Nuclear Reactions, +N nackar reaction vs 0 reatlion foleing place behoeen tro iatler or belaten some smaller particle (4 8,.-) and the sh fransmmatation is a ceockion an uth the porent nudeus és dsffereat fiom the doughler rudeus, Example: Consider the nuclear reaction that foles place when The algho porlicle smashes ine the nucleus of ritrogen Reaction Energ aTust Whe any teacon aucleor reoelions can be desetibed using energy values. "Exolbetine (ewergic) - auilear reactions thal celease energy (endo ergie) nuclear ceatians shot cequire eneegy Endothernie inpat #0 aduelly tole lace. hutlens of an ofem. Such teaclions tend to case Aronsmudations, W ie +N 2O+ \H (As cbsened by Rutherford 4g General Eqatig for Kutleor Reachins } readonly i products a thyere Mpc + Q * 2.17 same sinall nucleus or parle Xs e porent nucleus of aterm X 1 = daugtler nucleus +f atom bt = forkele or nucleus eons Hed a t a mge eye” = ¥x/Q= (tart Me" Me )E™ is Known as the reaction enceay of Q-yolue. ve conseeued, ve see thot @ ceprerats ecgy dui the aucleer reaction, aif Q>0, ceacton vs exothernnr’ ; *1€ @ 40, reaction is endothermre . Since eneegy) The cheage fa Bioelie on Q = AK ® K ging Kinda * oe+ Oelermiie: whether energy tcleared o absorbed in the follaaing nudeor rtachin: o + 'Be —> *Oe n | y 4 2 \ a% a Be — oer t t x t j -mzorsoey =m QO y — ms 1R.0OCLADY mM HODES u mre mge* = mcs me's @ =? @ = (rage mg = Me~M, | e? -13 2 ASO T or 69 MeV A positive Q-value (reactionsgs ings that eneoy & tlneed and Vineli energies of pradvcls > binelic’ teactenty | 3 tye SEBISOGU + 4.012122 v — 12.000000" ~ 1.002665 u) (Iebeocaio ¥3/y) (310 Hf)Certain nuckar reactions can occur even when the clbding particle and nucleus approeh ene ondther af very shuo speeds. Suppose that o newton shuly approaches a Beon-10 notope( 16012434) at u speed of om After the collaion totec place, the emitted heliune oem moves off csith a velacdy of 3.0.410%m|s. Astutning thal dhe meas of helium is yoo26030 ond tha} of lithium 7.016050, find the binelic energy of iin formed. Before Calidion, — | Afler Gin: Concession fB a ‘ Pot Pa = Put Poe ¥ Ve 3.0010 m|s : ha & eo Man * MyVg = MVE MMe | pe, Te one on ts! che a } } CM = MMs * Mae ‘ Vip = Mila = Mag, = (uaeeeas oon (HoDespeeX eto al) ; ote eee: ee 7 7.016005 U mye = d{rusoresto bg)(-1-Fm00 5) i ; Yup Fo WP RIO nfs | anes or [oes 7]| Nudear Fission I eNackor fission is a nuclear reaction m wher a neaton Stiashes info an unstable nucleus. Once inside the nuclers | the addilisnl teulos increase the energy of the mudleus cand thecby makes it very unstable, As a cesuld of Ais instailily, the nutleus then slits into tuo. fragrens (ahs) trol are roughly of equal onass, te addition, few neudons ore released, indo the suroundings. ay mH w rained is so unstable thot i} generally hime (= 10275), Thereface these reac! ia, shy fisrion reactions tobe Fiagnacleus, it is absoel be + Sev) ents bed into ie = along, oth the energy. Anat ik corrtes. This wlhinen. eluageles the enbire nuclers ond causes the shape of the nuders te change, Since strong qudlear forces only Get over very shard divtences, the elongation vrolans these faces. She decease in slong nucbesr atteactve forcer causes the repulsive electeie forces of protons te wverpeuce the utleor forces and os o resuld the nudeus seporodes of fining, reuth We a Blogieal eel. ele nadear Psion reaclivns, the enass of the vs considerably seller tnesns thee & @ deer ry be eeleased theeefoxe Choin Readtians wig The ceatuss produced te o st le nuclear fissien'te y alter unstable atoons, be Las process can cree sections. collide with oie Frcien ceaction on chain of nuclear fiseron ©Colaslole how mous energy rs released in the nudwr fission of uronium +2357 gn + MSU > Mog ike + ldo) x Mass Values: ) Am = (235.0139ab0 + tooee6Se) ~ [1Mb, ANNI vr AL ARbISbY 3(1.009¢6Su))) Os ee 2) am = 2%.052595 0 - 235. 