land is owned by lords but they give it to their vassals in fief/ vassals do homage to lords/ vassals were
invested with fief

ENGLISH VARIANT OF FEUDALISM- ethnic divisions – all owners of land were Normans, French-speaking
descendants of the first wave of Norman invaders/ all landowners, lords had to swear their loyalty to the king
directly/ Scutage (shield-money- kings were able to recruit knights and soldiers as missionaries being less
dependent on the personal military help of their vassals

HENRY II- inherited the throne after his cousin’s Stephen death. founder of Angevin (Plantaenet) dynasty/
prevented new invasions; private wars among barons were gradually stopped/ shield money) was paid instead of
taking up the military service of knights

Magna Carta- gave freedom to all people and this was the document in which the king made a kind of a deal
with his barons. Barons were not supposed to be taxed/ The church one of the most powerful feudal owners of
land/ baronial council was set up which was supposed to advise the king and make sure that the decisions of
Magna Carta were followed

CONSTITUTIONALISM – suggests the existence of the common system of law. Writs or Assize docs/ jury derived
on the tradition of trials in which the verdicts would be made by 12 neighbors/ The Exchequer – royal department
responsible for the collection and the management of taxes

SIGNIFICANCE OF CHRISTIANITY- the power of the king not just from the virtue of his birth but also from the God’s
sanction – a Holy character/ Christendom – European unity based on the acceptance of Christianity and it’s
doctrines/ Christian worldview was the centre of all beliefs, it provided a foundation for both popular and scientific
beliefs

GREGORIAN REFORMS- the church has the central role in the whole Christendom/ Papal supremacy/ Clerical
celibacy- forbidding priests to marry

HENRY II v. THOMAS BECKET- Becket rejected the secular life and devoted himself entirely to the church. He
became opposing king/ Clarendon Constitutions (1164) limiting the rights of the church in England./ Henry II had
to accept the rights of the clergy

 the significance of pilgrimage- spiritual renewal / social – pilgrimages integrated different classes
of society where religion was only one of the aspects/ economic – building places in which
pilgrims could stay overnight

the significance of monasteries- religious – showed new ideas of devotion to religion/ cultural – the achievement
of Stephen Harding was copying of the Bible/ social – providing work and occupation for many people living nearby

MEDIEVAL LIFE- Feudalism system based on cooperation and mutual obligations among dif groups and classes of
people/ Lords had rights given to them by the king, then knights would lend their land from the lords/ Lords owed
loyalty and military aid to the king in return for the right to hold the land./ 2 categories of peasants: villeins who
had more freedom and serfs-slaves

MANORIAL ESTATE- is the basic economic unit of medieval agricultural economy but at the same time it was also
an administrative and political unit – there were manorial court and the lord presided of the administration of
justice and the manor was also unit for raising taxes and for public improvements. manor house of the lord/ Village
– serfs, villeins/ Open field system with each manor having three large fields which were divided into many narrow
strips of land/ rotation system – the purpose of each part changing each year.

RURAL SOCIETY IN THE 14TH CENTURY - Population growth/economic depression: was caused by the fact that the
growth of population was so fast that it outstripped the means of subsistence for the labouring classes and there
was not enough food to feed the growing numbers of people

the Black Death- from Asia with disease transmitted by flees carried by the rats and the first outbreaks of the Black
Death were when the animals arrived on ships from Asia and Italy. From Italy It spread throughout the continent
reaching England.

effects: Agricultural depression as production of food stopped/ Labour shortage – deprived of the people ready to
work on the land /Prices of food got down

RURAL SOCIETY IN THE 14TH CENTURY - introduction of money/ Direct management of estates/ Occupational
specialization farming for the markets specializing in the crops. Consequences- Money rent that peasants would
pay the lords in return for the right to use land/ New population growth after the effects of the epidemics/
weakening of feudal relationships in agriculture and introduction of a new system which was based on money
rather on the old feudal relationships/ growing capitalist relationships/ New divisions among peasants: yeomen
– free peasants

 CAPITALISM- system of production and trade. Private ownership of wealth/ Free buying and
selling/ Classes: only one class are owners of the means of production while others are hired
labourers

