4_Calcolo-V-Belt SIT_Layout 1 27/07/2016 09:34 Pagina 129

Drive design (V-Belt)

4_Calcolo-V-Belt SIT_Layout 1 27/07/2016 09:34 Pagina 130
4_Calcolo-V-Belt SIT_Layout 1 27/07/2016 09:34 Pagina 131

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Design
To obtain the full advantages of a SIT belt, it is necessary that the
drive be correctly designed.
In this manual the factors which influence the capacity and service
of belts have been outlined. The fundamental theory covering their
operation and design has been detailed and the mathematical for-
mulae for calculating drives have been shown. The ratings in this
manual are based on the achievement of trouble-free operation
and economical life. The tension in the belts and the diameters of
the pulleys establish the degree of flexing, and the belt speed and
length determine the frequency of flexing. Increasing the severity
of any of these factors without compensating, by the creasing the
severity of some other factor, can be done only with a penalty on
belt life and with a sacrifice of the inherently low operating costs
of the drive.

Fundamentals of drive design

There are fundamental relations involving tensions, speeds, fric- Tension Relationship
tion, etc., which apply to all types of belt driving. These basic con- Consider a rope-or-belt as in Fig. 6 hanging over a pulley which
cepts are described and their applications to belt drives are resists rotation.
discussed.

Definitions X
Tension in a belt is a force acting along the length of the belt and
tending to elongate it. Belt tension is measured in Newtons (N).
Torque is the effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an
axis, and thus involves the size of the force and its moment arm.
Torque is the product of a force (or tension) and the length of the
arm through which it acts. The units for torque are Newton metres
(Nm) and kilo-Newton metres (kNm). TA
Energy and work are closely related and are expressed in the
same units. Work is the product of a force and the distance
through which it acts. Energy is the capacity for performing work.
The units are the Joule (J) and the kilo-Joule (kJ). The energy of
a moving body in Joules is given by:

1
mv 2 TB
2 Fig. 6

where “m” is the mass, in kilograms (kgs.) and “v” is its velocity in
metres/second (m/s).
Power is the rate of doing work or transmitting energy. The unit
normally used is the kilowatt (kW) which is the work done when a
force of 1000 Newtons is displaced through a distance of one
Tension TA and TB are caused by large and small weights respec-
tively. Common experience teaches that if the coefficient of friction
between belt and pulley is large enough, a considerable difference
in tension is possible in such a system.

CALCULATION
metre in one second. Experience also tells us that when the arc of contact is reduced
Power exerted for a period of time produces work, giving rise to (as in Fig. 7 with a freely turning idler), TB must be larger to keep
the term or unit kilowatt-hour (kWh). the belt from slipping.

Coefficient of Friction
If, as in Fig. 5, a body of mass “m” kg rests on a horizontal plane
surface and a force “p” parallel to the surface is just enough to X

cause the body to be at the point of slipping, the ratio (f) of tan-
gential to normal force is known as the coefficient of friction.

p
f= (1)
mg
TA
mg

TB

Fig. 7

p The essential factors are the tensions, the coefficient of friction

and the angle or arc of contact.

If in Fig. 6 or 7 the unbalanced tension (TA - TB) is large enough to

overcome the resistance, the pulley will turn but the action is limi-
ted by the length of the belt.
Fig. 5

Belt drives engineering manual

131
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∆ ( )
It is an easy step to Fig. 8 where a joined or endless belt is applied
∆α
to two pulleys and a turning movement or torque applied at shaft Sin
01 causes a torque at shaft 02. ∆T 2
= fT
∆α ∆α
2
O2 Taking limits as ∆α approaches zero, —
DRIVEN
PULLEY

dT
= fT
dα
TB
Integrating,
TA
TA
f α = log e
DRIVING TB
PULLEY

TA fα
=e (4)
TB
TA + TA
TA where “a” is arc of
= e0.0175fa (5)
contact in degrees
Fig. 8
TB

Thus the action described in Fig. 6 is applicable continuously in a F1

system like Fig. 8, illustrating the fundamental tension relations in F2 + F3 =
belt driving. β
sin
To find the relation of TA, coefficient of friction (f) and the arc of 2
contact (a in radians) refer to Fig. 9 representing a very small ele-
ment of the belt of Fig. 6, 7 or 8. With V and wedge belts the radial force causes a larger total
against the faces of the pulley groove due to the wedging effect
∆ for which we shall use the symbol “u”. The wedging effect is seen
a b by reference to Fig. 11 to be as follows:
∆ T
T+ T

F1
r F2 + F3 =
β
∆ α sin
2
F2 + F3 1
u = =
Fig. 9 F1 β
sin
2
The tension in the belt at “b” is T, and at “a” is T+ ∆T due to friction. F1
The element “ab” subtends the very small angle Aa. The forces
are more clearly represented in Fig. 10 which shows that the force
Fn between this portion of the belt and the pulley is given by:
β
F2 F3
2
∆α
Fn = 2T Sin (here ∆T is negligible) (2)
2 β F3
F2

F1
Fig. 11

∆T ∆α
T+ T
2 Then, with V and wedge belts, the force required to cause the in-
finitesimal section to slip is the radial force multiplied by 'f' and
again by “u”. Thus, while the coefficient of friction is independent
Fn
of the shape of the belt, the effectiveness of 'f' is multiplied by “u”
Fig. 10
in wedge belts and the tension formula then becomes:

TA
Equations (4) and (5) below were developed for flat belts. = eu f α (6)
TB
∆T = f Fn (the belt being at the point of slipping) (3)
N

