Lecture 3 FUELS Sicily B.Tiu,Ph.D. Assistant ProfessorIntroduction to Fuels Combustion is the process of chemical reaction between fuel and oxygen (reactants). It is an exothermic chemical reaction and produces products of combustion. The main elements burn are during combustion : Carbon, Hydrogen Sulphur The oxygen used comes from the atmosphere and in turn nitrogen goes with the process. Nitrogen does nothing in the process but makes up the bulk of the gases remaining after combustion. The main elements in combustion are then ‘Symbol Atomic Mass Molecular Mass Product Carbon c 12 coz Hydrogen Ho 1 2 H)0 Sulphur s 32 $02 Oxygen 02 16 32 Nitrogen N2 4 28 For purposes of calculation, the content of air is considered to be : VOLUMETRIC GRAVIMETRIC Oxygen 21% 23% Nitrogen 79% 77%A fuel is a combustible substance containing carbon as the main constituent which on proper burning gives large amount of heat that can be used economically for domestic and industrial purposes. During the process of combustion of a fuel, the atoms of carbon, hydrogen, etc combine with oxygen with simultaneous liberation of heat. The calorific value of a fuel depends mainly on the two elements. C+O, ——» CO; + S4kcals. 2H2+O, ——* 2H,0 + 68.5 kcals. So, carbon compounds have been used for many centuries as the source of heat and energy. The main source of fuel is coal and petroleum. These are stored fuels available in earth's crust and are generally called fossil fuels because they were formed from the fossilised remains of plants and animals. Classification of Fuels are classified as 1. Primary fuels which occur in nature as such, e.g, coal, petroleum and natural gas. 2. Secondary fuels which are derived from the primary fuels, e.g. coke, gasoline, coal gas, etc. Both primary and secondary fuels may be further classified based upon their physical state as (i solid fuels (ii) liquid fuels and (iti) gaseous fuels.Classification of Fuels Chemical Fuels: It is of two types viz., Primary or Natural Fuel and Secondary or Derived Fuel, Primary Fuel or Natural Fuel: Solid Wood Peat Lignite Coal Uyania See Crude oil Natural gas si ad Pena d econdary or Derive Fay Solid Coke Charcoal Petroleum Coke Coal Briquette Synthetic Gasoline gas Gayeous Coal Gas Water gas Oil gas Bio gas Blast furnace gas Coke over gasCalorific Value Calorific value of a fuel is “the total quantity of heat liberated, when a unit mass (or volume) of the fuel is burnt completely” Units of Heat: (1) Calorie- is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of One gram of water through one degree centigrade (15-16° C). (2) Kilocalorie - is equal to 1,000 calories. This is the unit of metric system and may be defined as “the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water through one degree centigrade. Thus, 1 keal = 1,000 calories. (3) British Thermal Unit (BTU)- is defined as “the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water through one degree Fahrenheit (60- 61° F). This is the English system unit. 1 BTU = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal and | kcal = 3.968 BTU (4) Centigrade heat unit (CHU)-is “the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water through one degree centigrade”. Thus, 1 kcal = 3.968 BTU = 2.2 CHUHigher or Gross Calorific Value It is the total amount of heat produced, when unit mass/volume of the fuel has been burnt completely and the products of combustion have been cooled to room temperature (15° C or 60° F). It is explained that all fuels contain some hydrogen and when the calorific value of hydrogen containing fuel is determined experimentally, the hydrogen is converted into steam. If the products of combustion are condensed to the room temperature, the latent heat of condensation of steam also gets included in the measured heat which is then called GCV. Lower or Net Calorific