Introduction to Electronic

Communication
Principles of Communication
Communication

 The process of exchanging information or

intelligence.

Sender Receiver
1876 - Alexander Graham Bell

 Harmonic Telegraph - allows to send

multiple messages over a wire
 Found a way to transmit human voice
over a wire (telephone)
 “Mr. Watson—Come here—I want to
see you”
 550 court challenges for over 20 years.
1887 - Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

 A German physicist who first conclusively

proved the existence of the electromagnetic
waves predicted by James Clerk Maxwell's
equations of electromagnetism.
The Spark Gaps
The Spark Gaps

Receiving Antenna

1.5 metres
1947 - Bell Laboratories (Nokia Bell
Labs)
 1925 to 1984 - Bell Telephone Laboratories
 1984 to 1996 - AT&T Bell Laboratories
 1996 to 2007 - Bell Labs Innovations
 2016 to Present - Nokia Bell Labs

 December 23, 1947 - Invention of the first

transistor.
 Transistor - semiconductor device used to amplify
and/or switch electronic signals and electrical
power.
1975 - First Personal Computer
Altair 8800

 Produced by Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS)

 Specifications:

Specification Value
Processor Intel 8080
Speed 2 MHz
RAM 256 bytes (upgradable upto 64 KB)
Storage(Optional) Paper tape, cassette tape, 5.25” or 8” disk
Video None
OS MITS DOS, CP/M, or Altair Disk BASIC
1977 - First use of fiber-optic cable
1982 - TCP/IP Protocol

Set of rules managing communication

amongst all computers on the Internet
1995 - Global Positioning System (GPS)

 A minimum of 24 working satellites is

required for the GPS constellation to
work.
 A GPS receiver device should be able to
contact 4 GPS satellites to show exact
latitude, longitude and altitude
1997 - Wireless LAN (WLAN)

 A wireless computer network that links two or more devices

using wireless communication to form a local area network
within a limited area.
2009 - First 100 GB/s fiber-optical
network
Frequency

 The number of cycles per second (cps) a radiowave can

produce.
SINUSOIDAL WAVE

1 cycle = 1 Hertz
Frequency (f)

 f = 1/T where T = time (in seconds)

Example:
 Find the frequency of the radiowave if a cycle travels within 23
microseconds (μs).

f = 1/T
f = 1/0.000023 s
f = 43,478.2609 Hz or ≈ 43.48 kHz
Wavelength (λ)

 The distance of a wave occupied by one cycle.

SINUSOIDAL WAVE

wavelength (in metres)

Wavelength (λ)

 λ = c/f where c = speed of light (299,792,458 m/s)

f = frequency
Example:
 Find wavelength if a radiowave has a frequency of 43.48 kHz.

λ = c/f
λ = 299,729,458 mps / 43,480 Hz
λ = 6,893.501793928 m or ≈ 6.89 km
Bandwidth (BW)

 Portion of electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal

 Determines the maximum speed of data pulses the medium
can handle.
 BW = fU - fL

Example:
 What will be the bandwidth of the frequencies between
43.48 kHz and 6.89 kHz?
BW = 43,480 Hz - 6,890 Hz = 36,590 Hz or 36.59 kHz
Attenuation and Gain (A)

 Attenuation - loss of power of signal

 Gain - amplification of a signal.
 Both are ratio of the output to the input of a circuit or
antenna.

where ? can be:

 
dB = xlog  Potential difference (V) expressed in volts (V) (x=20)
 Current (I) expressed in amperes (A) (x=20)
 Power (P) expressed in watts (W) (x=10)
Attenuation and Gain (A)

  What will the the attenuation or gain if a circuit has an



input of 43.48 kW and an output of 36.59 kW.

Solution:
dB = xlog
dB = 10 log = 10 log

dB ≈ -0.75 dB
Thermal Noise

  
 Also referred to as White Noise
 Johnson’s Formula
Vn =
Where
k = Boltzman’s constant
0.0000000000000000000000138 J/K or 1.38 × 10-23 J/K
T = Temperature (in Kelvin K)
B = Bandwidth (in Hertz Hz)
R = Resistance (in ohms Ω)
Thermal Noise
  A radio receiver that works under 43.48 kHz with an input resistance of 75


Ω generates heat up to 36.59 ℃. What will be the thermal noise?

Solution:
Vn =
Vn =
Vn =
Thermal Noise
  
V n=

4.0 × 10 0  
Vn =
1.38 × 10 -23

3.0959 × 10 2

4.348 × 10 3

7.5 × 10 1

557.28 × 10 -17 Vn = 0.000000074651 V

or 0.0000000000000055728 or 74.65 nV
Using calculator on mobile phones

7.46514762E-8 can also be expressed as 7.4651 x 10-8

or (round off to 4 decimal places)
0.000000074651 (since negative 8, just move the decimal point to the left by 8 digits.)
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

= 0.000000074651 V
or 74.65 nV
Thermal noise as Power (P)

  Pn = kTB where Pn is measured in watts (W)

Example:
 What will be the thermal noise of a radio receiver that works under 43.48 kHz and
generates heat up to 36.59 ℃.
Pn = ( ) × (36.59 ℃ + 273) × 43.48 kHz
Pn = ( ) × 309.59 K × 4,348 Hz

1.38 × 10 -23

3.0959 × 10 2

4.348 × 10 3

18.58 × 10 -18 W
or 0.00000000000000001858 W or 0.00001858 pW
Shot Noise

  
 White noise that contains all frequencies and amplitudes over a very wide
range. The rms (root-mean-square) noise current is calculated using:
In =
Where
 In = Direct Current (DC), in amperes (A)
 q = Charge on an electron, in Coloumbs (C),

equivalent to 1.602 × 10-19 C

 B = Bandwidth, in Hertz
Shot Noise

 
Example:


 What will be the shot noise of a radio receiver that works under
43.48 kHz and uses current of 36.59 mA?
Solution: 2.0 × 10 0

In = 1.602 × 10 -19

In = 3.659 × 10 -2

4.348 × 10 3
In =
In = 50.973 × 10 -18

or 0.000000000000000050.973
In = 0.0000000071395 A or 7.1395 × 10 A
-9

or 7.14 nA
Modulation