ANTIFEUDAL IDEOLOGIES the existence of criticism of feudalism. Attacked church privileges for being too closely
connected with feudal monarchy/ Translated the Bible into English- the first attempt to make the Church in
England use the native language

 Ireland:
  English settlement, not a conquest. Formally, Ireland was part of the kingdom of England and since Henry
II, English king would also have the title of King of Ireland, but, in practice, there was no definite
domination of the English over the whole of the Ireland

 Celtic culture: Gaelic revival until 1500 which showed that the Irish culture has a tremendous power to
attract also the English settlers to Gaelic customs and way of life

 Cultural division

 Scotland:

 Independent

 Anglicised – cultural change, but it was mostly in the South of the country, Scotland remaining politically
unstable and culturally divided until the end of the Middle Ages.

THE END TO CHIVALRY- Politics became brutal, brutal fight for power which led not fewer than 4 English king
being deposed and murdered/ Treason and punishment – rivalry for power/ Heresy laws- people who were
considered to be heretics, are considered unfaithful to the dominant leadings of the religion

THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR 1337-1453- Causes. Struggle for control of France- English king controlled much of
France/ dynastic conflict- French could not tolerate the idea that Edward might become king of France and gave
the crown to Philip/ Edward made a raid against France and in 1340 declared himself the true king of France/ the
English supported the manufacture and middle class and the French supported the land owning nobility. This was,
again, an important reason for the prolonged conflict between England and France.

Consequences- The loss of all English-held territory in France/ A great wave of taxes to pay for the war which
contributed to social unrest in both countries/ The disagreement over the conduct of the war and its failure fuelled
the dynastic conflict in England known as the Wars of the Roses

 THE WAR OF THE ROSES- causes. aftermath of the 100 years war/ bastard’ feudalism- was the
system in which loyalty was now bought for money and no longer related to some kind of personal
relationship based on the ownership of land/ Competition for power/ Crisis of monarchy and
dynastic conflict

 Results- destructive to English nobles because they simply massacred each other on the battlefields/
Anglicization of the nobility-became part of the English social structure/ End of the Middle Ages – the Tudor
Era
 Henry VIII (1509-1547) as a Renaissance prince- Well-educated, could read and write Latin/ The Presence
Chamber- the place where the king received visitors and governed his councils/ the Privy Chamber-
surrounded by closest advisers, worked as much as he spent time in leisure to get with the people who
were his friends/ Sportsman: jousting

TUDOR SOCIETY- Gentlemen -People who own land/ Yoemen – farmers/ Labourers – free/ sumptuary laws
which tell people what kind of clothing and cloth they should use for making clothes according to their class/

 Effects of population growth:

o Inflation. The agriculture did not manage to cope with this growing number of people by producing more
food and it became more expensive. Inflation was very slow.

o Unemployment

o Growing numbers of the poor

  Women in Tudor England- Girls received no formal education, they were taught that their function was to
marry, have children and look after their homes and husbands/ Marriages were frequently arranged by
parents. No legal age for marriage/ The way women dressed was strictly controlled

 o 1536 Act of Union- assimilate the Welsh into kingdom of England and make them not
just assume the position in the kingdom of England, but also conform to the English law, learn
language/ Wales could be represented in English Parliament/ Division into 13 counties/ English –
official language/ majority of the population remained Welsh-speaking, faithful to their culture

Henrician Reformation-causes. question of ‘divorce’- Henry wanted an annulment of his marriage with Catherine-
Catherine gave him a daughter but failed to give him a son/ German Reformation: Lutherans and Calvinists/
Practical grievances against the church

The Reformation under Henry VIII- Defender of the Faith’- strong religious views and he strongly supported the
papacy/ The Act of Supremacy (1534) – Thomas Cromwell. This made the king of England the Supreme Head of the
Church of England/ The Act of Succession (1534- the succession of the throne went to Henry’s children by Anne
Boleyn/ The Six Articles (1539) – Catholic doctrine. This preserved most of the Catholic beliefs and required people
in England to practice the religion in the old way

Consequences- People began to read the Bible in their own language/ people were made more open to
questioning their leaders/ the right to Protestants to practice their religion.

