LABOR LAW 1

SYLLABUS1
1st Semester, AY 2020-2021
Far Eastern University
Institute of Law

SUGGESTED TEXTBOOK:
CA Azucena, The Labor Code with Comments and Cases (Latest Edition)

REFERENCES:
Samson S. Alcantara, and Samson B. Alcantara Jr., Philippine Labor and Social Legislation
Annotated
1987 Philippine Constitution
The Labor Code of the Philippines and its Implementing Rules & Regulations
Pertinent International Human Rights Instruments and ILO Conventions, Recommendations and
Labor-related laws
Assigned Readings

I. INTRODUCTION TO LABOR LAW

A. Labor as a Concept

1. General Sense
2. Technical sense

B. Labor Law

1. Definition
2. Social Justice, Const., Art. II, Sec. 10; Art. XIII, Sec. 1-3
a. Definition/Balancing of Interest
 Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 (1940)
 Manila Electric Co. v. Sec. of Labor, 337 SCRA 90 (2000)
b. Foundation: Police Power and State Protection
 CMS Estate, Inc. v. Social Security System, 132 SCRA 108 (1984)
c. Limits of Use
 PLDT v. NLRC, 164 SCRA 671 (1988)
 Agabon v. NLRC, 442 SCRA 573 (2004)
3. Legal Basis
a. International Conventions
 International School Alliance of Educators v. Quisumbing, 333 SCRA 13
(2000)
b. 1987 Constitution, Art. II, Secs. 5, 9, 10, 13, 14, 18; Art. XIII, Secs. 1, 3, 14
See also: 1935 Const., Art. XIV, Sec., 6; 1973 Const., Art. II, Sec. 9
c. Labor Code (LC) and Omnibus Rules Implementing the Labor Code
d. New Civil Code of the Philippines (NCC), Arts. 19, 21, 1700-1701
4. Sources of Law
a. Labor Code and Related Special Legislation (Implementing Rules)
b. Contract – Art. 1305-1306, New Civil Code
c. Collective Bargaining Agreement
 DOLE Phils. v. Pawis ng Makabayang Obrero, 395 SCRA 112 (2003)

1
Based on the syllabus of Atty. Ricky A. Sabornay whose has consented to the use hereof.
 d. Past Practices
 Davao Fruits Corporation v. Associated labor Union, 225 SCRA 562
(1993)
 Samahang Manggagawa sa Top Form Manufacturing-United Workers of
the Phil. (SMTFM-UWP v. NLRC, 295 SCRA 171 (1998)
 American Wire and Cable Daily rated Employees Union American Wire
and Cable co., Inc., 457 SCRA 684 (2005)
e. Company Policies
 China Banking Corporation v. Borromeo, 440 SCRA 621 (2004)
5. Classification
a. Labor Standards
b. Labor Relations
c. Welfare Legislation

II. LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

A. Brief History
B. General Provisions
1. Decree Title, Art. 1
2. Effectivity, Art. 2
3. Policy Declaration, Art. 3
4. Construction in Favor of Labor, Art. 4
 Salinas Jr. v. NLRC, 319 SCRA 54 (1999)
 Reyes v. Court of Appeals, 409 SCRA 267 (2003)
 G&M Philippines, Inc. v. Romil Cuambot, GR No. 162308, Nov. 22, 2006
5. Rule Making Power, Art. 5
 Kapisanan ng mga Manggagawang Pinagyakap v. NLRC, 152 SCRA 6
(1987)
6. Technical Rules Not Binding, Art. 221
 Huntington Steel Products, Inc. v. NLRC, 442 SCRA 551 (2004)
7. Applicability, Art. 6, 276; Constitution, Art. IX-B, Sec. 2(1)
8. Enforcement and Sanctions – Arts. 217 (a) (2), (3), (4), (6); 128-129; 288-292;
Consti., Art III, Secs. 11 and 16

C. Pre-employment, Recruitment and Placement of Workers

Reference: Arts. 12-42; POEA Rules; Book 1, Rules III-VIII, Omnibus Rules; Migrant
Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 (RA 8042); Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act 2003
(RA 9208) and Rules and Regulations Implementing RA 9208; DOLE DO No. 141-14
(November 20, 2014), Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Recruitment and
Placement for Local Employment; 2016 Revised POEA Rules & Regulations Governing the
Recruitment & Placement of Landbased Overseas Workers (Governing Board Resolution No.
7-16); 2016 Revised POEA Rule and Regulations Governing the Recruitment and Placement
of Seafarers (Governing Board Resolution No. 14-16)