Value It is the net heat produced, when unit mass/volume of the fuel is burnt completely and the products are permitted to escape. Tn actual practice of any fuel, the water vapour and moisture, etc., are not condensed and escape as such along with hot combustion gases. Hence, a lesser amount of heat is available.Determination Calorific Value pescription USING Bomb Calorimeter Bomb Calorimeter consists of a strong stainless steel bomb where the fuel sample is burnt. The bomb has oxygen inlet valve and two stainless steel electrodes. A small ring is attached to one of the electrodes. In this ring, a nickel or stainless steel crucible is placed. The bomb is placed in a copper calorimeter containing a known weight of water sample. The copper calorimeter is provided with a Beckmann’s thermometer and stirrer for stirring water. The copper calorimeter is covered by an air jacket and water jacket. Functioning A known weight of the fuel sample is taken into the crucible. The fine magnesium wire is touching the fuel sample and then stretched across the electrodes, The bomb lid is tightly closed with the help of screw. The bomb is filled with oxygen at 25 atmospheric pressure. The bomb is now placed in a copper calorimeter which containing known weight of water. Initial temperature of the water in the calorimeter is noted (t1°C) after stirring. The electrodes are connected to a battery (6 v). The current is now supplied to the fuel sample which undergoes burning with the evolution of heat. The liberated heat increases the temperature of water in the calorimeter. The maximum temperature of the water during experiment is finally noted (t2°C). From the temperature difference, calorific value: of the fuel can be calculated as follows:Calculation of Lower Calorific Value (LCV): The percentage of hydrogen in the fuel H Weight of water produced 1 g of the fuel 9H g =0,.09¢ 100 Therefore, heat liberated during the Condensation of steam = 0.09 x 587 cal/g Lower calorific value of the fuel HCV - Latent heat of water LCV = HCV - (0.09 H x 587) cal/g liberated by the fuel Characteristics of a Good Fuels High calorific value Moderate ignition temperature Low moisture content Low non-combustible matter content Moderate velocity of combustion Products of combustion should not be harmful Low cost Easy to transport Combustion should be easily controllable Should not undergo spontaneous combustion Storage cost in bulk should be low Should burn in air with efficiency without much smoke In case of solid fuel, the size should be uniform so that combustion is regular,Coal Coal is a highly carbonaceous matter that has been formed as a result of alteration of vegetable matter (eg., plants) under certain favourable conditions. It is chiefly composed of C, H, N and O besides non-combustible inorganic matter. ‘he successive stages in the transformation of vegetable matter into coal are — wood, peat, lignite, bituminous coal, steam coal and anthracite. Anthracite is probably the purest form of coal and contains 95 % carbon. Analysis of Coal 1, Proximate Analysis The data collected vary with the procedure adopted @ Determination of moisture content in coal It is the loss in weight of coal caused by heating a weighed quantity of coal sample for one hour at 105°C. % of moisture content= — Loss in weightofcoal x 100 Weight of coal taken initially Significance of Moisture High moisture content of the coal is undesirable for the following reasons: 1) Reduces the calorific value of coal 2) Increases the consumption of coal for heating purpose. 3) Lengthens the time of heating.(ii) Determination of volatile matter in coal It is the loss in weight of coal caused by heating a weighed quantity of coal sample for one hour at 105°C. % of moisture content= — Loss in weightofcoal x 100 Weight of coal taken initially Significance of Moisture High moisture content of the coal is undesirable for the following reasons: 1) Reduces the calorific value of coal 2) Increases the consumption of coal for heating purpose. 