Group IIIA

KELOMPOK 5 :
HESTY YULISTY
YOLI RESMITA
SRI YOSIMAYASARI
TIARA OCTA PIRANTI
 The elements of group IIIA are boron (B), aluminum
(Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium
(Th). This group has different properties with class IA
and IIA groups.
 Electron configuration of the group IIIA are :
5B=23

13 Al = 2 8 3

31 Ga = 2 8 18 3

49 In = 2 8 18 18 3

81 Tl = 2 8 18 32 18 8 3
 sources

 Aluminium is one of the most important metal in the crust. Aluminium

ores that using for the production of aluminum is bauxite.
 Boron is not found in nature, but it’s turn up as the othorboric acid. It’s
usually found in sources volcanic springs.
 Gallium mostly found as a element that contained in diaspore,
sphalerite, germanite, bauxite and coal.
 Indium mostly associated with Zinc. From this material, indium is
produced commercially. It’s also found in iron ores, Timbale and copper.
 Thalium found in crooksite, lorandite, and hutchinsonite.
 Physical and chemical propeties
B Al Ga In Tl

Atomic number 5 13 31 49 81

Atomic radius 0,80 1,25 1,24 1,50 1,55

(A0)

Ionic radius (A0) - 0,45 0,60 0,81 0,95

Density (g/cm3) 2,54 2,70 5,90 7,30 11,85

Melting Point 2300 932 303 429 577

(0K)
 B Al Ga In Tl

Boiling point (0K) 4200 2720 2510 2320 1740

ionization energy (I) 807 577 579 556 590

(kJ/mol)

ionization energy (II) 2425 1816 1979 1820 1971

(kJ/mol)

ionization energy 3658 2744 2962 2703 2874

(III) (kJ/mol)

Heat melting 5,59 10,7 5,59 kJ/mol 3,281 kJ/mol 4,14 kJ/mol -1
kJ/mol kJ/mol-1

Heat of vaporization 254 kJ/mol 294,0 kJ/mol-1 254 kJ/mol 231,8 kJ/mol 165 kJ/mol -1
 How to get the elements in group IIIA

 Boron
the abundant sources of boron are borax (Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH)4 .8
H 2 O) and kernite (Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 .2 H 2 O). It can be
made ​continuously with oxidation reduction magnesium,
B 2 O 3. This oxidation can be prepared by heating boric acid, B
(OH) 3, which is obtained from borax.
B 2 O 3 + 3 + 3 Mg → 2B MgO
 Aluminium
Aluminum is a mineral that is obtained on a large scale as
bauxite (Al 2 O 3. 2H 2 O). Bauxite contains
Fe 2 O 3, SiO 2,and other impurities. these impurities must
be separated from the bauxite. It’s done by the Bayer
process.
 Ghalium
Ghalium usually is the result of aluminum making
process. Purification of bauxite by the Bayer
process produces ghalium concentration in
alkaline solution of an aluminum.

 Indium
Indium is a result of the formation of lead and
zinc. Indium metal is produced by electrolysis of
indium salts in water.
 Thallium metal is obtained as a product in the
production of sulfuric acid by burning pyrite and also
the smelting of lead and iron ore
Although thallium metal rather abundant in the
earth's crust at a concentration estimated 0.7 mg /
kg, mostly on the combined potassium in clay
minerals, soil and granite. The main source of
thallium found in copper, lead, zinc, and other
sulfide ores
Compounds from The Elements Of The
Primary Metal Group IIIA

1. boron
FLOURINE
Boron trifluoride : BF3
Diboron tetrafluoride : B2F4
Boron hydrate
-diborane : B2H6
-decaborane(14) : B10H14
 Chloride
 Boron trichloride: BCl3
Diboron tetrachloride: B2Cl4
 Nitride
When boron heated with an element of nitrogen,
the result is a white solid compounds with the
empirical form BN called with boron nitride
2. Aluminium
 Aluminum nitride
Aluminum Nitride (AlN) can be made from the
elements at temperature of 8000 C. hydrolyzed by
water to form ammonia and aluminium hydroxide.
• Aluminum hydride
Aluminum hydride (AlH3)n Can be produced
trimetilaluminum and excess of hydrogen
• aluminum oxide
aluminum oxide (Al2O3) Can be made by burning
oxygen or heating hydroxide, nitrate or sulphate.
 3. Galium
• gallium with halogen elements forming :
Galium trichloride : GaCl3
Galium (III) bromide : GaBr3
Galium (III) iodide : GaI3

