Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 3356–3362

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Energy Conversion and Management

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman

Design and economic optimization of shell and tube heat exchangers

using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm
Arzu Sß encan Sß ahin a,⇑, Bayram Kılıç b, Ulasß Kılıç b
a
Department of Mechanical Education, Technical Education Faculty, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
b
Bucak Emin Gülmez Vocational School, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Bucak, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this study, a new shell and tube heat exchanger optimization design approach is developed. Artificial
Received 8 September 2009 Bee Colony (ABC) has been applied to minimize the total cost of the equipment including capital invest-
Received in revised form 12 July 2011 ment and the sum of discounted annual energy expenditures related to pumping of shell and tube heat
Accepted 13 July 2011
exchanger by varying various design variables such as tube length, tube outer diameter, pitch size, baffle
Available online 11 August 2011
spacing, etc. Finally, the results are compared to those obtained by literature approaches. The obtained
results indicate that Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm can be successfully applied for optimal design
Keywords:
of shell and tube heat exchangers.
Heat exchangers
Shell and tube heat exchanger
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Economic optimization
Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm

1. Introduction procedure involves the selection of the major geometric parame-

Shell and tube heat exchangers are probably the most common
type of heat exchangers applicable for a wide range of operating
temperatures and pressures. Shell and tube heat exchangers are
widely used in refrigeration, power generation, heating and air con-
ditioning, chemical processes, manufacturing and medical applica-
tions. A typical shell and tube heat exchanger is shown in Fig. 1 [1,2].
Optimization design of shell and tube heat exchangers has great
importance for saving energy. Therefore, different methods for
optimization design of shell and tube heat exchangers have been
used. The traditional design method for shell and tube heat
exchangers involves rating a large number of different exchanger
geometries to identify those that satisfy a given heat duty and a
set of geometric and operational constraints. This approach is
time-consuming, and does not guarantee an optimal solution [3].
In addition, there are some studies based on artificial intelligence
techniques for the optimization of shell and tube heat exchangers.
These approaches overcome of some of the limitations of tradi-
tional design methods based on mathematical programming tech-
niques. For example, Ponce-Ortega et al. have used genetic
algorithms for the optimal design of shell and tube heat exchang-
ers. The approach uses the Bell–Delaware method for the descrip-
tion of the shell-side flow with no simplifications. The optimization
⇑ Corresponding author. Current address: Süleyman Demirel University, Tech-
nology Faculty, 32260 Isparta, Turkey. Tel.: +90 246 211 1399; fax: +90 246 237
1283.
E-mail addresses: sencan@tef.sdu.edu.tr (A. S ß encan Sß ahin), bayramkilic@
hotmail.com (B. Kılıç), ulaskilic@mehmetakif.edu.tr (U. Kılıç).
ters such as the number of tube-passes, standard internal and
external tube diameters, tube layout and pitch, type of head, fluids
allocation, number of sealing strips, inlet and outlet baffle spacing,
and shell side and tube-side pressure drops. The methodology
takes into account the geometric and operational constraints typi-
cally recommended by design codes. The examples analyzed show
that genetic algorithms provide a valuable tool for the optimal de-
sign of heat exchangers [3]. Synergy principle was applied to the
optimization design of the shell and tube heat exchanger with seg-
mental baffles by Guo et al. The field synergy number which is de-
fined as the indicator of the synergy between the velocity field and
the heat flow is taken as the objective function. The genetic algo-
rithm is employed to solve the heat exchanger optimization prob-
lems with multiple design variables. The field synergy number
maximization approach for heat exchanger optimization design is
thus formulated. In comparison with the initial design, the optimal
design leads to a significant cost cut on the one hand and an
improvement of the heat exchanger performance on the other
hand. The comparison with the traditional heat exchanger optimi-
zation design approach with the total cost as the objective function
shows that the field synergy number maximization approach is
more advantageous [4]. Caputo et al. have given a solution method
of the shell and tube heat exchanger design optimization problem
based on the utilization of a genetic algorithm. They minimized the
total cost of the equipment including capital investment and the
sum of discounted annual energy expenditures related to pumping.
In order to verify the capability of the proposed method, three case
studies are also presented showing that significant cost reductions