1. Pre-employment Policy – Statement of Objectives, Art. 3, 12 (a) (f); Const., Art. II,
Sec. 9; Article XIII, Sec. 3, par. 1; RA 8042, Sec. 2, 4 & 5.
2. Private Sector – Agencies and Entities
a. Parties
1) Worker – Art. 13 (a) Cf. Overseas Filipino Worker/Migrant Worker –
RA 8042, Sec. 3(a)
2) Private Employment Agency – Arts. 13 (c) (d), 12 (f), 14 (a)
3) Private Recruitment Entity – Arts. 13 (e) (f), 12 (f), 14 (a)
b. Recruitment and Placement
 1) Local Employment, Art. 13 (b)
2) Overseas Employment, Sec. 6, RA 8042

c. Allowed and Protected Entities

1) Allowed Private Agencies and Entities, Arts. 16, 18, 25, 12 (f)
2) Prohibited Business Agencies and Entities, Arts. 16, 18, 25, 26
d. Government Techniques of Regulation – Private Recruitment
1) Licensing, Arts. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, POEA rules and Regulations,
Book II, Sec. 1 and Book II, Rule II
2) Workers’ Fees, Art. 32
3) Reports/Employment Information, Arts. 33, 14 (d)
4) Prohibited Practices, Art. 34
Rutcher Dagasdas, Eng.v. Grand Placement, G.R. No. 205727,
January 18, 2017
5) Illegal Recruitment, Art. 38; Sec. 6, RA 8042
6) Enforcement
a)Regulatory Power, Art. 36
b)Rule-Making Power, Art. 36
c)Visitorial Power, Art. 37
7) Joint and Several Liability of Agent and Principal, POEA Rules, Book
II, Rule II, Sec. 1 (f)
e. Jurisdiction
1) RTC over Criminal Action arising from Illegal Recruitment, RA No.
8042, Sec.9
2) LA over Money Claims, RA 8042, Sec. 10
3) POEA over Administrative Cases
a) Pre-employment Cases, Omnibus rules Impl. RA No.
8042,Sec. 28 (a)
b) Disciplinary Cases, Sec. 28 (b)
3. Public Sector Agencies – Employment Offices, Art. 12 (f); 14 (a); Sec. 3,
Reorganizing POEA (EO No. 247); POEA Rules
4. Sanctions, Arts. 35, 39 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e); RA 8042, Secs. 6 , 7, 10
a. Local Employment, Art. 39
b. Overseas Employment, Art. 35; RA 8042, Sec. 7

Note: Art. 38(c) declared unconstitutional per Salazara v. Achacoso, 183 SCRA 145 (90)
relying on Constitution, Art. III, Sec. 2.

5. Issues and Questions on Overseas Employment

6. Trafficking in Persons, RA 9208 and Rules and Regulations Implementing RA 9208

7. Alien Employment Regulation

Reference: Arts. 12 (e), 40-42; Omnibus Rules, Book I, Rule XIV, DO 12, 16 Nov. 2001;
Omnibus Guidelines for Issuance of Employment Permits to Foreign Nationals); Const., Art.
XII, Sec. 12
a. Coverage – DO No. 146-15, Sec. 1
 Almodiel v. NLRC, 223 SCRA 341 (1993)
b. Conditions for grant of Permit, Omnibus Guidelines, Rule III. 1, 2, 3
 General Milling Corp. v. Torres, 196 SCRA 215 (1991)
c. Validity of AEP, DO No. 146-15, Sec. 10
d. Denial of Application – Sec. 12
e. Revocation/cancellation grounds – due process – Sec. 13
f. Effect of denial/cancellation – Sec. 14
g. Penalty for working without AEP – Sec. 15
h. Exclusions, DO No. 186-17
D. Work Relationship
1. Employer and Employee Relationship
a. Definition of Employer and Employee, Arts. 97 (a) (b) (c), 167 (f)(g) (h), 212
(e) (f)
b. Factors/Tests
 Ruga v. NLRC, 181 SCRA 437 (1990)
 Perpetual Help Credit v. Faburada et al., 366 SCRA 693 (2001)
 Vicente Sy v. Court of Appeals, 398 SCRA 301 (2003)
 Chavez v. NLRC, 448 SCRA 478 (2005)
 Angelina Francisco v. NLRC, et al., GR No. 170087, Aug. 31, 2006

c. Piercing the Veil of Corporate Veil

 Pamplona Plantatin Co., Inc. v. Tinghil, 450 SCRA 421 (2005)
2. Independent Contractor and Labor-only Contractor, Art. 106-107, 109; DO No. 174-
17 (March 16, 2017; Dept. Circular No. 01 (June 9, 2017; Executive Order No. 51
(May 1, 2018)
3.
a. Requirements for Independent Contractor
 San Miguel Corp v. NLRC & Maliksi, GR No. 147566, Dec. 6, 2006
 LIKHA-PMPB v. Burlinggame corp., GR No. 162833, June 15, 2007
b. Desirable – Unnecessary
 Coca-Cola Bottlers Phil., Inc. v. NLRC, 307 SCRA 131 (1999)
c. Labor Contractor Only; Requisites and Prohibition
 Manila Water Co., Inc. v. Pena, 434 SCRA 52 (2004)
d. Effect of Finding
 San Miguel Corporation v. Abella, 461 SCRA 392 (2005)
4. Liability of Indirect Employer
 Lanzaderas v. Amethyst Security & General Services, Inc., supra