86562 4 = [ora | Bal Mo.c4yitu ' 7 WN G6I56 0 ‘Ged olemie rnoss o> Kilageoms: (0.186083 0)( 14606 #10 Kyle} = 3.089264 #10 by : Und elit moss > byron: ny 1.008665 u = allel . 3) AE = amie? = (3.089264 x10 wy Canto m|s) = 27x T + ae 123. FF MeV meant of energy seleaued ding a. nuilior eackion!rc - i 10: cerloin nuclear poser reactor operates at an efficiney of abot Ash. If A requir abmst t6tp megaistls of poner, Frason every single day in oder fo sustain this, reacts : deleimine the amount of wsonium-235 thot needs to undergo * @ How mouth energy ie released when ane 0-286 een fisineé 23S, Mm. @ ae — abot bre an | oE = ame 4 a 7 q (use s} 8b,400 :) = 1,240x10 J = yysanio J org 0.29 iy ceased in one {3st0n. 315 dani gia no {oHou[dey) the macs of U-235 that corresponds to this ormount of energy { energy teleasd per doy Lal n10 fiesvons [dey AM = Medanis = Mpnduels > O18O%U => SORZETRIO ¥y Le 2.8HO Te crergy teleored in one fision © Ho ouch energy is released by the audeor reactor in one doy? 2 bd FyldeDifferent nuclar reactions occur with diffeunt protabilites. In nadear ghystes, ae usually describe te probolilty that « teactin tates place in lerms of a quantly called cross sedions Mihough He edges Of any aualeus és eat wel defed, we can onetheless define the “etors section” of the oucleus ia the some wony a6 woe wtuld for solid sphers. *Cross section depends on the type of atom tse ore dealing taith, During a audeor reaction a porlicle usually “edldes oith the nudeur and the crore secion srves as the effective Larget orca for the collision, i sleds imagine thal ue tote a slob . ith on area A and auidth d aN Yrot contains the nuslei, shown io 7 olf ATE cross-sectional orca of the ude’ in hts slab purple A collistin only occurs ef the pathides bib the nudes containg we nudles per volute and ois dhe cress font of the nvuclel, then ¢ represents he toed cross selina civa of A> nlAde ve oll the nade’ of the slab. eWe see thal if A >> a, ,\eHle collisions vill ors and most of te ports sill pecs thought the slob. Howne if ASA, en cary collisions tole place. ele Byte sumber of parldes that sine the slab every second Ark. Ay eB nlddlor = Rando A A 4 ‘ > c= i At = number of mucler eacions per second se nambur of clisns bern paces ond lab pee vt d Time per unit, ofcNudlear Reactors sNuskear fission reactions reas a great deal of enegy. Nudlear reacts ore skuchutes that store the unslalle ataans capaile of fission ord con force these ors to undergo 0 conlalled, elf -sustaning firr‘on readion that celeases a large amount of energy, which con be wd fo dv useful work, 5e* i E ; + — es i my oe | « “ke | Oat of Nutleor Reactor 1e@Nestton Veloaly eThe above dear fission weacdion will only dake place fH th vay hiyh specds. if the newien collides o’th the ofsm of lous ‘specels. Husmer the neutrons released ducing & Fission reobions gereoly frome a ake, which (meort Ke ln order te sttus dean the neulions . tnodecales mud be ose Se Gs sine vee emer acne cuebine tenderatics into the ceackion moter, fey con collide th the newtions ond slaw Hem don 2 By the comecalian of linear nemnentam, a single caulren koutling, saath o high velectty trot collides taith on olnast. steliowy