Elizabeth I- The Act of Uniformity- the order of pray to be used in the English Book of Common Prayer and made it
obligatory for everyone in the country to attend the church/ The Act of Supremacy (1559). The Queen made herself
the Head of the English Church/ ’39 Articles of Religion’- the Church of England would remain separate from the
Roman Catholic Church/ The Virgin Queen – the official doctrine of the crown/ The Poor Law (1597-1601) which
shifted the obligation to help with the problem with the rising number of the poor

 the war with Spain(Philip II); causes. religious conflict in which Spain represented the most powerful of
the Catholic monarchies trying to contain the growth of Protestantism/ English privateers(pirates) attack
Spanish colonies in America/ Philip’s claim to the English throne

o Protestantism- Church of Scotland (Kirk), Presbyterian – the official religion, Calvinist form of
Protestantism/ The Church of England was deeply divided- High church whose religious views were
closer to Catholicism and the so-called Puritans – people who are radical Protestants/ The
Gunpowder Plot, 1605.English Catholics hoped that James would give them greater freedoms but
these hopes did not materialize, especially with the publication of the authorized version of the Bible

The Civil War 1642-1646- between the king and Parliament, between the forces supporting the Stuart and the
forces supporting Parliament/ Cavaliers (supporting king) – most from upper classes, either Catholics or High
church and Roundheads (supporting Parliament) –Protestants, Puritans/ Was not social revolution

Causes- the economics of slavery and political control of that system/ territorial expansion.

The South wished to take slavery into the western territories, while the North was committed to keeping them
open to white labor alone./ States and Federal Rights- the idea of nullification, whereby the states would have the
right to rule federal acts unconstitutional

The Commonwealth (1649-1660) in which the army and Cromwell would be the governing body

 The monarchy abolished

 The House of Lords abolished

  The church became Puritan: bishops abolished

the Cromwellian regime- Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector/ Military dictatorship /Military districts (11 major-
generals

 The war in Ireland (1649-1650- Cromwell’s invasion of Ireland: cruelty/ Catholic services forbidden/
Catholics lose land

 The war in Scotland (1659-1651- Cromwell landed in Scotland:Defeated Scots in the battle of Dunbar
(1650). He became the ruler of Scotland/ Became one of the military districts controlled by Cromwell and
his army/ Allowed to keep their land as they were Protestants

RESTORATION OF THE STUARTS- Cromwell refused to be crowned but his son Richard Cromwell was given the
job of being the next Lord Protector/ 1660 - New Parliament and it started negotiations with Charles II inviting
him back on certain conditions to take over the throne of England/ Cavalier Parliament: Royalist and Anglican/
House of Lords brought back to life/ Many chief men of Commonwealth retain positions, No return to royal
absolutism. Parliament was the guarantee that the old system of the monarchy controlled by Parliament was
continued

RESTORATION: RELIGION- new monarch strongly supported Anglicanism, Bishops return/ Clarendon Code
introduced limitations on the activities of those people who were not fully committed to Anglicanism/ Book of
Common Prayer compulsory/ Puritan services forbidden

RESTORATION: THE MATTER OF SUCCESSION- Titus Oates and the ‘Popish Plot’ (1678). Titus was one who
fabricated supposed Catholic Conspiracy to kill king Charles II./ The Test Acts (1673, 1678) – anti-Catholic laws/
The Whigs vs The Tories in Parliament. The Tories were opposed to this exclusion while Country Party, which
were soon to be called Whigs, supported exclusion

THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION-causes. English opposition to a Catholic monarchy/ destruction of the divine-
right theory in England/ Parliament invites William of Orange and Mary/ the Bill of Rights - monarch must
accept Parliament’s legislation, Cannot be Catholic/ – the Toleration Act- give religious tolerance

Results- Bill of Rights established a constitutional monarchy. It stipulated Parliament’s independence from the
monarchy and protected certain of Parliament’s rights/ guaranteed certain rights to all English subjects,
including trial by jury