E. Human Resources Development

Reference: Arts. 57-81; Technical Education and Skills Development Authority Act of 1994
(TESDA) (RA 7796); Dual Training Systems Act of 1994 (RA 7686); Magna Carta for
Disabled Persons (RA 7277)
See DOJ Opinion No. 68, 2004 re: conflicts between Labor Code and TESDA Act

1. Policy Objectives, RA 7796, Secs. 2-3

2. Apprentice
a. Definition, RA 7796, Sec. 4 (j)
b. Apprenticeable Occupation, RA 7796, Sec. 4 (m)
c. Qualification, RA 7610, as amended by RA 7658, Sec. 12
d. Allowed Employment; Requirement Program Approval
 Nitto Enterprises v. NLRC, 258 SCRA 654 (1995)
e. Terms and Conditions of Employment, Art. 61, 72
3. Costs, Art. 71
4. Enforcement, Arts. 65, 66, 67
5. Learners
a. Definition, RA 7796, Sec. 4
b. Allowed Employment, Art. 74 (b)
c. Terms and Conditions of Employment, Arts. 75, 76
6. Differently-Abled Worker (Handicapped), RA 7277, as amended by RA 10524
a. Definition, RA 7277, Sec. 4 (a) (b) (c) (d)
b. Policy Declaration, RA 7277, Sec. 2
c. Coverage, RA 7277, Sec. 3
 d. Rights and Privileges, RA 7277, Secs. 5, 6, 7
 Bernardo v. NLRC & FEBTC, 310 SCRA 186 (1999)
e. Discrimination, RA 7277, Secs. 32, 33
f. Enforcement, Secs. 44, 45, 46

F. Conditions of Work

Reference: Arts. 82-90; Omnibus Rules, Book III, Rules I, IA, II

1. Hours of Work
a. Regulation; Rationale
 Manila Terminal Co. Inc. v. CIR, 91 Phil. 625 (1952)
b. Coverage/Exemptions, Art. 82, 291 (276); Book III, Rule l, Sec.s 1-4
1) Government Employees, Art. 82; 291 (276); Const., Art. IX-B, Sec. 2
(1)
2) Managerial Employees, Art. 82; 219 (212)(m) Rule I, Sec. 2 (b)(c)
 Asia Pacific Christening, Inc. v. Farolan, 393 SCRA 454 (2004)
 Charlito Peñranda v. Baganga Plywood Corp., et al., G.R. 159577, May
3, 2006
3) Field Personnel, Art. 82; Omnibus Rules, Book III, Rule I, Sec. 2 (f)
 Merdicar Fishing Corp v. NLRC, 297 SCRA 440 (1998)
 Auto Bus Transport Systems, Inc. v. Bautista, 458 SCRA 578 (2005)
4) Dependent Family Members – Ar. 82
5) Domestic Helpers (now domestic workers or “Kasambahays”), R.A.
10361 Cf. Art. 141, 145; Rule I, Sec. 2 (d); See International Labor
Organization's (ILO) Domestic Workers Convention (C189)
6) Persons in the Personal Service of Another, Art. 82; Omnibus Rules,
Book III, Rule I, Sec. 2 (d)
7) Piece Workers, Art. 82; Omnibus Rules, Book III, Rule I, Sec. 2 (e)
 Labor Congress v. NLRC, 290 SCRA 509 (1998)
 Best Wear Garments v. Adelaida B. De Lemos and Cecille M. Ocubillo,
G.R. No. 191281, Dec. 5, 2012
c. Normal Hours of Work, Art. 83
a. Compensable Hours of Work – In general
1) On Duty, Art. 84 (a); Rule I, Sec. 3 (a), Sec. 4 (a)
2) At Work, Art. 84 (b); Rule I, Sec. 3 (b)
b. Specific Rules
1) Rest Period
a) Short Duration or “Coffee Break”, Art. 84, 2nd par.; Book
III, Rule I, Sec. 7, 2nd par.
b) More than 20 min., Rules I, Sec. 4 (b)
2) Meal Period
a) Regular Meal Period (One Hour), Art. 85; Rule I, Sec. 7,
1st par.
 Philippine Airlines, Inc. v. NLRC, 302 SCRA 582 (1999)
b) Shorter Meal Period (Less than One Hour, but Not Less
than 20 min.), Rule I, Sec. 7, 1st par.
3) Waiting Time, Book III, Rule I, Sec. 5 (a)
 Arica v. NLRC, 170 SCRA 776 (1989)
4) On Call, Rule I, Sec. 5 (b)
5) Inactive due to Work Interruptions, Book III, Rule I, Sec. 4 (d)
 University of Pangasinan Faculty Union v. University of Pangasinan, 127
SCRA 691 (1984)
6) Work after Normal Hours, Rule I, Sec. 4 (c)
7) Lectures, Meetings, Training Programs, Rule I, Sec. 6
 8) Travel Time
 Rada v. NLRC, 205 SCRA 69 (1992)
c. Overtime Work Pay, Arts. 87-90; Rule I, Secs. 8-11
1) Overtime in Ordinary Working Day, Art. 87; Rule I, Sec. 8
2) Emergency or Compulsory Overtime Work, Art. 89
3) Undertime Work/Leave, Art. 88
4) Additional Compensation, Art. 87
5) No Computation Formula Basic Contract
 Manila Terminal Co., Inc. v. CIR, supra
6) Proof of Work/Employer Obligation
 Social Security System v. Court of Appeals, 348 SCRA 1 (2000)
d. Nightwork, Art. 86; Rule II, Secs. 1-6
1) Coverage/Exclusion, Rule II, Sec. 1
2) Additional Compensation, Art. 86
 Shell Oil Co. of the Philippines, Ltd. v. National Labor Union, 81 Phil. 315
(1948)
e. Telecommuting, The Telecommuting Act (RA 11165)