3) Lengthens the time of heating. (ii) Determination of ash in coal It is the weight of residue obtained after burning a known weight of coal in an open crucible in the presence of air at 750°C for 30 minutes. % of ash in coal = Weight of residue ash formed x 100 Weight of coal taken Significance of ash content 1) Ash in the combination product of mineral matter in the coal. It consists mainly SiOz, Al;O3 and Fe20s with varying amount of other oxides such as Na,O, CaO, MgO etc. 2) Ash containing the oxides of Na, Ca and Mg melt easily. 3) High ash content in coal is undesirable because it i) increases transporting, handling and storage costs ii) is harder and stronger(iv) Determination of fixed carbon It is determined indirectly by deducting the sum total of moisture, volatile matter and ash percentage from 100. % of fixed carbon in coal = 100 - % (moisture + volatile matter + ash) Significance of fixed carbon It is the pure carbon present in coal. Higher the fixed carbon content of the coal, higher will be the calorific value of the sample. The proximate analysis data of some Indian coal samples are presented here. S. | Source of sample | Moisture (%) | VM (%) Ash (%) | Fixed carbon No. (%) 1, | Assam 12-15 35-38 1,6-2 55-60 2. __| Sharia 0.6-2.0 15-25 10-20 60-68 3. Raniganj 4-6 30-35 9-15 50-602. Ultimate Analysis Ultimate analysis refers the determination of weight percentage of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur of pure, dry coal. This analysis gives the elementary, ultimate constituents of coal. This analysis is essential for calculating heat balances in any process for which coal is employed as a fuel. It is useful to the designing of coal burning equipments and auxillaries. (i) Determination of carbon and hydrogen in coal A known amount of coal is burnt in presence of oxygen thereby converting carbon and hydrogen of coal into- (i) CO, (C +O, —* CO,) and (ii) H2O (H2 +420, —+ HO) respectively. The products of combustion CO, and H;O are passing over weighed tubes of anhydrous CaCl, and KOH which absorb H2O and CO; respectively. The increase in the weight of CaCl; tube represents the weight of water formed while the increase in the weight of KOH tube represents the weight of CO, formed.‘The percentage of carbon and hydrogen in coal can be calculated in the following way- ‘The weight of coal sample taken ‘The increase in the weight of KOH tube ‘The increase in the weight of CaCl; tube Consider the following reaction C12) + Or —+ CO.(44) 44 g of CO; contains 12 g of carbon Therefore y g of CO; contains = y x 12 g of carbon. 44 X g of coal contains = 12 y gearbon 44 % of carbon in coal =12y x100 44x Significance of Total Carbon It is the sum total of fixed carbon and the carbon present in the volatile matters like , hydrocarbons, CO, COz The total carbon is always more than fixed carbon in any coal. High total carbon containing coal will hav higher calorific value.Gi) Determination of hydrogen Consider the following reaction. H) (2) + %0, —> H,0(18) 18 g of water contains 2 g of hydrogen. Z g of water contains = 22 of hydrogen 18 X g of coal contains = 2.2 gof hydrogen 18 % of hydrogen incoal = 2z x 100 18x Significance of hydrogen It increases the calorific value of the coal.It is associated with the volatile matter of the coal. When the coal containing more hydrogen is heated , it combines with nitrogen present in coal forming ammonia.Ammonia is usually recovered as (NHs)2 SOsGii) Determination of nitrogen This is done by Kjeldhal’s method. A known amount of powdered coal is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid in the Presence of K2SO, and CuSO, in a long necked Kjeldhal’s