preferred

crystallographic
direction

Cellular and Dendritic

Solidification
Topic 7
M.S Darwish
MECH 636: Solidification Modelling
Cellular and Dendritic
Solidification
 Constitutional Undercooling
Solid Liquid
T
CL(x)

C1*
Temperature

T* C*l
Cs*

Co
A Co B
Composition
DL/v critical
gradient
T ual
T act
T1(co)
TLiquidus

T*
constitutional
undercooling
xL x
Solid Liquid
0
 Gradient of Solute in the liquid at the interface

T ⎛ dCl ⎞ v ∗
⎜ ⎟ = − Cl (1− k )
⎝ dx' ⎠ x'= 0 Dl
Temperature

T* C*l
Cs*

Gradient of Solute in the liquid at the interface

⎛ dTliquidus ⎞ ⎛ dCl ⎞
A Co B ⎜ ⎟ = k liquidus⎜ ⎟
Composition ⎝ dx' ⎠ x'= 0 ⎝ dx' ⎠ x'= 0

l
ua
act
T
T
TLiquidus
T1(co)

if the temperature gradient in the liquid at the interface is equal or

T*
greater that constitutional
undercooling
⎛ dTl ⎞ ⎛ dTliquidus ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ≥⎜ ⎟ no supercooling xL
⎝ dx' ⎠ x'= 0 ⎝ dx' ⎠ x'= 0 Solid Liquid

⎛ dTl ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ dx' ⎠ x'= 0 k liquidusCs∗ ⎛ dTl ⎞ T −T
≥− (1− k ) no supercooling ⎜ ⎟ ≥ 1 3
v kDl ⎝ dx' ⎠ x'= 0 D /v
 Instability Theory
Growth
Direction
⎛ dTl ⎞
⎜ ⎟
kliquidusCs∗ (1− k ) K l + K s
S
⎝ dx' ⎠ x'= 0 ρ l ΔH f !" !"
+ ≥−
v 2K l kDl 2K l

0 1

3
 Formation of Dendrites

When regular cells form and grow at relatively low rates, they grow perpendicular to
the liquid-solid interface regardless of crystal orientation.
preferred
crystallographic
direction

Side View
Heat flow

Cross-Section

When the growth rate is increased crystallography effects begin to exert an influence and
the cell growth direction deviates toward the preferred crystallographic growth direction.
Simultaneously the cross section of the cell generally beings to deviate from its previously
circular geometry owing to the effects of crystallography
Cell to Dendrite
Transition
Eutectic Growth
 Regular and Irregular
Eutectics
small VF large VF

low entropy

High entropy
 Coupled Growth
Solute Solvent
rejection rejection

α β

Growth of plates depends

on lateral diffusion
Eutectic Diffusion Field

Boundary Layer Lateral Mixing

 Inter-lamellar Spacing
2γ αβ Vm
ΔG( λ ) = −ΔGλ →∞ +
λ
LV ΔT0
ΔGλ →∞ =
Teut
2γ αβ Vm Teut
setting ∆G to 0 λ =
*

LV ΔT0 Clα

2γ αβ Vm ⎛ λmin ⎞ Lv ΔT0 ⎛ λmin ⎞

ΔG( λ ) = ⎜1− ⎟ = − ⎜1− ⎟ Clβ
λmin ⎝ λ ⎠ Te ⎝ λ ⎠
⎛ λmin ⎞
= −ΔGλ →∞ ⎜1− ⎟ l
⎝ λ ⎠
When λ = λ∞ ⇒ ΔGλ is maximum ⇒ (Cα − Cβ ) = ΔCl is maximum

When λ = λ∞ ⇒ ΔGλ is maximum ⇒ (Cα − Cβ ) = ΔC is maximum

⎛ λmin ⎞
Assume ΔCl ∞ΔGλ ΔCl = ΔCl max ⎜1− ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
 λ

ΔC v
Cα Cβ

⎛ dC ⎞ 2D ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
v ∝ D⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ dx ⎠ λ
(Cβ − Cα ) = ΔTC ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
2D
λ ⎝ mα mβ ⎠
λv ⎛ mα mβ ⎞
ΔTC = ⎜ ⎟ = K c λv
2D ⎜⎝ mβ − mα ⎟⎠
⎛ dC ⎞ 2D ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
v ∝ D⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ dx ⎠ λ
(Cβ − Cα ) = ΔTC ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
2D
λ ⎝ mα mβ ⎠
Curvature Effects

Kr
ΔTr = Γκ =
λ
 Interface Temperature
Kr
ΔTr = Γκ =
λ Kr
ΔT = K c λv +
ΔTC = K c λv λ

d (ΔT ) d (ΔG)
=0 =0
dλ dλ

K ΔT Clα
λv= r
2
= 2 K rKC
KC v
ΔTλ = 2K r
Clβ
 Interface Velocity

2DΔC
Jt =
λ under steady state Jt = Jr
J r = vCeut (1− k )
Clα
λv ΔC
=
2D Ceut (1− k )
Clβ
Competitive Growth of
Dendritic and Eutectic
Phases