Belt drives engineering manual

132
 +F = F
4_Calcolo-V-Belt SIT_Layout 1F 27/07/2016 09:34
1 Pagina 133
2 3 100Te
β % Creep =
sin E + T1
2
F2 + F3 1
u = = www.sitspa.com
F1 β 100Te
sin % Creep = (approximately)
2 E
TA
= eu f α (6)
T
With V-grooved pulleys
B of 38° included angle tensions R = 5.00 and the tension should be restored when ten-
sion slacks off to the point where R = 8.00. If automatic tension
1 adjustment is used with V and wedge belts, R may be permanently
u = = 3.07 held at 8.00 (arc of contact 180°).
1 2 sin 19°
1 mv
mv 221 Creep mv 2
2 2
mvCentrifugal F2 2= (7)
2 Tension In belt mv practicer the change in length that occurs with time as the
F 2 = mv 2 (7)
pAt speeds at which V and wedge belts are usually operated, cen- belt continues rF2 = in service is not called “creep”, (7)as might be suppo-
f = trifugal tension may be a very(1) important factor. sed from the user of this term in other engineering activities. With
p mg
f= pThe centrifugal force F, (1)(Newtons) acting on a body of mass “m” belts, this change of dimensions with time is called “stretch” or
mgf = (1) mv 2The r∆α term “creep”
mg kg moving “v” m/s in a curved path of radius “r” metres is given by: “growthFin 2length”. = mv 2 r∆αas applied to belt (8)driving refers
2 =
∆α to a loss mvof rdriven
∆α 2rspeed2 as the result of alternate lengthening and
Fn = 2T Sin (here ∆T is negligible) (2) F 2 = mv r∆α= mv r ∆α 2
(8)
∆α 2 mv 2 shortening F2 r=of each portion = mv of the r∆α belt as it experiences Wherethe
(8) P cycle
= Power in kW
Fn = 2T Sin (here∆α ∆T is negligible) F2 = (2) (7) of tight and slack r
side tensions.
Fn = 2T2Sin (here ∆T is negligible) r (2) v = belt speed (m/s)
2 mv 2 Whenever a belt passes around a pulley andWhere there isPa=difference Power in kW
T = effective tension
If, instead of representing mv F22 = the mass of the body, “m” represents (7) kg between the entering and∆αleaving tensions, Wherethere P (9)
=isPower
beltvcreep. =inbeltkWe
speed (m/s)
Con-
r F = 2T sin
ofF2length,
= (7) beltTrev/min = revolutions per m
c c
∆T = per f Fnmetre
(the belt being at the pointmv2 2offorce slipping) ∆αelement 2 of belt approaching (9) va driving Where
=Where PPeffective
speed ==Power
IfPower
(m/s) ininkW kW in
r the centrifugal
= mv
for the(3) element in Fig. 9 sider
F a portion or
c = 2Tc sin ∆α
pulley.
e =
the tension New
∆T = f Fn (the belt being
is given by: at the point FF2 2=of r mv
slipping)
mv 22
r ∆α(3) 2
(7)
(7) tension Fis high
= 2T 2
with sin reference to the torque the
T (9)
belt
=
Where
will
effective
rev/min travel
= v v=
P
= at
tension
=
belt
belt
revolutionsthePowerspeed
speedin
in
Newtons
per
kW
(m/s)
(m/s)
minute
∆T = f Fn (the belt being at the FF2 2point
==r∆α of slipping) = mv (3)r∆α (7) (8) c c
2 face through some part of the arc e
r r same speed as the pulley rev/min = revolutions Tev TTe e=of =veffective
= belt speed
con-
effective
per minute tension
tension
(m/s)
ininN
le) (2) ∆α Sin
mv 2
r ∆α tact. Through the remainder
2 of the arc of contact P = this portion T of =
belt effective tension
∆T F = 2 = mv 2
r ∆α (8) mv ∆α /2 rev/min = e revolutions per min
=Sin
mv 2
f T r∆α r∆α 2
2
will be mv Tc 2= progressively less tension down to
under 1,000 side
rev/min = revolutions per minu
∆T F = 2 Sin∆α = mv 2 r∆α (8) ∆α/2 2 Tethe
v slack rev/min ten- = revolutions per m
(2) =∆α
∆fT2T r mv mv2 2 r∆α
r ∆α 2 T
sion
c = at the exit sin
mv
point. ∆α
∆α /2
/2
During the slackening T P v =process the belt element
∆α = f ∆α F
T F2 2= on = 2 the mv r∆α 2 = mv
=∆αmvof ra∆α 2 r ∆α (8)
(8) T(recovers
sin c =∆α/2 from elongation) e
P = and consequently 1,000 rev/min
The centrifugal ∆α force acting F2∆α = r r elements = mvbelt 2
r∆αis balanced (9) shortens
(8) Tvevmovesinslower
e) (2) 2 F c = 2Tc sin sin ∆α/2 1,000 PP= = TTorque e
Nm ×
of (2) (3) by centrifugal tension (Ta) in 2the belt.r From
slipping) 2 a relationship similar than the pulley face. This relative motion is P creep.
= 1,000 Tv 9550
ble) (2) to Fig. 10. ∆α T mv 2
(10) = in eNm
Poccurs
1,000 rev/min
F = 2T sin (9) If the load c = is increased, the arc in which P creep
= Torque 1,000 (the × “arc of
Taking limits as ∆α approaches czero, — rev/min
Nm × the arc 9550
c ∆α 2
ping) (3) Fc = 2Tc zero, sin — 2 (9) creep”)
T c = mv increases. If the load is P= (10)
sufficiently
Torque inincreased of
9550 ×P
Taking limits as ∆α approaches ∆α T = mv 2
(10) Torque in Nm =caserev/min
9550 rev/min
) Taking limits as ∆α approaches 2 zero, — 2 ∆α (9) creep may c become as large as the arc of contact, P = Torque in which
P = Torque in Nm × rev/min in Nm × rev/min
slipping)(3) dT FFc c= = 2Tmv
TFcc2T
sin∆α/2∆α
csin (9)
(9) the belt will be at the point of slipping. The Pin= Nm Torque 9550
in Nm is × to P 9550
×9550
slipping) (3) = f T == c 2T c sin 22 Now if T = T + T and T = Torque
T
remedy,
+ T
of course,
= 9550
of dT
slipping) (3) mv 2 ∆αsin /2 ∆α/2 2 provide more slack 1 side A tension.
C 2 B C 9550 × P
=ddTα
fT T = Now if T = T + T and T =Torque
T + T in Nm = rev/min
From
= f T(8) and (9), mvc2 ∆α/2 Whether the ifbelt 9550 a ××PP
T1is= being TA + driven
TC andby T2a=pulley + TorC isrev/min
itself driving
1 A C 2 B C
dα Now TB Torque inNm Nm 9550
dα
Integrating, Tc = sin ∆α2/2 2 pulley the Then, arc of creep always starts fromTorque exitin
theTorque point == pro-
and 9550 × P
rev/min
mv
mv ∆α ∆α /2/2 Then, in Nm =
rev/min
Integrating, sin ∆α T /2 =
Tc T=c = mv
c 2 2
mv ∆α/2 (10) gresses towards the entry Tpoint
1
- T Cas the load increases. rev/mink × d5.35
— Integrating, Tc =sin sin∆α ∆α/2/2 Then, RT in=- the ef driving
=the α
Service line (11)
in Flexing =
α TA dT Consider the action 1 T C vicinity of pulley. If “E” is the
T21 -=T

∫ ∫∫ ∫ ∫∫
α f dαT= 2 sin ∆α/2 (10) dynamic modulus R= of elasticity eCCf αthe beltf αand “v,” and
of (11)“v2” are the v0.5× ×L T1
T c = mv R = = e (11) k × d5.35
f dα = oα Taking T
A
dT T 2 -
T2 Trespectively. Service line in Flexing =5.35
limits
A Tcas
B
dT = Amv a approaches zero. (10) entry and exit velocities C
k × d v×0.5L × T 4.12
o f dαTB= T + TC and T2 = T(10) + TC T2 - T Service
C line in Where Flexingk== a constant of proportio
T Now= mvif 2 T1 = TA
2
B V - V 4.12 k × d
1 5.35
5.35 ×
— o T T T c
c= mv 2 (10) 1 2
Service line in v 0.5
Flexing × T = k × d ×
TA B Tc = mv (10) % Creep = 100
V - V2 = Service linedin=Flexing pulley diameter =1
k × d5.34.
— f α =Tlog e Now ifThen, T1 = TA TC + and =
T 2 T B TC + 1 Where k
Service = a constant
line in of
Flexing = v 0.5
proportionality × T
% Creep = 100 V1 V =- 2V2 L of= length of belt v ×0.5T14.12
0.5 1
f α = log e Now if TT
A
Now if T = T
T1A = TA + T1 1and T2A = TBC + TC 2
B + T and T = T + T % Creep = 100 Where = k = a constant
d = pulley proportionality
diameter v ×T
B
- TC = C V
Nowifif TT1==RTT=A++TTTCand
2
f α =TBlog e 1 and Where k==vaa =constant
belt speed
constant of proportion
Then, TT2 2==TT eBf+α+TTC V2 d =Wherepulley L =kdiameter belt of proportiona

CALCULATION
Now (11)
Then, T
 length
 aofconstant

( (( ) ( )) () )
TA fα B
Then, Now 1
if T =A
T C+
A T -C TT and T2 B= TB C+ TC T1 T2
  Where dT k ==
= tignt
pulley side
diameter of proport
tension
1 - -T 1 + L = length dof =belt
T1 TC 2 C f α 1+
 1 pulley diameter
= e Then,R  T E E v = belt d speed
= pulley diameter
T1 =- TC =e
(4) (11)
TA 1 2

fα
= eT
Then, 1+  - T1 +
( ) ( () ) T v = beltT1speed L= -length
T=1length
T2 ofofbelt belt

 
TBA fα R = Then, T2 =-(4) efCα- T
T (11) 100 E1 + 1 - E1 + 2 = 100 =Ltignt L =side
length tension
TB =e T
T1 1- TVC-1C(4) - E E= 100 T 1 - T
v2 v=TE=tension
+belt
T1 speed speed belt of
T2 -RR T1 TCV=2=eef α = f α T1 = tignt side belt
fα
T= C=
TB
TA
= e0.0175fa
% Creep
where “a” is arc of
contact in degrees
=R 100 = T2- - TC
VT12- T VT22C-(5) V
T 2
=e
100 (11)
(11)
100
(11)
( (( ) T11 + E
T1
) ( ) = 100 T1 =Etignt
1 -=
v T2belt speed
E + T1T1 = tignt side tension
T1+=T1tignt
side tension
Flexing sideService
tensionx
TA 1 + T
)
where “a” is arc of

Where R = ratio of % Creep
tensions. = 100 =
C

= eT - 1
T0.0175fa
B
where “a” is arc Vof V (5) E 1 + Flexing Service
A
=Note contact in
% Creep(4),
that equations degrees
= (5),
1
100(6) and (11) are
2
=VV 2valid

TB e0.0175fa -(5)only under the  E Flexing Servicex a

contact in degrees 1- VV2 T

( )( ) T V =

TB condition for which they%% were Creep derived, =V 2100 i.e. when 1 1+- V2==
the belt is at the 
(4)point ofFslipping.
Creep =
% Creep = E
1 +100
1
100 V2 E =
1
- V
  2
 2

( ) ( )
Flexing
5.35
dxFlexing Service
Service
Flexing xService
T
Flexing
4.12 =

(
Service
a
vx
)
0.5

( ( )( ( ( ) ()( ) )( ( )) ) ) ( ( )
F2 + FOtherwise 1  T V T T - T Flexing
1a Service
==


2
= the existing tension 1
1 +ratio will-Tbe 1 less
+ than
2 V2 indicated.= 100 1 2
100Te × a ×
Flexing Service x
T100