fask. This converts nitrogen of coal to ammonium sulphate. When the clear solution is obtained (ie., the whole of nitrogen is converted into ammonium sulphate), it is heated with 50 % NaOH solution and the following reaction occurs: (NH4)2SO, + 2NaOH ___, NaySO, + 2NH; + H,O The ammonia thus formed is distilled over and is absorbed in a known quantity of standard 0.1 N H2SO, solution. The volume of unused 0.1 N H2SQy is then determined by titrating against standard NaOH solution, Thus, the amount of acid neutralized by liberated ammonia from coal is determined using the formula. % Nitrogen in coal = 14 x volume of acid used x normality —_x 100 1000 x Or = 1.4x voume of acid used x normality 4 Significance : Presence of nitrogen decreases the calorific of the coal . However when the coal is carbonised it No and H2combine and form NH. Ammonia is recovered as. (NH,) SOy, a valuable fertiliser(iv) Determination of sulphur in coal A known amount of coal is burnt completely in Bomb calorimeter in presence of oxygen. Ash thus obtained contains sulphur of coal as sulphate which is extracted with dil. HCl. The acid extract is then treated with BaC12 solution to precipitate sulphate as BaSO4. The precipitate is filtered, washed, dried and weighed. From the weight of BaSO,, the percentage of sulphur in coal is calculated in the following way. The weight of coal sample taken The weight of BaSO4 precipitate Consider the following equations S (32) + 20, ——> BaCh so, —~> BaSO, (233) x8 g 233 g of BaSO, contains 32 g of sulphur. Therefore, y_g of BaSO, contains =32 yg sulphur. Significance vee It increases the calorific value of the coal, yet it has the following undesirable effect- The oxidation products of sulphur (SO, SOs) especially in presence of moisture forms sulphuric acid which corrodes the equipment and pollutes the atmosphere.(iv) Determination of oxygen in coal It is calculated indirectly in the following way- % of oxygen in coal = 100 - %(C+H+N+S +ash). The less the oxygen content, the better is the coal. As the oxygen content increases, its moisture holding capacity also increases.Properties Liquid of Fuels Density + p=mlv (ref temp is @ 15°C, unit used is Kg/m? ) + Measured using hydrometer + Useful for quantity calculations and assessing ignition quality Specific Gravity + sp.gr. = weight of a given volume of oil / weight of the same volume of water at a given temp = the density of fuel relative to water. + sp=l + Measured using hydrometer Table 1.1 Specific Gravity of Various Fuel Oils Fuel Oi LD.O Furnace oil | L.S.H.S Light Diesel Oil Low Sulphur Heavy Stock Specific Gravity 0.85-0.87 0.89-0.95 0.88-0.98Viscosity + Viscosity of the fluid is a measure of its resistance to flow and is temperature dependent. + It decreases as the temperature increases. + Units: Stokes/Centistokes, Engler, Saybolt or Redwood; each type has its own temp-viscosity relationship + Measured using Viscometer. Viscosity is the most important characteristic in the storage and use of fuel oil. It influences the degree of pre-heat required for handling, storage and satisfactory atomization. If the oil is too viscous, it may become difficult to pump, hard to light the burner, and tough to operate. Poor atomization may result in the formation of carbon deposits on the bumer tips or on the walls. Therefore pre-heating is necessary for proper atomization. Flash Point * It is the lowest temperature at which the fuel can be heated so that the vapour gives off flashes when an open flame is passed over it. - Flash point for furnace 66 °C Pour Point + It is the lowest point at which the full will pour or flow when cooled under prescribed conditions. + It isa very rough indication of the lowest temperature at which fuel oil is readily pumpable. Specific Heat + Itis the amount of kcals needed to raise the temp. of 1 kg of