• 4. Indium
• Indium compounds rarely found by humans. All indium
compounds should be regarded as toxic. Indium
compounds can damage the liver, kidneys and heart.
In halogen :
- Indium (I) Bromide
- Indium (III) Bromide
• 5. thallium
• Thallium compounds on fluoride: TLF, TlF3,
• Thallium compounds on chloride: TlCl, Tl, Cl 2, Tl,
Cl3
• Thallium compounds on bromide: TlBr, Tl2Br4
• Thallium compounds on iodide: TLI, TlI3
• Thallium compounds on oxides: Tl2O, Tl2O3
• Thallium compounds in sulfide: Tl2S
• Thallium compounds on selenide: Tl2Se
 Reactions of the Elements of Main Group
Metals IIIA.
1. boron
 The reaction of boron with air :
4B + 3O2 (g) → 2 B 2O3

 The reaction of boron with halogen

Boron reacts violently to the halogen elements such as fluorine (F2),
chlorine (Cl 2), bromine (Br 2), forming trihalides into boron (III)
fluoride, boron (III) bromide, boron (III) chloride.
2B (s) + 3F2 (g) → 2 BF3
2B (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2 BCl3
2B (s) + 3Br2 (g) → 2 BBr3

 Boron reaction with acid

Crystalline boron does not react with hydrochloric acid heating
(HCl) or heating hidroflourida acid (HF).
2. Aluminum

 The reaction of aluminum with air

4AL (s) + 3O2 (l) → 2 Al2O3
 The reaction of aluminum with halogen
2AL (s) + 3I2 (l) → 2 Al2I6 (s)
 The reaction of aluminum with acid
Al (s) + 3H2SO4 (aq) → 2AL 3 + (aq) + 2SO4 2 -
(aq) + 3H2 (g)
 The reaction of aluminum with alkaline
2AL (s) + 2 NaOH (aq) + 6 H2O → 2Na + (aq) + 2
[Al (OH) 4] - + 3H2 (g)
3. Galium

 Gallium reaction with acid

Ga (OH) 3 + 3 H - + → GA3 + + 3 H2O
Ga (OH) 3 + 3 H + → Ga 3 + + 3 H 2 O

 Alkaline reaction of gallium with

Ga2O3 + 2 OH-→ 2 Ga (OH) 4 –
Ga (OH) 3 + OH - → Ga (OH) 4
4. Indium

 The reaction of indium with air

In3 + + O 2 → In-2-O3

 Indium reaction with acid

Indium reacts with HNO3
In3 + + 3HNO-3 → In-(N-O3) 3 + 3H +
Indium also reacted with 6M HCl
In 3 + + 3HCl → InCl 3 + 3H +
5. Thallium

 The reaction of thallium with air

2 Tl (s) + O2 (g) → Tl2O

 The reaction of thallium with water

2 Tl (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2 TlOH (aq) + H2 (g)

 Thallium reaction with halogens

2 Tl (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 TiF3 (s)
 The Function of Group IIIA

 Boron
-Natrium tetraborate pentaidrat (Na2B4O7. 5H2O)
used in producing glass gentian conductors and
laxative sodium perborate.
-Natrium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2B4O7. 10H2O)
or known as Boras used in adhesive income.
-Acid Borik recently used as insecticide, especially
against ants or cockroaches
-. Most of boron is widely used in organic synthesis and
in the manufacture of borosilicate glass and
borofosfosilikat
 Aluminum
- Aluminum is used in automobiles, aircraft,
trucks, railroads,ships, bicycles
- Packaging (cans, foil)
- Field construction (windows, doors, etc.)
- In cooking equipment
 Gallium
- gallium can then be used to create a brilliant
mirrors
- gallium arsenide is used as a semiconductor,
especially in light-emitting diodes
- gallium is also used in some high
temperature thermometers.
 indium
- Indium is used to make other electronic
components thermistor and photoconductor
- Indium can be used to create a mirror that
bounces like a silver mirror and not quickly fade
- Indium is used to push germanium to make
transistors. Indium is used in small quantities in
the dental equipment.
 Thallium
- Radioactive thallium-201 (half-life 73 hours) is
used for the purposes of diagnosis in the treatment
of the core.
- If thallium combined with sulfur, selenium and
arsenic, thallium is used in the production of high-
density glass that has a low melting point with a
distance of 125 and 1500 C.
- Thallium is used in electrodes and dissolved oxygen
in the analysis. 22. Thallium is also used in infrared
detection