F31 β  E + % Creep = da
5.35 4.12 (12)
TFlexing Service 0.5va x
F2 + (4) T 1x

( ) ( ( ( () ) ) ) ( ( ( )( ) ) ) ( )( )) ) (
F3 = F1 1 E 2 E T2 Creep = 100Te E + T1 d T Flexing Service
v a
sin
)
1
- 1+
 T1 - %
1+ T1 T2 x
4.12(12)
1a
Flexing x
Servicea
F2 + FSlack 2 Tension100 E   1 + TT1 1E1 +- 1 +

  
3β= 100Te dx 5.35 d T1a× vx × Lx × a
0.5
(4)  T2 = T100
Side

( )) ( ( ) )( (
sin β  T T - T E + % CreepE + =T T (12) v
1 + 1- 1 + T a 1x a
(5) E 1 2 × 5.35 × 4.12 × 0.5

((
s (4) For 2 any singiven 100condition, there is a1 minimum E =1 + 100E 2 1 1
dT 5.35 T1a va 4.12
4.12 vxLa0.5 0.
(4)
( +E T1 - slack E side tension T - T
)) )
E + T da d T v

F + F 1 E x 1x
100notoperate.
22 + T T - T 5.35

( ) ( ) ( )
x
EThe effectiveEtension
1 2 1 × 1a
× x
(4) T1 1 + E da dx × × TT1xT1a × × vva vx ×
3
==100 100
(
1
u = which the= drive 100 1
T21T- 1T2is small compared with E we maydwrite:
(5)
(5)
u =
below
F2 + F3 F 1
established
u =
=
F2 +1 F3 by the
β=
power
sin1 
β
( )( ( ) )
will
1 100
+
requirement E (expressed
1++ T T1 in

kilowatts) =
and
is
100
Since
EE++T T1
E+T1
%1 Creep 100T =
100T e
(approximately)
a
d
Arca of Contact(13)
1x
T=1x180° -
60(D
a
va- d)

( )
1
F 2 T
the belt speed.

(5) 1 sin  1 % Creep =
e E
(approximately) C
1 +EE in the belt) is the
1
(5) β 100T (13) 60(D - d)
of Since theFtight side
2 tension (which is the maximum e

(5) 1 sin  100T e E
% CreepE= (approximately)
Arc of Contact = 180° (13) - - d)
s TA sumu fof the effective tension2 %and Creep
the slack= side tension, it is advisable
 (12) E Where D = large 60(D pulley diameter
C
TA =e α (6)  E + T1 This minimum can
Arc of Contact = 180° - 60(D- -d)d) (
60(D
to keep the slack side tension as low as
100T possible. ArcofofContactd = small
Contact C
pulley
180°- - diameter
= eTTuBAf α be best (6)% Creep =
e (12) Where Arc D = large pulley==180° diameter 60(D - d
TB = eu f α maintained automatically,100T
(6) e in which case the actual slack side (12) Using the belt velocity as it approaches the drive Arcpulley
of
C Contact
= as
centrea base, =to180°
centre - C C
distance
E + T
TB tension may % beCreep
very little = more than the100T 1
minimum required. the belt slows down where it Where
leaves D =drive
the large d pulley
=
pulley smallby diameter
pulley
the amount diameter C
1 + T1 = 100T
ECreep e (12) (n.b. units of measurement must be
%%Creep (12) Where D = large pulley diameter
e
u = Drives having = 3.07a screw adjustment = be100T
must 100T
set up e with some reserve of the creep (12)percentage. The recovery d =of small
Where
this pulley
D =
velocity
C = centre largediameter
loss pulley
occurs
to centre diameter
distance
1 sin 19° % Creep=E =E++TT1 e (approximately) Where D small
= large pulley diameter
u = tension
=1 3.07 to allow for stretch.% AsCreep
the belt gradually E 1
+ T stretches, the ten- where the(13) belt leaves the driven pulley. C = centre d==
dto centre
small pulley pulley
distance diameter
diameter
u = = 3.07 100T E 1 (n.b. units of measurement
d = small pulley must be the sa
diameter
sin 19°sion will diminish to a%point where the belt e must be retightened. While the creep percentage is usually small enough C==to be neglec-
centre tocentre
centre distance
sin 19°
With fixed centre % Creep (manually
contact, V and wedge belt drives
=
Creep 100T =
adjusted)
e

should
(approximately) (13)
Edrives and with 1800 arc of(13) ted, without appreciable error, there are(n.b.
(approximately)
100T be e applied with ratio of value may be significant.
(n.b. units of measurement
cases
(n.b. units
C
Arc where
unitsof
centre
= πC- =2the
must
centre
ofmeasurement (
to
-1
sincreep
measurement
D
be -
to centre
d
the
2C must ) same).
distance
must
(in radia
distanc
bebethe th

( () (( ) ))
E 100T D - d
%%Creep Creep == (approximately) Arc =(n.b. π - 2units -1of measurement must be
e
100T e(approximately) (13)
(13) sin (in radians)
% Creep = EE (approximately) (13) D-d 2Cradians) (
E Arc = π - 2 sin-1 (in D-d
2C -1 D - d D - d

(( ))
Belt drives Arc
Arc =
=π-2
engineeringπ - 2 sin
sin-1 -1133D - d(in radians
manual (in radian
Arc
Arc==180 π - 2- 57.3sin 2C 2C (in de
2C (in radi

( () )
D - d2C
Arc = 180 - 57.3 D-d (in degrees
Arc = 180 - 57.3 2Cdegrees)
(in (
Arc = 180 2C
- 57.3 DD- -dd (in deg
Arc = 180 - 57.3 D - d(in degre
 r v =Flexing
Service line in belt speed
= (m/s) (17)
4_Calcolo-V-Belt SIT_Layout 1 27/07/2016 09:34 Pagina 134 d = pulley diameterv0.5 × T 4.12
Te = effective tension in
1 Newtons
Then, L = length of belt per minutep
rev/min = revolutions
Now if T21R== TA +TT - and
1C T T=2 = Where vk = belt
a constant
speed of proportionality
α B + TC
ef T
C
mv r∆α 2
(11)
F2 = = Tmv2
- TrC∆α (8) Td = pulley diameter
1 = tignt side tension T
Then, r www.sitspa.com Tev L = length of belt
P= (14)
T1 - TC 1,000v = belt speed
R= V1 - V2 = ef α (11)
% Creep = 100 T - T = T1 = tignt side tension
∆α 2
V2
C rev/min
Fc = 2Tc sin (9) P = Torque in Nm Flexing
× Servicex = (15)
2 9550
Torque and V power - V2  Very often only one factor isFlexing
changedService
and formula
a (18) spotlights
∆
 1 += T100
( )( )
1
% Creep 1 T2 =  the effect of such a change. 9550 × P a b
- 1+ Torque ∆T (16)
dx O2 in Nm T=1aFlexing
5.35 4.12 0.5
V vx x T=+
E E
( ) ( ) Service
( ) ( )
T
Lx
( )
2
mv 2 ∆α/2 T1 - T2 DRIVEN rev/min (18)


Where P = Power = 100in kW Calculation of Arc×ofPULLEY
Contact × ×
T100
c = da T1xFlexing Service
va a La
v = belt speedE(m/s) + T1 For ordinary two-pulley drives, the arc of contact can be
π deter-

sin1 ∆α /2 (D + d) r πø (D + d
( ( )() )
T1 T1 T2
+ 1+ - 1+
E E E

Te = effective tension in Newtons mined from the following
5.35

( ) ( )
dx
approximate
4.12
T1a
L = 2C cos ø +
formula:
0.5

( ) ( )
vx Lx
+
2 ∆ α 180
( 1 - T2minute
Tper
)
rev/min

P == Power
revolutions (18)


100  2 Where = 100in kW × TB × ×
E + T1 da T1x va 5.35 La
Tc = mv v =(10)belt speed (m/s) k × d- Where
60(D d) × L L = belt length


( ) 1+
100T
T1
E Tev Te = effective tension in Newtons (14)
P = rev/min
e 1,000

= revolutions per minute
TA Service line in Flexing
Arc of Contact = 180° -= L0.5 = 2C
v C× T1 cos
4.12 øC +=
π (D(17)
centre
(19)
2
+ d)
+
πø (D + d
to centre
D = large pulley diameter
distanc
180
% Creep (12)
if T1 = TA + TC and T2 = TB + TC
DRIVING
Now Where
Where D =klarge
=PULLEY
a constant of proportionality
pulley diameter d
L== small pulley diameter
E + T1 60(D -Where
d) belt length
rev/min Arc ofd Contact
d = =
pulley 180° -
diameter
= small pulley diameter C = centre (19)to centre distanc
Then,
% Creep =
P = Torque
P =
100Te- 1,000
R = 100Te
T1 TC
Tev in Nm ×