oil by 1°C + Unit : kcal/kg °C + It varies from 0.22 to 0.28 depending on the oil specific gravity. + It determines how much steam or electrical energy it takes to heat oil to the desired temp.Sulphur » Itdepends mainly on the source of the crude oil and to a lesser extent on the refining process. ‘The normal sulphur content for the residual fuel oil ( furnace oil ) is in the order of 2-4%. Typical figures are: Fuel oil Percentage of Sulphur Kerosene 0.05—0.2 Diesel Oil 0.05 - 0.25 L.D.O 0.5-1.8 Fumace Oil 2.0-4.0 LSHS <05 Ash Content + It is related to inorganic material in the fuel oil and its typical value: 0.03-0.07% + The ash levels of the distillate fuels are negligible. + Residual fuels have more of the ash - performing constituents and may be compounds of Na, Va, Ca, Mg SiFe,Al, Ni, etc + Ash has erosive effect on the bunsen tips, causes damage to the refractories at high temp and gives rise to high temp corrosion and fouling of equipments. Carbon Residue - Itindicates the tendency of oil to deposit a carbonaceous solid residue on a hot surface, such as a bumer or injection nozzle, when its vaporisable constituents evaporate. - Residual oil contains carbon residue ranging from I percent or moreWater Content + Water content of furnace oil when supplied is normally very low as the product at refinery site is handled hot and maximum limit of 1% is specified in the standard. + Water may be present in free or emulsified form and can cause damage to the inside furnace surface during combustion especially if it contains dissolve salts + Itcan also cause spluttering of the flame at the burner tip.possibly extinguishing the flame and reducing the flame temperature or lengthening the flame. Furnace Oil 0.89-0.95 LS.H.S. L.D.O. Density (Approx. g/cc at 15°C) 0.88-0.98 0.85-0.87 Flash Point CC) Pour Point (°C) G.C.V. (Keal/kg) Sediment, % Wt. Max. Sulphur Total, % Wt. Max. Water Content, % Vol. Max. Ash % Wt. Max.Calculation Weight of the fuel sample taken in the crucible = = xg Weight of water taken in the calorimeter = Weg Weight of calorimeter and stirrer in terms of water Equivalent Ag Initial temperature of water in the calorimeter tec Final temperature of water in the calorimeter 12°C Heat absorbed by the water Heat absorbed the calorimeter Total heat absorbed by the water W (t2-t1) cal ----(1) A (t2-t1) cal ----(2) W(12-t1) + A((2-t1) cal = (W+A) (t2-t1) cal ----(3) The relationship between heat liberated by the fuel and HCV is as follows: Heat liberated by the fuel = x x (HCV) ----(4) un nb wen Therefore, heat liberated by the fuel = Heat absorbed by the water and calorimeter X Weight of fuel Compare equation (3) and (4), we get x x (HCV) = (W+A) (t2-t1) HCV = (W+A) (12-11) cal/g xCombustion Chemistry Solid and Liquid Fuels In the case of solid and liquid fuels, we do the combustion of each element separately. The important rule is that you must have the same number of atoms of each substance before and after the process. This may be obtained by juggling with the number of molecules. CARBON C+02=CO2 Mass ratio 12 + 32 = 44 Hence Ikg of C needs 32/12kg of O2 and makes 44/12kg of CO2 HYDROGEN 2H2 + 02 = 2H20 Mass ratiod = + 32. = 36 Hence Ikg of H2 needs 8kg of 02 and makes 9 kg of H2O SULPHUR S+02= $02 32432 = 64 Hence | kg of S needs lkg of O2 and makes 2kg of SO.Gaseous Fuels Typical hydrocarbons are : Methane CHy Ethane C2H6 Propane C3Hg Butane CaH10 Pentane CsHi2 Hexane C6H14 Heptane C7Hi6 Octane CgHis Ethene C2H4(Ethylene) Propene C3H6 (Propylene) Ethyne C2H?2 (Acetylene) Benzenol C6H6 (Benzene) Cyclohexane Ce6H12 The combustion equation follows the following rule : CaHb + (at+b/4)O2 = (a)CO2 + (b/2)H20 If this results in fractional numbers of molecules, then the whole equation may be multiplied up.Sample Problems WORKED EXAMPLE No.1 Write out the combustion equation for CgH}g