0196-8904/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2011.07.003
 A. Sßencan Sßahin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 3356–3362 3357

Nomenclature

a1 numerical constant Pr Prandtl number

a2 numerical constant Pt tube pitch (m)
a3 numerical constant Q heat duty (W)
B baffles spacing (m) Re Reynolds number
Cl clearance (m) Rf fouling resistance (m2 K/W)
Cp specific heat(kJ/kg K) S heat transfer surface area (m2)
Ci capital investment (€) T temperature (K)
CE energy cost (€/kW h) U overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
Co annual operating cost (€/year) v fluid velocity (m/s)
CoD total discounted operating cost (€)
Ctot total annual cost (€) Greek symbols
d tube diameter (m) DP pressure drop (Pa)
D shell diameter (m) DTLM logarithmic mean temperature difference (°C)
f friction factor p numerical constant
F correction factor l dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
h heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K) t kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
H annual operating time (h/year) q density (kg/m3)
i annual discount rate (%) g overall pumping efficiency
k thermal conductivity (W/m K)
K1 numerical constant Subscripts
L tubes length (m) e equivalent
m mass flow rate (kg/s) i inlet
n number of tubes passages o outlet
n1 numerical constant s belonging to shell
ny equipment life (year) t belonging to tube
Nt number of tubes w tube wall
P pumping power (W)

are feasible with respect to traditionally designed exchangers. In
particular, in the examined cases a reduction of total costs up to
more than 50% was observed [5]. Özçelik has carried out exergetic
optimization of shell and tube heat exchangers using a genetic
based algorithm. Genetic based algorithm was developed, pro-
grammed, and applied to estimate the optimum values of discrete
and continuous variables of the MINLP (mixed integer nonlinear
programming) test problems. The genetic based algorithm was ex-
tended to make parametric studies and to find optimum configura-
tion of heat exchangers by minimizing the sum of the annual
capital cost and exergetic cost of the shell and tube heat exchang-
ers. The results of the example problems show that the proposed
algorithm is applicable to find optimum and near optimum alter-
natives of the shell and tube heat exchanger configurations [6].
Babu and Munawar have used differential evolution (DE) and ge-
netic algorithm (GA) strategies for the optimal design of shell-
and-tube heat exchangers. Bell’s method is used to find the heat
transfer area for a given design configuration along with the
pressure drop constraint. The 10 different working strategies of
DE are applied over a wide range of the key parameter combina-
tions considered. The performance of DE and GA is compared with
respect to some criteria identified and defined in this study. It is
found that DE, an exceptionally simple evolution strategy is signif-
icantly faster compared to GA, yields the global optimum over a
wide range of the key parameters and proves to be a potential
source for accurate and faster optimization [7]. Optimization of
shell and tube heat exchangers using global sensitivity analysis
(GSA) and harmony search algorithm (HSA) by Fesanghary et al.
were carried out. To reduce the size of the optimization problem,
non-influential geometrical parameters which have the least effect
on total cost of shell and tube heat exchangers are identified using
GSA. The HSA which is a meta-heuristic based algorithm is then ap-
plied to optimize the influential geometrical parameters. To dem-
onstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed
algorithm, an illustrative example is studied. Comparing the HSA
results with those obtained using genetic algorithm (GA) reveals
that the HSA can converge to optimum solution with higher accu-
racy [8]. Genetic algorithm has been applied for the optimal design

Fig. 1. Diagram of a typical shell and tube heat exchanger.