1. Weekly rest Periods

Reference: Arts. 91-93; Omnibus Rules, Book III, Rule III, Secs. 1-9

a. Coverage, Art. 82, 91; Book III, Rule III, Sec. 1

b. Determination; compulsory Work; Compensation, Arts. 91, 92
 Manila Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Employees Assn, 79 Phil. 409
c. Premium Pay, Art. 93 9a) (b) (c)
d. CBA on Higher Premium Pay, Art. 93 (d)

2. Holidays

Reference: art. 94; Executive Order 203 (1987); Omnibus Rules, Book III, Rule IV; RA 9492
(Rationalizing the Celebration of National Holidays; EO 292 (Adm. Code of 1987, Sec. 26)
July 26, 2007; P.D. 1083 (Code of Muslim Personal Laws (February 4, 1977); Pres. Duterte’s
Proclamation No. 269 dated July 17, 2017

a. Definition
1) Retail Establishments, Rule Impl. RA 6727, par. f
2) Service Establishment, Rule Impl. RA 6727, par. g
b. Coverage/Exclusions, Art. 94 (a); Art. 82; Rule IV, Sec. 1
 Mantrade/FMMC Division Employees and Workers Union v. Bacungan,
144 SCRA 510 (1986)
 Cirineo Bowling Plaza, Inc. v. Gerry Sensing, et al., 448 SCRA 175
(2005)
c. Holiday Pay, Art. 94 (b)
1) Faculty in Private School, Rule IV, Sec. 8 (a)
2) Divisor as Factor
 Trans-Asia Phil. Employees Association v. NLRC, 320 SCRA 347 (1999)
3) Sunday, Art. 93 9a), 2nd Sentence; Rule III, Sec. 2
 Wellington Investment Inc. v. Trajano, 245 SCRA 561 (1995)
4) Muslim Holiday, Art. 169-172; PD 1053 (Feb. 1977)
 San Miguel Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 375 SCRA 311 (2002)
d. Absences, Rule lV, Secs. 6 (a), 10
e. Non-Working/Schedule of Rest Day, Rule IV, Sec. 6 (c)

3. Service Incentive Leave

Reference: Art. 95; Omnibus Rules, Book III, Rule V

a. Coverage, Art. 95 (a) (b)

 Makati Haberdashery Inc. N. NLRC, 179 SCRA 449 (1989)
 Labor Congress v. NLRC, supra
b. Computation and Liability
 Sentinel Security Agency, Inc. v. NLRC, 295 SCRA 123 1998)
 Auto Bus Transport Systems, Inc. v. Bautista, supra

4. Maternity Leave, Expanded Maternity Leave Law (RA 11210)

5. Paternity Leave, Paternity Leave of 1996 (RA 8187), Secs. 1-6; Impl. Rules
6. Parental Leave, Solo Parents’ Welfare Act of 2000 (RA 8972); Impl. Rules
7. Victim’s Leave – RA 9262 (An Act Defining Violence Against Women and their
Children), Sec. 41; IRR, Rule VI, Sec. 42
8. Special Leave Benefits for Women – RA 9710 (2009), Sec. 18
9. Company Practice and Unwritten Policy of Allowing Bus Drivers to Take Breaks or
Sabbaticals
 Maria De Leon Transportation, Inc. v. Macuray, G.R. No. 214940, June 6,
2018

