BRUCELLOSIS

INTRODUCTION:

Brucellosis is one of the major bacterial zoonoses, and in humans is also

known as Undulent fever, malta fever or Mediterranean fever. It is occasionally
transmitted to man by direct or indirect contact with infected materials.

EPIDEMILOGICAL FACTORS:

1. Agent factors

Agent: genus of brucella.

Reservoir of infection: cattle, sheep horse and dogs.

2. Host factors:

Affects adult males, farmers, shepherds, veterinarians and laboratory

workers. Immunity follows infection.

3. Environmental factors:

Overcrowding of herds, high rain fall, lack of exposure to sunlight and

hygienic practices in milk and meat production

4. Mode of transmission

 Contact infection
 Food borne infection
 Air borne infection

5. I.P: 1-3 weeks, but as long as 6 months.

CLINICAL FEATURES

 The acute face is characterized by a sudden or insidious onset of illness

with swinging pyrexia (40 – 41 deg C).
 Arthralgia/ arthritis
 Low back ache
 Head ache
Acute phase subsides within 2-3weeks with proper treatment, may
persist giving rise to sub acute or relapsing disease.
DIAGNOSIS:
Isolation of the organism from cultured of blood, bone marrow, exudates and
biopsy specimens during the acute phase of the disease and by serological tests.
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
1. In animals:
 Test the animal by complement fixation and slaughter the animals
 Vaccination of B. abortus strain 19
 Hygienic measures

2. In the humans:

 Early diagnosis and treatment: tetracycline 500mg every 6 hrs for about
3 weeks
 Patient with skeletal or other complications, I.M streptomycin 1g daily in
addition to tetracycline.
 Pasteurization of milk
 Protective measures
 Vaccination

HUMAN SALMELLOSIS
INTRODUCTION:
The term salmonellosis covers a complex group of food borne
infections affecting both man and animals. The term food poisoning is also
commonly applied to Salmonellosis.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
1. AGENT FACTORS:
Agent: Salmonellosis typhi and S. paratyphi A and C.
Reservoir and source of infection :
Foods: Foods of animal origin such as meat, poultry and eggs are
primary source. Meat and poultry become contaminated
during slaughters. Other food items cross – contaminated
with environment and utensils.
Animals: Cattle, swine, rodents and fowl may be a case or carrier.
2. ENVIRONMENT: Salmonellae are widely distributed in the environment
in dust, water, manure, sewage, sludge, vegetables, birds, insects, fish, rodents
and other mammals. Man may be infected from these sources.
3. MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
By ingestion of contaminated food or drink. Contact infection (direct
contact with domestic animals).Infected man (become a source case )
4. I.P: 6 to 72 hours

CLINICAL FEATURES:
1. Enteric fever: Typhoid fever, S.typhi, S.paratyphi A and C are human
pathogens cause.
2. Salmonello entero – colitis ( gastroenteritis)
6 – 48 hours after ingestion infected food there is nausea, head ache,
vomiting and diarrhea and low grade fever.
3. Septicemia with local lesions: Non-typhoid salmonellae occasionally
invade the blood steam to pyrexia of unknown origin. Focal infection result
inosteomyelitis, pyelonephritis, arthritis meningitis, cholecystitis and
endocarditis.
DIAGNOSIS:
1. Stool culture
2. Blood culture
COMPLICATION:
Death is rare and occurs primarily in neonate, infants and elderly
PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
 Disease control by vaccination of animals’
 Use of hygienic animal food
 ensuring a sanitary environment for the animals
 pasteurization of milk
 health education and training
 Involve agriculture, veterinarians and other health sectors.

PLAGUE
INTRODUCTION:
Plague is primarily and basically a zoonoses caused by Y. pestis,
involving rodents and fleas. It exists in natural foci and is transmitted by
infected flea bites to humans living or introducing into the same ecological.
EPIDEMILOGICAL FERATURES:
AGENT FACTORS
1. Agent factors: Y.Pestis, gram –ve, non motile bacillus.
2. Reservoir of infection: Wild rodents are responsible.
 3. Source of infection: Infected rodents, fleas and case of pneumonic
plague.
HOST FACTORS:
All ages and bath sexes affected. Hunting, cultivation, harvesting and
construction activities increase the disease risk. Man has no natural immunity.
Immunity after recovery is relative is relative
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:
Poor house condition increases the disease rate. Mean temperature of 20
to 25 degree C it will replicate and pass the disease over.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
Rats to rat fleas to man
Man to human flea to Man