3358 A. Sßencan Sßahin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 3356–3362
of shell-and-tube heat exchanger by Selbas et al. The design vari-
ables as outer tube diameter, tube layout, number of tube passes,
outer shell diameter, baffle spacing and baffle cut for the optimal
design were used. LMTD method is used to determine the heat
transfer area for a given design configuration. A case study has
been made for examination of the performance of genetic algo-
rithm. From this study they concluded that the combinatorial algo-
rithms such as genetic algorithm provided significant
improvement in the optimal designs compared to the traditional
designs [9].
Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) is a relatively new member of swarm
intelligence. The foraging behavior, learning, memorizing and
information sharing characteristics of bees have recently been
one of the most interesting research areas in swarm intelligence.
Studies on honey bees are in an increasing trend in the literature
during the last few years. ABC algorithm is applied in the fields
as biological simulation, continuous optimization, salesman prob-
lems, optimization of neural networks. Karaboga analyzes the for-
aging behavior of honey bee swarm and proposes a new algorithm
simulating this behavior for solving multi-dimensional and multi-
modal optimization problems, called Artificial Bee Colony (ABC).
The algorithm is tested on three well known test functions. From
the simulation results, it is concluded that the proposed algorithm
can be used for solving uni-modal and multimodal numerical opti-
mization problems [10]. Basturk and Karaboga presented another
ABC algorithm and expanded the experimental results of Karaboga
(2005). The performance of the algorithm is tested on five multi-
dimensional benchmark functions and the results were compared
with genetic algorithms. It is pointed out that ABC algorithm out-
performs genetic algorithm for functions having multi-modality
and uni-modality [11]. Pham et al. optimized the weights of Mul-
ti-Layered Perceptions (MLP) using the bees algorithm. The train-
ing of a MLP network can be regarded as the minimization of an
error function. The error function defines the total difference be-
tween the actual output and the desired output of the network
over a set of training patterns. In terms of the bees algorithm, each
bee represents a MLP network with a particular set of weight vec-
tors. The aim of the algorithm was to find the bee with the set of
weight vectors producing the smallest value of the error function.
Despite the high dimensionality of the problem, the algorithm suc-
ceeded to train more accurate classifiers than back propagation
algorithm [12]. Pham et al. presented optimization of neural net-
works for the identification of defects in wood veneer sheets. The
bees algorithm was used instead of a back propagation algorithm
to optimize the weights of the neural network. The optimization
using the bees algorithm involves the bees searching for the opti-
mal values of the weights assigned to the connections between
the neurons within the network where each bee represents a neu-
ral network with a particular set of weights. The aim of the Bees
Algorithm was to find the bee producing the smallest value of
the error function. The experimental results show that the Bees
Algorithm was able to achieve an accuracy that was comparable
to the back propagation method. However, the Bees Algorithm
proved to be considerably faster [13]. Quijano and Passino devel-
oped an algorithm, based on the foraging behavior of honey bees,
to solve resource allocation problem. The primary sources for con-
structing components of the proposed model were: dance strength
determination, dance threshold, unloading area, dance floor and
recruitment rates, explorer allocation and its relation to recruit-
ment. They also proposed an engineering application on dynamic
resource allocation for multi-zone temperature control, to high-
light the main features of the dynamical operation of the honey
bee social foraging algorithm [14]. Venkata Rao and Pawar pre-
sented optimization aspects of a multi-pass milling operation
using ABC. The objective considered is minimization of production
time (i.e. maximization of production rate) subjected to various
constraints of arbor strength, arbor deflection, and cutting power.
Various cutting strategies are considered to determine the optimal
process parameters like the number of passes, depth of cut for each
pass, cutting speed, and feed. The upper and lower bounds of the
process parameters are also considered in the study. An application
example is presented and solved to illustrate the effectiveness of
the presented algorithms. The results of the presented algorithms
are compared with the previously published results obtained by
using other optimization techniques [15]. Further details on ABC
algorithm and its application can be found in Ref. [16].
As seen above, studies on optimization of energy systems with
ABC algorithm in the literature was not found. In this paper, ABC
algorithm was applied to the new field. The application of the
ABC algorithm in the shell and tube heat exchanger optimization
design as different from artificial intelligence methods available
in the literature is investigated. This algorithm was successfully
applied for design and economic optimization of shell and tube
heat exchangers. This study has provided new methodology in
the optimization of shell and tube heat exchangers.
2. Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm
The foraging behavior, learning, memorizing and information
sharing characteristics of honeybees have recently been one of
the most interesting research areas in swarm intelligence. ABC
algorithm is a swarm intelligent optimization algorithm inspired
by honey bee foraging [17]. Recently, there are some studies about
ABC algorithm. ABC as an optimization tool provides a population-
based search procedure in which individuals called foods positions
are modified by the artificial bees with time and the bee’s aim is to
discover the places of food sources with high nectar amount and
finally the one with the highest nectar. In ABC system, artificial
bees fly around in a multidimensional search space and some (em-
ployed and onlooker bees) choose food sources depending on the
experience of themselves and their nest mates, and adjust their
positions. Some (scouts) fly and choose the food sources randomly
without using experience. If the nectar amount of a new source is
higher than that of the previous one in their memory, they memo-
rize the new position and forget the previous one. Thus, ABC sys-
tem combines local search methods, carried out by employed
and onlooker bees, with global search methods, managed by
onlookers and scouts, attempting to balance exploration and
exploitation process [18].
This model that leads to the emergence of collective intelligence
of honeybee swarms consists of three essential components: food
sources, employed foragers, and unemployed foragers, and defines
two leading modes of the honeybee colony behavior: requirement
to a food source and abandonment of a source. The main compo-
nents of this model as below [18]:
1. Food Sources: In order to select a food source, a forager bee
evaluates several properties related with the food source such
as its closeness to the hive, richness of the energy, taste of its
nectar, and the ease or difficulty of extracting this energy. For
the simplicity, the quality of a food source can be represented
by only one quantity although it depends on various parameters
mentioned above.
2. Employed foragers: An employed forager is employed at a spe-
cific food source which she is currently exploiting. She carries
information about this specific source and shares it with other
bees waiting in the hive. The information includes the distance,
the direction and the profitability of the food source.
3. Unemployed foragers: A forager bee that looks for a food source
to exploit is called unemployed. It can be either a scout who
searches the environment randomly or an onlooker who tries
 A. Sßencan Sßahin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 3356–3362 3359