= ef α
9550
(11)
(12)
(15)
(14)
Where
(n.b.
C =Lcentre
D =of
units
= length
vlarge
to centre
beltpulley
speeddiameter
=measurement
C
of belt distance T + ∆ TD
must be the same).
ø == sin -1
( D-d
large pulley∆α
2C 2
d = small pulley diameter
)
(in degre
diameter T

% Creep = E + T1- (approximately) 9550 × P (13) dT=

T+1small
T=A tigntpulley
side diameter
tension
T
Torque
E 2 T C in Nm = rev/min (16) A

P = Torque in Nm rev/min
100TV e 1 - V2
×
9550
(15)
The approximate
Arc =
C = centre toD centre
( )
π formula
- 2 sin
(n.b. units of measurement
which states: 2C
-d distance
(in
mustradians)
be the same). (
ø = sin-1 Fn
-1 is a simplification of the theoretical,
D-d
(20) 2C )
(in degre

%Creep
% Creep== 100 (approximately)
= 9550 × P (13)
E
Torque V2in Nm = (16) Flexing Service (D - d)2
The SIT Belt Flexing Formula rev/min L = x2C + 1.57 (D + d)
The results ofWhere
 1sequent T1 Service
extensive
line
P =testing
T2 in
 Powerininthe
v =Flexing
kW
k SIT
× d5.35
=conditions
Laboratories
×L and sub-
(17)
(( ))
Arc = π - 2 sin-1
D
Arc = 180 - 57.3Flexing 2C
- d
d (in radians)
D -Service
=
(ina degrees)
(20) 4C
(21)

( )(
confirmation
)
under beltfield
speed (m/s) are expressed in the 2C
“SIT E
- 1 + Formula”:
+ Belt Flexing

E Te = effective tension
0.5
v × T1 4.12

T1 - T2 in Newtons dx
5.35

( ) ( )( () ) ( )
T1a
4.12 L v= 2C0.5cos ø +L
π (D + d) πø (D + d
(D -+d)2IDLER
( ) L =x 2C + 1.57 (D x + d)
2(18) 180


100 = 100of proportionality The formula is apparent
× from the ×following sketch. ×
Where rev/min = revolutions
k = a constant per minute d T D - d va L 4C
kE×+dT5.35 Arc = 180 - 57.3 (in L - 1.57 (D + d) (21)
√{ L - 1.57 (
a 1x
1 ×L degrees)
DRIVER a

2C C = Where L = belt length +


1+
(Service

P=
T1 line
E ) in Flexing
d = pulley diameter0.5
Tev L = length of belt

=
v × T 1
4.12
(17)

(14)
4
C = centre to centre distanc
D = large pulley diameter
4

Where kv == abelt speed of proportionality

constant
√{
1,000 60(D -Where
L - 1.57
d) Dd ==(Dchosen diameter
+ d) pulley L -of larg(
1.57
C = small + diameter
Td1 = tignt
pulleyside
L =inlength
tension
diameter
rev/min
{
Arc of Contact = 180° -
D-d C d =
4 chosen (19)diameter of sma4
Nm × of belt
% Creep =
100TP =e Torque
E + T1
v = belt speed
T1 = tignt side tension
9550 (12)
(15) 2
Where D = large pulley diameter
c

d = small pulley diameter

Where C
Lø==length
D=
sin
= centre (
-1 of Dbelt
chosendistance
2C
diameter
Ø (n.b. all units of measurement must
)
- d (appertaini
(in degre
of larg
9550 × P d = chosen diameter of sma
Torque in Nm =Flexing Servicex = (16) C = centre to centre distance L = length of belt (appertaini
rev/min
Flexing Service
The exponents
100Te
a
in this formula show the extremely large effect of (n.b. units of measurement must be the C same).
= centre distance
% Creepchanges
= in pulley (approximately)
diameter and belt tension. Similarly they show
(13)
Edx 5.35 severe 4.12 0.5 (n.b. all units of measurement must
pensated dby ( ) ( )
how a necessarily
a
×
appropriate
T1aFlexing

In considering this formula it should

changes
T1xFlexing ( ) ( )
onevof
value ofService x xthe factors L
× in the others.
va a
Service
k ×bed5.35
=×
remembered
×L
can
La
x be com-
(18)
that it is
For small Arc
angles,
= π it- 2
is sin
(
assumed
-1
D -
2C
to its sine, and on this assumption,
d
that an
)
L angle
(in=radians)
2C +
Te’ =
in 1.57
π dlp(D +
radians
0.015(D)
is d)
2
(D - d)2
(20)
∆N
equal
×
∆t
4C×
67πdlp
(D)2
×
based on Service
resistance
5.35
line toin internal
Flexing
4.12
=
damage only.
0.5
(17) IDLER

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0.5 4.12
Obviously,dxfor example,Tthe 1a tension invavxbelt × Tmay1 Lx
be limited by(18)
be-
× × × π dlp ∆N 67πdlp
aring loads,
not included Where
Arc of in the
Contact
In actual service itdis=difficult
T1x
da stretch considerations,
= a constant of 60(D
k formula.
= 180° -
pulley to diameter
orvother

segregate
a
- d)
proportionality
external L a

C all factors as was done

conditions
(19)
Arc = 180 - 57.3
( D-d
2C C = )e’Where
T(in
L -
d =DRIVEN
=degrees)
1.57 (D
0.015(D)
diameter
+
×(21) of ×driven pulley
2 d)
lp = moment ∆t
+ of
√{
L(D)
inertia - 1.57
2
of
×
(D
driv
in our laboratory tests. For this D4= pulley diameter of driven 4
L = length of reason
belt the main utility of the for-
mula isWhere D = large pulley
not in evaluating diameter
"K" to predict absolute values of service, where 57.3 isDRIVER
the factor for converting radians Whereto degrees. 57.3 is
v = belt speed 60(D - d) ∆Nd = diameter of driven pulley
but in theArc ofdContact
comparisons = small =pulley
it makes diameter
180°possible
- between applications (19)ha- Where D = somewhat
replaced by 60 (in formula 19) in order to compensate chosen diameter speed
of large
T of= similarity.
tignt sideTherefore,
tensionC we have found the fol- l = momentinofdriven
change inertia of driv
ving some degree C =1centre to centre distance for the slight error introduced by the first assumption. ∆tdp = chosen diameter
Te’ isdiameter
in Newtonsof smal
and
lowing formula to be very useful for comparing drives using V and The approximate formula (19) is within 1° of the theoretical D = ∆t.
pulley
bet- of driven
(n.b. units =oflarge
measurement must be the same). L = length of belt (appertainin
the calculated Te’ at this
wedgeWherebelts ofDthe samepulley diameter
cross sectional size. ween 180° and 110° it gives arcs 3° too high at 100° ∆N and 50° too
d = small pulley diameter to compute
C = centre the maximum
distance
high at 90°. We recommend that
Shorter Centre the theoretical
Distance formula
for Belt Installation= change
be usedin driven speed
C = centre toDcentre distance for arcs lessthan 100°. (n.b. all∆t units of measurement must
∆t. Te’ is in Newtons and
( )
Arc = π - 2 sin-1
(n.b. units of measurement
Flexing - dService x
(in radians)
Flexing Service be the same).
2C must
a
= (20)
Arc of Contact v Area of Contact
the calculated Te’ at this
to compute the maximum
From the basic concept of friction between sliding surfaces, the
5.35 4.12 0.5

( ) ( () ( )( ) ) ( )
dx
Arc
Arc
T
= π -×2 sin-11a
da = 180 - 57.3
T1x 2C
D-d

2C
v
D×- d (inx radians)
×
Lx
va(in degrees)La
(20)
(18)
(21)
area of surface does not influence the amount of friction. On the
other hand, the friction is solely dependent on the πcharacter
faces and the total pressure normal to the =
Te’ faces.
dlp of ∆N
the
× to ×
It is possible
0.015(D) 2
∆t
67πdlp
(D) 2
×
∆

increase the area of contact and Centre

at theDistance
same Ctime actually de-
where “a” is a set of known conditions Longer Centre Distance for Belt Take-Up
D - d and 'Y' represents the de- crease the power capacity. Investigation will disclose the fact that

that term in
( )
Arc = 180
sired conditions.
(18)
- 57.3
Note
becomes unity
Arc of Contact = 180° -
60(D
and
(inthe
that if any factor is
2C does
same in both (21)
degrees) cases,
- d)not affect the ratio of
(19)
when the power capacity is increased, this is accomplished by in-
Where d = diameter of driven pulley
creasing one of the vital factors, such as the arc of contact, width
lp = moment of inertia of drive
service. C of belt, or diameters of the pulleys and speed of belt.
D = pulley diameter of driven
Where D = large pulley diameter
Belt drivesdengineering
∆N
134 = smallmanual
pulley diameter = change in driven speed (
C = centre to centre distance ∆t ∆t. Te’ is in Newtons and
(n.b. units of measurement must be the same). the calculated Te’ at this s
to compute the maximum
 C = centre distance
4_Calcolo-V-Belt SIT_Layout 1 27/07/2016 09:34 Pagina 135 (n.b. all units of measurement must be the same).
Flexing Servicex
=
Flexing Servicea