G. Minimum Wages and Wage Fixing Machinery

Reference: Art. 96-119; Omnibus Rules, Book III, Rules VII-VIII

1. Minimum Wage, Art. 99; Consti., Art. XIII, Sec. 3

a. Coverage, Arts. 97 (b) (c) (e), 98; Wage Order No. NCR-21, Sec. 2
 Philippine Fisheries Development Authority v. NLRC, 213 SCRA 621
(1992)
b. Rules
1) Definition
 Chavez v. NLRC, supra
2) No Work, No Pay (A fair day’s wage for a fair day’s labor)
 Aklan Electric Corp., Inc. v. NLRC, 323 SCRA 259 (2000)
3) Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value
 International School Alliance of Educators v. Quisumbing, supra
 Bankard Employers Union v. NLRC, 423 SCRA 148 (2004)
4) Form: Agreement for Compensation of Services
 Arms Taxi v. NLRC, 219 SCRA 306 (1993)
c. Minimum Wage
1) Determination of Compliance with Minimum Wage
 Iran v. NLRC, 289 SCRA 433 (1998)
2) Facilities and Supplements/Allowances
 Millares v. NLRC & PICOP, 305 SCRA 500 (1999)
3) Cash Wage/Commission
 Songco v. NLRC, 183 SCRA 610 (1990)
 Boie Takeda v. De la Serna, 228 SCRA 329 (1993)
 Philippine Duplicators v. NLRC, 241 SCRA 380 (1995)
4) Gratuity and Salary/Wages, Difference
 Plastic Town Center Corp. v. NLRC, 172 SCRA 580 (1989)
5) Effect on Benefits
 Davao Fruits Corporation v. Associated Labor Union, 225 SCRA 562
(1993)

2. Wage Fixing Machinery

 Reference: Wage Rationalization Act (RA 6727); Art. 120-127; Omnibus Rules, Book III,
Rule IX; Wage Order No. NCR-21 effective Oct. 5, 2017

a. Rationale for Wage Rationalization, RA 6727, Sec. 2

b. Agencies in Wage Fixing Machinery
1) National Wages and Productivity Commission, RA 6727, Sec. 3;
Arts. 120, 121, 126
2) Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity Board, RA 6727, Sec. 3;
Arts. 122, 126
c. Standards/Criteria for Minimum Wage Fixing, RA 6727, Sec. 3; Art. 124
d. Wage Order, Arts. 123, 124
3) Methods of Fixing
a) Floor Wage method
b) Salary – Ceiling Method
 Employers Confederation of the Phil. V. National Wage and Productivity
Commission, 201 SCRA 759 (1991)
4) Validity
 Cagayan Sugar Milling Co. v. Secretary, DOLE, 284 SCRA 150 (1998)
5) Wage Distortion
 Prubankers Association v. Prudential Bank & Trust Co., 302 SCRA 74
(1999)

3. Wage Payment and Protection

a. Form of Payment, Art. 102; Civil Code, Art. 1705; Rule VIII, Secs. 1, 2
 Congson v. NLRC, 243 SCRA 260 (1995)
b. Time of Payment, Art. 103, Sec. 3
c. Place of Payment, Art. 104, Sec. 4; See Labor Advisory on Payment of
Salaries Thru Automated Teller Machines (ATM)
d. Person to Pay, Art. 105, Secs. 5, 6
 Bermiso v. Escano, Inc., 105 Phil. 231 (1959)

4. Wage Prohibitions
a. Wage Interference in Disposal of Wages, Art. 112; Rule VIII, Sec. 9
b. Wage Deduction, Art. 113; Rule VIII, Sec. 10
 Apodaca v. NLRC, 172 SCRA 442 (1989)
 Nina Jewelry Manufacturing of Medal Arts, Inc. v. Montecillo, G.R. No.
188169, Nov. 29, 2011
c. Requirement to make Deposits for Loss or Damage, Arts. 114, 115; Rule
VIII, Sec. 11
 Dentech Manufacturing Corp. NLRC, 172 SCRA 588 (1989)
 Five J Taxi v. NLRC, 235 SCRA 556 (1994)
d. Withholding of Wages, Art. 116; Civil Code, Art. 1706
e. Deduction to Ensure Employment, Art. 117
f. Retaliatory Measures, Art. 118
g. False Reporting, Art. 119; Rule X, Sec. 13
h. Keeping of Employee’s Records in a Place other than the Workplace
 South Motorists Enterprises v. Tosoc, 181 SCRA 386 (1990)
i. Garnishment/Execution, Civil Code, Art. 1708
 GAA v. Court of Appeals, 140 SCRA 304 (1985)
 Special Steel Corp. v. Villareal, 434 SCRA 19 (2004)

5. Work Preference in the Event of Bankruptcy, Art. 110; Book III, Rule VIII, Sec. 7; civil
Code, Arts. 1207, 2241 (6), 2242 (3), 2244 (2)
  Republic v. Peralta, 150 SCRA 37 (1987)
 Manila Banking Corp. v. NLRC, 279 SCRA 602, 621-642 (1997)

6. Wage Recovery/Jurisdiction, arts. 128, 129, 217, 111; Book III, Rule X, Secs. 1-5
 Cirineo Bowling Plaza v. Gerry Sensing, supra
 San Miguel Corporation v. Court of Appeals, supra
 Guico v. Sec. of Labor, 298 SCRA 667 (1998)