SOLUTION CgH]1g + (8+18/4)02 = 8CO?2 + (18/2)H20 CgH1g + 12%02 = 8CO2+9H20 2CgH1g + 2502 = 16CO2 +18H20 There are other gases which bum and the main one to know about is Carbon Monoxide (CO) which is partially burned carbon. The equation for the combustion of CO is: 2CO + O02 = 2C02we Combustion by Mass ‘ORKED EXAMPLE No.2 A fuel contains by mass 88% C, 8%H2, 1%S and 3% ash (silica). Calculate the stoichiometric air_ SOLUTION CARBON C+ 02=CO2 Mass ratio 12+32=44 Hence 0.88kg of C need (32/12)x0.88=2.347kg of oxygen. It makes (44/12) x 0.88 = 3.227 kg of carbon dioxide HYDROGEN 2H2 + 02 = 2H20 ‘Mass ratio 4 + 32-36 hence 0.08kg of hydrogen needs (32/4) x 0.08 = 0.64kg of oxygen. SULPHUR S$ +02= S02 Mass ratio 32+ 32 = 64 Hence 0.01kg of sulphur needs 0.01kh of oxygen and makes 0.02kg of sulphur dioxide. TOTAL OXYGEN needed is 2.347 + 0.64 + 0.01 = 2.99Tke TOTAL AIR needed is 2997/23 = 13.03ke “The STOICHIOMETRIC air’ fel ratio is 13.03/1WORKED EXAMPLE No.3 If the air supplied is 20% more than the stoichiometric value, find the analysis of the dry products by mass. SOLUTION If 20% excess air is supplied then the air supplied is: 120% x 13.03 = 15.637 kg Oxygen is also 20% excess so 0.2 x 2.997 = 0.599kg is left over. ‘Nitrogen in the air is 77% x 15.637 = 12.04ke List of products : ‘Nitrogen 1204kg = ‘Carbon dioxide 3.227kg = Sulphur dioxide 0.02kg =0.1% ‘Oxygen 0.599kg=3.8% Total dry product 15.886ke — =100% It is of interest to note that for a given fuel, the % of any product is a direct indication of the excess air and in practice the carbon dioxide and/or oxygen is used to indicate this. This is important in obtaining optimal efficiency in a combustion process.v Problem Set A boiler burns fuel oil with the following analysis by mass : 80%C 18%H2 2%S 30% excess air is supplied to the process. Calculate the stoichiometric ratio by mass and the % Carbon Dioxide present in the dry products. (15.62/1 14.9% CO2) A boiler burns coal with the following analysis by mass 75%C 15%H2 7%. remainder ash Calculate the % Carbon Dioxide present in the dry products if 20% excess air is supplied. (16.5% CO7) Calculate the % of each dry product when coal is burned stoichiometrically in air. The analysis of the coal is: 80% C =—10% H2 += 5% S and 5% ash. (76.7°0N, 22.5% CO? 0.8% SO2)Combustion by Volume Concepts needed: Avogadro’s Law and Dalton’s Law WORKED EXAMPLE No.4 Calculate the % CO? in the dry products when methane is bumed with 15% excess air by volume. SOLUTION CH4 + 202= CO? +2420 Volume ratio 2 1 2 The stoichiometric air is 2/21% = 9.524 m3 The actual air is 9.524 x 115! 0.95 m3 Analysis of dry products Nitrogen 79% x 10.95 8.65 m3 Carbon Dioxide 1.00 m3 Oxygen 15% x2 0.30 m3 Total 9.95 m3 The % Carbon Dioxide = (1/9.95) x 100 = 10% When the fuel is a mixture of gases, the procedure outlined must be repeated for each combustible gas and the oxygen deduced for the volume of each in 1 m3 of total fuel.WORKED EXAMPLE No. WORKED EXAMPLE No. § A fuel is a mixture of 60% Methane and 30% carbon monoxide and 10% oxygen by volume. Calculate the stoichiometric oxygen needed. SOLUTION As before, the volume of oxygen required to burn 1 m3 of methane is 2m3.To burn 0.6m3 needs 1.2m3 of oxygen. For carbon monoxide we use the combustion equation : 2CO + 02 =2C02 Hence to burn | m3 of CO need 0.5 m3 of oxygen, so to burn 0.3 m3 needs 0.15 23 “af oxypea. The total oxygen needed is 1.2 + 0.15 = 1.35 m3 . However there is already 0.1 m3 in the fuel so the stoichiometric oxygen needed 1.25m3Problem Set Find the air fuel ratio for stoichiometric combustion of Ethene by volume. (26.19/1) Find the air fuel ratio for stoichiometric combustion of Butane by volume.(30.95/1). Calculate the % carbon dioxide present in the dry flue gas if 30% excess air is used. (10.6%) Find the air fuel ratio for stoichiometric combustion of Propane by volume.