ENGLISH EXPLORATION AND TRADE - the North-West Passage – the road to India, the road that could lead the
centre of lucrating trading, especially in spices- John Cabot-working for the Spanish, making explorations in South
America/ the North-East Passage- Richard Chancellor, 1553, 1555-1556) (the English sailor who sailed East to find a
way to India

COLONIAL EXPANSION- happening against the background of the crisis that England- conflict between Parliament
and the Stuart monarchy/ England’s convenient geographical location and maritime experience/ Victory over Spain

THE COLONIAL ECONOMy- mercantilist system- Economic system in which the government plays a protectionist
role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports/ From trade to settlement. Trade itself is
safer if the area of the world in which English merchants are interested is settled/ Staple crops: sugar, rice, tobacco,
indigo

COLONIAL CRISIS- Seven Years War with France/ The Stamp Act- imposed new taxes on all legal documents issued
in the colonies/ Boston Tea Party was an attempt to show the displeasure of colonies with the monopoly of the East
India Company on the importations of tea/ American War of Independence- Britain lost

Consequences- The first British Empire –created thanks to intensive trading and colonising activities/ Competition
with Spain and France – a motive for the expansion/ Colonial expansion related to the English national identity
CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE- enclosures- taking over common land and waste land belonging to the whole village
by private owners, helped in the development of selective breeding / new crop rotations- fields belonging to
individual owner would not be divided into 3 but into 4 different strips or large fields/ animal breeding/ new
machines

CONSEQUENCES- food falling prices/ Healthier living – population increase/ Changes in the economy of agriculture:
high intensity production, production based on agricultural knowledge and on investments in land, in new
machines, new methods of agricultural production

EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH POLITICS- domination of land-owning aristocracy/ Whigs believed that kings are
responsible to their subjects who have the right to resist an arbitrary monarch/ Tories- divine right, Royal
absolutism

Jacobites in Scotland-– people who disagreed with the results of the Glorious revolution and the ways in which the
throne was inherited by William and Mary. The Act of Union (1707/

Hanoverian succession- inherited the throne after the death of Queen Ann. German-speaking king was not much
interested in English politics/ Domination of Whigs/ Tories- Either accept the Protestant succession or become
Jacobites

The Whig supremacy - rotten boroughs’ the owner of the land in a particular area who could control the choice of
MP representing this borough in Parliament/ pocket’ boroughs- when the number of people living in a borough was
greater, they were still in the ‘pockets’ of a landowners/ Sir Robert Walpole – first ‘Prime Minister’

THREATS TO THE SOCIAL ORDER- Riots as a form of political protest in which groups of people would demonstrate
often destroying property but protesting against such things as the rising prices, lack of jobs/ Poverty- Those who
were without work and wandering were often placed in workhouses – people would be forced work to do some
minimum jobs to simply receive shelter and some basic food/ Crime increases/ Evangelicalism / New Light-
personal conviction of the possibility of getting salvation is more important than the established churches teaching

The war with France (1793-1802 causes. Wiliam Pitt the Younger – Prime Minister was aware that France had a
large larger army. Moreover, he as afraid that France may attempt an invasion/ France in the Netherlands/ Pitt
was aware that one of the aims of the French could be an invasion of Britain/ Combination Laws 1799- forbidding
the organization of any political societies and labour societies, including ‘trade unions’/ The Act of Union with
Ireland- Ireland was to be represented in Westminster Parliament

Napoleonic Wars: effects- Financial and economic effort – they simply cost a lot/ Anti-French prejudice/ Congress
of Vienna- British trade protected

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN- causes. agricultural revolution and population growth/ falling prices of
food/ Technical know-how: Scientific Revolution + inventions/ Freedom of the market

Results- the growth of capitalism. Factory owners and others who controlled the means of production rapidly
became very rich/ Working conditions were often much less than satisfactory for many of those employed in the
new factory systems

application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing/ technological inventions/ growth of manufacturing

1. MANUFACTURING- Labour-demanding industries- Textiles – led to the need for the sources of energy/
Heavy machinery/ Chemical industry

MANUFACTURING: THE FACTORY SYSTEM- Transportation routes (of raw materials/ Proximity of raw materials/
Traditions of manufacturing

THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY- CONSUMER DEMAND / CONSUMER EXTRAVAGANCE - Desire to have better clothes/ COST
OF PRODUCTION- would fall down, clothing produced in an industrial way, much easier to sell
Luddism- machine-wrecking and the destruction of the new machines/ Ned Ludd was the apparent leader of the
movement/ Intense in textile industry/ Thomas Malthus – overpopulation/ Adam Smith – economic liberalism-
economic freedom

Radical politics and politics of repression- Agitators who tried to develop the ideas of the French revolution/ Spa
Field riots- to encourage rioting and seize control of the government/ The march of the Blanketeers- wanted to
march on London and petition the region the future king George IV over the dispute state of the textile industry

Peterloo massacre- Corn Laws- prohibited importation of cheap grain from abroad/ open-air mass meeting in
Manchester/ Cavalry attack

Parliament in the early 19th century- dominated by the land-owning classes/ rotten boroughs’, ‘pocket boroughs’-
people who owned land could practically control the choice of MPs and, in this way, control the legislation in
Parliament/ Large cities not represented in Parliament

The 1st Reform Act (1832- New economic crisis/ Calls for Parliamentary reforms-to give a wider number of men the
right to vote in Parliamentary elections/ Bill enforced by William IV

Chartism- new Poor Law: workhouses- to get any help from local governments, the poor would need to get locked
in the workhouses/ London Working Man’s Association- aim of which was to forward a petition to Parliament to
introduce wide-ripping reforms/ The People’s Charter (the petition- Vote to all men over 21

o Trade Unionism- Rising prices, more jobs, greater tolerance for the association of the workers/ Small
groups of skilled workers employed in the same kinds of jobs/ new model unions- Large
organisations of the national character

URBANIZATION: from country to town- low wages and fewer jobs/ Demand for workers in new industries/ Houses
for workers

Effects- Uprooting of rural societies/ Destruction of old value systems/ cities not prepared for great increase in
people

SOCIAL REFORMS - CRIME: Robert Peel’s reforms- Fewer death sentences for petty crimes/ Larger number of
prisoners/ Prison reform – Elizabeth Fry. Wanted to make prison an institution

motives for reform- Middle class respectability – charity/ Evangelicalism- sense of an individual search for
salvation being significant/ Utilitarianism – sense of being useful of contributing to the happiness of the society/
Empiricism – the belief in the actual activity

Victorian Classroom- Taught the “3Rs” – reading writing, arithmetic/ Strict discipline- had to suffer by wearing a
Dunce’s cap standing in the corner/ Rote learning’- learning by heart/ The monitorial system- kept the cost of
education lower. There was a shortage if teachers in order to keep schools cheap

Causes of the reform movement- working class is much more important than before/ Schools also offer a chance to
educate these kids within one national framework/ The introduction of state education changed the landscape

The 2nd British Empire-e industrial growth and the need for new markets for “the workshop of the world” as well
as free access to the necessary resources for many British industries/ he competition with other powerful
European countries which is both politically motivated and economically condition/ the slave trade abolished/
adoption of Free Trade

Imperialism- access to Raw materials/ Markets for manufactured goods/ olonies provided different outlets for
these capital investments/ Building administration for the Empire/ Pax Britannica- first attempts of the British
government to avoid wars to make sure that the Empire is functioning smoothly
The Crimean War (1854-56- disagreement about the ownership of the places of Christian worship on Palestine/
elief that Russia represented a political system based on despotism/ttempt of Britain to prove its dominant role in
the world

special position of India- Company became also the administrator and created virtually a government for large
parts of the Indian sub-continent/ trade with India with production of such goods as tea transferred there from
china was the source of enormous income and the protection of the trade with India became one of the most
primary motives in the expansion of Empire/ the India Act- Abolished East India Company and made India colony
directly ruled by the British government

South Africa: Crisis of the Imperial Policy- the Boer War. This was a colonial war in which the imperial nation was
fighting white people apart of the population that colonized in this case South Africa/ The two Boer republics of the
Orange Free State and the South African Republic or Transvaal still maintained their desire for independence/