4.12 0.5
T1a
T1x ) × ( ) ( )
vx
va
×
Lx
La
(18)
Te’ =
π dlp
0.015(D)2
×
∆N
∆t
×
67πdlp
(D)2
×
∆N
∆t
www.sitspa.com

60(DVery
- d) often area of contact is thus increased incidentally, but it also Where d = diameter of driven pulley (mm)
t = 180° - frequently happens(19)that of two drives the one with the smaller area lp = moment of inertia of driven unit (kgm2)
C
has the larger capacity. D = pulley diameter of driven unit (mm)
e pulley diameter
Length Formula ∆N
ll pulley diameter = change in driven speed (rev/min) in time
The precise formula for belt length around two pulleys as in Fig. 12 ∆t
tre to centre distance
is as follows: ∆t. Te’ is in Newtons and must be added to
easurement must be the same). the calculated Te’ at this speed before proceeding
to compute the maximum belt tension.
π (D + d) πø (D + d)
n-1
( D-d
2C ) (in radians)
L = 2C cos
(20)ø +
2
π (D + d)
+
180
πø (D + d)
(22)
The moment of inertia is most easily found by experiment.

L = 2C Where
cos øL+= belt length + (22) V-BELT DRIVE CONSIDERATIONS
2 180 (For more information on installation, maintenance and troubles-
π (DC+=d)centreπø to (D
centre
+ d)distance
7.3
( D-d
2C ) L =degrees)
(in 2C cos ø + (21) +
D = large pulley diameter
Where L2 = belt length180
d = small pulley diameter
(22) hooting see pages 120-125).
1. Warped pulleys or rough pulley groove surfaces shorten belt
life. For satisfactory service, surface roughness should not exceed
Where L = belt lengthC = centre to centre distance
3.0 micrometers.
D = large pulley diameter
C = centre
D = large
ø =tosin
d= (
centre
-1
smalldiameter
pulley
d = small pulley diameter
pulley )
Ddistance
-d
2C diameter
(in degrees) 2. Belt life is affected inversely as the third power of the ambient
temperature.
3. Correct belt tension is the key to good belt life.
ø = sin-1
( D-d
d d) 2Cinπø ) (in degrees) Too little tension will result in slip damage. Too much tension will
L, C, D, and d must all
L = 2C ø
The following cos= sin
ø+
approximate (
be (D
-1 π D -+
)
expressed
formula is
2C
(in
to within 0.15% with a 7 to 21 pulley ratio and
the(D
degrees)
+ easier
same
+ d) unit of length.
(22)
to use and is accurate
markedly reduce flex life. The flex life will decrease as the fourth
power of the tension.
180centre distance of 4. While there is a factor of safety in a properly designed belt drive
6d, and even more accurate for the - d)2 drive:
(Daverage (23) which will permit, in an emergency, its operation without the full
L Where
= 2C + L1.57 (D length
= belt + d)
4C quota of belts, advantage should be taken of this only long
C = centre to centre distance enough to secure belts needed for replacement. When, after any
2
D = large pulley (D diameter
- d) (23) considerable period of service, it becomes necessary to replace
L = 2C + 1.57 (D + d)
d = small pulley
(D - d) 2 diameter
4C (23) damaged or worn belts on the drive, it is essential that the entire
L = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) 2 set2be replaced. All belts in service for any length of time are sub-

( √) { }
This formula L - 1.57 (D 4C+ d)D - d L - 1.57 instead
(D + d) of belt(D -jectd) to stretch which makes the partial replacement of belts im-
C = can be solved
ø = sin-1
for centre
+ distance
(in degrees) -
length as follows: 4 2C 4 8practical.
2 5. A good many drives are now in existence, some of which are
C=
L - 1.57 (D + d)
√ { +
Where D = chosen diameter of large
L - 1.57 (D + d)
}
2 pulley
-
(D - d)2
not designed according to the ratings given in this handbook.
L - 1.57 (D + d)4
√{ L - 1.57 (D + d)4
} (D - d)2 8Where such drives are found, SIT belts can be used with the
C= d =+chosen diameter of small -pulley knowledge that they will give service equal or superior to any other
4 4
L = length of belt (appertaining 8
to defined diameters)
Where D = chosen diameter of large pulley comparable belts which may have been used on the drive.
C = centre distance
(D diameter
- d) 2
(23) SIT belts are of standard dimensions and can be used interchan-
L = 2CD+=1.57
Where d(D= +chosen
d) of largeofpulley
small pulley
(n.b.chosen diameter

CALCULATION
all units of measurement must be the same). geably, complete set by complete set, with any other standard
L = length 4Cbelt (appertaining to defined diameters)
of belts and as replacements on any drive having standard pulleys
d = chosen diameter of small pulley
C = centre distance
L = length of belt (appertaining to defined diameters)and centre distances.
C(n.b. all units
= centre of measurement must be the same). If, however, satisfactory service has not been obtained from the
distance
2
drive, consideration should be given to changing it to conform with
(n.b. allLunits
- 1.57of(D measurement must be the
(D +same).
C=
INERTIA
Te’ =
π dlp
4
+ d)

0.015(D)2
+ ∆N
× √{∆t
×
L - 1.57
67πdlp
(D)2
4 ×
∆t
}
d)
∆N -
(D - d)2the ratings shown in this handbook.
8 6. As a rule, the use of idlers on the back of V and wedge belts is
not recommended, since the reverse bend reduces the life of the
In the foregoing pages, inertia loads have not been considered. belts. Idlers have been used with some degree of success, howe-
dl
D π=inertia ∆N 67πdl ∆N
GenerallyWhere
T e’ =
speaking, chosen
p
×diameter
will of large
not be×a problem. p
× pulley ver, and where no other means of take-up is possible, properly
2 2
There has been
π dlWhere0.015(D)
d =dattempt
p little chosen
=∆N todiameter
diameter use
67πdl (D)
∆t ofquantitative
of
pdriven small
∆N pulley ∆t(mm)
pulley
values for the ef- designed idlers can be used. Grooved idler pulleys operating on
Te’of= inertia, mostly× because
fect × of the limited × knowledge of(kgm
polar the inside of the belt, are preferred. Inside idlers reduce the arc
0.015(D) L2 =lplength
= moment
∆t of belt
(D) of2(appertaining
inertia∆t of to
driven defined
unit diameters)
2
)
moments or accelerationC =Dcentre values
= pulley of
distance individual components.
diameter of driven unit (mm) contact and this must be allowed for.
Where inertiaWhereis shown d =ordiameter
suspected ofto driven pulleyon(mm)
be a factor a particular 7. Where it is possible to provide automatic take-up either by
(n.b. all units and
drive and the moments
of measurement
acceleration
must be the
areofknown, an
same).
effective2 mounting the motor on rails or by pivoting it on the base, the ten-
Where d = diameter ∆N l p = moment
of driven of inertia
pulley speed driven unit (kgm
(mm) (rev/min) in time )
tension can be derived =from
change
inertia inconsiderations
driven using the follo- sions in the belt can be held much more uniform and greater life
wing formula: lp = moment∆tD = ∆t. pulley
of inertia diameter
Te’ is inofNewtons
of driven
driven unit unit2 (mm)
and(kgm
must) be added to will result.
D = pulley∆N diameter the calculatedof driven Te’ unit (mm)
at this speed before proceeding
8. In assembling a drive, care must be taken to insure proper
= change in driven speed (rev/min) in time alignment of pulleys.
∆t to compute the maximum belt tension.
∆N π dl ∆t. T∆Ne’ is in Newtons
67πdl and
∆N must be added to The belts should be operated at tensions just sufficient to insure
Te’ = = change p in×driven
the ×speedT (rev/min)
calculated
p
at
in time
× this speed before proceeding
∆t 0.015(D) 2
∆t. Te’ is in Newtons ∆t 2e’
and must∆t
(D) be added to against slippage. If the tensions are too low the belts will slip, with
to compute the maximum belt tension. resulting power loss and increased wear on the belt and pulleys;
the calculated Te’ at this speed before proceeding
if too high, the life of the belts will be decreased and the bearing
to compute the maximum belt tension.
Where d = diameter of driven pulley (mm) pressures and other machine stresses will be higher than need
2
be.
lp = moment of inertia of driven unit (kgm ) Time spent in insuring correct tensions will be well repaid by de-
D = pulley diameter of driven unit (mm) creased operating and maintenance costs.
∆N
= change in driven speed (rev/min) in time
∆t ∆t. Te’ is in Newtons and must be added to Belt drives engineering manual
135
the calculated Te’ at this speed before proceeding
to compute the maximum belt tension.
 4_Calcolo-V-Belt SIT_Layout 1 27/07/2016 09:34 Pagina 136
β F3
DRIVING F2
PULLEY