(23.81/1). Calculate the % oxygen present in the dry flue gas if 20% excess air is used. (3.8%) A gaseous fuel contains by volume = 5% CO2, 40% Hz. 40% CH4, 15% N2 Determine the stoichiometric air and the % content of each dry product. (4.76 m3, 89.7%,N2_ 10.3% CO2).Relationship Between Product and Excess Air WORKED EXAMPLE No.6 consider the combustion of methane again. CH4g+202 = CO2+2H20 lvol 2 vol vol 2 vols SOLUTION Let the excess air be x (as a decimal) The stoichiometric air is 9.52 vols. Actual air is 9.52(1 + x) Dry Products Nitrogen 0.79 x 9.52(1 +x) = 7.524x + 7.524 Oxygen 2.000%. Carbon Dioxide 1,000 Total 9.524% +8524 % Carbon monoxide = 100 {1/(9.524x + 8.524)} % Oxygen = 100(2(9.524x. + 8.524)} For ne if the % COQ? is 10% then the excess air is found as follows : On 9.524 + 8.524) (9.524x + 8.524) = 10 9.524x = 1.476 320.155 oF 15.5% Similarly if the 02 is 10% then the excess air is 81% (show this for yourself)WORKED EXAMPLE No.7 An analysis of the dry exhaust gas from an engine burning Benzole shows 15% Carbon Dioxide present by volume. The Benzole contains 90% C and 10% H by mass. Assuming complete combustion, determine the air/fuel ratio used. SOLUTION 1 kg of fuel contains 0.9kg of C and 0.1kg of H2. Converting these into kmol we have 0.9/12 kmol of C and 0.1/2 kmol of H2. For 1 kmol of dry exhaust gas we have : 0.15 kmol of CO2 Y kmol of excess O2 1- 0.15 - Y = 0.85 - Y kmol of N2 1 kmol of CO2 is 44 kg 1 kmol of N2 is 28 kg 1 kmol of O is 32 kg 0.15 kmol of COz is 0.15 x 44kg This contains (12/44) carbon so the carbon present is 0.15 x 12 kg The carbon in the fuel is 0.9 kmol per kmol of fuel. Hence the number of kmols of DEG must be 0.9/(.15 x 12)=0.5There are 0.5 kmol of DEG for each kmol of fuel bumed. The Nitrogen present in the DEG is 0.85 - Y kmol per kmol of DEG, This has a mass of 28(0.85 - Y) per kmol of DEG The oxygen supplied to the process must be : (23.3/76.7) x 28 x (0.85 - Y) = 7.24 - 8.SY kg per kmol of DEG. (using precise proportions of air for accuracy). The oxygen contained within the carbon dioxide is: (32/44) x 0.15 x 44 = 4.8 kg per kmol DEG 1 kmol of CO2 contains 44 kg and 32/44 of this is oxygen. The oxygen in the CO? is hence 32 x 0.15 kg per kmol DEG. The excess oxygen is 32Y kg per kmol DEG Total oxygen in the products excluding that used to make H20 is : 32x 0.15 +32YThe oxygen used to bum hydrogen is hence : 7.24 - 8.5Y -32x0.15+32Y O2 used to bum H2 is 2.44 - 40.5Y kg per kmol DEG For 0.5 kmol this is 1.22 - 20.25Y kg To bum hydrogen requires oxygen in a ratio of 8/1. There is 0.1 kg of H2 in each kmol of fuel so 0.8 kg of O2 is needed. Hence : 0.8 =1.22 - 20.25Y Y = 0.0208kmol per kmol DEG The nitrogen in the DEG is 0.85 - ¥ = 0.829 kmol per kmol DEG The actual Nitrogen = 0.829 x 0.5 x 28 = 11.61 kg The air supplied must be 11.61/.767 = 15.14kg per kg of fuel. A simple calculation shows the stoichiometric mass of air is 13.73 so there is 10.3% excess air.1, Problem Set C2H¢ is bumed in a boiler and the dry products are found to contain 8% CO? by volume. Determine the excess air supplied. (59%) The analysis of the dry exhaust gas from a boiler shows 10% carbon dioxide. Assuming the rest is oxygen and nitrogen determine the excess air supplied to the process and the % excess air. The fuel contains 85% C and 15% H2 (21.5kg, 44.5%)Online References (Retrieved 8/15/18) 1. www.em-ea org/Guide Books/book-2/2.1 Fuels and combustion. pdf 2. chettinadtech.ac.in/storage/12-02-09/12-02-09-14-21-31-1389.. 3. https://www.svce.ac.in/departments/chemistry/CITM/CY%20625 1/Engg.%20Chem.%20II %20word/Unit?%20V%20-%20Fuels%208&%20Combustion pdf 4.http://personal tulsa edu/~kenneth-westor/chapter3,pdf° 5. hitp://feee.utmn.my/zalitah/files/2016/06/CHAPTER-3-COMBUSTION-CALCULATION pdf 6. http://www. freestudy.co.uk/thermodynamics/t8201,pdf