Results- Britain clearly forces the Transvaal and Orange Free state into the British Empire/ THE END OF THE
GROWTH OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE/ British public opinion was greatly divided over the "methods of barbarism" used
to finish off the war

The heritage of the empire- Wealth and global power/ Spread of British culture/ English as the global language

The 2nd Reform Act (1867-46 rotten boroughs abolished/ The vote given to rent-paying tenants/ 2 million more
electors

William Gladstone and Liberal reforms- Reform of the Civil Service in such a way as to create an administration
that would help the government lead the country/ Education Act (1870- tem of primary education for children aged
5-11/ the 3rd Reform Act- Franchise given to virtually all adult men in the country

Trade Unionism- Trade Union Act: legal protection to unions/ economic depression; increasing unemployment

Edwardian society:- Domination of the upper classes/ New technologies/ The age of music-hall and cinema – mass
leisure/ Pubs – centres of community life

The Liberal reforms- Old Age Pensions to give pensions to the people who worked throughout their lives and who
reached a certain age/ Workmen’s Compensation Act which introduced payments to those workers whose health
suffered from industrial accidents or illnesses/ The Town Planning Act- plans for the development of towns/
Parliament Bill which greatly limited power of the House of Lords

THE WOMEN’S QUESTION- No parliamentary vote for women in the Reform Bills/ Women can vote In local
elections/ National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies- fought against women’s suffrage/ The Women’s Social
and Political Union (WSPU)- the establishment to accept the women’s right to vote

The home front - Belief in the just war that the war against Germany is just war/ Pals battalions’/ Trade union
support for the government

The war at home- Women at work/ Industry – government control (nationalization/ The war in the air: bombing

Results -looses/ Enormous cost of the war covered by the country and affecting industry/ the Fourth Reform Bill-
gave the right to vote to adult women/ Pacifism – the argument being that war should never happen again

Social reforms- Full time schooling for 5-14 years o./ Ministry of health/ Housing programme was intended to offer
cheap housing to the people who could not afford their own houses, pay high rents

The General strike 1926- causes. dispute of coal-mining industry which after the war, suffered from a decline; the
prices of coal were low and there was little opportunity to export British coal/ the owners of the coal mines
gradualy reduced miners’ wages and increased their working hours
Results- the coal mine workers were left on their own to continue the strike/ many trade unions ended the strike
with the belief that its Parliamentary action rather than strike action/ miners perhaps most in the strike bcause
they were defeated

The economic depression - mass unemployment/ sharp increases in rates of  poverty  and homelessness/ in prices
(deflation/ the stock market crash

Results- unemployment levels rose to worrying rates/ Banks Failed/

Britains: the North-South Divide -The North: majority are working class/ Crisis of traditional industries/ Lack of
investment/ Bleak landscape/ lack of new industrial development

The South: majority were middle class- New industries/ The suburbs developed in much healthier type of city life/
Prosperity

Phony war: the war in France- no aggressive military moves made at the time when Germany invaded/ the military
activities of the French and the British on the Western front/ Germany started an attack on Belgium and on France
and direct military combat began

German invasions in Western Europe -France and Britain responded to the invasion of Poland by declaring war on
Germany

The global war-THE ALLIES VS AXIS POWERS- Mutual Defense Alliances/ The increasing competition and desire for
greater empires led to an increase in confrontation that helped push the world into World War I/ the assassination
of Austrian archduke  Franz Ferdinand

Consequences- the Lend-Lease Act made it possible for Britain to receive military equipment and resources from
the USA for which they did not have to pay/ Britain, France, Germany, and Japan no longer great powers/ New
conflict – Capitalist West vs Soviet dominated East

GAELIC REVIVAL- the Irish Agricultural Organization Society/ the Gaelic League which organize different attempt to
keep the Irish language spoken in Ireland/ Arthur Griffith and Sinn Fein

Decolonisation: the Commonwealth- Imperial conferences – the meeting of politicians ideas about the future of
the Empire/ Statute of Westminster- Legislative independence of self-governing Dominions/ The (British)
Commonwealth of Nations- participation of the soldiers from the colonies and Dominions in the war