F1
∆T ∆α
T+ T
2
www.sitspa.com
TA + TA
IDLER
Idlers Fn X MIN. IDLER TRAVEL FOR
X
INSTALLATION & TAKE-UP

IDLERS FOR FIXED CENTRE V AND WEDGE Kiss Idler

BELT DRIVE APPLICATIONS A kiss idler differs from the back side idler because it does not pe-
DRIVER
There must be some provision in the installation of a belt drive for netrate the belt span creating a back bend on the belt and conse-
"take-up" to compensate formglimited belt stretch and to provide for quently does not contribute to premature failure of the belt.
assembly of belts without undue strain. This adjustment
IDLER is usually The usage of kiss idlers is not too common,
FIXED CENTRE however it provides a
taken care of in the motor rails or sliding base, or by some DRIVEN method of controlling belt vibration
special Normal Calculadet
and whip on shock and pulsa-
Centre X
TA TA X
provisions, such as shims,DRIVER
etc. ting load drives. The kiss idler could be used in single belt drives
On fixed centre applications, when neither the DriveN nor the where joined belts are not applicable.
DrivenTunit
B can be moved to provide necessary adjustment, a me- If a kiss idler is used, the diameter of the flat pulley should be at
mg chanical belt tightener such as an idler is necessary.
p least 1½ times the diameter of the small pulley.
When designing a fixed centre installation, centres should be set
{
so that belts do not have to he forced over the pulley grooves. Cal-
D-d
culate
2
the exact running centre distance
X
in mm's and then deduct DRIVER
TA
X
TA
T the following
c amount for each particular belt section
TB to facilitate
belt mounting:
F1 Ø TB
p
Z 13A 17B 22C 32D
9.0 11.1 14.7 19.0 25.4
SPZ SPA SPBTA SPC ∆
TA
b
F2
11.5 12.5
F3 β 19.0 a 25.0
O2 2 +∆
T
T
DRIVEN TB
T
DRIVEN
The initial operating
β
position of the idler should be located
PULLEY atTBthe F1 IDLER
F2 F3
point where the idler pulley just takes up the belt slack caused rby
IDLER
the reduced centres necessary for belt installation. ∆ α
F1
Final idler position
TB design
∆ should allow for take-up equal to twice
T the recommended a minimum allowance
b
DRIVEN for stretch and wear found
∆ T TB β
Tin
A the Tlast column of Table 5 page 7.
+ T F2 F3
2
EN This added load
EY F1 might reduce
DRIVER r
IDLER
motor belt life β F3
DRIVING F2
MIN. IDLER TRAVEL to 18 months These belt
PULLEY FOR
∆ α
INSTALLATION & TAKE-UP might run this
drive for F1
∆T ∆α 5 years –
T+ T β
DRIVER 2 F3
F2 2
Shorter Centre Distance for Belt Installation
TA + TA β
FIXED CENTRE F2 F3 IDLER
VING
LEY DRIVEN Normal Calculadet Centre Fn
MIN. IDLER TRAVEL FOR
F1 INSTALLATION & TAKE-UP
∆T ∆α
T+
LOCATION AND SIZE OF IDLER T
2
DRIVER
Inside Idler
A grooved idler on the inside of the belts on the slack side of the
drive is recommended
Centre Distance C over a back side idler. Always place the IDLER
Fn IDLER Are these belts FIXED CENTRE
idler as
Longer closeDistance
Centre to the for
large
Belt pulley
Take-Upas possible. The size of the groo-
MIN. IDLER TRAVEL FOR
DRIVEN overloaded now?
DRIVER INSTALLATION & TAKE-UP Normal Calculadet Centre
ved idler pulley should be as large or larger than the small pulley
in the drive. DRIVER
DRIVER

IDLER FIXED CENTRE

{ D-d
2
DRIVEN Normal Calculadet Centre
DRIVER
DRIVER DRIVEN
c

IDLER
Ø
Back Side Idler
Although a back side idler increases the arc of contact on both
D-d pulleys, it forces a backward bend in the belts and contributes to
DRIVER
2 premature failure. If such an idler must be used, the diameter of
c
the flat idler pulley should be at least ½ times the diameter of the DRIVEN
This added load
smallmight
pulley in the drive located as close to the small pulley as
reduce
Ø
possible.
motor belt life IDLER
to 18 months These belt
IDLER might run this
drive for
5 years –
DRIVEN
DRIVEN
This added load
IDLER might reduce
DRIVER motor belt life
IDLER to 18 months These belt
might run this
Belt drives engineering manual drive for
136 DRIVEN 5 years –

This added load

Shorter Centre Distance for Belt Installation might reduce
Are these belts motor belt life
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Calculation of V-Belt drives

SIT V-Belt drive guarantees you extremely high efficiency and long Glossary of symbol, unit and definition
lifetime.
In order to get the best performances a correct calculation must
be done. Symbol Unit Definiton
Here below are shown the required equations and factors for cal-
culation as well as the calculations steps. a mm Center distance
Required data for correct calculation of a timing belt drive are: c0 - Predefined total service factor
c0 err - Calculated total service factor
• Driven machine type
• Drive motor type c2 - Load factor
• Motor power and/or required driving power c1 - Acceleration factor
• Operating factor
c3 - Fatigue factor
• Rotational speed of the motor shaft
• Rotational speed of the driven shaft c4 - Length factor
• Center distance Rt - Transmission ratio
Lw mm Pitch length of V-Belt
-1
n1 min Speed of driving pulley
Total service factor c0 -1
n2 min Speed of driven pulley
P kW Power to be transmitted
The total service factor c0 is determined by adding factors c1, PR kW Power rating for selected width of belt
c2 and c3:
Pm kW Engine power
c0 = c1 + c2 + c3 d mm Pitch diameter of driving pulley
D mm Pitch diameter of driven pulley

Acceleration factor c1 Fatigue factor c3

If idlers are used, add the following to the service factor.

Transmission ratio Rt Acceleration factor c3 Idler On Slack Side (Inside) None

1,00 - 1,25 -
Idler On Slack Side (Outside) 0,1
> 1,25 - 1,75 0,1

CALCULATION
> 1,75 - 2,50 0,2 Idler On Tight Side (Inside) 0,1
> 2,50 - 3,50 0,3
> 3,50 0,4 Idler On Tight Side (Outside) 0,2

Rt = Z1 / Z2

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Load factor c2

The correct service factor is determined by: Normal service

1. The extent and frequency of peak loads. a. Daily service 6 to 16 hours per day.
2. The number of operating hours per year, broken down into b. Where occasional starting or peak load does not exceed 200%
average hours per day of continuous service. of the full load.
3. The proper service category (intermittent, normal or continu-
ous). Select the one that most closely approximates your ap- Continuous service
plication condition.
a. Where starting or peak load is in excess of 200% of the full
Intermittent service load or where starting or peak loads and overloads occur fre-
quently.
a. Light Duty – Not more than 6 hours per day. b. Continuous service 16 to 24 hours per day.
b. Never exceeding rated load.

