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Cement Kiln Liquid Phase PDF
Cement Kiln Liquid Phase PDF
Ricardo A. Mosci
INTRODUCTION
Clinker liquid phase or clinker melt is the fraction of the kiln feed that melts
between the upper transition and the burning zone. The liquid has a critical
role in clinker nodulization and clinker mineral development and properties.
In the absence of liquid, the conversion of C2S and free lime to C3S would
be almost impossible in the kiln.
Plant chemists and kiln operators are usually more concerned with the
amount of liquid rather than with the rheological1 properties of the liquid.
The latter is much more important during clinkering reactions than the
former.
If the raw mix consisted of only four oxides, i.e. CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and
Fe2O3, it would start melting at 1338 oC, the so-called eutectic2 temperature
for the system C-S-A-F. At the eutectic temperature, the liquid composition
is 55% CaO, 6 % SiO2, 23 % Al2O3 and 16 % Fe2O3. Such composition is
saturated in lime and unsaturated in silica. Therefore, it is aggressive to
refractory products containing silica or silicates in their composition.
Industrial raw mix contains impurities such as MgO, Na2O, K2O and SO3.
At certain concentrations, these impurities reduce the eutectic temperature of
the system to 1280 oC, thus promoting earlier clinker formation. These
oxides act as fluxes3 in the kiln, forming liquid as far up as in the calcining
zone. Formulas used to compute the amount of liquid at any given
temperature usually take into account these minor oxides. Example:
1
Fluid property such as viscosity.
2
lowest melting temperature of a system.
3
substances that reduce the melting temperature of a system.
For most commercial clinkers, the amount of liquid phase in the burning
zone varies between 23 and 29%. Higher values can be damaging to most
refractory bricks in the absence of a stable coating. As the brick is infiltrated
and saturated with liquid, its elastic modulus4 increases and so does its
tendency to spall off.
Liquid phase calculations can be used to predict where in the kiln the stable
coating will form. The amount of liquid is calculated at 1338 C and at 1450
C and the results are compared, as shown on the following chart.
The closer the two lines are to each other, the longer will be the stable
coating zone. Too much liquid at 1338 ºC is undesirable because of the
proximity of the liquid to the alumina brick section. Alumina brick is
quickly destroyed by clinker melt.
The most important clinker mineral C3S (alite) requires the presence of
liquid for its formation. In the absence of liquid, alite formation is extremely
4
Ratio between stress and strain.
slow and it would render commercial clinkering impossible. This fact also
explains why alite is formed essentially in the burning zone, where the
amount of liquid is at a maximum.
To understand why alite formation requires liquid phase, one must first
understand the alite formation mechanism:
Fluxes, such as calcium chloride, feldspars and slags should not be confused
with mineralizers, although both promote clinker formation. Mineralizers
are usually transition metals such as copper, lead and zinc that reduce the
amount of energy required for clinker silicate formation.
VISCOSITY
Free alkali and phosphorus increase liquid phase viscosity, but this effect is
offset by MgO and SO3. Only clinkers with sulphate/alkali ratio lower than
0.83, and low in MgO, would experience the negative effects of high liquid
viscosity.
The liquid phase viscosity increases linearly with the alumina/iron ratio. For
a given burning temperature, high C3A clinkers tend to nodulize better than
low C3A clinkers. Moreover, the liquid phase is considerably less damaging
to the refractory lining when the liquid is viscous.
Another important property of the liquid phase is its surface tension, or its
ability to "wet" the lining. The surface tension has a direct impact on clinker
fineness, coating adherence to the lining and clinker quality.
High surface tension values favor nodule formation and liquid penetration
through the pores of the nodules. The resulting clinker contains less dust
(fraction below 32 mesh) and lower free lime content. A liquid phase with
high surface tension has less tendency to adhere to the brick surface,
therefore reducing clinker coatability or adherence to the lining.
Alkali, MgO and SO3 reduce liquid surface tension. So does temperature.
Sulphur and Potassium have the strongest effects, followed by Sodium and
Magnesium. Therefore, MgO, SO3 and K2O, to a certain concentration, are
good coating promoters.
Although the amount of liquid phase in the burning and transition zones of
the kiln is important to clinker formation and brick performance, the
rheological properties of the melt are even more important. The rheological
properties of the clinker melt control parameters such as clinker mineral
formation, clinker coatability, clinker fineness, cement strength and
refractory depth of infiltration.
It is then very important to keep fuel, raw material properties and flame
temperature as steady as possible. Whenever introducing drastic changes in
raw material or fuel properties, the refractory lining must be changed
accordingly to meet the differences in clinker coatability and burnability.
This proves particularly true when adding slags, kiln dust or solid wastes to
the kiln.