INCUBATION PERIOD:
Bubonic plague : 2 to 2 days
Septicaemic plague: 2to 7 days
Pneumonic plague: 1 to 3 days
CLINICAL FEATURE /DISEASE IN MAN:
Bubonic plague:
Infeclted rat fleas bite on the lower extiemities and inoculate
the bacilli. The bacilli are intercepted by the required lymphatic glands
where they Proliferate. Develops
- Sudden fever ,chill & head ache
- Prostration & painful hyphodentis
- Enlarged tender lymph nodes (buboes) groin, auxillae, neck.
- Abdominal pain – chest pain.
- Buboes become visible within 24 hours.
Pneumonic plague:
Pneumonic plague is rare ; may occur primarily from
Inhalation of aerosols , in secondarily from complication bubonic
plague.
-patient typically has a productive cough with blood tinged
sputum within 24 hours after onset of symptom.
- The incidence of pneumonic plague is below 1%
- Highly infectious & spread man to man by droplets.
- Chest x-ray & sputum test can be done to find out the disease
condition.
 Septicaemic plague :
Primary septicaemic plague is rare except for
accidental lab infection. Secondarily as a complication of heamatogenous
dissemination of bubonic plague.
Clinical manifestation:
- fever , chills
- hauged ,comilting
- driarr hoea
- later purpura , DIC
- acual cyanosis
Plague meningitis: Seen in 6 to 7 % case
Cutaneous maniferlations :
4 to 10 % if plague patients are said to have an ulcer (or)
pustule at the inoculation site.
LAB INVESTICATION:
# staining of aspirates (pubo fluid, sputum)
# Culture ( blood and sputum)
# Serology ( Ab studies )
# Immunoflorescent micfroscopy test.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
1. Control of cases:
 Early diagnosis during epidemics
 Case notification by international health regulation
 Isolation
 Treatment with streptomycin 30 mg/kg body weight and
tetracycline 30-40mg/ kg
 Disinfection of sputum, discharge and articles used by
the client
2. Control of fleas and rodents
3. Vaccination: killed plague vaccine 0.5 and 1 ml S.C at an interval of
7- 14 days
4. Chemoprophylaxis with tetracycline
5. Surveillance
6. Health education
 LEPTOSPIROSIS
INTRODUCTION:
It is essentially animal infection by several serotypes of leptospira and
transmitted to man under certain environmental condition.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES
1. Agent factors:
Agent: genus of leptospirae.
Source of infection: urine of infected animals
Animal reservoirs: wild and domestic animals like rats, mice, cattle’s
etc.
2 Host factors:
AGE: 20 – 39 years of age. Children acquires infection from dogs more
frequently than aged
Sex: Men more than women( increased occupational exposure)
Occupation: field workers, veterinarians, mines and sugar cane fioeld
Immunity: A specific immunity follows infection
3. Environmental factors:
Poor housing, limited water supply, inadequate method of wastage
disposal responsible for disease spread.
4. mode of transmission:
1. Direct contact
2. indirect contacts(ingestion of contaminated food)
3. Droplet infection
5. I.P: 10 days with a range of 4-20 days

CLINICAL FEATURES:
1. First phase (leptospiraemic):
Lasts for 4-9 days. Leptospires are present in the blood and CSF
2. Second phase ( immune phase)
Correlates with circulating antibody Igm. Characterized by abrupt
onset of fever, chills, headache, nausea and vomiting, anorexia. Transient
maculopopular,erythematous, purpuric or urticarial rashes may occur.
DIAGNOSIS:
 Clinicl manifestations/ physical examination
 Lab diagnosis ( microscopic examination)
 Blood culture and isolation from blood
 Serology ( indirect haemagglutination and ELISA)
  Lepto- dipstick test
 Definitive diagnosis by culture or positive MAT (microscopic
agglutination test)
CONTROL AND PREVENTION:
1. Antibiotics ( penicillin,tetracycline and amox)
2. Environmental measures:
- prevent water contamination
- proper drainage and wastage disposal
- rodent control
3. Vaccination
4. Health education

ANTHRAX
INTRODUCTION:
It is a disease of domestic animals & wild animals. The domestic
animals susceptible to anthrax include cattle, sheep, goat and horse etc..
CAUSATIVE ORGANISM:
Bacillus anthracis. Primarily a diseases G.I tract
MODES OF TRANSMISSION & SOURCE OF INNFECTIO
Transmitted by contact with infected animals and their infected animals
and their infected material by inhalation of infected dust containing anthrax
spores or by ingestion of contaminasted meat.
HOST FACTORS:
The people mostly exposed to anthrax comprise butches, tanners,
farmers, wool sorters and verterinarins
CLASSIFICATION:
1. Cutaneous anthrax: Starts as apapule which appears at the site of
inoculation associated with marked cellulitis od\f the surrounding area
inappropriately termed “ malignant pustule” though it is neither
malignant nor postulation.
2. Pulmonary Anthrax: Also called “wool sorter’s disease” results from
inhalation of infected dust. It presents as a severe pneumonia, associated
with sanguineous sputum and frequently terminates indeath.
3. Intestinal anthrax: ingestion of infected met.
PREVENTION:
 Control of disease in animals, by their proper immunization &
inoculation of infected animals.
 Proper disposal of disease infected animals by incineration or deep
burial
 Prevent its spread by following ways
- Protective measure, when handling hair & other product
excreta
- The hair should be steam sterilized
- Wool should be treated with alkaline solution and 2%
formalin and finaaly with water.
- Adequattttttttte ventilation at the places of work, wetting iof
hair and wool to avoid dust
- Early diagnosis of the disease.
CONCLUSION:
Zoonotic bacterial disease are greatly responsible for epedimic. Lft
untreated ends with fatal state. Knowledge and awareness about the zoonotic
bacterial diseaee important to prevent and protect the public from various
consequences of animal contact disease.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Basavanthappa B T(2008)’’Community health nursing’’2edi,Jaypee
Brothers,Newdelhi

Gulani K.K (2005) “Community health nursing principles and

practices”K umar publishing house, New Delhi, 211-212
Park.K(2002)’’Preventive and Social Medicine’’17edi,,M/S Banarsidas
Bhanot,Jabalpur,221-228.
Rahim Asma(2008)’’Principles and Practice of Community Medicine’’
Jaypee Brothers,New delhi,230 -232
Vidya rattan (2002) “ Hand book of preventive and social medicine
Net Refence: http//en.wikepedia.org/kyasanur forest disease
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