Typical Service Factors

DRIVEN MACHINES TYPES DRIVER TYPES

ELECTRIC MOTORS: ELECTRIC MOTORS: Single Cylinder

AC Normal Torque AC Hi-Torque Engines and Internal
Driven Machine Types noted below Squirrel Cage and AC Hi-Slip Combustion Engines
are representative samples only. Synchronous AC Repulsion-Induction under 600 rev/min, line
Select a category most closely AC Split Phase AC Single Phase shafts, brakes,
approximating your application DC Shunt Wound Series Wound clutches, direct on line
from those listed below Internal Combustion AC Slip Ring starting.
Engines over 600 rev/min DC Compound Wound
Series Wound
“SOFT”/NORMAL TORQUE STARTS “HEAVY”/HIGH TORQUE STARTS
DRIVEN MACHINE TYPES Intermittent Normal Continuous Intermittent Normal Continuous
Service Service Service Service Service Service
Agitator: Liquid 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,3
LIGHT DUTY

Blowers and Exhausters 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,3

Centrifugal pumps and compressor 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,3
Fans up to 7,5 kW 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,3
Light Duty Conveyors 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,3
Belt Conveyors for Sand, Grain, etc. 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4
Dough Mixers 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4
Fans over 7,5 kW 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4
Generators 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4
MEDIUM DUTY

Line Shafts 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4

Laundry Machinery 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4
Machine Tools 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4
Punches-Presses-Shears 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4
Printing Machinery 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4
Positive Displacement Rotary Pumps 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4
Revolving and Vibrating Screens 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,4
Brick Machinery 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6
Bucket Elevators 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6
Exciters 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6
Piston Compressors 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6
MEDIUM DUTY

Conveyors (Drag-Pan-Screw) 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6

Hammer Mills 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6
Paper Mill Beaters 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6
Piston Pumps 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6
Positive Displacement Blowers 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6
Pulverizers 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6
Saw Mill and Woodworking Machinery 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6
Textile Machinery 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6
Crushers (Gyratory-Jaw-Roll) 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,6 1,8
EXTRA
HEAVY
DUTY

Mill (Ball-Rod-Tube) 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,6 1,8

Hoists 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,6 1,8
Rubber Calenders-Extruders-Mills 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,6 1,8
Chokable Equipment Minimum Service Factor 2,0

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Belt length correction factors c4

BELT CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

SPZ/3V SPA SPB/5V SPC/8V
Datum Lc Datum Lc Datum Lc Datum Lc
Length Factor Length Factor Length Factor Length Factor
630 0,83 800 0,82 1250 0,85 2000 0,86
710 0,85 900 0,84 1400 0,87 2240 0,88
800 0,87 1000 0,86 1600 0,89 2500 0,90
900 0,89 1120 0,88 1800 0,91 2800 0,91
1000 0,92 1250 0,90 2090 0,92 3150 0,93
1120 0,94 1400 0,92 2240 0,95 3550 0,95
1250 0,96 1600 0,94 2500 0,96 4000 0,97
1400 0,98 1800 0,96 2800 0,98 4500 0,98
1600 1,00 2000 0,98 3150 1,00 5000 1,00
1800 1,02 2240 1,00 3550 1,02 5600 1,02
2000 1,04 2500 1,02 4090 1,04 6300 1,04
2240 1,07 2800 1,04 4500 1,06 7100 1,05
2500 1,09 3150 1,06 5000 1,08 8000 1,07
2800 1,11 3550 1,08 5600 1,09 9000 1,09
3150 1,13 4000 1,10 6300 1,11 10000 1,11
3550 1,15 4500 1,12 7100 1,13 11200 1,12
- - - - 7800 1,15 12500 1,14

BELT CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

10Z 13A 17B 22C
Datum Lc Datum Lc Datum Lc Datum Lc
Length Factor Length Factor Length Factor Length Factor
530 0,92 630 0,80 930 0,81 1560 0,82
625 0,95 700 0,82 1000 0,83 1760 0,84
700 0,98 790 0,84 1100 0,85 1950 0,87
780 1,00 890 0,86 1210 0,87 2190 0,90
920 1,04 990 0,88 1370 0,90 2340 0,91
1080 1,07 1100 0,90 1560 0,92 2490 0,92
- - 1250 0,93 1760 0,95 2720 0,94
- - 1430 0,96 1950 0,97 2800 0,95
- - 1550 0,98 2180 0,99 3080 0,96
- - 1640 0,99 2300 1,00 3310 0,98

CALCULATION
- - 1750 1,00 2500 1,02 3520 0,99
- - 1940 1,02 2700 1,04 4060 1,02
- - 2050 1,04 2850 1,05 4600 1,05
- - 2200 1,05 3200 1,08 5380 1,08
- - 2300 1,06 3600 1,10 6100 1,11
- - 2480 1,08 4060 1,13 6860 1,14
- - 2570 1,09 4430 1,15 7600 1,16
- - 2700 1,10 4820 1,16 9100 1,21
- - 2910 1,12 5000 1,18 10700 1,24
- - 3080 1,13 5370 1,19 - -
- - 3290 1,14 8070 1,20 - -
- - 3540 1,16 - - - -

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Calculation guide

1. Power Transmission Determination

Power transmission P [kW] is determined by multiplying the nominal power of the engine Pm [kW] by the total service factor c0.

P = Pm c0 [kW];
• where c0 = c1 + c2 + c3

2. Belt selection
The selection of the correct belt section has to be based on the power to be transmitted (P), on the power rating (Pr) and on the maxi-
mum allowable drive dimension.

3. Drive and driven pulleys selection

Pulleys size have be calculated taking into account the transmission ratio and the minimum recommended diameter of the selected belt.
The drive ratio in defined by the following:

n2 d
Rt =
n1
=
D
 (d wg − d wk )
z e =  0,5 −  ⋅ zk
 6⋅a 
Recommended minimum standard pulley diameters for electric motors
 (d wg − d wk )
z e =  0,5 − (d wg − d wk ) ⋅ z k MOTOR POWER
zMOTOR 0,5 10 3 ⋅ P
= −  ⋅ z k
SPEED 6⋅a [kW]
e rpm 6⋅a Fu =
 Up to 2.0
2.5 3.0 4.0 5.5 7.5 11.0 15.0 18.5 22.0 v 30.0 37.0 45.0 55.0 75.0 93.0
2880 50 Pd56 67 67 67 71 90 100 112 125 140 160 180 - - -
3
10 3 ⋅
1140 P 50 Pb56 67 71 80 90 106 125 140 160 2 ⋅ 10 3
180 ⋅ M 200 224 280 300 380
Fu = 10 ⋅ P Fu200
=
Fu =960 v 50 56 67 71 90 100 125 150 160
d224 250 280 300 400 -
720
v 50 56 67 90 100 118 140 160 180 200
w
250 280 350 400 - -
3
2 ⋅ 10
All dimension 3 ⋅inM
are millimeters. Above information is a guide only - if in any doubt consult the motor manufacturer.
Fu = 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ M z d n n d
Fu = dw Rt = 1 = w1 = 2 Rt = 2 =
dw z 2 dw2 n1 n1 D
 (d wg4. Determination
− d wk )  of belt length
z e =  0,5 − The necessary  ⋅ z k theoretical belt length is obtained by considering the chosen pulleys of the drive and the necessary
 The
z  d
R6t ⋅=acalculated
1 w1 n
z = dw1 =length
n2 n2 d
n = dstandard belt length.
Rt = to
shall be selected as near as possible
π
Lw = 2 ⋅ a + ⋅ (d + D) +
(D − d)2 center distance.
Rt = z 21 = dw2 = n12 Rt = n12 the
= D
z 2 dw2between
The distance n1 n1
centers is calculated through the transformed 2 length. The4relevant
D equation using the standard ⋅a equations are:

10 3 ⋅ P π (D − d)2 2
2
,8 Fu = Lw = 2 ⋅ a + π ⋅ (d + D) + (D − d) b + b 2 − 32 ⋅ (dwg − dwk )
v Lw = 2 ⋅ a + 2 ⋅ (d + D) + 4 ⋅ a Belt pitch length a=
2 4⋅a 16
2 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ M 2
Fu = b + b 22 − 32 ⋅ (dwg − dwk )2 Center distance Pd b = 4 ⋅ Lw − 2 ⋅ π ⋅ (dwg + dwk )
Where:
dw a = b + b − 32 ⋅ (d wg − d wk ) Pd
a= 16 Pb
16 Pb
z 1 dw1 5.nb n2 d z ⋅t
Rt = = = Determination
2 = 4 ⋅ L − 2 ⋅ πof ⋅ (the + dwk ) of theRbelts
dwg number dw = 1 = 249,55
b = 4 ⋅ L w
− 2 ⋅ π ⋅ ( d + d ) t = =
z 2 dw2 The n1 power wrating of thewgdefined wk belt can be selected
n1 D from the power rating tables on eachπparagraph.
PR
z ⋅t
Total transmissible power c0err
of the belt is calculated adding the nominal power rating to = 2,30power based in the drive ratio and
the= additional
dw = z11 ⋅ t(=
πconsidering D 249
− d )2
,55 P m
= 3L.w958 a + ⋅ (d
= 2,5⋅ N d w + D)
= π+ the
= length
249 ,55 factor:
2 π 4⋅a
Pm ⋅ 10 3 60 ⋅ 1000
Pbc= (P=R P + RP
PR = 2,30
add ) · C 4 Fu = = = 3.166,8
c00err
err = Pm = 22,30 v 18,95
b + b − 32 ⋅ (dwgP−mdwk )
2
Pd
a= The number of belt is then calculated by: belts =
16 Pm ⋅ 10 33 60 ⋅ 1000 Pb
Fu = Pm ⋅ 10 = 60 ⋅ 1000 = 3.166,8 n ⋅ t ⋅ z1 1.450 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 56
F =
Theu result willv usually = contains 3.166,then
18,95 a =decimal 8 go up to the next highest/lowest
O
Order
r v = recalculating
on line
whole number = the resulting service factor. (C0 err)
v 18,95 60000 60000
b = 4 ⋅ Lw − 2 ⋅ π ⋅ (dwg + dwk )