to find a food source by means of the information given by the food sources and calculating the nectar amounts; and determining
employed bee. the scout bees and placing them onto the randomly determined
food sources [19].
The main steps of the algorithm are as below [18]:
3. Heat exchanger design formulations
1. Initialize population
2. Repeat The area for a heat exchanger is calculated by [20,21]:
3. Place the employed bees on their food sources
Q
4. Place the onlooker bees on the food sources depending on their S¼ ð1Þ
nectar amounts U DT LM F
5. Send the scouts to the search area for discovering new food where Q is the heat load, U is the overall heat transfer coefficient,
sources DTLM is the logarithmic mean temperature difference for the coun-
6. Memorize the best food source found so far ter flow arrangement and F is its correction factor.
7. Until requirements are met Overall heat transfer coefficient [22,23]:
1
The flowchart of the Artificial Bee Colony algorithm is given in U¼   ð2Þ
1 do
Fig. 2. Each cycle of the search consists of three steps after initial- hs
þ Rfs þ di
Rft þ h1t
ization stage: placing the employed bees onto the food sources and
calculating their nectar amounts; placing the onlookers onto the di ¼ 0:8do ð3Þ

Fig. 2. Flow chart of the ABC algorithm [19].

3360 A. Sßencan Sßahin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 3356–3362

Table 1
Design specifications for different case studies [5].

m (kg/s) Ti (°C) To (°C) q (kg/m3) Cp (kJ/kg K) l (Pa s) k (W/mK) Rf (m2K/W)

Case-1
Shellside: methanol 27.8 95 40 750 2.84 0.00034 0.19 0.00033
Tubeside: sea water 68.9 25 40 995 4.2 0.00080 0.59 0.00020
Case-2
Shellside: kerosene 5.52 199 93.3 850 2.47 0.00040 0.13 0.00061
Tubeside: crude oil 18.8 37.8 76.7 995 2.05 0.00358 0.13 0.00061
Case-3
Shellside: distilled water 22.07 33.9 29.4 995 4.18 0.00080 0.62 0.00017
Tubeside: raw water 35.31 23.9 26.7 999 4.18 0.00092 0.62 0.00017