The Suez Crisis- presence in Egypt was not welcome by many Egyptians/ the Suez Canal was a sign of Britain’s
overseas power/ prevent Egypt from taking independent decisions and protecting the British and French economic
interest

Results- Nasser emerged from the Suez Crisis a victor/ Israel did not win freedom to use the canal, but it did regain
shipping rights/ Britain and France, less fortunate, lost most of their influence in the Middle East

The Cold War- British alliance with USA: special relationship based on the commonality of language and culture
and history. Causes. Communism vs capitalism/ democracy v autocracy/ breakdown of wwi alliance

The Labour Party’s history- Chartism – peacuful constitutional movement to change the political system into a
more democratic one/ Guild Socialism which was a movement attempting to introduce new tyypes of ownership,
relationship in the system of production/ The Fabian Society- British system of government in a demcoratic and
constitutional

THE POST-WAR LABOUR REFORMS- the promise that they will change British society and will make the
government more responsible for the everyday life/ Beveridge Report- investigated poverty/ The (Butler)
Education Act (1944- Secondary education free; 11 plus exam; 3 types of schools
The Welfare State- The Family Allowance (1945) – a universal benefit paid to families with children/ The National
Insurance- are paid to those people who are sick, victim of industrial accidents, retired, unable to work/ The
National Health Service- free service offering general practitioners, specialists, medical paid to virtually everyone in
the country

BRITISH ECONOMY IN THE 1970S- Cycles of crisis/ Decline of heavy industry/ Trade union unrest

1972 MINERS' STRIKE- causes. Disagreement betw miners and government over pay/ result- An agreement: the
miners return to work

THE OIL CRISIS, 1973- The Arab oil embargo as Britain had supported Israel in the war in which Arab country were
defeated by the Israeli forces/ State of emergency. There was not enough petrol for cars/ a three-day working
week

THE WINTER OF DISCONTENT- Cuts in public spending/ unemployment rising/ six weeks of strikes in protest of
reductions of public spending

British Society after World War II- Employment and welfare benefits/ Rising living standards/ Optimism, affluence,
new spending power

Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Revolution- Thatcherism = Neo-Liberal Conservatism- emphasis on religion and
law and order (control of the individual through the institutions of state). Belief in human inequality/ belief in the
power of market forces, limited role of the government in controlling the economy, giving as much economic
freedom to the participants

Policies- Tough on law and order (conservative/ Reduction of the role of the state in the economy (liberal/
Competition (liberal

The Falklands War: April – June 1982-causes.  military action, fighting for the control and ownership of the islands/
Argentine scrap metal workers tore down the old whaling station/ political blunders that were performed by
imperialism in the British government

Results- Land forces in the war/ Cost of conflict 2 billion pounds for Britain/ the popularity of the Conservative
government and Margaret itself proved to be a very decisive person

The Conservative politics in the 1980s- reduction of the government spending, of the Welfare State/ fighting
inflation (monetarism- reduction of government spending/ conflict with trade unions

Local government reform- reform of finances- limits on how much local one could spend/ Selling council housing/
Metropolitan counties abolished

RESULTS OF THATCHER’S POLICIES- Lower inflation/ Modernisation of economy/ Growth of unemployment

MAJORISM- A more caring society- More social spending, The end to poll tax/ The Citizen’s Charter is the document
which lists the rights that citizens have and introduces a system of control of these rights/ Further privatisation

New Labour Political Reforms-devolution of power initiated by Tony Blair/ the House of Lords reform- The end to
the hereditary principle/ reform of local government- Metropolitan counties re-established

New Labour Foreign Policy-“special relationship” with the USA/ The Good Friday Agreement- political solution of
the problems/ Emergence of Tony Blair as a world leader as someone who became very active in the solving of
global problems and as celebrity

Euroscepticism- the opposition to Britain’s membership of EU. Insularism: weak sense of European identity/
Nationalism – the question of immigration/ Populism: elites vs ‘common’ people
Brexit: consequences-Theresa May appointed PM who was in favour for leaving EU/ Negotiations with the EU:
hard Brexit vs. soft Brexit/ Conservatives again became the largest party but they lost seats