n ⋅ t ⋅ z 1.450 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 56 β
v = n ⋅ t ⋅ z11 = 1.450 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 56 Pm ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ sin
z1 ⋅ t v = = 2
dw = = 249,5560000
60000
60000
60000 Fv = k 1 ⋅ k 2 ⋅
π v
β
P Pm ⋅ 10 33 ⋅ sin β 3.166,8 ⋅ k1 ⋅ k 2 = 3.166,8 ⋅ 1,0 ⋅ 1,25 = 3.958,5 N
c0err = R = 2,30 Pm ⋅ 10 ⋅ sin 2 Drive
D riv
ivee Selection
Selection Program
Progr
gram
am
Pm Fv = k1 ⋅ k 2 ⋅ 2
Fv = k1 ⋅ k 2 ⋅ v
v
P ⋅ 10 3 60 ⋅ 1000 www.sitspa.com β Fv
Fu = m 3.=166,8 ⋅ k1 ⋅ k=2 3 =.166 ,8 ,8 ⋅ 1,0 ⋅ 1,25 = 3.958,5 N
3.166 sin Fstat =
v 3.16618 ,8 ,95
⋅ k1 ⋅ k 2 = 3.166,8 ⋅ 1,0 ⋅ 1,25 = 3.958,5 N 2 β
2 ⋅ sin
2
Belt drives engineering manual
140 β Fv
sin β ⋅ 14 ⋅ 56Fstat = Fv
n ⋅ t ⋅ z1 1 .450
sin 2 F stat = β
v= = 2 2 ⋅ sin β Coupling
Coupling Selection
Selec ze ⋅Program
360
ro = β
60000 60000 2 ⋅ sin 2
2 zk
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Installation
1. CLEAN PULLEYS
Check pulleys for rust and wear. Wipe clean of oil and grease. Take
pulleys off machines, do not clean while running.
2. INSPECT PULLEYS FOR WEAR
Worn pulleys will substantially reduce belt life. If the grooves are
worn, the belt will bottom out. This will result in slippage and the
belts may char or burn. If the sidewalls are dished out, the bottom
shoulder of the pulley will wear the bottom corner of the belt, thus
causing premature failure. Please use the SIT pulley groove gauge
as supplied in the SIT belt maintenance kit.
3. CHECKING ALIGNMENT
Proper alignment is essential to maintain long belt ad pulley life.
4. MIXING OF BELTS
MAKES/BRANDS/TYPES NEW AND USED
Do NOT Do It!
a. Don't Mix Belt Makes or Brands
b. Don't Mix Belt Constructions
(Raw edge moulded cog/envelope)
Belt brands should not be mixed due to the difference in perfor-
mance characteristics. All SIT belts of same type and with same
brand name/colour and size reference (datum) are matchable and
no selection of suitable belts for multiple applications is necessary.
c. Don't Mix Belts New and Used
The new belts will be overloaded
Always replace used belts with a complete new set of belts. Never
install a new or used belt as a replacement for a unit of a matched
set or you will substantially reduce drive life.
5. INSTALLING BELTS
RIGHT
Always move the driver unit forward so the belts can easily be sli-
ped into the pulley grooves without damage to the belts.
NOTE - Shut off and lock out the source of power to the motor
prior to changing belts.
WRONG
Never force the belts into a pulley with a screwdriver or lever be-
cause you will rupture the envelope or top cover fabric and break
the edge cords. (A belt so fitted will invariably turn over in its pulley
groove).
6. CENTRE DISTANCE ALLOWANCES FOR BELT
INSTALLATION AND TAKE-UP
After calculating a centre distance from a standard pitch length
make provision that the centres can be moved closer together by
the amount shown in the following table to facilitate installing the
belts without injury. Also, the centres should be adjustable over
the calculated distance by an amount as shown in the last column
of the table because of manufacturing tolerance and possible
stretch and wear of belt.
Slack-off - lower limiting value (for belt installation):
nominal centre distance minus 1.5% of datum length of belt.
Take-up - higher limiting value:
nominal centre distance plus 3% of datum length of belt.
Alternatively refer to Table 14 or Table 5.
DRIVEN
DRIVER
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Shorter Centre Distance for Belt Installation
Centre Distance C
Longer Centre Distance for Belt Take-Up
Note: Providing that the drive was designed correctly and that any adjusting slides
and pivots are maintained, then there should be no problem fitting correct length
belts.
Maintenance
V and wedge belt drives are recognized as extremely reliable and
efficient means of power transmission.
Since they are basically trouble-free. They are often ignored and
do not receive the minimal attention required to realize their full
benefit.
1. DIRT
No equipment operates at its best when dirty and belts are no ex-
ception. Dirt accelerates belt wear and dirt build-up in a pulley
groove impairs traction.
NOTE - Turn off power and lock out source of power to drive motor
before cleaning or repairing parts.
2. LOOK AND LISTEN
Belt drive maintenance is not complicated, nor does it require a
great deal of time or a large variety of tools.
The main ingredients of good maintenance are to look and listen
and then to correct apparent drive problems.
The following maintenance and trouble shooting pointers provide
information to help you establish an effective belt drive mainten-
ance programme.
Following installation of belts, inspect the drive and watch it while
it runs.
Inspection of a belt drive is simply a matter of looking and liste-
INSTALLATION
ning.
SAFETY NOTE - Belt drives should not be operated without gu-
ards in place.
a. WHAT TO LOOK FOR: oil and grease
Belts exposed to oil in spray, liquid or paste form fail prematurely.
A drive should be well "policed". Leaky bearings should be repai-
red immediately. Excess oil on a bearing will splash on the belts.
If these conditions cannot be corrected special oil-resistant belts
should be used.
Too little oil will cause bearing failure which, in many cases, is bla-
med on the belts. This condition causes belts to burn out due to
overload.
b. WHAT TO LISTEN FOR: squeal
This noise occurs during motor acceleration or when the motor is
operating near or at full load.
It is a definite indication of belt slippage and requires prompt in-
vestigation. Squeal usually is a result of insufficient belt tension. If
it persists after all belts have been checked and tension adjusted,
the drive itself should be examined for over-loading.
c. Squeak
This sound is like that of a chirping bird or a dry bearing. It occurs
on all types and all makes of belts. Dust is often a contributing fac-
tor. Never apply dressing or oil to a belt in an effort to eliminate
squeak. Re-alignment of an idler may help. Squeak is often an-
noying but it will not harm belts.
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DRIVER

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DRIVEN
3. ADDED LOADS 11. CHANGE IN RIDE OUT
Added loads shorten belt life. A check should be made to see that
IDLER Change in ride out indicates uneven belt wear or worn pulleys.
no additional loads have been added since the original drive was
selected. Take note of the drive system shown in the following il- 12. LATERAL VIBRATION
lustration.
13. BELT WEAR
Wear on sidewalls indicates constant slippage, excessive dust, or
This added load
might reduce
rough pulleys.
motor belt life
to 18 months These belt 14. FOREIGN MATTER
might run this
drive for Broken belts or excessive wear can result from the presence of
5 years – foreign material.

Are these belts

overloaded now?

4. BELT GUARDS
Guards for drives insure safety and cleanliness. Screened meshed
or grilled guards are most satisfactory because they allow air to
circulate and heat to escape.
NOTE - Openings are to be no larger than 12 mm. (Human fingers
must be unable to be pushed through the mesh).

5. CRACKING
Bottom cracking will not reduce the tensile strength or the opera-
ting efficiency of the belt. High temperatures, small diameter pul-
leys and dust will accelerate bottom cracks. Bottom cracking can
be reduced by using larger pulleys and larger reverse bend idler
pulleys. It is not necessary to replace a belt simply because bot-
tom cracking has been observed.

6. BELT DRESSING
Do NOT Use Belt Dressing Of Any Kind Under Any Circumstan-
ces.
If increasing belt tension fails to eliminate slip/squeal, replace
Belts and/or Pulleys.

7. VIBRATION

8. TENSION
Adjust tension to values shown in Table 19.

9. HEAT
All belts are cured in a scientifically controlled time and
temperature process. Belts operating in temperatures of less than
70° C are not materially affected; however, at higher temperatures
overcuring takes place and shortens belt life. Belts operating in
temperatures above 70°C should be checked frequently and a
special heat-resistant construction should be considered if belt life
is not satisfactory.

10. BELT TURN OVER

Turned over belts indicate conditions of drive misalignment, worn
pulleys or excessive vibration.

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142