Reynolds number is determined as follows: 4. Optimization design of heat exchanger design and objective
v t  di function
Re ¼ ð4Þ
t
The tube sheet patterns and pitch, the fouling resistances and
The tube side heat transfer coefficient ht can be determined the thermophysical properties of fluids were accepted as fixed
from the equation of Nusselt number [22,23]: parameters in the optimization design of heat exchanger design.
ht  di The optimization variables are the shell inside diameter, tube out-
Nu ¼ ¼ 0:023  Re0:8 0:4
t  Pr t ð5Þ side diameter, the number of tube side passages and baffles spac-
k
ing. Based on the actual values of the design specifications and
Nu  k the fixed parameters, and on the current values of the optimization
ht ¼ ð6Þ variables, the exchanger design routine determines the values of
di
the shell side and tube side heat transfer coefficients, the heat ex-
where ft is the Darcy friction factor given as [1]: changer area, the number of tubes, the shell and tube length and
ft ¼ ð1:82log10 Ret  1:64Þ2 ð7Þ the tube side and shell side flow velocities and, thus defining all
constructive details of the exchanger satisfying the assigned ther-
The shell side heat transfer coefficient hs can be found as [20]: mal duty specifications. The computed values of flow velocities
 0:14 and the constructive details of the exchanger structure are then
k 1 lt
hs ¼  36  Re0:55
s  Pr3s  ð8Þ used to evaluate the objective function. The optimization algo-
De lw rithm, based on the value of the objective function, updates the
The equivalent shell diameter can be computed as follows trial values of the optimization variables which are then passed
[20,21]: onto the design routine to define a new architecture of the heat ex-
For square tube pitch: changer. The process is iterated until a minimum of the objective
 2
 function is found or a prescribed convergence criterion is met.
4  Pt 2  p4do The objective function has been assumed as the total present
De ¼ ð9Þ cost C tot [5]:
pdo
and for triangular tube pitch:
2
4  ð0:43  Pt 2  0:5  p  do Þ
De ¼ ð10Þ Table 2
0:5  p  do
Comparison of other results with the results of this study for Case study-1.
Flow velocity for the tube side can be obtained from [20,21]: Case study-1
mt n
vt ¼ pdo  ð11Þ The results of Ref. The results of Ref. The results of this
4
 qt N t [21] [5] study
Ds (m) 0.894 0.83 1.3905
Flow velocity for the shell side can be obtained from [20,21]: B (m) 0.356 0.5 0.4669
ms do (m) 0.02 0.016 0.0104
vs ¼ ð12Þ S (m2) 278.6 262.8 230.109
as  qs
Nt 918 1567 1528
The shell side passes area and clearance [20,21]: vt (m/s) 0.75 0.69 0.36
vs (m/s) 0.58 0.44 0.118
Ds  B  Cl ht (W/ 3812 3762 3818
as ¼ Cl ¼ Pt  do ð13Þ m2 K)
Pt
hs (W/ 1573 1740 3396
The number of tube is calculated as [21]: m2 K)
 n1 U (W/ 615 660 832
Ds m2 K)
Nt ¼ K 1  ; ð14Þ L (m) 4.83 3.379 3.963
do
DPt (Pa) 6251 4298 3043
where constants K 1 and n1 are defined according to the number of DPs (Pa) 35,789 13,267 8390
passes and tubes arrangement. Ci (€) 51,507 49,259 44,559
Co (€/ 2111 947 1014.5
The necessary tube length L follows as: year)
S CoD (€) 12,973 5818 6233.8
L¼ ð15Þ Ctot (€) 64,480 55,077 50,793
p  do  Nt
 A. Sßencan Sßahin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 3356–3362 3361

C tot ¼ C i þ C oD ð16Þ The tube side pressure drop is calculated as [5,20]:

 
The capital investment C i is calculated as a function of the exchan- q  v 2t L
ger surface adopting Hall’s correlation [5,24]: DPt ¼ DPtubelength þ DPtubeelbow ¼   ft þ p  n ð21Þ
2 di
C i ¼ a1 þ a2  Sa3 ð17Þ The shell side pressure drop is calculated as [5,20]:
where a1 ¼ 8000, a2 ¼ 259:2, and a3 ¼ 0:91 for exchangers made
qs  v 2s L Ds
with stainless steel for both shells and tubes. DP s ¼  fs   ð22Þ
2 B DE
The total discounted operating cost related to pumping power
to overcome friction losses is calculated from the following equa-
tions [5,24]: 5. Results and discussion
X
ny
Co
C oD ¼ ; ð18Þ In the present work, non-traditional optimization algorithm for
k¼1 ð1 þ iÞk design and economic optimization of shell and tube heat exchang-
ers are considered. Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm was used
C o ¼ P  C E  H; ð19Þ as different from optimization methods in the available literature.
  The original design specifications for comparing with available
1 mt ms literature approaches and reliability of obtained results were used
P¼  DP t þ  DP s ð20Þ
g qt qs (Table 1). The original values were retained from Ref. [5] and for
the optimization algorithm is used as input values. Analyses were