7. Non-diminution of benefits – Art. 100

a. Wesleyan University-Phil v. Wesleyan Univ.-Phil Faculty and Staff
Association, G.R. No. 181806; March 12, 2014

H. Thirteenth Month Pay

1. History of the Law

 Dentech Mfg. Corp. v. NLRC, supra
2. Coverage
 Archilles Manufacturing Corp. v, NLRC, 244 SCRA 750 (1995)
 Ultra Villa Food Haus v. Geniston, 309 SCRA 17 (1999)

3. Rationale, PD 851, Whereas Clauses and LImitations

4. Amount and Date of Payment
a. Basic Wage/Commissions
 Boie Takeda v. Dela Serna, Supra
 Iran v. NLRC, supra
 Honda Philippines Inc. v. Samahan ng Malayang Manggagawa sa
Honda, 460 SCRA 186 (2005)
b. Substitute Payment
 Framanlis Farms, Inc. v. NLRC, 171 SCRA 87 (1989)
c. 14th Month Pay
 Kamaya Port Hotel v. NLRC, 177 SCRA 160 (1989)
d. Diminution
 Davao Fruits Corp. v. Associated Labor Unions, supra
I. Bonus

1. Nature
 Philippine Duplicators Inc. v. NLRC, 241 SCRA 380 (1995)
2. Definition; When Demandable
 Marcos v. NLRC, 248 SCRA 146 (1995)
 Business Information Systems and Services, Inc. v. NLRC, 221 SCRA 9
(1993)Philippine Appliance Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 430 SCRA 525
(2004)
 American Wire and Cable Daily Rated Employees Union v. American
Wire and Cable Co., Inc., 457 SCRA 684 (2005)

J. Burden of proving payment of monetary claims rest on the employer; ratio:

pertinent personnel files, payrolls, etc. are in the custody of the employer

 Jolo’s Kiddie Carts/Fun4Kids v. Caballa, G.R. No. 230682, Nov. 29,

2017

K. Employee Classification

Reference: Arts. 293 (278), 295 (280) – 296 (281) Omnibus Rules, Book VI, Rule 1,
Secs. 1, 5, 6
1. Coverage, Art. 293 (278)

2. Employee Classification

a. Nature of employment contracts/employment status: defined and prescribed

by law and NOT by what parties say it should be – NCC, Art. 1700, 1702
 Innodata Knowledge Services, Inc. v. Socorro D’Marie Inting, G.R. No.
211892, Dec. 6, 2017
b. Employer Recognition
 Philippine Federation of Credit Cooperatives, Inc. v. NLRC, 300 SCRA
72 (1998)
 Pangilinan v. General Milling corp., 434 SCRA 159 (2004)
c. Employer Determination/Designation
 De Leon v. NLRC, 176 SCRA 615 (1989)
 Violeta v. NLRC, 280 SCRA 520 (1997)
 San Miguel Corporation v. NLRC, 297 SCRA 277 (1998)

3. Management Prerogative
 Manila Electric Co. v. NLRC, 263 SCRA 531 (1996)
 PAL, Inc. v. Pascua, 409 SCRA 195 (2003)
 Coca-cola Bottlers Phil., Inc. Sales Force Union-PTGWO-BALAIS v.
Coca-cola Bottlers Phil., Inc., GR No. 155651, 464 SCRA 507 (2005)

4. Kinds of Employee
a. Regular Employees, Art. 295 (280), 1st par.; 295 (280), 2nd par.; 296 (281),
last sentence; 75(d); Omnibus rules, Book VI, Rule 1, Secs. 5(a), (b) and 6.