ond. equally massed aloo unit arelf come to rest (¥ 80). on 4 @ Escaping, Neuhons aSome of the reutions produced in the nucleor reactions con escope Foam the nucleoe reactor Since the chain reaction de prods on These revlins, ve Teast make sure thad enough of free newtons ove pesent. This oneons that the fel (se. reacts) rast be teat sufficiently high. The ravaireum pace of futl needecd the crficol_ moss: © Compeling Mudeor Reactions sanother publem thet present on the reactor Aecrease this oceurence, the neulins con be absecbed by ather avelei cond the con lead to ee au dear the reictuce of , fir exsreple, utaniam aie et + Whe cao of wroniem ~239 increases | ! compored ty other aude.Nudear Power and Fisston @ me a The core tantoine the “fae! ' and mediators whch . e — B sof [ews | undeego wurleor fasion , thereby releasig a ot of energy. This energy & uted fo heot the wor, hich, gn 4 Py no + he « afin) boils ond converts into. steno (waler vaper), The sheom % then Hrorels tate the futbise campertment, here It tototes the steatn borbine. This ia foun generotes clechicily and this con Ge used be power vasioas shruttuer ond even cikes. .° Nuclear fiscion reactions con be used for tuo purposes: ' G) To produce © large amount of neuleans that con be ready wied for reseech purpores. 0) To produced nutleor eneegy that con be used to The fal in the cote consitl ef wsanem th create electicily to poser cittes, jucbine hos been enciched. This siuply means thot the : ea =255 isatope 10 fhe ether Tale) peeent of uremia cla] tent of all qumber to has been vacceased fiern a ve A bout 4/,' ‘Natleor Power Reactor OE g— condenserNurlear Fusion Any Hine we being protons neutuns ond dechens together oF Le combine seal thot fe shale nucle, Be eaegy of he nudes AM met far nos alm, vr es andegeng gue ren is tes thon the energy of its constituents, Thetis, uhen Eramge’ Colulole the orwatl of energy rdensed is he producten off the constibuents ( polensnechons & elcbons) cone togetherd> — Ftc (TH) fin a. hydoyen efam ord a single arubone form a sede nucleus, energy is released ond this energy is basen a8 the binding energy of he nucle. ‘ye bn om 2H gio ny Exouple: Calculate hour reuch energy rs scleased in the gee = (rooms + Loctess) = (jonot2 e+ Ow) = beo2Nebe * Formnabion of helium fiom sts corrtibucnts yous)? juan - wets Qu anions)? = 3 apts aes “He + enessy E zame® = (0.003408 ) (1.5605 41 x! Is = 3.25 NV, 1 M ccadenls = 2(1-0072% 0) +2{108%4 58) + 2f0-0005,859 v) alene Funda onthe Sur {Pean- pen oe) \ E.= ow ney (2x) + ! = W033174b vo oH ya Bev ™, = prdul = 4.002005 0 @ tHe th ew Be + y E,= 55 MeV (2x) : CARES POssTelby - 4.002405 0 = 0-0385F E16 u = 129 MeV B shes Be —e Mes HoH ES tt. Foe Es omet= (caves eten)( logos ato H4)L3e10 we) Evia = 2498 Nev uw ygane’y o (2E6t ie Oval: Hy (H) oa Hes 28 = 2v-27 4 ZExamine the nuclear fusiem teachers Hat take plate on cur Sun. Crtermine the total enceay released sn the proton-profon cycle. oe © gems (tous of ceattont)-(rmas of products) © las ty 4H (ax) teed ee ees 12(1,009825e) = (201808012 [o-coosusstu|)= e-ocornoFt4 1 = E, = ome otte)(uados et tyle) (oesobufey* 2 2DsUess¥rIO T © tHe > Rhee y GH) pine? s (mowoyotyu) (\beos nm Fyfe) (3x t0'ale) = ONtHe! ® om = (20Nos20+ Lovrirse) -( 3.010%») * 0.005786 : f oS | O dee dieme fer ety 7 i Ext (ocossrpel(istosen ty) (Beton) “= FBLA T or SAG kv 1 -Ovecall Net Reaction + creas @ om = 2{ deugs) (1.002405 0 + 2(s40r%2s 4) = 0.013905 & rat os 1 y . ‘ . P{W) > Hes aps 2ve2y ey (oorsses itetsrie Syl oeweg) ts 2.06308 #105 or Sie 2B, + Ey 20M nett eve 2.4 Hels 12.4 NeNuclear Ruston Reactors cutlrs adualy ent on Eath day # Since nuclear fusion ceadions release o great dial of — Difieultes saith Fusion Reade orale might imagine thal one application coould be ln order for facion teactsns fe actually tote place, nuiler must be brought ld a nudear ceactr that 1s alte to caplore the — sulficiently dose Yo one another so Hat nuclear forces can carbine the nutled « Hoserer, to bring the nade’ close, Me electise repulsive forces ehergy released in fusion and use ct to do useful due to posilie cherge of muder snust be overome and the requires @ work, Exeuple: Caklate hos reuch eneegy 1 teased hen tne great amount of energy. + deuteron oloms underge nudear fusion ? For waded te get close (a focon de take place, they must tae « great ay ok 5 i rough hinelit energy. This eneans that Fhe Lempecatuce must be sey hug) “Hs TH me PH tH a[eneigy Pann vector, Indeed he Sun ie «facie reactor as # cnbins 0 Ligh enough Uergecalure thal lends to o welfseling fon reoekva | ome 2(20N6) = [Sonido r UsvEes4) = OOOH «Bait w hgh terete, naleor fn seocics cwust catia o high densily 2 a ea ig of reeclonls (fuel) ty mebe wre that there ia a sufficiently high ollien E = ame* (ogerae) (Ibo5410 tge)(Sti0ng)” = ul xI0T rales E = 40NeV Conclusion, — although mule Faro ceaclar old be # ping svar of envets Ys Ducteium is a very promising fel for ouceer fasion “ore edinady diffu fo surat, K nude fuses steele tool 0 resrerg beeause it b found in ommple amourts im wales stain the foson for lng enoagh lo Gdvolly predase wioble amount ef However thee ote several important chstocles. in creating entegy. However, raost emalesials vagorive at high lerepeotuce ord £2 1 and sustaining nudew fasion ceactions ond no fusion —connet be used to sestain fucion reactions.Magnetic Confinement Fision The difficully io building nudeer fusion ceattas is thot the the exkeney high Herpeodure cequited fr fasion fo octur vall vapae ony bnoun oetealy The meane that these i 1 mv ancy of acluoly confining the hot plasma by ploung into gore metel cote because ob will apuiie thel core, ws a cenlt of the extconely high lenperstires, the obs fonirg ard the resulting “soup” of nuclei and elections is called plasma. Tokomak, sBince, plosina consists of ions , thee nuclei contain The exkeal deck coverd i he wie predes the owidal magnets, poled snagee | aadeh sledse cherge. Ove promibing solution to cnfleing Fug hls the plasma revernent qadaes the "288 Fs. plecma. inside a container without the plasma dowching — F1a and there tee fields berp the plane ia motion. using magnetic flelds 4o beep if mowtg ra a RL Ee gvB =m ruclare teduy ts tygue as the Tolamale, oy c tdal shaped device that wses mageetic fi neha Loree on plasma nude’ and brep ' 1 gn eis + oeThe notucal abunde deuteri es we vs rast of deuterium in water ts cbout oous't. . Colculole ho» much un car be sorest wo Fanon @ Hour many deaterium oa arc available in 10.0 ky of wel Zu 2 bye! | beet (ew 4 %t) (gerard), ( 2-H males Vlowoeons) = 764478410 ca 7 tavle rokeale (18.4 Holme) { @ ow rw energy does a single deulesia (arin reackion rele ? i te Coovtee|lisgosets eg) (36m) = GaN AOS e0T. om = 2.(2.01N082 v) - (3.010% o F L.OoHt2su) = 0.00429 v E-ame ; ets many Fusion reactions tobe place? heat 0 wo aom it fon teadkion «otal number of _ TUES DOW 5297589 aio _fvins 2 deuleciums ore required for one fusion reaction : ee eae ol-omunt of enersy cont using (00g of wader. 242 FO y Jt *fastans)( GAINGOS * 1 T/fusin) =