Table 3 Table 4
Comparison of other results with the results of this study for Case study-2. Comparison of other results with the results of this study for Case study-3.

Case study-2 Case study-3

The results of The results of Ref. The results of this The results of Ref. The results of Ref. The results of this
Ref.[21] [5] study [21] [5] study
Ds (m) 0.539 0.63 0.3293 Ds (m) 0.387 0.62 1.0024
B (m) 0.127 0.12 0.0924 B (m) 0.305 0.44 0.354
do (m) 0.025 0.02 0.0105 do (m) 0.019 0.016 0.0103
S (m2) 61.5 52.9 61.566 S (m2) 46.6 62.5 54.72
Nt 158 391 511 Nt 160 803 704
vt(m/s) 1.44 0.87 0.43 vt (m/s) 1.76 0.68 0.36
vs(m/s) 0.47 0.43 0.37 vs (m/s) 0.94 0.41 0.12
ht(W/ 619 1168 2186 ht (W/ 6558 6043 4438
m2 K) m2 K)
hs(W/ 920 1034 868 hs (W/ 5735 3476 5608
m2 K) m2 K)
U (W/ 317 376 323 U (W/ 1471 1121 1187
m2 K) m2 K)
L (m) 4.880 2.153 3.6468 L (m) 4.88 1.548 2.4
DPt (Pa) 49,245 14,009 1696 DPt (Pa) 62,812 3673 2046
DPt (Pa) 24,909 15,717 10,667 DPs (Pa) 67,684 4365 2716
Ci (€) 19,007 17,599 19,014 Ci (€) 16,549 19,163 17,893
Co (€/ 1304 440 197.139 Co (€/ 4466 272 257.82
year) year)
CoD (€) 8012 2704 1211.3 CoD (€) 27,440 1671 1584.2
Ctot (€) 27,020 20,303 20,225 Ctot (€) 43,989 20,834 19,478

Fig. 3. A comparison of total cost for all cases.

3362 A. Sßencan Sßahin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 3356–3362
made for three example case studies. For the economic calcula-
tions, annual amount of work hours 7000 h/years, annual discount
rate 10%, energy cost 0.12 €/kW h, total operating period 10 years
are assumed.
In Table 2, the performance of the proposed algorithm for case
study-1 is compared with other literature approaches. Design
parameters assumed to solve this problem with ABC approach
were received as appropriate to literature parameters with trian-
gular pitch pattern. As can been seen in Table 2, the results ob-
tained from ABC algorithm is better than results of other
algorithms.
In Table 3, a comparison is seen between the results obtained by
literature approaches and the results obtained from this study for
Case study-2. Design parameters assumed to solve this problem
with ABC approach were received as appropriate to literature
parameters with square pitch pattern.
A comparison between the results obtained by literature ap-
proaches and the results obtained from this study for Case study-
3 are shown in Table 4. Design parameters assumed to solve this
problem with ABC approach were received as appropriate to liter-
ature parameters with triangular pitch pattern.
In addition, Fig. 3 provides a comparison of total cost for all
cases.
6. Conclusions
Design and economic optimization of shell and tube heat
exchangers by using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm was car-
ried out. The results obtained from this study are compared to
those obtained by literature approaches. ABC approach was suc-
cessfully applied for design and economic optimization of shell
and tube heat exchangers. The total cost decrease in all example
case studies for similar operating conditions. Artificial Bee Colony
(ABC) method is found to be the most accurate and quick according
to traditional methods. The algorithm proposed here can help the
manufacturer and engineers to optimize heat exchangers in engi-
neering applications.
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