1) Type
 Pangilinan v. General Milling Corporation., 434 SCRA 159 (2004)
2) Nature of Work
 Valentino Lingat & Aprioniano Altoveros v. Coca-Cola Bottlers Phil. Inc.
Monte Dapplers Trading, G. R. No. 205688, July 4, 2018
 Perpetual Help Credit Corp., Inc. v. Faburada, et al., 366 SCRA 693 (
2001)
 Magsalin v. National Organization of Working Men, 403 SCRA 199
(2003)
 Hacienda Fatima v. National Federation of Sugarcane Workers Food
and General Trade, 396 SCRA 518 (2003)
 Pentagon International Shipping, Inc. v. Adelantar, 235 SCRA 342
(2004)
 Lopez v. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, 462 SCRA
428 (2005)
3) Extended Period
 Andon Electric co., Inc. v. NLRC, 308 SCRA 340 (1999)
4) Repeated Renewal of Contract
 Maraguinot v. NLRC, 284 SCRA 539 (1998)
 Universal Plastic Corp. v. Catapang, 473 SCRA 189 (2005)
b. Project Employee, Art. 295 (280), 1st par.; Policy Instructions No. 20 of 1977
and D.O. No. 19 of 1993
1) Definition
 Alba v. Espinosa, G.R. No. 227734, Aug. 9, 2017
 Imbuido v. NLRC, 329 SCRA 357 (2000)
 Association of Trade Union v. Comm. Abella, 323 SCRA 50 (2005)
 2) Project Employees
 Sandoval Shipyards, Inc. v. NLRC, 136 SCRA 674 (1985)
 Villa v. NLRC, 284 SCRA 105 (1998)
 Chua v. Court of Appeals, 440 SCRA 121 (2004)
3) Workpool Employees
 Aguilar Corp. v. NLRC, 269 SCRA 596 (1997)
 Maraguinot v. NLRC, supra
c. Casual, Art. 295 (280), 2nd par.; Omnibus rules, Book VI, Rule 1, Sec. 5 (b)
1) Nature of Work
 Hacienda Leddy/Ricardo Gamboa Jr., v. Villegas, G.R. No. 179654,
Sept. 22, 2014
 A.M. Oreta and Co. Inc. v. NLRC, 176 SCRA 218 (1989)
2) One Year Service
 Kimberly v. Drilon, 185 SCRA 190 (1990)
 Integrated Contractor and Plumbing Works, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 464
SCRA 544 (2005)
 San Miguel Corp. v. Abella, supra
d. Fixed-Term
 Atty. Risonar, Jr. v. Cor Jesu College and/or E. Escuril, G.R. 198350,
Sept. 14, 2016
 Brent School v. Zamora, 181 SCRA 702 (1990)
 Palomares v. NLRC, 277 SCRA 439 (1997)
 Philips Semiconductor etc. v. Fadriquela, 422 SCRA 408 (2004)
e. Seasonal
 Phil. Tobacco Flue-curing & Redrying Corp. v. NLRC, 300 SCRA 37
(1998)
 Hacienda Bino v. Cuenca, 456 SCRA 300 (2005)
f. Probationary – Art. 296 (281); 61, 2nd sentence; Omnibus Rules, Book VI,
Rule 1, Sec. 6; Art. 75 (d)
1) Definition
 De la Salle Araneta University, Inc. v. Magdurulang, G.R. No. 224319,
Nov. 20, 2017
 Philippine Federation of Credit Cooperatives, Inc. v. NLRC, supra
 Cebu Marine Beach Resort v. NLRC, 414 SCRA 173 (2003)
2) Employer Right to Set Period/Obligation
 Orient Express Placement Philippines v. NLRC, 273 SCRA 256 1997)
3) Duration/Exception
 A Prime Security Services, Inv. V. NLRC, 322 SCRA 283 (2000)
 Mitsubishi Motors v. NLRC, 226 SCRA 417 (1993)
4) Criteria Regularization
 Alcira v. NLRC, 431 SCRA 508 (2004)
5) Extension of Contract
 Mariwasa Manufacturing, Inc. v. Leogardo, 169 SCRA 465 (1989)
6) Absorbed Employees
 Cebu Stevedoring Co. Inc. v. Regional Director, 168 SCRA 315 (1988)
7) Rule on Private School Teachers
 Raymond Son, Ramong Antiola and Wilfredo Pollarco v. UST, GR. No.
211273, April 18, 2018
 Escorpizo v. Univ. of Baguio, 306 SCRA 497 (1999)
 La Consolacion College v. NLRC, 366 SCRA 226 (2001)
 Chiang Kai Sheck College v. Court of Appeals, 437 SCRA 171 (2004)

L. Working Conditions for Special Group of Workers

1. Women, Arts. 130-138; Omnibus Rules, Book III, Rule XII, Sec. 1; Constitution, Arts.
II, Sec. 13 & XIII, Sec. 14; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Arts. 11-13; ILO Convention Nos. 100 &
111
a. Equality: Formal Equality vs. Substantive Equality
Readings:
 Bartlett, Katharine, Gender Law, in Duke Journal of Gender Law and
Policy (1994)
 Formal Equality and Substantive Equality in the Textbook on Gender
and the Law by Angela Harris
 Baldoz, Rosalinda, Job discrimination against women in the work
environment: the Philippine setting, PLR, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2000).
b. Women under the Constitution, Art. II, Sec. 14; Art XIII, Sec 14
 Philippine Association of Service Exporters v. Drilon, 163 SCRA 386
(1988)
 Phil. Telegraph and Telephone Co. v. NLRC, 272 SCRA 596 (1997)
c. Coverage, Rule XII, Sec. I
d. Prohibited Acts
1) Night Work/Exception, Art. 130-131
2) Discrimination, Art. 135
3) Stipulation Against Marriage, Art. 136
 Duncan Association of Detailman – PTGWO v. Glaxo Wellcome
Philippines, Inc., 438 SCRA 343 (2004)
4) Discharge on Account of Pregnancy, Art. 137
e. Facilities, Art. 132, 134
f. Special Women Workers, 138
g. Maternity Leave, Social Security Law of 1997 (RA 1161, as amended by RA
8282), Sec. 14-A, RA 828
h. Sexual Harassment (RA 7877)
 Libres v. NLRC, 307 SCRA 675 (1999)
 Philippine Aelous Automotive United Corp. v. NLRC, 331SCRA 237
(2000)
 Renato S. Gatbonton v. NLRC, et al., 479 SCRA 416 (2006)
2. Minors

Reference: Art.s 137 (139)- 138 (140); Omnibus Rules, Book III, Rule XII, Secs. 2-3;
Special Protection of Children Act of 2003 (RA 7610, as amended by RA 9231); ILO
Convention No.182 and ILO Recommendation No. 190

a. Minors under the Constitution, Art. II, Sec. 13

b. Coverage, RA 9231, Sec. 2, par. 3 on Sec. 12; Book III, Rule XII, Sec. 1
c. Employment of Children, Art. 139; RA 7610, Sec. 12-16; DOLE Memo
Circular No. 2, S 1998 Re; Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Establishments
d. Hours of Work, RA 9231, Sec. 3 on Sec. 12-a
e. Prohibitions Against Worst Forms of Child Labor, Sec. 3 on Sec. 12-d; Sec 5
on sec. 14
f. Discrimination, Art. 140
g. Jurisdiction, Sec. 9 on Sec. 16-A

Reading:
 Del Rosario and Bonga, Issues and Gaps Governing Child Labor, in
Child Labor in the Philippines, A Review of Selected Studies and Policy
Papers, pp. 178-183 (2000).
3. Domestic Workers or “Kasambahays” (formerly referred to as “Househelpers”)

Reference: RA No. 10361 or An Act Instituting Policies for the Protection and Welfare of
Domestic Workers (Jan. 18, 2013); Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 10361;
ILO Convention No. 189 and ILO Recommendation No. 201 (concerning decent work for
domestic workers), June 16, 2011; DOLE – Dept. Advisory No. 1, s. 2014 re:
Occupational Safety and Health Tips; Wage Order No. NCR-DW-01 (No. 20, 2017)
which increased NCR wages from P2,000 to P3,5000/mo.

a. Declared policies – RA No. 10361, Art. 1, Sec. 2

b. Definition –
i. Domestic work – Art. 1, Sec. 4(c)
ii. Domestic worker or “Kasambahay” – Art. 1, Sec. 4 (d)
iii. Household – Art. 1, Sec. 4 (f)
c. Coverage – Art. 1, Sec. 3
d. Conditions of Employment/Right and Privileges
e. Extent of Duty – Art. IV, Sec. 23
f. Wage Prohibitions against:
i. Charging of recruitment and finder’s fees – Art. III, Sec. 13
ii. Deposits from which deductions shall be made – Art. III, Sec. 14
iii. Debt bondage – Art. III, Sec. 15
iv. Assignment to non-household work – Art. IV, Sec. 22
 Fernando Co. v. Lina Vargas, G.R. No. 195167, Nov. 16, 2011
v. Charging by the original employer for temporary domestic service –
Art. IV, Sec. 23, 4th sentence
vi. Deductions other than those mandated by law – Art. IV, Sec. 25,
2nd sentence
vii. Payment in forms other than cash – Art. IV, Sec. 25, 3rd
sentence
viii. Interference in the disposal of wages – Art. IV, Sec. 27
ix. Withholding of wages – Art. IV, Sec. 28
g. Remedies
i. Abused or exploited domestic worker – Art. IV, Sec. 31
ii. Mechanism for settlement of disputes -
(a) Jurisdiction of the DOLE Regional Office – Art. VII, Sec. 37, par.
1
(b) Jurisdiction of regular courts – Art. VII, Sec. 37, par. 2
(c) Penalty – Art. IX, Sec. 40
h. “Araw Ng Mga Kasambahay” – January 18, 2013, Art. VIII, Sec. 39
i. Employer’s Right to Privileged Communication – Art. II, Sec. 10
j. Employer’s Reportorial Duties – Art. III, Sec. 17

4. Homeworkers
a. Coverage and Regulation, Arts. 151 (153)- 153 (155); DO 5, DOLE, 4 Feb.
1992, now Book III, Rule XIV
b. Definition, DO 5, Sec. 2, DO 5
c. Registration, Secs. 4-6
d. Conditions of Employment/Deductions, Secs. 6-9
e. Joint and Several Liability of Employer/Contractor, Sec. 11
f. Prohibitions, Sec. 13
g. Enforcement, Sec. 10

5. Nightworkers
a. Coverage - Art. 154 par. 1 (RA No. 10151; June 2, 2011)
b. Exception – 154, par. 1
c. Definition – 154, par. 2.
d. Rights – 155 to 161
e. Women Night Workers - 158